Web Based Distance Learning Management Systems Kevin Okon Okonna World Maritime University
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World Maritime University The Maritime Commons: Digital Repository of the World Maritime University World Maritime University Dissertations Dissertations 2001 Web based distance learning management systems Kevin Okon Okonna World Maritime University Follow this and additional works at: http://commons.wmu.se/all_dissertations Part of the Online and Distance Education Commons Recommended Citation Okonna, Kevin Okon, "Web based distance learning management systems" (2001). World Maritime University Dissertations. 65. http://commons.wmu.se/all_dissertations/65 This Dissertation is brought to you courtesy of Maritime Commons. Open Access items may be downloaded for non-commercial, fair use academic purposes. No items may be hosted on another server or web site without express written permission from the World Maritime University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WORLD MARITIME UNIVERSITY Malmö, Sweden WEB BASED DISTANCE LEARNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: AN INVESTIGATION INTO WMU’S FUTURE NEEDS By KEVIN OKON OKONNA Nigeria A dissertation submitted to the World Maritime University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in MARITIME AFFAIRS (Maritime Education and Training) 2001 © Copyright Kevin Okon Okonna, 2001 DECLARATION I certify that all the material in this dissertation that is not my own work has been identified, and that no material is included for which a degree has previously been conferred on me. The content of this dissertation reflect my own personal views, and are not necessarily endorsed by the University (Signature) …………………………….. (Date) ……………………………... Supervised by: Professor Peter Muirhead World Maritime University Assessor: Professor Shuo Ma World Maritime University Co-assessor: Professor Malek Pourzanjani Southampton Institute ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I express my profound gratitude to everyone that has contributed to the success of this research. In particular I thank my Course Professor, Peter Muirhead for his encouragement and support to me throughout my studies and for arranging access to the Lecando system for this research. I will also continue to remember the special interest and assistance I received from Professor Moira McConnell, Mr David Moulder, the Librarian, Ms Susan Wangeci-Eklow, the Assistant Librarian, Ms Solveig Anelli, the Faculty Assistant to the MET, and Ms Cecilia Denne, the Library Assistant. This research also benefited immensely from the technical contributions of Mr Mikael Gudmundsson of Lecando AB, Mr Bertil Wagner, the Computer Lecturer and Mr Bengt Emanuelsson, the WMU’s Network Specialist. I specially acknowledge the support I received from the entire WMU staff, non-resident lecturing staff and students who made valuable contributions to this research. My gratitude also goes to the authorities of the World Maritime University that provided the funds for my studies. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the support I have received from my institution, the Maritime Academy of Nigeria and my relatives at home during the course of my studies in Malmö, Sweden. iii ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: Web Based Distance Learning Management Systems: An Investigation into WMU’s Future Needs Degree: M. Sc. This dissertation focuses on Web based distance learning management systems and the investigation into the potential use of such a system by the World Maritime University. It starts with an overview of the current state of distance learning, its methodologies, the impact of evolution in technology up to the Internet/World Wide Web. The reasons for and the barriers to the development of Web based distance learning are identified before discussing the areas of the challenges to the WMU’s academic standing requiring increasing goals and activities. The technological requirements for hosting or using a Web based learning environment are identified and explained. Also, the pedagogical principles such as learner-centred approach, constructivism theory of education, and interactive learning tasks, on which online course design depends are discussed. Through the examination and comparison of three of the widely used Web based course management systems, the research presents a detail analysis of the technological features required for creating interactive learning opportunities through a Web based distance learning management system. A working model of a Web based course was developed on one of the examined Web based learning platforms and the trial operations using a test group of WMU staff and students was monitored and evaluated. The analyses of the examination of the three Web education systems, the trial operations results, and the questionnaire responses received from both staff and students are used to identify the strengths and limitations of Web based distance learning management systems. Based on this knowledge, conclusions are drawn and appropriate iv recommendations are made concerning the potential use of a Web based distance learning management system by the World Maritime University. KEY WORDS: Web based learning, Online learning, Distance learning, Distance education, Management, WMU. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration ii Acknowledgement iii Abstract iv Table of Contents vi List of Tables x List of Figures xi List of Abbreviations xii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background to the study 1 1.2 Importance of the study 2 1.3 Purpose of the study 2 1.4 Research Methodology 2 1.4.1 Research design 2 1.4.2 Sampling method 3 1.4.3 Interval level of measurement 3 1.4.4 Validity and reliability 4 1.4.5 Data collection methods 4 1.4.6 Scope and limitations 5 2. Web based distance learning: The implications for the WMU 6 2.1 The concept of distance learning 6 2.1.1 Open learning 7 2.1.2 Distance learning 7 2.1.3 Distance learning methodologies 8 © Copyright Kevin Okon Okonna, 2001 vi 2.1.3.1 Distributed learning 8 2.1.3.2 Dedicated distance learning 10 2.1.4 Global players in distance education 10 2.2 Technology and the development of distance learning systems 11 2.3 Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW): The relationship 11 2.4 Web based distance education 13 2.4.1 Stakeholders in Web based distance education 13 2.4.2 Web based distance learning management systems 13 2.5 Reasons for the development of Web-based distance learning systems 14 2.6 Barriers to the development of Web-based distance learning systems 16 2.7 Implications of the development of Web-based distance learning for the WMU 17 2.7.1 Global Role of the WMU 17 2.7.2 Challenges to WMU’s academic standing 18 2.7.3 The potential of Web based distance learning for WMU capacity development 19 3. The web based distance learning environment 21 3.1 Pedagogical issues 21 3.1.1 Knowledge construction and online learning 22 3.1.2 Pedagogical implications of online distance learning 23 3.2 Characteristics of Web based distance learning environments 24 3.2.1 Web based course management system 25 3.3 Required technology for Web based course management system 26 3.3.1 Foundation architecture 26 3.3.2 Communication features 29 © Copyright Kevin Okon Okonna, 2001 vii 4. Examination of some Web based distance education management systems 32 4.1 Comparison of Web based education systems 32 4.1.1 Observations 37 4.2 Examination of features of Blackboard 5.0, WebCT 3.5 and Lecando learning platforms 38 4.2.1 Examination of features 39 4.2.2 Summary of ratings 59 4.3 Development trends in Web based distance education management 60 5. Working model of a Web based course 61 5.1 Administrative issues 61 5.1.1 Strategic decisions 62 5.1.2 Tactical decisions 63 5.1.3 Team approach 63 5.2 Critical design elements for a web based course 65 5.2.1 Instructional and audience analyses 65 5.2.2 Course goals and objectives 65 5.2.3 Course content 66 5.2.4 Learning (instructional) activities 66 5.2.5 Learning Support 67 5.2.6 Evaluation 67 5.3 Model Web based course design and trial operations 67 5.3.1 Principles 67 5.3.2 The Platform 68 5.3.3 Critical elements 68 © Copyright Kevin Okon Okonna, 2001 viii 6. Data collection and analysis 72 6.1 Questionnaire data analysis 72 6.1.1 Sampling method 72 6.1.2 Questionnaires construction 73 6.1.3 Data collection method 74 6.1.4 Questionnaire data analysis 74 6.2 Analysis of data from examination of Web based distance education management systems 91 6.3 Analysis of data from trial operations results 91 6.3.1 Evaluation results 92 6.3.2 Limitations 93 7. Conclusions and recommendations 94 7.1 Conclusions 94 7.2 Recommendations 97 References 99 Appendices Appendix 1 Evolution in distance learning technology 104 Appendix 2 Blackboard 5 minimum hardware/software requirements 105 Appendix 3 Questionnaire data from Lecando 106 Appendix 4 E-mail request for volunteers in the trial operations of working model course 110 Appendix 5 Text of test questions 111 Appendix 6 Generated discussion pattern in working model course 113 Appendix 7 Research questionnaire (for staff) 114 Appendix 8 Research questionnaire (for students) 119 © Copyright Kevin Okon Okonna, 2001 ix LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1 List of some Web based course management systems 33 Table 4.2 Comparison of Web based education systems 34 Table 4.3 Summary of WebCT, Blackboard, and Lecando features 56 Table 4.4 Summary of ratings 59 Table 6.1 Lecturing staff responses to questionnaire 76 Table 6.2 Administrative staff responses to questionnaire 79 Table 6.3 Non-resident lecturing staff responses to questionnaire 82 Table 6.4 Students responses to questionnaire 85 Table 6.5 Summary of preferences for Web based learning tools