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Home , Emperor of India, Silver coin

Modern Dime Size of the World & NATIVE STATES ======

1840 - 3 - OBVERSE 1840 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE ======INDIA, British FOOTNOTE: The 3 rupee coinage listings start with the 1835 BOMBAY MINT issue of the British East India Company from Calcutta and continue ======until independence in 1947. Arranged by the Royal branch mints of 3 RUPEE 19.5 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS Bombay and Calcutta, and the Lahore mint built during World War II, ======followed by a few native Indian states which issued silver size coinage within the parameters of this work. This section is limited 1840 10,617,480 frozen date to British India, Baroda, Kutch, Mewar Udaipur, Navanager, and Portuguese India from the authors collection.. ¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA QUEEN, above around. FOOTNOTE: Bombay - When the Portuguese, sailing up the Malabar coast, entered the little archipelago near its northern extremity, ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / (Persian inscription = CHAHAR they fitly named their anchorage “Bom Bahia” or “Good Bay”, for AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within laurel wreath tied with ribbon few better harbors exist. Later when they deeded the island to the below, • (rosette) EAST INDIA COMPANY • (rosette), around / English as part of the Dower of their Princess, little did 1840. they dream that its paltry area of twenty-two square miles would eventually hold the finest city in the East, with a population of over EDGE: Reeded eight hundred thousand souls. India - C.H.Forbes-Lindsay, Phila., 1903. MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mints of, BOMBAY and CALCUTTA FOOTNOTE: The European Period of Indian history lasted from 1757 to 1947 A.D. The Venetians, the Genoese, the Portuguese ENGRAVER: Major J.T.Smith, Mintmaster, Madras and the Dutch had, by turns, traded with India. In 1602 the English mint appeared on the scene and for a long time the East India Company had a powerful hold upon the politics and commerce of India. DESIGNER: William Wyon, Chief Engraver, Royal Although founded for commerce, the Company was resolved to Mint, London permanently establish English dominion in India. So well did the plan succeed that, by 1818, the British had become masters of TYPE: I - Continuous legend most of India except the Punjab and Sind. After the Sepoy mutiny in 1857-58, the British Viceroys consolidated the dominion during a REFERENCE: Y-2, KM-453.1 period of peace and progress. A Missionary Atlas, Harrisburg, Pa.,1950. FOOTNOTE: This type was struck with frozen date of1840 be- tween 1842-1851 at both the Royal Mint branch mints of Bombay FOOTNOTE: In 1852 with tending to depreciate, because of and Calcutta. increased production, the government demonetized gold, leaving silver the sole legal tender of India.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 282 ======INDIA, British Administration of BOMBAY MINT ======3 RUPEE 19.8 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======

1862 11,389,760 frozen date

¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right.

¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / - / 1862 within flower design.

EDGE: Reeded

MINT: (no mintmark) 19.8MM = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY

TYPE: I - frozen date struck 1862-1873

REFERENCE: Y-10, KM-470

FOOTNOTE: Starting with the 1874 issue, the three British India mints struck the 3 Rupee on different size flans; 19.2 MM = Calcutta, 19.8 MM = Bombay and 20.0 MM = Madras The Madras issues are 1840 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE not included in this catalog. ======FOOTNOTE: The official language of India during the period of INDIA, British East India Company Mughal rule was Persian and it continued to enjoy the official BOMBAY MINT status under the East India Company administration next to English. ======The Persian inscription on the 3 rupee (English denomination) 3 RUPEE 19.5MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS was chahar aana for four-annas, which the people called char ======anna or chavanni. One rupee was equal to 16 annas, twelve pies or four pice make one anna, with three pies equal to one pice. 1840 8,519,480 frozen date 1849 u/m proof only FOOTNOTE: The price of silver began to fall in 1873 and silver reached its low point in 1876. To the mass of the people in India the ¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, fall in exchange did not make very much difference. Internal prices VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right / W.W. on truncation. did not rise greatly, and imported goods, the price of which did rise, were not used to any great extent by the peasants. This affected ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / (Persian inscription = CHAHAR only the wealthier classes and the resident Englishman in govern- AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within laurel wreath tied with ribbon ment service or in trade who received his salary in and • • below, (rosette) EAST INDIA COMPANY (rossette), around / desired to send part of it to England for his family. Silver , DATE 1939.

EDGE: Reeded ======INDIA, British Administration of MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mints of, BOMBAY MINT BOMBAY and CALCUTTA ======3 RUPEE 19.8MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS DESIGNER: W.W. = William Wyon, Chief Engraver, ======Royal Mint 1874 1,612,000 TYPE: II - Divided legend ¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, REFERENCE: Y-2A, KM-454.3 VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right. FOOTNOTE: Divided legend issues were struck at both mints; ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / - / 1874 / • (dot mintmark) Bombay - 8,519,480 and Calcutta - 32,012,400 with no mintmark, within flower design. with frozen date between 1851-1862. EDGE: Reeded FOOTNOTE: The 1849 proof was struck with W.W. incise and W.W. raised only for William Wyon the designer. The S incised on MINT: • (dot) = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY truncation was struck at the Madras mint, no initial for the Calcutta and Bombay mints. TYPE: II - Dot mintmark

FOOTNOTE: Rupee is derived from the Sanskrit word “rupa” which REFERENCE: Y-10, KM-470 means cattle.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 283 1875 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE 1875 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE ======INDIA, British Administration of BOMBAY MINT FOOTNOTE: INDIA, formerly the name Hindustan was frequently ======used instead of India, as reference to the land of the Hindus, 3 RUPEE 19.8 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS located in the north central part of India. It is now known officially ======as the Empire of India.

1875 5,238,840 FOOTNOTE: On January 1, 1877 of Great Britain 1876 1,427,440 was proclaimed Empress of India by Act of Parliament. A Dunbar held at Delhi, India proclaimed the Queen of England, Empress of ¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, India. VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right. ======¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / - / DATE within flower INDIA, of design. BOMBAY MINT ======EDGE: Reeded 3 RUPEE 19.1-19.7 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAM ======MINT: (no mintmark), 19.8MM = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY 1877 883,760 1879 u/m proof only TYPE: II - No mintmark 1881 1,444,360 1882 2,775,160 REFERENCE: Y-10, KM-470 1883 183,560

¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA, left EMPRESS, right.

¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / DATE / • (dot mintmark) within flower design.

EDGE: Reeded

MINT: • (dot mintmark below open lotus) = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY

TYPE: I - Dot mintmark

REFERENCE: Y-21, KM-490

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 284 1887 B - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE 1887 B - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE ======INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of BOMBAY MINT ======3 RUPEE 19.1-19.7 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======

1884 1,709,160 1885 1,117,880 1886 1,683,600 1887 4,421,760 1888 2,227,720 B relief mintmark for Bombay ¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA, left EMPRESS, right.

¿RV: (B relief mintmark at top)/ 1/4 / RUPEE / INDIA / DATE / within flower design.

EDGE: Reeded

MINT: B relief = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY

TYPE: II - B relief mintmark

REFERENCE: Y-21, KM-490 FOOTNOTE: 3 RUPEE A DAY - The wheat question is a growing one in British India, and the American farmers and business men must not lose sight of the fact. The Indiaman doesn’t eat much wheat himself, but he is very glad to raise it, since it brings him ready money. The soil is very fine for wheat, the climate excellent; and as for labor, the wages of twenty-five farm laborers is not in excess of that of one good farm hand in the States. More than this, on his (3 rupee) four or five annas a day he not only works but boards himself, - less than ten cents a day and finds his own bed and board! Talk about Chinese cheap labor: a Chinaman can get pretty low on the scale of cheap living, but the Indian coolies will so far discount his wages that the pigtailed fellow can’t get a foothold there. India is not so far from the bread-markets of Europe as California or Dakota. Twenty-eight days sea-voyage places Indian wheat in Liverpool, eighteen in southern Europe. A Girdle Round the Earth by D.N.Richardson, Chicago 1888.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 285 1890 B - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE 1890 B - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE ======INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of BOMBAY MINT ======3 RUPEE 19.1-19.7 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======

1889 4,297,520 1890 458,960 1891 883,320 1892 4,058,680 1893 4,602,720 1894 1,534,240 B incise mintmark for Bombay 1897 2,384,920 ======1898 4,948,792

¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA, left EMPRESS, right.

¿RV: (B incised mintmark at top)/ 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / DATE / within flower design.

EDGE: Reeded

MINT: B incised = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY

TYPE: III - incised mintmark

REFERENCE: Y-21, KM-490

Tiger hunt in India in 1850

FOOTNOTE: The Population of Bombay - 1891 - 822,000 inhabit- ants. The census reported March 1901 shows the city of Bombay with 770,000 inhabitants, a decrease in the past ten years, mainly due to the exodus of the last two months on account of the plague. Partial returns from rural districts show terrible decreases in popu- lation through famine. History for Ready Reference, J.N.Larner, Springfield, Ma. 1901. East India House, London

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 286 1915 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE 1915 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE ======INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of BOMBAY MINT ======3 RUPEE 19.0-19.4 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======

1912 2,200,290 1913 2,276,389 1914 7,948,774 1915 2,096,453 1925 4,007,110 1928 4,023,198 1936 9,864,211 frozen date

¿OV: Crowned head of , facing left, Dot mintmark for Bombay GEORGE V KING , around. ======¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / DATE / Persian denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner circle, flower FOOTNOTE: The issue dated 1936 was struck during 1936-1938 design around / • (dot mintmark) below. with frozen date..

EDGE: Reeded

MINT: • (dot mintmark below open lotus) = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY

REFERENCE: Y-43, KM-518

POPULATION: India - Census of March 10, 1911 - 316,019,846 with Delhi the capital with 232,837 inhabitants and Bombay with 979,445 inhabitants.

FOOTNOTE: Gold is hoarded in India by all classes of people, as a reserve against famine. The wealthy princes have accumulated enormous sums. In 1925 it was estimated the India’s hoarded gold amounted to 2 2 billion dollars and its silver hoarding in various forms to 2 : billion dollars. The net recorded imports of gold India from to 1930 totaled 2.8 billion dollars. World Almanac, 1939 New York. Street in Bombay 1850

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 287 1939 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE 1939 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE ======INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of BOMBAY MINT ======FOOTNOTE: Sanskrit was an old language when Latin was still 3 RUPEE 19.0 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS new. Hindu mythology says that it was the language of the Gods. ======Most Indian languages have absorbed large numbers of Sanskrit words. Under British rule, English was the court language of the 1939 6,770,000 country. There are not only 225 distinct languages and innumer- able dialects spoken in India, but, to complicate matters, they are ¿OV: Small head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE written in no less than eight scripts, some reading from right to left, VI KING EMPEROR, around / • (dot) under bust. and others from left to right. The following languages are spoken by five million or more people each; Eastern Hindi (Hindustani), ¿RV: 3 / .RUPEE. / .INDIA. / - 1939 - / Persian Lahnda, Malayalan, Gujarati, Oriya, Kanarese, Rajasthani, Punjabi, denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner Tamil, Marathi, Bihari, Telegu, Bangali, and Western Hindi or Urdu. circle, flower design around / • (dot mintmark) below. A Missionary Atlas, Harrisburg,Pa.,1950 . EDGE: Reeded ======MINT: • (dot mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of BOMBAY BOMBAY MINT ======TYPE: Small head, .916 fine 3 RUPEE 19.0 MM .500 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======REFERENCE: Y-55, KM-544 1940 24,635,272

¿OV: Small head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE VI KING EMPEROR, around / • (dot) under bust.

¿RV: 3 / • RUPEE • / • INDIA • / - 1940 - / Persian denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner circle, flower design around / • (dot mintmark) below.

EDGE: Reeded

MINT: • (dot mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY

TYPE: Small head, .500 fine

The Palace at Murshidabad REFERENCE: Y-55, KM-544

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 288 1940 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE 1945 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE ======INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of BOMBAY MINT BOMBAY MINT ======3 RUPEE 19.0 MM .500 FINE 2.92 GRAMS 3 RUPEE 19.0 MM .500 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======

1940 28,946,956 1943 95,200,000 1944 170,504,400 ¿OV: Large head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE 1945 181,648,000 VI KING EMPEROR, around / . (dot) under bust. ¿OV: Large head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE ¿RV: 3 / • RUPEE • / • INDIA • / - 1940 - / Persian VI KING EMPEROR, around / • (dot) under bust. denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner circle, flower design around / • (dot mintmark) below. ¿RV: 1/4 / • RUPEE • / • INDIA • / - 1940 - / Persian denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner EDGE: Reeded circle, flower design around / • (dot mintmark) below.

MINT: • (dot mintmark below open lotus) = Royal Mint EDGE: Security /.\./.\./ branch mint BOMBAY MINT: • (dot mintmark below open lotus) = Royal Mint TYPE: Large head, reeded edge branch mint BOMBAY

REFERENCE: Y-55A, KM-545 REFERENCE: Y-55A. KM-547

FOOTNOTE: The Indian Empire extends over a territory larger than TYPE: Large head, security edge the continent of Europe. “British India” means all territories within the Governors’ Provinces and the Chief Commissioners’ Provinces; while “India” means British India, together with all territories of any Indian ruler under the of His Majesty King George VI, all territories under the suzerainty of such Indian ruler, the tribal ar- eas, and any other territories which His Majesty in Council may from time to time, declare to be part of India.

1929 - the first England-India air mail 1911 capital of India

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 289 ======INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of BOMBAY MINT ======3 RUPEE 19.0 MM .500 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======

1944 included with Y-55A

¿OV: Large head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE VI KING EMPEROR, around / • (dot) under bust.

¿RV: 3 / .RUPEE. / .INDIA. / - 1940 - / Persian denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner circle, flower design around / — (mintmark) below.

EDGE: Security /.\./.\./

MINT: — (diamond) = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY

TYPE: Large head, security edge, diamond mintmark

REFERENCE: Y-55B, KM-547

======

1945 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE ======

FOOTNOTE: The security edge which was rather complex in struc- ture and hence difficult to forge was introduced as a deterrent 1944 Diamond mintmark for Bombay against counterfeiting. It comprised of round embossed dots placed in between short oblique strokes in a groove along the center of ======the edge of the . The groove had closely grained edges on either side. The security edge was used by the Bombay mint and FOOTNOTE: 1921-24 The Non-co-operation movement instituted the Lahore mint between 1943-1945. by Mahatma Gandhi, causes grave unrest in India.

======

Nationalist followers of Gandhi

FOOTNOTE: The early years of the twentieth century were dis- turbed by the rising tide of Indian Nationalism but, on the outbreak of World War I, India gave allegiance to the Allies. In 1920 Gandhi started his policy of non-cooperation. The Round Table Confer- ence in London, in 1931, closed with a pledge of Indian autonomy. Some progress was made toward this end, but members of India’s Congress Party opposed entering the War (1939) and withdrew from participation in the Government in the Government. In August, 1942, their leaders were interned; however, over two million Indi- ans joined the Colors in World War II. In 1946 when the interned political leaders of India were released negotiations were again opened for Home Rule. The Moslem League insisted on founding , a separate country designed to embrace those Prov- inces where Moslems are in the majority. Despite the factions in the country, the British Government announced its plan to with- draw from India. On August 15, 1947, after nearly 200 years of British rule, and after more than forty years of India’s struggle for Independence, the transfer of power took place, and the Union 1944 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE Jack was replaced by the National Flags of India and Pakistan. A ======Missionary Atlas, Harrisburg,Pa.1950.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 290 1835 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE 1835 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE ======EAST INDIA COMPANY CALCUTTA MINT FOOTNOTE: The rupee series starting in 1835 was struck 11/12 ======fine which in a decimal is shown as .916 fine parts of silver. 3 RUPEE 19.0 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======FOOTNOTE: Rupee is the name of a silver coin current in India, of the value of 2 shillings, the word is a corruption of the Sanskrit 1835 u/m frozen date struck 1835-1840 ‘rupya’. In 1835 the coinage of the East India Company was entirely remodeled, and a coin, thenceforth termed the company’s rupee, ¿OV: Head of William IIII, facing right WILLIAM left IIII, with its proportionate subdivisions, was struck to replace all the above KING. right / F on trunction. former , being of the same weight and through- out, and bearing inscriptions in English, or on one face the head ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / Persian inscription (Chahar aana = and name of the reigning sovereign of Great Britain and Ireland, Four Annas) within laurel wreath tied with ribbon below, z (ten and on the reverse the designation of the coin in English and point rosette) EAST INDIA COMPANY z (ten point rosette) Persian, with the words “East India Company” in English... Library around / 1835 • (dot). of Universal Knowledge, American Book Exchange, N.Y., 1880.

EDGE: Reeded FOOTNOTE: ‘Sailor King’, a popularly conferred upon William IIII of England, who entered the Navy in 1779, at fourteen years of MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint age, and continued in the service till 1827, having passed from the CALCUTTA rank of Midshipman to that of Captain by regular promotion, and thence by a merely formal ascent to that of Admiral of the Fleet in MINTMASTER: F = Major General William Nairn 1801, and that of Lord High Admiral in 1827. Complete Compen- Forbes, Mintmaster Calcutta mint 1836-1855. dium of Universal Knowledge, Phila, 1891.

REFERENCE: C-301, KM-448.3 ======

The Coins of the British - Part 4 India Volume 2: Uniform Coinage - East India Company 1835-58, Imperial period 1858-1947 by F. Pridmore, London 1980.

FOOTNOTE: Types of this issue include; no designer initial, F raised and F incised, no dot after date with no initial, F incised and R.S. incised for Robert Saunders.

FOOTNOTE: Classic patterns have been followed in the public buildings of Calcutta, sometimes very closely, as in the case of the Calcutta mint, which is a reduced model of the Temple of Minerva at Calcutta in 1850 Athens. India by C.H.Forbes-Lindsay, Phila.,1903. ======

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 291 ======INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of FOOTNOTE: During the first half of the nineteenth century, the East CALCUTTA MINT India Company had pushed its conquests and annexed one after ======another of the Native States, until the whole peninsula from the 3 RUPEE 19.5 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS Ganges to the Indus was brought under the British . Rail- ======ways were built connecting the ports with the interior, telegraph lines were carried through the country, and its rich resources 1840 12,994,320 frozen date struck 1842-1849 were brought within reach of English trade. In 1840-41 East India Company coinage with the bust of Victoria were struck in silver ¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA denominations of rupee, 2 rupee, 3 rupee and 2 anna. As the rule QUEEN, above around. of the East India Company continued the prejudices of the natives were contemptuously ignored. Hindus were forced to serve in the ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / (Persian inscription = CHAHAR British Army, and were even sent overseas to fight in Burma and in AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within laurel wreath tied with ribbon China for the English. The people grew restless and resentful. below, • (rosette) EAST INDIA COMPANY • (rosette), around / They cherished a tradition that the rule of the East India Company 1840 • (dot). would last one hundred years, and eagerly awaited the centennial anniversary of the Battle of Plassey. The spark that set flame to the EDGE: Reeded smoldering discontent was a rumor that the native troops were to be forced to accept Christianity. On May 7, 1857 the Sepoys muti- MINT: c (crescent mintmark top left of ribbon) = Royal nied, slew their English Officers, and declared the aged Mogul Mint branch mint CALCUTTA Prince to be Emperor of India. Within a few days they got posses- sion of Delhi, the ancient Capital, and other principal towns of the ENGRAVER: Major J.T.Smith, Mintmaster, Madras interior. Many of the English residents were massacred. Not even mint the women and children escaped the fury of the frenzied natives. The government, taken by surprise, was utterly unable to check DESIGNER: William Wyon, Chief Engraver, Royal Mint the revolt until reinforcements were sent from England. Then su- perior discipline and generalship began to show. Delhi was taken TYPE: I - Continuous legend after a three month siege (June 9 to September 20), the poor Emperor of India was made prisoner, and his sons and principal REFERENCE: Y-2, KM-453.1 adherents were shot. The exasperated English dealt out terrible punishment to the rebels. With the revolt finally suppressed, steps were taken to reform the government and the East India Company was abolished, and India was brought under the direct administra- tion of . Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India in 1876. The title was granted to her by Act of Parliament and on May 1, 1876 Queen Victoria joined the other three European Heads of States with Imperial ; the Tsar of Russia, the Emperor of Austria and the Emperor of Germany, the father-in-law of her eldest daughter Vicky. British India coinage dated 1877 with the Crowned head of Victoria were struck in Bombay and Calcutta with the inscription - Victoria Empress. At home it was not until the Black hole of Caluctta - 1756 imprisionment of design by Sir Thomas Block known as the “Veiled Head” engraved Eupopeans in 1893 by Chief Engraver George William deSaulles that the title ======IND.IMP was added to the Queens titles denoting Empress of India INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of as shown on the Great Britain 4 Pence of Y-41 in the study. Under CALCUTTA MINT a government entrusted to English officials great attention was ======given to agricultural improvement. Swamps were drained, jungles 3 RUPEE 19.5 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS cleared and desert areas made fertile by irrigation. Internal trans- ======portation was increased, so that grain could be carried to districts where it was needed. Not all of these precautions were sufficient 1840 frozen date struck 1845-1861 to prevent disastrous famines. General failure of crops as in 1897 brought millions of people to the verge of starvation and forced the ¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, government to provide whole Provinces with food. VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right / W.W. raised on trunction.

¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / (Persian inscription = CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within laurel wreath tied with ribbon below, • (rosette) EAST INDIA COMPANY • (rosette), around / 1840 EDGE: Reeded

MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint CALCUTTA

DESIGNER: W.W. = William Wyon, Royal Mint

TYPE: II - Divided legend

REFERENCE: Y-2A, KM-453.2

FOOTNOTE: No dot after date; W.W. raised, W.W.S. raised, and Calcutta 1850 W.W. incised = Calcutta mint. (dot after date = Bombay mint).

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 292 1862 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE 1862 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE ======INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of CALCUTTA MINT ======3 RUPEE 19.2 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======

1862 19,412,200 frozen date struck 1862-1873 1874 5,444,480 1875 2,796,640 1876 6,457,480

¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right.

¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / - / DATE within flower design.

EDGE: Reeded

MINT: (no mintmark, 19.2MM) = Roya Mintl branch mint CALCUTTA

DESIGNER and ENGRAVER: L.C.Wyon, Royal Mint

REFERENCE: Y-10, KM-470

Hundred Years of Indian Coinage by Dr.K.N.Sharif, Bangalore,India 1979, Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Coins of India by D.Chakravarty, Calcutta, India,1979. Victoria Empress of India ======

Mausoleum of Emperor Akbar Fort St.George, Madras

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 293 1877 - Proclamation at Delhi of Queen Victoria as Empress of India ======FOOTNOTE: Calcutta (Landing place of the Goddess Kali), Capital of British India and Bengal; is situated about 80 miles from the sea, on the left bank of the Hooghly, a branch of the Ganges, navigable up to the city for large vessels. The river opposite the city varies in breath from about two furlongs to three-quarters of a mile. The city extends along the bank for about four miles and a half, and with a breadth of about a mile and a half, the entire site of Calcutta proper being about 8 sq.miles. Adjacent to the city itself, however are extensive suburbs, which include the large town of Howrah on the opposite side of the Hooghly, connected with Calcutta by a 1878 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE pontoon bridge. The houses of the south or British quarter of Calcutta are of brick, elegantly built, and many of them like palaces, ======in striking contrast with the northern quarter occupied by the na- INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of tives, the ‘Pettah or black town’, which has narrow, crooked, and CALCUTTA MINT ill-built streets. The city is encompassed by a spacious way called ======the Circular Road. On the west side is an extensive quay about 2 1/4 RUPEE 19.2 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS miles long, called the Strand. At the north side, called the Espla- ======nade, stands the Government House. Other edifices worth notice are the Town-Hall, Supreme Court, the Calcutta mint, and General 1877 3,440,120 Post Office. A tolerable good supply of filtered water from the 1878 44,240 Hooghly is furnished to the inhabitants; and a complete system of 1888 4,944,680 drainage has been constructed. Calcutta has an extensive system of internal navigation through the numerous arms and tributaries of ¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, the Ganges, and it almost monopolizes the external commerce of VICTORIA, left EMPRESS, right. Bengal. There is a railway from Calcutta to Delhi, with branches on to Bombay. The principal exports are opium, cotton, rice, wheat, ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / - / INDIA / DATE within flower jute, gunny-bags, tea, indigo, seed, raw silk, etc. Of the imports the design. most important in respect of value are cotton goods. Salt is a considerable import. The native shops are in Bazaars in the nar- EDGE: Reeded row streets of the native town, the principal being Burra, and the old and new China Bazaars. At the end of the 17th century Calcutta MINT: (no mintmark, 19.2MM) = Royal Mint branch was only a cluster of three mud villages; in 1891 it contained, with mint CALCUTTA its suburbs, a population of 861,764. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895. TYPE: I - no mintmark

REFERENCE: Y-21, KM-490

Water Front, Calcutta 1895 The Life of a British Officer

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 294 1896 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE 1896 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE ======INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of CALCUTTA MINT ======3 RUPEE 19.2 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======

1879 2,463,030 1880 821,010 1881 3,244,120 ======1882 612,280 1883 2,870,720 1884 3,596,040 1885 1,024,080 1886 7,086,800 1887 6,493,880 1889 6,056,010 1890 2,018,670 1891 7,286,760 1892 u/m proof only 1893 6,483,960 1894 6,434,560 1896 9,464,200 1897 5,884,440 1898 1,329,760 1900 1,605,820 1901 4,475,593

¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA, left EMPRESS, right.

¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / - / INDIA / DATE / c (mintmark) within flower design.

EDGE: Reeded

MINT: c = Royal branch mint, CALCUTTA

TYPE: II - c mintmark REFERENCE: Y-21, KM-490 Edward VII Emporor of India

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 295 1906 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE 1906 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE ======INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of CALCUTTA MINT FOOTNOTE: The population of Calcutta - 1901 - 1,121,664 and ======India - 294,863,556 including provinces; Burma, Assam, Agra, Ondh, 3 RUPEE 19.1-19.4 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS Bombay, the Punjab, the N.W.Frontier Provinces, Madras, and Brit- ======ish Baluchistan with total population of 231,899,507 and the Native States population of 62,964,049. 1903 7,060,180 1904 10,026,132 FOOTNOTE: A magnificent Dunbar was held with great pomp and 1905 6,299,742 circumstance at Delhi on New Year’s Day 1903, to proclaim King 1906 10,671,940 Edward VII, Emperor of India. 1907 11,464,000 1908 7,083,812 FOOTNOTE: The gold sovereign is the standard of India, but the 1909 u/m proof only rupee (U.S.$0.32445) in 1906 is the money of account, current at 1910 8,024,000 15 to the sovereign. Director of U.S. Mint, April 1906.

¿OV: Head of Edward VII, facing right, EDWARD VII FOOTNOTE: On October 19, 1905 (future King George V) Prince of KING AND EMPEROR, around / DES. under bust. Wales, Duke of York, Duke of Cronwell and Earl of Chester, in company with the Princess of Wales, Victoria , left ¿RV: Crown at top / 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / Persian London for a visit to India and landed at Bombay on November 9th. denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within lotus The tour was a great success and everywhere he was received flowers left and right / DATE below. with the greatest enthusiasm. At Calcutta he laid the foundation stone of the Victoria Memorial Hall and took part in many other EDGE: Reeded important ceremonies in different parts of India.

MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint FOOTNOTE: The pig rupee and subsidiary coins dated 1911 were CALCUTTA the result of new dies with the portrait of the new King George V following designs which had been prepared for a change in the DESIGNER: DES. = George William DeSaulles coinage of Edward VII, showing the King in Royal robes with collar of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire. A native rumor REFERENCE: Y-32, KM-506 identified the animal hanging below the Order, as a pig which local religious sects found most distaseful and brought back memories of the Sepoy Mutiny. New dies were cut altering to more clearly FOOTNOTE: The official method of expressing large sums in ‘tens’ depict an elephant, thus the 1911 issue is considered scarce as of rupees, which is generally followed by modern works of most of them were removed from circulation. reference...with the sign L...merely an abbreviation of rupees ten. The face value of the rupee is two shillings, and the signs L and £ (pound) would be interchangeable, but for the fact that the depre- ciation in silver has reduced the exchange value of the rupee to about one in 1901.India by C.H.Forbes-Lindsay, Phila.,1903. The re-engraved elephant

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 296 1916 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE 1916 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE ======INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of CALCUTTA MINT FOOTNOTE: A most magnificent Dunbar, December 12, 1911 was ======held in honor of the accession George V as King of Great Britain 3 RUPEE 19.3-19.5 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS and of the Dominions beyond the seas and Emperor of India. The ======King and Queen were present on this memorable occasion. Winstan’s Encyclopedia, 1918. 1911 2,244,798 1912 9,587,044 FOOTNOTE: The latest census to be completed furnished much 1913 12,686,464 interesting information about the people of India. About 73 % of the 1914 1,423,259 people are engaged in agriculture out of a total population of 1915 850,618 319,000,000, a gain of one and two-tenths per cent in a decade. 1916 13,178,324 This low rate of increase was after the epidemic of influenza in 1917 21,071,637 1918 and 1919 which caused the loss of 12,000,000 people of 1918 50,575,096 India. 1919 26,135,346 1926 8,168,700 ======1929 4,012,900 INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of 1930 3,222,128 CALCUTTA MINT 1934 3,945,539 ======1936 25,743,555 frozen date 3 RUPEE 19.0 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======¿OV: Crowned head of George V, facing left, GEORGE V KING EMPEROR, around. 1938 u/m proof only 1939 3,071,555 ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / DATE / Persian denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner circle, flower ¿OV: Small head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE design around. VI KING EMPEROR, around / • (dot) under bust.

EDGE: Reeded ¿RV: 3 / • RUPEE • / • INDIA • / - DATE - / Persian denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint circle, flower design around. CALCUTTA EDGE: Reeded REFERENCE: Y-43, KM-517 MINT: (no mintmark) = Roya Mintl branch mint POPULATION: Calcutta - Census of March 10, 1911 - CALCUTTA 1,222,313 inhabitants. TYPE: Small head FOOTNOTE: The issue dated 1936 was struck during 1936-1938 with a frozen date 1936. REFERENCE: Y-55, KM-544

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 297 1942 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE 1942 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE ======INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of CALCUTTA MINT ======3 RUPEE 19.0 MM .500 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======

1940 68,674,901 1942 88,096,043 1943 90,993,571

¿OV: Large head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE ======VI KING EMPEROR, around / • (dot) under bust. FOOTNOTE: The money of India is reckoned in rupees, annas, pice ¿RV: 3 / • RUPEE • / • INDIA • / - 1940 - / Persian and pies. The pies resemble the U.S. one cent piece in size and denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner appearance and are seldom seen in circulation, but are still men- circle, flower design around. tioned in reckoning. Three pies make one pice; 12 pies or four pice make one anna; four anna or 3 rupee is the denomination listed EDGE: Reeded here (dime size) and 16 annas equal one rupee. The anna is worth a little less than one and one half cents U.S. and the rupee about 21 MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint cents in U.S. . CALCUTTA ======TYPE: Large head, reeded edge

REFERENCE: Y-55A, KM-545

POPULATION: India - 1941 - 388,998,000

======

Calcutta, India

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 298 1945L - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE 1945L - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE ======INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of LAHORE MINT FOOTNOTE: The word “Pakistan” was coined a number of years ======ago by a Mohammedan student known as Chaudry Rahmatli. The 3 RUPEE 19.0 MM .500 FINE 2.92 GRAMS letters of the word stand for the areas claimed for this indepen- ======dent Moslem state such as “P” for Punjab, “A” for Afghans, and “K” for Kashmir. “Pakistan” became a magic word among the Moslems. 1943 23,700,000 The Standard Quartely Review, 1942. 1944 86,400,000 1945 29,750,953 FOOTNOTE: Lahore, capital of the Punjab, on the left bank of the Ravi, 265 miles north-west of Delhi. It covers an area of 640 acres, ¿OV: Large head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE and is surrounded by a brick wall 16 feet high, flanked by bastions. VI KING EMPEROR, around / • (dot) under bust. The streets are extremely narrow, unpaved, and dirty; and the houses have in general a mean appearance. The European quar- ¿RV: 3 / .RUPEE. / .INDIA. / - DATE - / Persian ter lies outside the wall on the south, and dates from 1849. New denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1986. circle, flower design around / L (mintmark) below. ======EDGE: Security /.\./.\./

MINT: L mintmark below open lotus = LAHORE

TYPE: Large head, security edge

REFERENCE: Y-55A, KM-547

FOOTNOTE: In late 1940, hoarding caused severe shortages of Indian coinage. A new mint was to be constructed near Calcutta, but the treat of a Japanese invasion caused the site to be moved to the north-west to Lahore. The Lahore mint commenced minting in May 1942 and produced over 140 million quarter rupee coins, denoted by a small L mintmark at 6 o’clock near the rim on the reverse. With the political independence in 1947 the Lahore mint became the Pakistan mint.

Map of India 1945

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 299 SAMVAT1951 - 4 ANNAS - OBVERSE SAMVAT1951 - 4 ANNAS - REVERSE ======BARODA - INDIAN STATES KUTCH - INDIAN STATES ======INDIAN STATES - BARODA BOMBAY MINT ======4 ANNAS !7 MM .916 FINE 2.8 GRAMS ======

(1894) samvat 1951 u/m (1895) 1952 u/m

¿OV: Head of Sayaji Rao III, facing right, inscription around. ¿RV: Inscription / (sward) / DATE in samvat, within wreath of laurel.

EDGE: Plain

MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY

REFERENCE: Y-34A

FOOTNOTE: Baroda, a fortified city of Gujarat, India, capital of a District, and of the Native State of the same name. It is 248 miles north of Bombay. It stands on the Vishvomitri, which is here crossed by four stone bridges. The town has a splendid modern system of water works since 1892, supplied from a distance of 18 miles by the artificial lake covering 4.71 square miles. Baroda is the resi- dence of the Gaikwar, a protected Mahratta Prince. In 1875 Sayaji Rao III replaced Malhar Rao, the preceding ruler, who was ac- cused of misrule and oppression, and suspected of an attempt to poison the British Resident. The State has been tributary to Great Britain since 1802. Population of town, in 1891, 116,400. The area SE 1940 - 1 KORI - OBVERSE of State 8100 square miles. Population of Baroda State in 1891 - AD 1883 in arabic 2,414,400. New International Encyclopedia, 1910. ======FOOTNOTE: The rulers of Gwalior, Indore and Baroda are descen- dants of successful generals who rose to power from the ruins of FOOTNOTE: The SE or Samvat Era or Vikrama Era commences the Moghul Empire in the 18th century. from 57 B.C.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 300 SE 1940 - 1 KORI - REVERSE SE 1955 - 1 KORI - OBVERSE AD 1883 in arabic AD 1898 in arabic ======. INDIAN STATES - KUTCH INDIAN STATES - KUTCH BHUJ MINT BHUJ MINT ======1 KORI 16.5MM .610 FINE 4.6 GRAMS 1 KORI 16.5MM .610 FINE 4.6 GRAMS ======

1881 SE 1938 u/m 1894 SE 1950 u/m 1882 SE 1939 u/m 1896 SE 1952 u/m 1883 SE 1939 u/m 1897 SE 1953 u/m 1883 SE 1940 u/m 1897 SE 1954 u/m 1884 SE 1941 u/m 1898 SE 1954 u/m 1885 SE 1941 u/m 1898 SE 1955 u/m 1899 SE 1955 u/m ¿OV: Symbols (trident, closed crescent and dagger) 1899 SE 1956 u/m / Nagari inscription / SE DATE (= MAHA RAO SRI / KHENGARJI / 1900 SE 1956 u/m SE DATE). 1900 SE 1957 u/m 1901 SE 1957 u/m ¿RV: Urdu inscription (VICTORIA KAISAR / HIND ZARB/ BHUJ arabic AD DATE = VICTORIA, EMPRESS / OF INDIA, ¿OV: Symbols (trident, open crescent and dagger) / STRUCK / IN BHUJ, AD DATE). Nagari inscription / SE DATE (= MAHA RAO SRI / KHENGARJI / SE DATE). EDGE: Plain ¿RV: Urdu inscription (VICTORIA KAISAR / HIND MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ ZARB/ BHUJ arabic AD DATE = VICTORIA, EMPRESS / OF INDIA, STRUCK / IN BHUJ, AD DATE). TYPE: I - closed crescent EDGE: Plain REFERENCE: Y-35 MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ FOOTNOTE: Bhuj was named after its founder, Bhuj, the capital of the Native State of Cutch (Kutch), India, situated at the foot of a TYPE: II - open crescent fortified hill of the same name, about 35 miles from the sea. Its mosques and pagodas, interspersed with plantations of dates, REFERENCE: Y-35 gives to the town an imposing appearance from a distance...Bhuj is celebrated for its manufactures in gold and silver. POPULATION: Kutch - 1901 - 488,022 with Bhuj the capital with 26,362 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: Kaisar-i-hind, Hindustani for Empress of India, the title conferred on Queen Victoria in 1876 by Act of Parliament, and proclamation at Delhi. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila, 1896.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 301 SE 1955 - 1 KORI - REVERSE SE 1979 - 1 KORI - OBVERSE AD 1899 in arabic AD 1923 in arabic ======INDIAN STATES - KUTCH FOOTNOTE: In 1876 Maharaja Rao Khengarji III succeeded as reign- BHUJ MINT ing sovereign of Cutch. He was a keen advocate for education ======and especially the education of women. He founded museums, 1 KORI 17MM .610 FINE 4.6 GRAMS libraries and schools, and inaugurated scholarships ...When he ======appears in public, he alternately worships God in a Hindu pagoda and a Mahommedan mosque; and he fits out annually at Mandui a 1913 SE 1970 u/m ship for the conveyance of pilgrims to Mecca, who are maintained 1923 SE 1979 u/m during the voyage chiefly by the liberality of the Prince. Encyclope- 1923 SE 1980 u/m dia Britannica, 11th. Edition ,1910. 1927 SE 1984 u/m 1927 SE 1985 u/m FOOTNOTE: Cutch, a protected principality under the Presidency of Bombay, British India, occupying the peninsula south of Sind, ¿OV: Symbols (trident, open crescent and dagger) / between the marshy tracts of the Rann of Cutch and the Gulf of SE DATE in Nagari, Nagari inscription. ( = MAHA RAO SRI Cutch. It's soil is mostly sterile. The climate and meteorological KHENGARJI • KACHCHH • BHUJ = RAO KHENGARJI III, BHUJ, conditions are extremely unfavorable for vegetation. The Rann is a KACHCHH) morass nearly 7000 miles in area. It is flooded during the monsoon by salt water, but by December 1st it is comparatively dry. Cutch ¿RV: Nagari inscription (KORI / BHUJ), Urdu inscrip- has a feudal system of government, the ruling power being con- tion (GEORGE V KAISAR / HIND ZARB / BHUJ arabic AD DATE = fined to the of Jharija Rajput, of which there are about 200 GEORGE V, EMPEROR OF INDIA, STRUCK IN BHUJ, AD DATE). members. The chief town is Bhuj. New Imternational Encyclope- dia, Phila., 1896. EDGE: Plain

MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ

REFERENCE: Y-51

FOOTNOTE: Cutch, a State in the west if India, lying to the south of Sind, under British protection; area, 6500 sq. miles. During the rainy season it is wholly inundated by water, the vast salt morass of the Rann separating it on the north and east from Sind and the Guicowar’s dominions. Its south side is formed by the Gulf of Cutch, and on the west it has the Arabian Sea. The date is the only fruit which thrives, and the principal exports are cotton and horses. The Rann of Cutch covers about 9000 square miles, and is dry during the greater part of the year. Population of the State of Cutch (1895) - 512,084. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1896. Bhuj, Kutch from 1895 map

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 302 SE 1979 - 1 KORI - REVERSE SE 1985 - 1 KORI - REVERSE AD 1923 in arabic AD 1929 in arabic ======INDIAN STATES - KUTCH BHUJ MINT ======1 KORI 17MM .610 FINE 4.6 GRAMS ======

1928 SE 1985 u/m 1929 SE 1985 u/m 1931 SE 1987 u/m 1931 SE 1988 u/m 1932 SE 1988 u/m 1932 SE 1989 u/m 1933 SE 1989 u/m 1933 SE 1990 u/m 1934 SE 1990 u/m 1934 SE 1991 u/m 1935 SE 1991 u/m 1935 SE 1992 u/m 1936 SE 1992 u/m

¿OV: Within inner circle, symbols (trident, open crescent and dagger) / SE DATE in Nagari, Nagari inscription. ( = MAHA RAO SRI KHENGARJI •KACHCHH• BHUJ = RAO KHENGARJI III, BHUJ, KACHCHH)

¿RV: Within inner circle, Nagari inscription (KORI / E-K ), Urdu inscription (• GEORGE V KAISAR HIND ZARB • BHUJ arabic AD DATE = GEORGE V EMPEROR OF INDIA, STRUCK IN BHUJ, AD DATE) around.

SE 1985 - 1 KORI - OBVERSE EDGE: Plain

AD 1929 in arabic MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ ======REFERENCE: Y-59

FOOTNOTE: The symbols shown on the Kutch coinage are sym- FOOTNOTE: About 1928, new automatic machines were imported bols for: Trident of the Goddess of Asapura, Crescent or Moon, from England for the Kutch mint. Katar or dagger.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 303 SE 1992 - 1 KORI - OBVERSE SE 1992 - 1 KORI - REVERSE AD 1936 in arabic AD 1936 in arabic ======INDIAN STATES - KUTCH BHUJ MINT ======1 KORI 17MM .610 FINE 4.6 GRAMS ======

1936 SE 1992 u/m 1936 SE 1993 u/m

¿OV: Within inner circle, symbols (trident, open crescent and dagger) / SE DATE in Nagari, Nagari inscription. ( = MAHA RAO SRI KHENGARJI • KACHCHH • BHUJ = RAO KHENGARJI III, BHUJ, KACHCHH)

¿RV: Within inner circle ,Nagari inscription (KORI / E-K ), Urdu inscription (• EDWARD VII KAISAR HIND ZARB • BHUJ arabic AD 1936 = EDWARD VII EMPEROR OF INDIA, STRUCK IN BHUJ, 1936) around.

EDGE: Plain

MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ

REFERENCE: Y-65

FOOTNOTE: The silver coinage of Kutch, Indian Native State, was the only Colony in 1936 to strike a coin of the series, with the name of the King of Great Britain, Edward VIII who became the Emperor of India on January 20, 1936, upon the death of his father George V. His reign lasted less than eleven months, when he indicated he intended to marry Mrs. Wallis Warfield Simpson, an American di- SE 1996 - 1 KORI - OBVERSE vorcee. Faced with the alternative of giving up the woman or the throne, he chose the woman he loved. He sent his message of AD 1940 in arabic abdication to Parliament on December 10, 1936 and two days later left for Europe. Edward closed his farewell radio address - heard ======by millions of people around the world - with the words, ‘and now we all have a new King. I wish him and you, his people, happiness FOOTNOTE: Bhuj, chief town of Cutch in India, Bombay Presi- and prosperity with all my heart. God bless you all’ He was named dency, at the base of a fortified hill, with military cantonments, High Duke of Windsor by King George VI. The 1 kori was struck with the School and School of Arts, Mausoleums of the Raos or Chiefs of name of Edward VIII and the AD 1936 date and SE 1992 and 1993. Cutch. Population (1896) 22,308. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1865.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 304 SE 1996 - 1 KORI - REVERSE SE 2001 - 1 KORI - OBVERSE Ad 1940 in arabic AD 1944 in arabic ======INDIAN STATES - KUTCH INDIAN STATES - KUTCH BHUJ MINT BHUJ MINT ======1 KORI 17MM .610 FINE 4.6 GRAMS 1 KORI 17MM .610 FINE 4.6 GRAMS ======

1937 SE 1993 u/m 1942 SE 1999 u/m 1937 SE 1994 u/m 1943 SE 1999 u/m 1938 SE 1995 u/m 1943 SE 2000 u/m 1939 SE 1995 u/m 1944 SE 2000 u/m 1939 SE 1996 u/m 1944 SE 2001 u/m 1940 SE 1996 u/m ¿OV: Within inner circle, symbols (trident, open ¿OV: Within inner circle, symbols (trident, open crescent and dagger) / SE DATE in Nagari, Nagari inscription. ( = crescent and dagger) / SE DATE in Nagari, Nagari inscription. ( = MAHA RAO SRI VIJAYAARAJJI•KACHCHH• = RAO MAHA RAO SRI KHENGARJI .KACHCHH BHUJ = RAO VIJAYAARAJJI - KACHCHH) KHENGARJI III, BHUJ, KACHCHH) around.

¿RV: Within inner circle of pearls, Nagari inscription ¿RV: Within inner circle of pearls, Nagari inscription (KORI / E-K ), Urdu inscription (.GEORGE VI KAISAR HIND ZARB. (KORI / E-K ), Urdu inscription (•GEORGE VI KAISAR HIND ZARB BHUJ arabic AD DATE = GEORGE VI EMPEROR OF INDIA, • BHUJ arabic AD DATE = GEORGE VI EMPEROR OF INDIA, STRUCK IN BHUJ, AD DATE) around. STRUCK IN BHUJ, AD DATE).

EDGE: Plain EDGE: Plain

MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ

REFERENCE: Y-73 REFERENCE: Y-81

FOOTNOTE: Maharaja Rao Vijayaarajji succeeded Khengarji after a reign of 66 years in 1942.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 305 SE 2001 - 1 KORI - OBVERSE SE 2001 - 1 KORI - REVERSE ======INDIAN STATES - KUTCH BHUJ MINT MEWAR UDAIPUR - INDIAN STATES ======1 KORI 17MM .610 FINE 4.6 GRAMS ======

(1947) SE 2004 u/m

¿OV: Within inner circle of pearls, symbols (trident, open crescent and dagger) / SE 2004 in Nagari, Nagari inscrip- tion. ( = MAHA RAO SRI VIJAYAARAJJI • KACHCHH • = RAO VIJAYAARAJJI - KACHCHH) around.

¿RV: Nagari inscription above design ( = JAYA HIND / KORI E-K / BHUJ = VICTORY OF INDIA / ONE KORI / BHUJ)

EDGE: Plain

MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ

TYPE: Commemorative

REFERENCE: Y-84

The Coinage of Kutch by Richard K. Bright, International, 1975.

FOOTNOTE: This issue was struck to commemorate the Indepen- dence of India in 1947 from Great Brittan.

SAMVAT1985 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE ======

FOOTNOTE: Udaipur, a town in the north west of India, capital of Rajput warriers the Native State of the same name in Rajputana, on a lake 2000 feet above sea level, contains a notable Royal Palace. Population 38,214. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 306 SAMVAT1985 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE ======INDIAN STATES - NAVANAGER ======NAVANAGER MINT INDIAN STATES - MEWAR UDAIPUR ======CALCUTTA MINT 2 2 KORI 19MM .937 FINE 6-7 GRAMS ======3 RUPEE 19MM .839 FINE 3.0 GRAMS ======(1892) VS 1949 u/m scarce (1893) 1950 u/m scarce (1928) Samvat 1985 839,396 ¿OV: native inscription / design, within outer circle of ¿OV: Persian inscription / The Hills of Mewar within dots with tails. inner circle within open flower border around. ÀRE: Arabic inscription./ native inscription. ¿RV: Nagari inscription (DOSTI LONDHON = FRIEND OF LONDON) within inner circle within closed flower border EDGE: Reeded around. REFERENCE: Y-5 EDGE: Reeded

MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mintl branch mint CALCUTTA

REFERENCE: Y-20

FOOTNOTE: This issue was struck at the Royal Mint branch mint Calcutta in 1931 and dated in Samvat 1985, equal to AD 1928.

FOOTNOTE: Udaipur, (Mewar) - One of the Indian Rajputana States, area - 12,756 square miles, population - 1911 - 1,293,776. Ruling famoly - Sisodiya Rajput. Statesmen's Year-Book, London 1916.

======NAVANAGER - INDIAN STATES ======(AD 1892) - VS 1949 - 2 1/2 KORI OBVERSE & REVERSE ======

FOOTNOTE: Navangar - One of the Indian Bombay States - area 3,791 square miles, population (c. 1911) 349,400. Ruling family - Kahatriya Maharaja. Statesmen's Year-Book, London 1916.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 307 ======PORTUGUESE INDIA ======

FOOTNOTE: D.Luiz Filippe succeeded his brother to the throne of Portugal on November 11, 1861. He reigned until October 19, 1889 and was succeeded by his son, D.Carlos Fernando when he was little more than twenty-six years old.

FOOTNOTE: The currency of Portuguese India was changed to a new standard as a result of the Luso-Britannic Convention of 1880 with the silver rupee eleven twelfths pure silver .916 fine and weighing 11.66 grams. Half-rupee (meia rupia), quarter-rupee (quarto de rupia) and eighth-rupee (oitavo de rupia) as divisions were minted at both the Calcutta and Bombay mints to the same standards corresponding to the coinage of British India. The rupee and half-rupee were struck dated 1881 and 1882, while the quar- ter-rupee and eight-rupee were issued only in 1881. A copper coinage was issued dated 1881,1884,1886 and 1888 with a much higher mintage.

======

1881 - 3 RUPIA - REVERSE ======INDIA PORTUGUEZA BOMBAY MINT/CALCUTTA MINT ======3 RUPIA 19MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======

1881 470,748

¿OV: Head of Luis I, facing left, LUDOVICUS • I • PORTUG : ET • ALGARB : REX (LUIS I, KING OF PORTUGAL AND ALGARVE) around / • 1881 • below.

ÀRV: Crowned Arms of Portugal within wreath of laurel and oak, • INDIA PORTUGUEZA • (PORTUGUESE INDIA) above around, QUARTO DE RUPIA (3 RUPIA) below around.

EDGE: Reeded

MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mints of BOMBAY and CALCUTTA

REFERENCE: Y-12, LU.20, KM-10 1881 - 3 RUPIA - OBVERSE Indo-Portuguese Money by J.Ferraro Vaz,Braga,1980 ======POPULATION: Goa - 1881 - 481,467 including 630 Europeans. FOOTNOTE: Luis I, King of Portugal reigned from 1861 to 1889.

FOOTNOTE: Goa, a city of Hindustan, the capital of the Portuguese settlements in India. It stands on the North side of an island, 22 miles long and 6 broad, formed by the River Mandova, which is capable of receiving the largest ships. The inhabitants are con- tented with greens,fruits, and roots, which, with a little bread, rice, and fish, are their principal diet, though they have hogs and fowls in plenty. Their religion is the Roman Catholic, and the clergy are numerous and illiterate. Goa has few manufactures or produc- tions, the best trade being in arrack, which is distilled from the sap of the cocoa-nut tree. The harbour is defended by several forts and batteries. The Universal Gazetteer, Phila.,1893. Portuguese carrack

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 308 ======FOOTNOTE: Goa was made the capital of Portuguese India in FOOTNOTE: Farrukhabad, a city of Hindustan on the Ganges river, 1843. Located on the western coast of India with an area of 1400 ceded to the British in 1802. It is a market for grain, fruit and sq. miles. It is divided into two districts: Velhas Conquistas (Old potatoes. Leather and metal goods are manufactured. Population Conquests) and Novas Conquistas (New Conquests). It is a hilly 51,567. region, some of the peaks of the western Ghats rising to 4000 ft. The country is intersected by many short, but navigable, rivers, the largest being the Mandair and the Juari. One of the chief indus- tries is agriculture, mangoes, bananas, coconuts, areca nuts, palm, and spices, being among its products. The town of Goa was founded by Albuqerque in 1511 on the island of Goa. It is famous for its beautiful examples of Portuguese architecture. Among its buildings are a majestic cathedral, the Church of Bom Jesus, a Murshidabad C - 151 perfect example of Renaissance style, containing the tomb of St.Francis Xavier, and the Chapel of St.Catherine. New Goa, also called Panjim was a suburb of the old city. Everyman Encyclope- FOOTNOTE: Murshidabad, (Machhlipatnam) a city of Hindustan on dia, London 1912. the east coast with population of 39,507.

Surat C - 255 ======

FOOTNOTE: Surat, a city of Hindustan, in Guzerat, with a strong citadel. The squares are large, and the streets spacious, but not paved, so that the dust is troublesome. Each street has gates of its own, with which it is shut in times of turbulence. The larger houses are flat roofed, with courts before them; and those of the common people are high roofed. It is said to have 320,000 inhabitants... All the people of distinction in Surat, and through the rest of India, speak and write the Persian language; but in trade corrupt Portu- guese is the language used. Before the East India Company ob- ======tained possession of Bombay, Surat was the seat of their presi- dency, and the center of their eastern trade. New Universal Gaz- British East India Company etteer, Phila. 1839. Coinage for Native Cities ======FOOTNOTE: Although this work has narrowly limited coinage for inclusion to about AD 1835, for British India there were a few earlier machine struck pieces identified as the British East India Company for individual cities. The 3 rupee coins in the authors collection are briefly included with their Craig references.

Indian thrashing Arcot C - 15 FOOTNOTE: Arcot, a city of Hindoostan, capital of Carnatic, which became subject to the East India Company in 1801. The citadel is large and esteemed a place of some strength; but the nabob often resides at Madras. Ascot has a manufacture of coarse cotton cloth. New Universal Gazetteer, Phila. 1839.

Farrukhabad C - 84 ======

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 309