Dissertation Writing the Strike Claiborn Summer
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WRITING THE STRIKE: HOW WRITERS WON THE 2007-8 WRITERS STRIKE AND CHANGED TV by CAROLINE CLAIBORN A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of English and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy September 2014 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Caroline Claiborn Title: Writing the Strike: How Writers Won the 2007-8 Writers Strike and Changed TV This dissertation has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of English by: Priscilla Peña Ovalle Chair Quinlan Miller Core Member Sangita Gopal Core Member Ernesto Martinez Institutional Representative and J. Andrew Berglund Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded September 2014. ii © 2014 Caroline Claiborn iii THESIS ABSTRACT Caroline Claiborn Doctor of Philosophy Department of English September 2014 Title: Writing the Strike: How Writers Won the 2007-8 Writers Strike and Changed TV I argue that television entertainment writers, their cultural status, and rhetorical skills are critical to national discourse and media structures. Focusing on the 2007-8 writers strike, the project analyzes videos that writers made about the conflict, showing how “rhetorical writers” used satire, complex argumentation, and knowledge of digital media to publicize writers’ value. These “pro-writer” videos, online and on television, challenged media executives for primacy in entertainment industries and helped writers win the right to compensation when their work is viewed online. Exploring the histories of television writers and writing alongside technological and political changes, the project pinpoints a lineage of irreverent and ironic humor that contributed to the strike videos. This lineage of “rhetorical” writers and writing, which deconstructs cable news and media politics using satire, prepared writers for the 2007-8 strike by honing their skills in argumentation and activist community-building using satire. iv CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Caroline Claiborn GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon, Eugene Knox College, Galesburg, IL DEGREES AWARDED: Doctor of Philosophy, English, 2014, University of Oregon Bachelor of Arts, English, 2007, Knox College AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Media Studies Pedagogy PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Instructor: Media Aesthetics (3 terms) 2013-2014 Looking Glass/New Roads Volunteer Tutor (helping homeless youth learn and work toward GED completion), 2013-2014 NOMAD Mentor (guiding and mentoring college students working on long-term research projects), 2012-2013 Instructor: Introduction to Film & Media (1 term) Fall 2012 Graduate Student Volunteer for the New Media Symposium 2011-2012 Instructor: Composition 122 (1 term) Winter 2011 Invited Lecturer: “On Akira Kurosawa & Japanese Film” for History of the Motion Picture Series Winter 2011 Graduate Film Series Organizer, 2010-2013 Graduate Advisor to the New Media Graduate Certificate Program Planning Committee, 2010-2012 Discussion Section Head: History of the Motion Picture Series (6 terms) 2010-2011 ! Instructor: Composition 121 (4 terms) 2009-2013 GRANTS, AWARDS, AND HONORS: HASTAC Scholar, 2012-2013 Winner of Teaching Media, “Teaching the 2012 U.S. Election”: “Make Your Own Daily Show Report Group Project,” 2012 v Cum Laude, Knox College, 2007 Howard Wilson Award for Literary Criticism, 2007 vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank the members of my dissertation committee, Professor Sangita Gopal, Professor Quinlan Miller, and Professor Ernesto Martinez. Each of you contributed valuable ideas about the project’s direction, and thoughts on its future. A special thanks to my committee chair and advisor, Professor Priscilla Ovalle, whose feedback and guidance made this undertaking possible. Thanks to Elizabeth Peterson and the library staff for their research support. Finally, I thank the University of Oregon and the English Department, for their support during my academic career. vii For my parents, who taught me to love learning, my sister, who is beginning her own graduate career, and my husband, for supporting my work. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. RHETORICAL WRITERS & TELEVISION HISTORY ....................................... 1 Writing & Performing: Functions of Rhetoric, Satire & Irony ...................... 6 Media Satire & Activism ............................................................................... 10 Television Writing & the Network Era .......................................................... 15 Network News: A Public Service .................................................................. 31 II. SATIRE ON CABLE AND ONLINE .................................................................. 34 Cable News: A Promotional Enterprise ........................................................ 35 Turning to Relevance: Deregulation & the Erosion of Standards and Practices ..................................................................................... 38 Narrowcasting: Style, Satire & Conflict in Niche Markets .......................... 46 Rhetorical Writers Supplant Cable News ..................................................... 55 Writing for the Internet: Internet Technologies and Must-Click TV ............ 60 III. TELEVISION WRITERS AND WRITING: A JOURNEY TO THE 2007-8 STRIKE ................................................................. 65 Mass Media & Writing in the 20th Century .................................................. 67 Union History: Tension Between Writers and Executives ............................ 69 The 2007-8 Writers Strike ............................................................................. 84 IV. WRITERS ON STRIKE AND ONLINE ............................................................ 96 The Daily Show & The Colbert Report: Models of Rhetorical Satire ......... 101 The Writers Strike Online ............................................................................ 118 YouTube Protests: Brought to You By TV ................................................... 137 V. WRITERS ON STRIKE AND ON AIR ............................................................. 146 A Daily Show and The Colbert Report Debut .............................................. 157 Keeping the Strike on TV ............................................................................ 179 The Daily Show and The Colbert Report Writers Return ............................ 186 VI. POST-SCRIPT: AFTER THE STRIKE ............................................................. 190 REFERENCES CITED ............................................................................................ 195 ix LIST OF IMAGES Image Page 1. Image of Tom and Dick Smothers ............................................................... 24 2. Image of Pat Paulsen on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour ................. 24 3. Chevy Chase as Gerald Ford on Saturday Night Live ................................. 44 4. Image of The Simpsons family .................................................................... 50 5. Jon Stewart on The Daily Show set ............................................................. 58 6. Image from The Colbert Report .................................................................. 58 7. Image of Philip Loeb ................................................................................... 74 8. Jon Stewart discussing Fox’s Barry Goldberg on The Daily Show ............ 106 9. Stephen Colbert explains “Truthiness” on The Colbert Report .................. 115 10. Inter-title from “Voices of Uncertainty” ................................................... 120 11. Inter-title from “Voices of Uncertainty” ................................................... 120 12. Inter-title from “Voices of Uncertainty” ................................................... 120 13. Rupert Murdoch from “Rupert Murdoch and the Holy Grail” ................. 123 14. “A World Without Writers” Inter-title with image from It’s a Wonderful Life ....................................................................................... 126 15. “A World Without Writers” Inter-title with image from Gone With the Wind ........................................................................................ 127 16. “A World Without Writers” Inter-title with image from Chinatown ........ 127 17. “A World Without Writers” Inter-title with image from 2001: A Space Odyssey ................................................................................... 128 18. “A World Without Writers” Inter-title with image from House ................ 128 19. Image from “WGA Galaxy” Video ........................................................... 129 20. Image from “Murder Unscripted” Video .................................................. 130 21. Image of Woody Allen from “Speechless” Series Video .......................... 133 22. Image of Ed Asner from “Speechless” Series Video ................................. 133 23. Image of Susan Sarandon from “Speechless” Series Video ...................... 134 24. Image of Laura Linney from “Speechless” Series Video .......................... 135 x Image Page 25. Image of Holly Hunter from “Speechless” Series Video .......................... 137 26. Jason Ross in “Not The Daily Show with Some Writer” Video ................ 139 27. Jason Ross and John Oliver in “Not The Daily Show with Some Writer” 140 28. Image from “Videologblog