Rst Line National Industrial Policy: a New System of Values and Ideas Behind Their Realisation

AC001 FIRST LINE NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL POLICY: A NEW SYSTEM OF VALUES AND IDEAS BEHIND THEIR REALISATION

ANDREl KOKOSHIN, Russia's First Deputy Minister of Defense, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences

istory demonstrates that Despite the variations in the reforms, vast potential of research-intensive tech- successful implementation carried out in these countries, an "econom- nologies and a real chance to develop them. of large-scale social and ic miracle" was always one component of Our country's specialists belong to the economic reforms in all their success. The achievement of a worthy small elite of the international community, countries, regardless of the place in the hierarchy of developed coun- capable of developing and operating highly differences in their condi- tries, genuine sovereignty and national sophisticated technological systems requir- tions and start-up posi- security was invariably based on the devel- ing, for their part, high standards of man- tions, inevitably depends opment of a progressive production struc- agement and the cooperation of hundreds of

on the achievement of ture, oriented above all towards a better enterprises, research institutes and design “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group accord among the majority quality of life for the population, the required bureaus. This ability may be considered one on. a long-range national number of jobs, and a stable position in the of Russia's most valuable assets, our nation- goal, which guarantees world's research-intensive high technology al property. However, for many years these maximum integration of markets. assets have been squandered due to huge personal and group interests. This goal will A comparative analysis of Russia's actu- military expenditures, which made the onlyH become the principal driving force for al potential leads one to conclude that years national economy inefficient. Now, the abili- social progress, if it is achieved via a strate- of hard and goal-directed work can also lead ty to develop and operate highly sophisticat- gic-line of behavior, based on logic, which is to "an economic miracle" in our country. ed technological systems is endangered. relatively simple for the masses to under- By cooperation with a number of other It is not sufficient to implement a mere stand, and certain state policy. CIS countries, Russia has accumulated a set of medium-range programs to realize the

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 1 AC001 FIRST LINE accumulated potential. A consistent national industrial policy is the formation of civil society and a new democratic statehood. required, representing a strategic line of the state, entrepreneurs Russia can compete on a par in the world markets of aviation, and trade unions, supported by most of the society and aimed at rocket and space technology, ship-building, machine-tool building, The national goal of Russia's scientific and technological development could be formulated as a market-based reform of the national innovation system, capable of guaranteeing the use and development of the accumulated potential of high technologies and services, required for economic growth based on the promotion of higher living standards and a better quality of life, on the competitiveness of our domestic industry, resource conservation and environmental protection. forming competent and mainly self-developing organizations - the heavy power-plant engineering, etc. In many cases it is important for major forces of productive economic activities in a market economy Russia to penetrate the world markets in cooperation with its strate- and gradually ensuring Russia a worthy place in world markets gic foreign partners, i.e. those companies and financial-industrial (including, above all, our own) and integrating Russia, on the most groups which stand for equal and mutually beneficial cooperation. advantageous terms, into regional and global telecommunication Russian rocket, space and aviation industries may become a and transportation systems. kind of "driving forces" to give impetus to a wide complex of associ- Russia must adopt a national industrial policy, which could serve ated technologies. It implies, first and foremost, development of as a genuine basis for national accord and contribute to stability in super-fast railway transport, automobile industry, electronics, instru- “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

Members of the Government of the Russian Federation took part in the solemn flag-raising ceremony on the newest destroyer "Besstrashny", built at the Northern Shipyard in St. Petersburg. First Deputy Defense Minister of Russia Andrei Kokoshin also visited the Baltic plant, where the construction of the nuclear missile cruiser "Peter Veliky" nears its completion.

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 2 AC001 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД ment making, etc. These trends should be among the state's top priorities. The state budget pattern and system of state benefits and privileges should be formed according to these priorities. Large-scale penetration into the world markets of industrial and particularly research- intensive products is extremely difficult and requires persistent and long-term efforts in economics and politics. Activities on the international scene should also be aimed, inter alia, at the achievement of this goal. Matters are also complicated by the fact that Russia's research- intensive potential is concentrated primarily in the defense sector and that one should therefore simultaneously take into account the effect of several factors. and diversification programs with state defense contracts and the Some factors concern the critical situation in our defense indus- implementation of a long-term arms and military hardware develop- try, caused by the slashing of government contracts for arms and ment program. military hardware in 1992, which amounted to 67-68%, as well as A great deal depends in this respect on the development in the the parallel processes of conversion, diversification of production near future of a market mechanism for the realization of conversion and transformation of ownership forms. Recently the pendulum of and diversification programs, including, inter alia, the stimulation of the Russian industry swung from "excessive militarism" in the oppo- demand. The solution of this problem envisages, along with some site direction, showing extremes, which are inherent in Russian other measures, provision of the solvency of the state customer, who national character. Massive efforts are to be made to provide an will meet in turn the interests of state consumers such: as passen- optimum in this sphere. gers, telephone subscribers, entrepreneurs in the delivery business, The Ministry of Defense does not play a leading role in the elab- etc. oration and implementation of conversion programs. However, it is Therefore it would seem that money allocated to conversion pro- vitally interested in enterprises producing certain high-technology jects should be granted to a larger extent to particular customers “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

and research-intensive products, maintaining their high technologi- engaged in the development of a specific element of infrastructure. cal level and retaining their skilled personnel. The availability of a suf- In all industrially developed countries the state assumes responsibil- ficient number of such enterprises will be a major contribution to the ity for the development of infrastructure (communications, transport, deterrence from any large potential military aggression. Besides, power engineering). This is one of the vital prerequisites for a pro- great importance should be attached to the linkage of conversion ductive use of conversion investments. It is impossible to achieve a

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modern efficient economy and industry without developing the infra- conservation and environmental protection. To achieve it, we must, structure. In addition, conceivable development of Russia's infra- first and foremost, accelerate the elaboration of normative acts, in structure performs a political function: it helps maintain territorial order to itemize, establish and specify the rights of owning, using integrity of the country and provide its social and cultural homo- and disposing of the results of scientific and technological activities geneity. for the previous period, build up a mechanism for the enforcement

In present circumstances, we require a concerted mechanism of legislation on intellectual property and establish an information “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group for the implementation of conversion programs and their orientation infrastructure for the conversion and privatization of state enterpris- toward the State Program of Conversion of the Defense Industry, as es. well as social consensus on the national goal of Russia's scientific Meanwhile, we must complete as soon as possible the drafting and technological development. of a law on state scientific and technological policies, in order to In the most general terms this goal could be formulated as a guarantee the integrity of a law-based regulation system, governing market-based reform of the national innovation system, capable of the organization and state support of research and development, the guaranteeing the use and development of the accumulated potential realization of scientific and technological achievements, the protec- of high technologies and services, required for economic growth tion of intellectual property and control of the Russian Federation's based on the promotion of higher living standards and a better qual- information resources. Furthermore, we must coordinate legislation ity of life, on the competitiveness of our domestic industry, resource and the development of contractual-legal foundations of the joint use

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 4 AC001 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД of accumulated scientific and technological achievements and the protection of intellectual property and state secrets with the countries which were formerly part of the Soviet Union. The need to speed up the elaboration of a normative-legal basis for the regulation of scientific and technological policy is demonstrated by the accelerated rate of privatization of defense research institutes and design bureaus, which formed part of the defense complex of the former USSR. Unfortunately, the privatization process only solves property problems, while the registration and distribution of intellectual property is not backed by the requisite normative-legal basis. To provide the necessary conditions for the effective use of scientific and technological breakthroughs and the promotion of safeguards for intellectual property rights, it seems advisable in this connection to legal- Defense of the Russian Federation. ize by a normative act, during the transitional period, a provision By adhering to the international regime of non-proliferation of stipulating that scientific achievements and technological solutions weapons of mass destruction and their delivery vehicles, Russia resulting from state orders are federal property and fall within the thereby becomes a predictable and trustworthy partner in the sys- jurisdiction of federal executive bodies. tem of international relations. It opens up new possibilities for the The role of the export regulation system in promoting the goals development of equal technological exchanges for peaceful purpos- of national industrial policy deserves special consideration. es. An analysis of the actual functioning of international and nation- Unfortunately, various economic and political obstacles impede al export control systems in industrialized countries indicates that, this course of events. On the one hand, this is attributed to specific far from impeding the economic development of our country, this activities of national export regulation systems. Western countries control (provided it is properly organized) will promote it. widely use such controls to maintain their technological advantages The Ministry of Defense plays on active role in the new export over their competitors in world markets, and in this respect it may be regulation system in the Russian Federation. The permanent Export regarded as an instrument of economic policy. On the other hand, Control Commission of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Russia's participation in the development of a new export control Federation) supervises over exports of arms, equipment and devel- regime, to be established by COCOM member countries, according opments of the Ministry of Defense. The Chief of Armaments of the to a declaration at their session last November, remains an unre- Armed Forces, representatives of the General Staff, all arms and ser- solved issue. vices are members of this Commission. After declaring the break-up of COCOM on March 31, 1994, the Each request submitted by Russia's defense research institutes member countries of this international organization set up several and design bureaus should be thoroughly reviewed with due regard working groups: some of them will elaborate the principles underly- to national long-term security and current economic situation. ing the functioning of new international export control regimes. This Representatives of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, work has not been completed to this day. Federal Counter-Intelligence Service and Intelligence Service partic- In these circumstances, when pursuing a policy of openness and ipate in the work of the Export Control Commission of the Ministry of trust, Russia is entitled to reciprocity from its partners. It may insist on the equivalence of its technological exchange with the West, making any lifting of its own restrictions dependent on the liberalization of exports by countries which formerly participated in COCOM. Given that there is demand for modern technologies on both sides, any mutual lowering of the level of bans and restrictions will

help promote confidence and economic cooperation between part- “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group ners. The solution of the problem of free technological exchanges, with due regard taken of the national interests of all participants, constitutes the goal behind the establishment of the Russian system for the strategic regulation of foreign economic relations. In this respect this activity is an inalienable part of national industrial policy. (

The editors express acknowledgment to A. A. Kokoshin for his support and attention to our magazine.

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 5 AC002 FIRST LINE RUSSIAN ARMS TRADING Under Article 52 of the UN Charter each country enjoys the right to repel aggression. You must agree, however, that many countries lack the necessary weapons to do so. Therefore the right of countries to sell and buy arms is the mechanism used to realize the right to self- Victor Samoilov, Director General of the State Company defense. ROSVOOROUZHENIE

he sale of Russian-made arms to foreign countries nologies to foreign countries, the provision of military-technical is only a few profitable export items. At least this services and the investment of financial resources in this field. was the case until recently. Now, however, vocifer- MTC aims to obtain and utilize foreign currency to meet ous, impersonal complaints can be heard: we are national needs, primarily to guarantee the national security, eco- losing arms markets, the export of arms has fallen nomic, military and political interests of Russia. to a minimum, the military-industrial complex - Surely it is contradictory to claim that the sale of Russian (MIC) is perishing and the mafia of illegal arms arms guarantees our national security? Surely we are undermin- merchants is flourishing. Then, to top it all, a new ing our safety? State Company ROSVOOROUZHENIE appeared, - There is no contradiction here. Exports of arms and military which was immediately denounced as a monopolist hardware contribute to the utilization of the production and intel- in the sphere of arms trade. What is going on? lectual capacities of our MIC. Military and technical cooperation Where are we heading? There are many questions strengthens Russia's positions and guarantees its interests on but few intelligible answers. Consequently, we the international scene. decided to interview a competent individual - Victor Samoilov, Such cooperation has been conducive to the development of Director General of the State Company ROSVOOROUZHENIE. trade and economic relations and remains a reliable and effec- T- Many people have always associated arms trade with the tive provision of hard currency. mafia. It is amoral to cash in on sales of instruments of death. - How much hard currency have we earned from arms trade? Nevertheless Russia is trying to sell its arms. - The figures are well-known and I will not repeat them here. - Let us cast aside emotions and epithets. As a professional I can only say that for each rouble spent in the country on the I operate on the basis of well-defined notions. Therefore I prefer MTC programs in the former USSR, between 1981 to 1990, to speak about military and technical cooperation (MTC) with export earnings amounted to a sum equivalent to two US dollars. “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group foreign countries, rather than about arms trade. This is not a ver- And it should be borne in mind that a considerable share of bal trick: it is rather a universally accepted term. these programs were carried out gratis or on a credit basis, and In a broader perspective, under Article 52 of the UN Charter that no payments have been received to this day. each country enjoys the right to repel aggression. You must - Why? agree, however, that many countries lack the necessary - Iraq and Libya, which accounted for up to 20% of our cur- weapons to do so. Therefore the right of countries to sell and rency receipts, have not paid for the arms delivered to them, buy arms is the mechanism used to realize the right to self- owing to some political decisions, including support for the defense. sanctions imposed on these countries by the United Nations. Therefore, MTC is an objective necessity of inter-state rela- This is one of the main reasons. According to existing informa- tions, involving the supply of arms, military hardware, and tech- tion, the direct economic losses incurred by Russia in 1990-

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1992 from the suspension of arms deliveries to these countries - You seem to be suggesting that the former Soviet Union exceeded US $10 billion. Incidentally, whereas the foreign com- created an almost ideal system of arms trade. Why did it collapse panies, which suffered losses from the embargo and disruption virtually overnight? of trade with these countries, were duly reimbursed by the - Yes, it was the best system at that time. However, devel- United Nations, Russian enterprises received nothing. opments in the late 1980s and early 1990s, both on the interna- At the same time, I would like to point out that despite the tional scene and inside the country made reorganization essen- decline in the total volume of arms and military hardware deliv- tial, at least in the structural units of MTC. Let me cite only one ered to foreign countries, in 1992 the volume of military exports example. The dissolution of the Warsaw Treaty Organization paid for in the year of delivery remained virtually unchanged and made GUSK practically "jobless". The mounting crisis in the stood at 96.4% of the 1991 level. The volume of arms sales for defense industries, caused by the death of state credits, seri- hard currency paid for in the year of delivery rose almost by one ously hampered the work of SPETSVNESHTEKHNIKA, which was third compared to 1991. In addition, Russia received almost 1 charged with the delivery of spare parts to foreign partners and billion dollars worth of goods in payment for exported arms and the creation of a defense infrastructure abroad. Unable to per- military hardware. form their traditional functions, they were forced to focus on I hope that now it is clear that MTC should be handled pri- areas, which fell within the competence of another foreign-trade marily by the state or, more specifically, by special agencies, association: OBORONEXPORT - the legal successor of GIU since appointed by the state, rather than private individuals, public 1992. This association accounted for up to 90% of our arms organizations or commercial structures. exports. - Have such agencies always existed? As the Ministry of External Economic Relations failed to - Yes, practically always. They existed in Tsarist Russia and effectively coordinate the activities of these three organizations, the Soviet Union. Here I would like to recall some facts from our they began to compete on the international arms market. This recent history. confused foreign buyers, who did not know which Russian Way back in 1921 an External Orders Division was organized agency was authorized to conduct negotiations on arms sales. in the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs to Moreover, they tried to undercut export prices. handle purchases of military equipment abroad. In 1939, the - Consequently, the state organizations, engendered by GIU, People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade set up an Engineering began to hinder each other in the arms market? Division (elevated to the status of a department in 1942) which - Yes, this is partly true. However, one should also consider handled deliveries of military hardware during the Great Patriotic other factors, which resulted from the liberalization of foreign War from the United States, Britain and Canada under lend-lease terms. After the war, it was put in charge of reparations and imports of arms and military hardware. In 1953 we began to export arms and military hardware manufactured in our country. In that year a Chief Engineering Department (abbreviated GIU in Russian) was created within the Ministry of Internal and External Trade of the USSR. The volume of arms deliveries kept growing (from 1953 to 1988 it rose 24 times) and, accordingly, the functions within MTC became increasingly specialized. Therefore, in 1968 the General Technical Department (subsequently transformed to the state foreign trade company SPETSVNESHTEKHNIKA) and in 1988 the General Department for the Collaboration and Cooperation (GUSK) were separated from GIU. The activities of these three organizations were coordinated by the General “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group Department of Military and Technical Cooperation (GUVTS), established as part of the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations. This "division of labor" was necessitated by the conditions of that time. These organizations maintained stable links with Russian designers and manufacturers of arms and military hardware and with foreign partners. Missions were opened in about 40 foreign countries. We received reliable information on the military needs of these countries and could supply this equipment under inter- governmental agreements.

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 2 AC002 FIRST LINE trade. Both foreign partners and we Russians were puzzled by numerous cases, where various "businessmen" and intermediaries aggressively tried to penetrate the sphere of arms trade. They included people's deputies, government officials, former party bosses heading various funds, actors, regional foreign- trade organizations, etc. However, they all had one thing in com- mon: they lacked professionalism in business. Competition appeared on the domestic level, which harmed the country's interests. In addition, following the transition to market relations and liberalization of foreign trade, some enterprises and organizations (such as the Joint Stock Company KALASHNIKOV, Republican Company BAIKAL, Foreign Trade Association PROM- EXPORT, and some others) were granted the right to sell independently their products on the international market. These the arms export. I want to mention one more factor, which I organizations lacked, however, expertise in foreign trade activi- deem important enough. The world market has a definite capac- ties and the appropriate structures and qualified specialists. ity, which cannot be expanded simply by increasing the number Therefore, in 1992 - 1993 they failed to realize the rights they of exporters. Winning arms markets, particularly new ones, is a have been granted and did not make any substantial deliveries complicated and slow process. abroad. Moreover, the independent low professionalism of the The end of the "cold war" and the policy of confrontation and manufacturers in the field of MTC engendered a number of neg- the general improvement in the international climate have result- ative phenomena. ed in a sharply reduced demand for arms, both in countries - Is it true that Western competitors did their best to prevent where arms are manufactured and in other countries, which Russia's access on international arms markets? used to be traditional buyers of arms. - The arms market always involves very tough relations At the same time one must engage in self-criticism and between competitors. Our relations with the United States have admit that in the competitive struggle Russian arms exporters improved in many fields, but we are still competitors in arms should have been more flexible, persistent, and inventive and, trade. Clearly the US governmental, military and business circles most importantly, should have displayed greater professionalism made concerted efforts to prevent Russia from gaining access to and unity of action. It goes without saying that this should be new arms markets and opposed our attempts to preserve based on a clear-cut state concept in the field of arms exports, Russia's position in traditional regions. Unfortunately, these a concept relying on the priority of rational objectives. The first attempts were successful. step has already been taken. Russian arms were efficiently discredited by Western propa- - Could you be more specific? ganda, echoed by some Russian media, and assertions that the - To enhance military and technical cooperation with foreign military conflict in the Persian Gulf demonstrated the superiority countries and ensure the state monopoly on the arms trade in of American weaponry over Russian arms. November 1993 the President of the Russian Federation issued As you may recall, the "hero" of this conflict was the US- a decree, which established the State Company for the Export made AA missile system PATRIOT. and Import of Arms and Military Hardware ROSVOOROUZHENIE. This system used six missiles to destroy one SCAD type Iraqi The new company is the legal successor of OBORONEXPORT, tactical missile. Russian AA missile systems, such as the S- SPETSVNESHTEKHNIKA, and GUSK and directly reports to the 300PMU and S-300V, can destroy such targets with the first government of the Russian Federation. This act removes the shot, even in the event of a massive missile attack. aforementioned drawbacks, including competition between

Following this propaganda, over the past three years the Russian state organizations engaged in the export of arms. “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group Americans more than doubled their sales of arms to foreign - What are the functions of the new State Company? countries. Now the United States accounts for over one half of - As its name suggests, the company will export and import world arms trade. In the meantime Russia slipped from first all types of arms, military hardware, and dual-purpose technolo- (1989) to sixth place (1992). Incidentally, the Americans are now gies, subject to the approval of the government. It will also build trying to obtain samples of the S-300, although they have their up the defense infrastructure and provide logistics support for patriots. arms and military hardware throughout their service life. - Do you really mean to say that only Western propaganda - However, this is what all arms exporters were doing before blocked Russia's access to the international arms business? the formation of the State Company. Is there anything new in - No, although this factor should be considered. I have principle? already mentioned other reasons, why we lost our positions in - Of course. As the Company is no longer part of the Ministry

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 3 AC002 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД of External Economic Relations it assumed some state functions al, rather than corporate interests. The State Company will in the management and regulation of MTC. In particular, I refer ensure that the state interests are duly observed. to the placing of state orders and supervision over their fulfill- - All this looks very good on paper. However, if there is no ment. It determines contractual prices for exported arms and efficient mechanism of interaction between the designers and services in the sphere of MTC. One more novelty - it invests manufacturers of arms and the State Company, MTC will again funds in enterprises and research organizations to keep them work by fits and starts. develop and produce arms, which will be competitive on the - You are quite right. Such a mechanism is already being world market. created. ROSVOOROUZHENIE has set up a coordination council Incidentally, and this is the first time that we have made this and supervisory council with specialized sections. The councils fact public: in 1992 and the first half of 1993 the OBORONEX- will include representatives of all interested ministries, depart- PORT Association, now a member of the new State Company, ments, design bureaus, research institutes, and leading enter- allocated from its own resources 17.5 billion rubles and 7.3 mil- prises of the military industrial complex. They will decide on the lion US dollars to help defense industries. main lines of work, draw up and implement current and long- Of course, this is not much. The Association lacks sufficient term export programs in the sphere of MTC. funds to finance MIC enterprises permanently. The problem This merely requires goodwill from the Russian participants must be resolved as soon as possible at state level. This does not imply only the provision of purpose-oriented credits or creation of financial-industrial groups, involving bank capital. I have in mind a large package of measures to ensure political and diplomatic support for MTC on the international scene. - You mentioned financial-industrial groups. Am I right in thinking that if a bank so desires and has the potential, it can invest funds in our poverty-stricken MIC and enjoy good profits after the sale of high-tech arms abroad? - In principle, yes. However, the list of banks allowed to make investments in design bureaus, research institutes, and MIC enterprises will be drawn up by the Russian government. This is done primarily in the interests of MIC enterprises. in MTC, geared to increasing exports of products and services, - After the creation of the State Company, several managers winning new arms markets and retaining traditional ones. of MIC enterprises spoke out against the new monopolist in arms - What are Russia's prospects? trade... - The traditional and most profitable arms market for Russia - Yes, one Russian newspaper published their letter. Since was and still remains the Near and Middle East and the countries then, however, most of them have reconsidered their positions. of the Persian Gulf. Military and technical cooperation with these This is quite natural. The concentration of efforts and direct countries has been elevated to a qualitatively new level. The UAE guidance provided by the President and the government have ordered from Russia a batch of infantry combat vehicles, strengthen the role of the MIC and reduce the red tape. Over BMP-3, which beat US and British competitors during desert past two years, the first-hand experience of MIC enterprises tests. The countries of this region have displayed interest in such working in the sphere of military and technical cooperation with Russian arms as tanks T-80U, AA missile systems S-300 and foreign countries has indicated that it is virtually impossible to "Tor", the self-propelled gun mount "Msta-S", anti-tank systems achieve good results in the arms export business, without well- "Shturm-S" and "Metis". trained specialists, a knowledge of the situation on the arms Despite the changes in Eastern Europe, we continue to work markets and special features of such cooperation in various in our traditional European markets: Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, regions, and a developed infrastructure abroad. Rumania, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany and Finland. “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group Most major arms manufacturers in Russia fully understand China is another country, which can be regarded as a seri- the situation and prefer to use the services of only one organi- ous and profitable partner in our arms trade. India is major zation - the new State Company ROSVOOROUZHENIE. The importer of Russian arms. Now we are rendering this country enterprises become fully-fledged participants in the MTC technical assistance in the construction of several naval ships, process. They can display their products at international exhibi- worth US $150 million. tions and negotiate the sale of these products. Moreover, now Despite a severe competitive struggle Russia is actively try- their economic interests are no longer infringed upon: whereas ing to gain access to new markets or strengthen its positions on in the past everything went to the state, now export earnings are markets, where its presence was weak: in South-East Asia retained by the enterprises. I must stress, however, that all (Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines), Africa, and Russian participants in MTC must be guided above all by nation- Latin America. (

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 4 AC003 FIRST LINE RUSSIAN MILITARY EXPORT: TOP PRIORITIES exports and allegations that they were the principal cause of instability and posed a threat to peace in various regions. These views are to a large extent well-founded. However, the problem should not be approached unilaterally by laying all the blame for international instability at the former Soviet Union's door. For example, more than 40 countries supplied arms to belligerent nations during the war between Iran and Iraq in 1980-88. Iraq, which faced such harsh criticism for its aggressiveness, bought arms from the USSR and also from France which accounted for about 13% of Iraqi arms exports in 1986-90, China (10%), Brazil (8%), the USA (2%), and Czechoslovakia (1%). However, now we ourselves and our approach to arms exports have changed, the problem has acquired a somewhat different SERGEI AKSHINTSEV, character. The international situation has indeed radically changed. Cand. Sc. (Economics), Expert of the Russian Foundation of We have abandoned power confrontation with the West, no longer Foreign Economic Policy support "authoritarian" and "reactionary" regimes, but are still in he continuing crisis of the Russian economy has bad need of arms exports. given rise to a spate of recommendations on how to Why? First of all, our arms have traditionally embodied the lat- remedy the situation as soon as possible. Some est in scientific and technological progress, have been developed extremely superficial remarks made by people in the and manufactured through considerable capital and by labor-inten- public eye can have a considerable impact on mass sive scientific and industrial facilities. They constitute one of the few mentality and the progress of reforms. high technologies, which are, like raw materials and energy Here I would like to refer to such a complex and resources, in great demand on the world market. By rational sales, controversial problem as Russian arms exports, in compliance with relevant international agreements, we would which constituted as recently as five or seven years obtain the hard currency we so badly need for economic reforms ago a classified issue and the domain of a limited and for the implementation of conversion programs. group of experts. Then the powerful disarmament Two views in vogue today should be discussed. On the one campaign concealed it from the analysts' view. hand, some experts and public figures view the export of Russian Recently, however, this problem has acquired partic- arms as one of the obstacles to conversion and transition to a mar- ular urgency. ket economy. On the other, many officials and public leaders in the We shall confine ourselves to some problems, West are extremely concerned about the potential build-up of which appear crucial to Russian arms exports and still arouse a Russian arms exports, claiming they will jeopardize the disarma- “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group negative reaction from experts and laymen in this country and ment process throughout the world. T However, treatment of these problems seems to be based on abroad. One should admit first of all, that the former Soviet Union, with an underestimation of actual reality. its enormous military-industrial complex was one of the world's First of all, we have finally realized that a leading role in con- major arms suppliers. In the context of global East-West confronta- version should be assigned to regions and enterprises which, in the tion, sizeable arms deliveries became an important tool in maintain- context of transition to a market economy and privatization, should ing Soviet influence worldwide and keeping many authoritarian themselves be able to estimate their production and export poten- regimes in power. Although the desired political dividends were tial. We should also understand that if a plant witnesses a sharp achieved, our country sustained heavy economic losses, as a con- decrease in government defense contracts, and yet continues pro- siderable share of the deliveries were provided on extremely pref- ducing military hardware in great demand in the world market, it erential terms. This led to a sharply negative attitude to our military does not make sense to insist on its "administrative" conversion.

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Market demand will enable the defense plant to make its own Romanian Air Force. choice: whether it is more profitable to produce and export arms or Incidentally, the expansion of military-technological relations convert to civilian production. After all, recent experience shows with East-European countries is viewed in NATO as an important that our military hardware may be bought by "Third World" countries instrument for consolidating its military and political positions in this and also by leading countries of the West. This is well illustrated by part of Europe, which inevitably arouses Russia's concern. the acquisition of a MiG-29 fighter squadron by Germany's Air Western competitors simultaneously reexport Russian-made Force as well as the planned purchase of Russian Yak-141 aircraft military hardware. This applies, above all, to Germany, which inten- for the US Marine Corps and catapults for US Air Force fighters. In addition, Russia has and will continue to have allies (like any The government's policy to arms export country in the West), it maintains and will sign agreements on coop- should be based on awareness that, given a eration with them, including in the domain of military technology. This may require the development of an entirely new system for sharp cutback of orders from its own armed arms deliveries under a government military assistance program, forces, it should provide an optimal workload similar to the one existing and functioning in the USA. This, in turn, will necessitate state support for the export potential of certain for the country's military-industrial base, defense plants. required by the Russian state to safeguard The government's policy to arms export should be based on awareness that, given a sharp cutback of orders from its own armed its security under normal conditions and in forces, it should provide an optimal workload for the country's mil- critical situations and reduce the cost of military-industrial base, required by the Russian state to safeguard its security under normal conditions and in critical situations and itary hardware procurement programs for the reduce the cost of military hardware procurement programs for the national army and navy. national army and navy. All these elements can be seen in the policies of the leading sively exports combat equipment and its spare parts inherited from Western countries, whose leaders and businessmen view the export the army of the former East Germany. According to SIPRI, Germany of their own arms as one of the principal ways of enabling their exported in 1990-92 about 30 MiG-21, MiG-23 and Su-22 aircraft, defense industries to meet the challenge of reduced orders for their 110 T-72 tanks, 50 BRDM-2 armored reconnaissance vehicles, 300 armed forces. Furthermore, military exports enable these countries BTR-60 armored personnel carriers, 200 122-mm D-30 howitzers, to maintain and consolidate their presence in different regions of and a large number of missiles, naval hardware and ammunition. the world, with a view to safeguarding their national interests. Western arms manufacturers also seek to infiltrate the market It would therefore be both naive and irrational to insist on the of former USSR republics. Exports of Israeli weaponry to Estonia are limitation of Russian arms exports. After all, there will always be a unprecedented: the republic will receive 50 million dollars of need for modern arms capable of maintaining the defense power of weapons, including small arms, 81-mm mortars, 106-mm pieces of various states. If they fail to meet such needs themselves, they will ordnance, antiaircraft guns and ammunition. either try to obtain arms abroad or develop their own military-indus- The agreement on the sale to Finland of 50 US F/A-18 combat trial facilities, as indicated by the Republic of South Africa and aircraft, instead of the originally planned Russian MiG-29s, merits a Brazil. When restrictions were imposed on the sale of military hard- similar assessment. ware to them, they developed powerful modern defense industries Needless to say, we recognize the sovereign right of our neigh- and entered the world market with competitive military products. bors to choose the type of arms they want to buy. However, the In the world market, owing to recent shrinkage (according to expanding military presence of Western countries in the immediate SIPRI estimates, the world export trade in basic conventional vicinity of Russian borders inevitably arouses our concern. weapon systems registered an overall 56% drop in 1988-92 at com- In addition, the cessation of arms deliveries from the USSR parable prices) and large number of offers, competition among (Russia) to some Middle-Eastern countries, its traditional recipi- arms exporters is intensifying and vacant slots in the market are ents, has led to a more active stance from China, offering military rapidly filled. hardware at lower prices. Some arms manufacturers from Eastern

The trend towards the weakening of Russian positions in the Europe also plan to increase their arms exports. “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group East European market, until recently one of the major traditional Major Western arms suppliers are taking active and diverse importers of Soviet arms, is a graphic indication of large-scale con- measures to maintain and develop their export potential with the sequences such a situation is likely to have for Russia. At the same support of their governments. For instance, President Clinton time, Western competitors are actively trying to infiltrate this mar- recently lifted the ban on the sale of arms to the "Vishegrad Four" - ket. For instance, Poland is giving serious thought to purchasing up Czechia, Slovakia, Poland, and Hungary, which have associated to 200 USF-16 fighters to replace the Russian MiG-21s. US, British themselves with the new NATO concept of "Partnership for Peace." and French firms insistently offer their participation in programs to These measures also include the intensive advertising of their own update and repair Soviet-made combat aircraft, which our East- goods and negative advertising of competitors' products, exploit- European neighbors have in large quantities. Israel has also ing, for instance, the success in the Gulf War of the anti-Iraqi coali- stepped up its efforts in this direction. It will be involved in the tion forces, equipped mainly with Western technology. implementation of a program to update 100 MiG fighters of the This has led over the past few years to a certain imbalance in

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 2 AC003 FIRST LINE world arms trade. According to the UN Conventional Arms Register, Middle-Eastern countries at the Idex-93 international exhibition, the USA, Germany, France and Great Britain exported in 1992 a where our equipment made an excellent showing during demon- total of 1,412 tanks, 924 armored infantry fighting vehicles, and 200 stration and firing tests. combat aircraft. Russian deliveries of such military hardware abroad The Russian defense industry has great potential to supply its amounted to 7, 198 and 26 units accordingly. products to the leading countries of the West and participate in joint By and large, Russian arms exports in 1988-92 registered in programs for the development and sale of modern arms. This may real terms an 83% decrease (with due allowance for the fact that be illustrated by the aforementioned projects of supplying our avia- Russia accounted for 80% of the former Soviet Union's arms tion technology to the USA, and the real interest of the German Air exports - S.A.), falling to $2.0 billion. For the USA the decrease was Force in acquiring an additional number of MiG-29 fighters as an 31%, for France 52%, for Great Britain 44%, while Germany marked alternative to the more expensive EFAs and offers to furnish the air- an increase of 55%. Consequently, a sharp decline of Russia's frames of MiG-29 fighters with Western avionics and armament and share in the world's total arms exports to 11.1% in 1992 (29.2% in sell them to third countries. In addition, MiG-AT and Yak-130 train- 1988) was accompanied by substantial growth registered by all ing aircraft are now being developed, involving French (CNECMA leading Western countries: 30.5% to 45.8% for the USA, 3.1% to and Sextant Avionique) and Italian (Aeromacchi) firms, to be sup- 10.5% for Germany, 6% to 6.3% for France and 4.3% to 5.2% for plied to the air forces of Russia and other countries. Such cooper- Great Britain. ation would clearly be profitable both to Russia and Western coun- What conclusions can we draw? During the past few years tries, which would thereby be able to acquire Russian state-of-the- Russia has lost ground in the world arms market. Is this good or art technologies, reduce their expenditures and expand the markets bad? On the one hand, it seems good, as it is claimed that we of their products. thereby contribute to the non-proliferation of arms in the world. But In addition, as evidenced by the recent deliveries of MiG-29 it would have really made sense, if similar deep cuts had been made fighters to Hungary and Slovakia, exports of Russian arms may help by other countries, the major arms exporters and their users. resolve the problem of Russia's external debt and help it to devel- Otherwise (this is really happening in present conditions), Russian op mutually advantageous trade with other countries. interests are unilaterally infringed upon, while the positions of for- To solve these problems and make Russian arms export more eign suppliers, primarily Western countries, are consolidated in dif- effective, we should reexamine the policy of its implementation. We ferent parts of the world. This view was reflected, inter alia, by must above all develop a new sales management system, with due Russian President Boris Yeltsin's statement at a joint session of the regard for transition to market conditions and the need to grant Federal Assembly and the State Duma on February 8, 1994. more extensive rights to the manufacturers in sales of their prod- Given its highly developed defense complex - many of its spe- ucts on foreign markets, with strict government regulations and cialized manufacturing branches are practically non-convertible, controls over arms deliveries. The government should also support while the restructuring of others requires enormous capital, which its exporters of military-technological products in the face of severe is unavailable - Russia has an objective need to export its arms on competition. a commercial basis. If the West really wants to help us during the Other important priorities in the development of Russian arms transition to a democratic society and economic reforms, it should exports include the establishment of an efficient and reliable system appreciate this problem rather than label us again "the main culprit for supplying arms sold with the requisite spare parts and a thor- in worldwide arms proliferation" and threaten us with sanctions for ough study of the development trends of the world arms market, signing a profitable contract for Russian arms deliveries (provided with a view to revealing its current and long-term needs for defense that existing international agreements on this subject are complied products as well as the readiness of exporters to offer to their cus- with). tomers mutually advantageous forms of payment for deliveries and Two options could be recommended for Western countries, in their ability to implement these transactions effectively. view of their concern about the supermilitarization of our economy By and large, it should be stressed that Russia supports all and associated exports of Russian arms. peace initiatives and is doing its utmost to make the process of dis- They could actively finance our conversion projects from the armament irreversible. In so doing, we should remain realistic with- enormous funds they have saved owing to the end of the East-West out yielding to the pressure of Western countries or surpassing confrontation. them in unilateral restrictions on our arms sales. An integrated

They could also consider the manufacture and export of our approach to restrictions on worldwide arms proliferation must be “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group high technology and competitive defense products as our special- devised, involving all suppliers and customers and envisaging the ization within the international division of labor. This implies the sale imposition of severe sanctions, against all those, who violate rele- of our arms to developing countries, where they are in great vant treaties, as well as provision of incentives, for those who abide demand, evidenced by an order for the delivery of 500 Russian by them. BMP-3 armored infantry fighting vehicles to the United Arab We should not overdramatize the situation and allege, as some Emirates, where they triumphed during grueling tests over the radical politicians do, that Russia intends to raise its arms exports famous American M-2 Bradley AIFVs and British MCV-80 Warriors, to $30 billion thereby destabilizing the world arms market. Russia is as well as by the enormous interest in our arms (primarily the T-80U merely interested in maintaining a worthy place and developing mil- tank, the mobile S-300 PMU1 air defense missile system, the itary-technological cooperation with various countries on a mutual- portable Igla antiaircraft missile system, and the self-propelled ly advantageous basis. ( Tunguska antiaircraft missile system), shown by representatives of

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 3 AC004 EXCLUSIVES

fire a few minutes upon arrival at the fire position and leaving in time, thereby evading retaliation strikes. Many experts believe that the Russian "Smerch" MRS is the "VIVARI" world's best multiple rocket system. A number of fundamentally CONTROLS "SMERCH" new technical solutions embodied in the rocket projectile design make it possible to classify it as a new generation weapon. This applies, first and foremost, to the LAUNCHERS world's first projectile in-flight spin stabilization system. Flight $ Yuri Voronov, Mikhail Svetlanov $ correction in pitch and yaw The control elements used in the "Smerch" sys- accomplished via control signals is effected by a unique gas actu- tem doubled the hit accuracy (it does not exceed ator. 0.21 % of the salvo fire range) and tripled fire The control elements used in the "Smerch" system doubled the consistency. The excellent power-to-mass ratio of hit accuracy (it does not exceed the missile, boasting a 280-kg warhead with its 0.21% of the salvo fire range) own weight equal to 800 kg, and high-energy and tripled fire consistency. The excellent power-to-mass ratio of solid propellant used in the engines, allow firing the missile, boasting a 280-kg against targets located at ranges of up to 70 km. warhead with its own weight equal to 800 kg, and high-energy solid propellant used in the engines, allow firing against targets located at ranges of up to 70 km. The "Smerch" rocket warhead weighs almost three times as much as that of the American counterpart. Its design versatility (a monoblock or dispenser containing 72 submunitions) allows the system to perform various combat missions. Thanks to a wing to indis- They are used to annihilate variety of submunition types in

putable advan- enemy manpower, suppress its the dispenser warhead, which “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group tages - high fire fire means and destroy defensive may contain HE-fragmentation, rate, fire efficien- installations in tactical depths. incendiary elements, mines for cy and surprise The multiple loading of rocket the remote antitank and antiper- strikes - the mul- systems, boasting small-size and sonnel mine laying, as well as tiple rocket sys- simple launchers, enable them to some other destructive elements, tems (MRS) con- destroy targets over large areas, various types of targets can be stitute as the with salvo fire springing a sur- defeated, including armored most powerful prise and producing a dramatic vehicles, fortifications and com- component of effect on the enemy. They are mand operations centers. field artillery. highly mobile, capable of opening Consequently, 10 to 16 rockets MILITARYO PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 1 AC004 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

The "Smerch" multiple rocket system

9T234-2 transporter- loader

A projectile for the

"Smerch" multiple rocket system

are required to destroy a mecha- and quality of the automated fire varying temperatures (from -50 to nized infantry company, 4 to 12, control system (ACS), which is +40°C). command operations centers, 21 mass produced by the Tomsk The "Vivari" control system to 44, an artillery battery or pla- "Kontur" production association. became operational at the begin- toon, 9 to 35, mobile combat The company's chief design- ning of the 1990s and has been operations centers, and 17 to 71, er, Yuri Pakin, claims that the fol- widely used. It performs automat- a launcher. lowing principles were imple- ed and non-automated control The MRSs provide maximum mented to a maximum degree over a MRS brigade armed with efficiency, when used as part of during the development of the the 9K58 "Smerch" and "Uragan" subunits and units acting under a rocket artillery brigade's auto- rocket systems. Its technical single concept and flexible oper- mated control system (the ACS facilities ensure information ational command. Experience was named "Vivari"): exchange with high, subordinate

gained from operating "Smerch" - simple design, small size and cooperating control ele- “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group rocket systems in the Russian and high reliability of the equipments, solve the problems of armed forces revealed that the ment; planning concentrated fire and best organizational form for these - independence and mobility fire against enemy columns, pre- weapons is provided by the "bat- of system components; pare fire data, assemble and ana- tery-battalion-brigade" system, - compatibility of software lyze information about the condi- subordinate to a task force or and hardware with existing and tion of artillery units. front, which most combat tasks future automated fire control sys- The core of the "Vivari" con- are accomplished for. tems for field artillery; trol system is formed by com- It surpasses foreign counter- - potential application in any mand and control vehicles (CCV), parts in combat characteristics environmental conditions and attached to the brigade's com-

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 2 AC004 EXCLUSIVES

Scheme showing combat use of the system ("Smerch" MRS brigade control variant)

mander and chief of staff, subor- used to solve computation prob- which can: dinate battalion commanders (up lems, is based on the E-715-1.1 - receive, process, store, dis- to three), and battery comman- on-board digital computer. Its play and generate messages in “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group ders (up to 18). quick response is 500,000 short formalized and non-formalized The CCV equipment is operations for the integrated form; accommodated in the K1.4310 mode and 250,000 short opera- - transmit to higher control van, installed on the chassis of tions for the non-integrated elements messages disclosing the KamAZ-4310 truck. It mode. The capacity of the ran- the location and combat readi- includes communications means, dom access memory is 96 ness of each subunit, forward secure data transmission equip- Kbytes, and that of the read-only commands to subordinate, units ment, a digital computer, dis- memory, 288 Kbytes. and subunits on preparing plays and printers. The CCVs of all brigade con- strikes; The main technical means, trol posts boast special software, - protect stored and

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4. processed information from The only exception is represented ment. A transporter-loader with unauthorized access of attending by target reference data compu- Data is exchanged between ammunition load personnel and authorities as well tation problems, which are solved the command and control vehi- as unauthorized use of input/out- automatically upon receipt of cles at a rate of 16 kbit/s over put devices. messages, which prescribe the digital channels; formed by the P- In addition, the software pro- delivery of a strike and indicate 171M Arbalet-10V radio set. Data vides for the generation of special the salvo fire executor. is exchanged between the physi- messages and blanks for the fol- To check the solution cal links at a rate of up to 1.2 lowing tasks: process, the CCV commander's kbit/s over standard voice fre- - to assign enemy targets to and operators' stations are quency channels, formed by destruction means; equipped with TV displays. The radio-relay radio sets and wire - to plan concentrated fire display format is 32 lines by 32 communication lines. and fire against columns; characters. Each CCV also com- In case of need, it is possible - to compute the grid azimuth prises an ATsPU-64-6 alphanu- to automatically switch to a back- on the aster; meric printer. It prints at a rate of up communication channel within - to compute the fire settings at least 60 lines/min; the number a few seconds, thereby practical- (flight assignment data) for six of bits is 64. The CCV technical ly ruling out any loss of informa- "Smerch" MRS vehicles; means are interfaced with the tion during transmission. The - to prepare meteorological special digital computer through equipment does not account for bulletins from the data of a the 131N-4 device. data exchange during movement. meteostation; The communications means The communications means - to compute primal and comprise VHF and HF radio sets, complex provides link-ups to the

inverse geodetical problems, which ensure reliable radio con- following channels: satellite, tro- “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group locate a point by resections, tact to a range of up to 50 km on pospheric and radio-relay com- transform rectangular coordi- the move and up to 350 km from munications stations, medium- nates into an adjacent zone, com- the stationary position. The van is power HF and VHF radio sets, pute the grid convergence value. fitted with antennas, which guar- communications centers, wire All computational problems antee reliable functioning of the communications lines. are called on for solution by a radio sets. The entire equipment is pow- command, entered by the opera- Radiotelephone communica- ered, while stationary or on the tor into the special digital com- tion can be accomplished from move, by the ED2x8-T400-1VPS puter via the control console of the driver's cab or operations towed diesel-generator set. the data transmission equipment. section via the T-240D equip- To provide normal working

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 4 AC004 EXCLUSIVES

conditions for the commander post of one of the battalions and operators, the CCVs are selected to accomplish the fire equipped with air conditioners, missions. FVUA-100N-24 filtering-ventilat- On the battalion's command ing units and OV-65G heater post, the enemy data (character, units. The complete vehicle com- employment of the system. The type and coordinates of targets) prises DK-4D primary deactiva- brigade's command post receives is specified, tie-in problems are tion means, chemical and radio- enemy data coming from the solved, and meteo bulletins are logical monitoring devices and a reconnaissance vehicles, as well prepared by data supplied from set of spare parts. as from higher command. The automated meteorological moni- It should be noted here that computers of the brigade com- toring systems. all command and control vehi- mander and chief of staff solve Finally, the required informa- “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group cles, forming part of the "Vivari" fire planning problems. They tion is fed over the communica- control system, boast type equip- access the potential of the firing tions channels to the battalion ment. If one vehicle is lost, any subunits, availability of ammuni- commander, based on current other vehicle in the system may tion, select the target destruction information about the disposition assume its functions. This sub- method, determine the density of and combat readiness of these stantially increases the survivabil- fire, test various solutions for the subunits. The computers of the ity of the system on the battle- assigned mission. The required battery CCR process the obtained field. data and messages are then fed information and prepare a flight The operating procedure can automatically over the communi- assignment for six "Smerch" MRS be exemplified by the combat cations channels to the command vehicles.

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 5 AC004 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

A general view of the command and control vehicle

Signalman's station

Operator's station

According to Russian military specialists, the "Vivari" automated control system greatly enhances the combat readiness of subunits, armed with "Smerch" Comparative Characteristics of the "Smerch" Rocket System rocket launchers, as well as fire and American MLRS accuracy and efficiency. It rivals "Smerch" MRLS America's automated control sys- Caliber, mm 300 240 “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group tem Tackfire. Moreover, in terms Length of rocket, mm 7,600 3,960 of essential characteristics, in Number of launching tubes 12 12 particular, the time required to Weight of rocket, kg 800 310 prepare for combat operations Weight of warhead, kg 280 139 and transmit commands, the Range of fire, km: minimum 20 - "Vivari" surpasses its American maximum 70 30 counterpart. ( Area covered by a salvo, ha 67.2 - Time required to fire a full salvo, s 38 - Fuel endurance of combat vehicle, km 900 485 Configuration 4 x 4 full-tracked wheeled

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mine SMDM, ship beach defense mine KPM and anti-submarine mine system PMK-1. They are FORMIDABLE SEA intended for the destruction of surface ships and submarines. All these mines, except mine KPM, are of an influence type, working on the principle of combat action MINE WEAPONS on a target. Thus, mine MDM-1 is classified by experts with classic $ Boris Tyurin, Captain 1st Rank $ bottom mines. It is equipped with a two-channel (acoustic-induc- The great role of underwater weapons is indicated by statistics: more tion) proximity fuze and conven- than one million sea mines were laid during two world wars. Mine tional functional devices: a delay weapons were also employed widely in local wars. arming mechanism and a ship counting device. Mine MDM-2 is ea mines occupy respect a leading position abroad equipped with a three-channel a special place in is held by the USA, Great Britain acoustic proximity fuze and a self- the naval arse- and Italy. The first opportunity to destroying device. Aircraft-laid nals of all leading evaluate our progress in the bottom mines MDM-3, MDM-4 world powers, development of underwater and MDM-5 are equipped with including Russia. weapons was offered at the mili- three-channel proximity fuzes, Historically, our tary equipment and armaments with acoustic, electromagnetic country is the show held in Abu Dhabi, the capi- and hydrodynamic channels and originator of tal of the United Arab Emirates. sets of functional devices similar weapons of this Here visitors were able to familiar- to those used in mine MDM-2. kind and pioneer ize themselves with information Mines UDME-2, UDME and DM-1 in their opera- about our sea mines, which for- are equipped, respectively, with a tional employ- eign customers could purchase two-channel (induction-hydrody- ment. In the for their countries. namic) proximity fuze, a direction- Russian and Soviet Navies, the Prospective customers are al acoustic proximity fuze (with a seaS mining school was and still is offered information about several fuzing radius of 30 to 50 m) and maintained at the highest possible current models of domestic sea an induction-acoustic proximity level. mines: bottom mines MDM-1, 1. fuze with antishock and antisweep The great role of underwater MDM-2, MDM-3, MDM-4, MDM- Arrangement and operating principle of channels (with a fuzing radius of weapons is indicated by statistics: 5, DM-1, UDM-2 and UDME 20 to 45 m for a surface ship and bottom mine MDM-1: more than one million sea mines (modification of mine UDM spe- 25 to 30 m for a submarine). were laid during two world wars. cially designed as an export ver- 1 - explosive charge section The principle of operation of Mine weapons were also sion), self-propelling sea bottom 2 - equipment module the proximity fuzes used in con- employed widely in local wars. World trends in the development of sea mine weapons basi- “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group cally coincide. High priority is given to the development of bottom-laid water influence mines, anti-submarine mine systems (e.g., type CAPTOR Mk. 60 systems), underwater rocket mines, self-propelling sea bottom mines, aircraft-laid bottom mines and mines, protecting the coast against hostile landings. In this

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 1 AC005 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

MDM-4 and MDM-5 are naval weapons, which can be efficiently employed in the coastwise areas of 2. the world ocean. This also applies to Principle of operation of sea bottom mines UDM-2, UDME and DM-1.

mine MDM-2 Aircraft-laid mines MDM-3, MDM-4 and MDM-5 have special 3. features. If, during aircraft laying, Aircraft-laid sea bottom mines (from they get onto dry land or shallows, left to right): MDM-3, MDM-4, MDM-5 they are self-destroyed by explo- and MDM-5 to present-day influ- sion. Aircraft-laid mines MDM-4 and ence sweeps and the required noise MDM-5 are provided with a unique deceleration and stabilization sys- 4. tem, which ensures their accurate

1159 design (Koni class) laying in a minefield. A few words about the adapt- frigates were exported to many ability of these mines to various car- countries. riers and layers. The conventional sea-mine carriers and layers presently used in foreign and home These ships are equipped with navies are submarines, surface minefield laying means: ships and aircraft. To perform mine 1 - starboard chute laying, a submarine must have

2 - starboard mine path design features, which permit it to accomplish this task (e.g., torpedo 3 - roll-over tubes). In our navy, submarines are 4 - mine and torpedo depart- junction with a delay arming mecha- ment command station nism and a ship counting device ensures the resistance of mines 5 - barrage mines on portside MDM-1, MDM-2, MDM-3, MDM-4 mine path

equipped with 533 mm and 650 mm immunity of mines. MDM-2, MDM- torpedo launchers. All Soviet- and 3, MDM-4 and MDM-5 with their Russian-built submarines of design

operational lives ranging up to one 613, 633, I-641, I-641-K and 877- “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group year. The bottom laying feature of EKM, presently in operational ser-

5. mines MDM-1 and MDM-2 makes vice abroad, are equipped with 533 them hardly detectable in the case mm torpedo launchers. One of the A 877 design (Kilo class) diesel- of mine countermeasures taken by most advanced Russian diesel sub- electric submarine may carry up the enemy via mine-hunting sonars marines of 877-EKM design ("Kilo" to 24 mines of submarines and surface ships according to the NATO classifica- and the mine detection equipment tion) is capable of carrying and lay- 6. of current foreign submersible ing 24 mines of the latest models. Be-12 amphibian aircraft can be mine-hunting vehicles. Bottom To carry and lay mines, surface used as mine layers mines MDM-1, MDM-2, MDM-3, ships must have mine rail tracks and

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 2 AC005 EXCLUSIVES stern chutes. Such ships, which were previously exported or offered for export, include destroyers URO ("large anti-submarine ships" according to the Russian classification) of 1155.1 design (modification of the type UDALOI large anti-submarine ship of 1155 design) and 956 design (SOVREMENNY type destroyer in the Russian Navy), frigates (escort ships) of 1135.6 design (developed on the basis of escort ships of 1135 design BUREVESTNIK) and small escort ships of 1166.1 (GEPARD type) and 1159 design (DELFIN type). They are all equipped with mine rail tracks and stern chutes. In the past, our naval exports included 266-ME torpedoes into mines). According to world-ocean coastwise areas, which 7. design sea mine-sweepers capable the 1st version, a mine module are inaccessible to conventional Self-propelling sea bottom of carrying up to 12 mines UDME, (warhead containing an explosive mine carriers. Some performance mine SMDM: 1265-E design coastal mine-sweep- charge) and 533 mm diameter case characteristics of this mine are given 1 - mine module ers capable of carrying 5 to 6 mines compartment, containing a two- in Table 1. As well as other perfor- UDME) and other ships adapted to channel acoustic-induction proximi- mance characteristics, which are no 2 - transportation module lay minefields. ty fuze, functional mine devices and less important, experts rate the sub- Mines SMDM, PMK-1 and KPM a power supply, are attached to a marine carrier speed at up to 20 deserve special consideration. The torpedo power plant. According to knots (in case of underwater mine self-propelling sea bottom mine, the 2nd version, a two-channel laying), note the three stages of SMDM, essentially combines a tor- acoustic-magnetic proximity fuze operational protection (based on pedo and bottom mine. The torpedo module, containing functional mine independent principles of opera- discharged from the torpedo devices and a power supply, is fitted tion), a minimum mine-laying depth launcher of a submarine acts as an in the warhead of a 533 mm or 650 of 4 to 8 m and a maximum mine- independent mine carrier. The mm torpedo. The conversion of pro- laying depth of 100 to 150 m. The offensive method of employment of duction torpedoes into SMDM operational life of the mine is up to mine SMDM permits the mining of mines according to both versions one year for the 1st version and up submarine-inaccessible sea and can be accomplished directly in to 6 months for the 2nd version. An ocean water areas containing the naval armouries and armament approximate foreign equivalent for 8. elements of a developed hostile depots. the SMDM mine is US self-pro- anti-submarine defense system The SMDM mine has one great pelling bottom torpedo mine SLMM Diagram showing a KPM (e.g., naval bases, ship basing or advantage: once the mine settles on Mk. 67, which was adopted by the mine secured for sea on rail repair points, coastwise sea fair- the bottom, it is hardly detectable to US Navy in 1978. It was developed tracks ways, etc.) to pose a mine threat both the mine-hunting sonars of on the basis of torpedo Mk. 37. This and, what is more important, disrupt hostile submarines and surface mine is inferior to domestic mine 1 - chain guy “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group seaborne traffic and destroy hostile ships and special mine-hunting sub- SMDM in laying depth (1.5 times) 2 - mine ships. After this torpedo mine covers mersible vehicles. The low and explosive mass (3 and 5.5 times 9. a preset distance, it settles on the detectability of mine SMDM and the for 533 mm and 650 mm SMDM Anti-submarine mine system bottom at a desired depth and then principle of operation of its proximi- torpedoes, respectively). acts as a conventional bottom mine. ty fuze enable the mine to take a A prominent place in the mine PMK-1 The domestic mine SMDM was hostile ship by surprise and thereby arsenal of our navy is occupied by 1 - casing developed on the basis of quantity- prevent the ship from taking coun- special anti-submarine mine system 2 - rocket produced 533 mm and 650 mm tor- termeasures and conducting eva- PMK-1, which is essentially a com- pedoes (according to the 1st and sive maneuvers. The mine SMDM is bination of a moored mine and rock- 3 - instrumentation module 2nd versions of the conversion of an efficient naval weapon for use in et. Here is brief description of the 4 - depth-setting module

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10. principle of operation of system

Laying a KPM mine from a PMK-1: using its proximity acoustic equipment, system PMK-1 detects surface ship: a submarine regardless of its noise 1 - mine delivered to stern level and speed and then hits it with mine chute a rocket, equipped with a combined 2 - mine dropped into water actuation device, containing a prox- 3 - mine surfaces due to positive buoyancy imity time fuze and a contact fuze. 4 - mine is on surface, The high traveling speed of the weight touches the bottom rocket and short attack time (no 5 - anchor is on bottom, more than 7 s) prevent the under- mine is at preset depth water target from taking counter- and prospective submarines of any m and no more than 400 m. System 6 - technical sugar has dis- measures and rocket evasive potential enemy. PMK-1 has three stages of opera- solved, mine is set to "armed" maneuvers. Anti-submarine mine Below are given a number of tional protection (based on indepen- system PMK-1 is a highly efficient principal performance characteris- dent principles of operation). The weapon for fighting both existing tics that are not listed in Table 1. site operational life of the system is The carrier versatility of system up to one year. A foreign equivalent PMK-1 is guaranteed by the avail- for Russian anti-submarine mine ability of mine rail tracks and stern system PMK-1 is the US moored chutes on surface ships and 533 homing-torpedo mine CAPTOR Mk. mm torpedo launchers on sub- 60 of 1960. However, it is inferior to marines. During the laying of system system PMK-1 in warhead explosive PMK-1, the speed of a surface ship mass (approximately 7 times), while should be within 4 - 15 knots and the anti-submarine torpedo Mk. 46 that of a submarine within 4 - 8 used is less efficient than the under- knots. The depth of laying of system water rocket used in system PMK-1. PMK-1 should be no less than 200 The ship beach defense mine KPM is also offered for export. This contact mine is an efficient weapon in the defense of shallow coastline areas against hostile landing craft. These mines, which are relatively small in terms of mass and dimen- sional characteristics, are laid by surface ships equipped with mine rails and chutes in a coastal zone with depths ranging from 5 to 20 m at a submerged depth of 0.5 to 2 m. Mine KPM is a moored electro- contact mine. This mine is equipped with a light explosive charge. It is automatically set to a predetermined

depth by the plummet method. The “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group mine assembly weighs 350±10 kg, the mine case, 85±5 kg and the mine anchor, 265±5 kg. The design of mine KPM permits the use of an existing mine chain sea-securing system, which is used in the domestic small moored mine YAM. For better survivability and sweeping resistance, mine KPM is equipped with a mooring chain. (

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 4 characteristics ofmines Principal performance TABLE 3 TABLE 2 TABLE 1 AC005 MILITARY PARADE *** -w/bogie. ** -packed; * -againstsurfaceshipsinnumeratorandsubmarinesdenominator; NOTE. condition against Sinsubmerged face condition against SSandSinsur -maximum: from S from SS -minimum: Mine-laying depth(m): (knots) Carrier mine-layingspeed Sea targets Carriers MDM-5 MDM-4 MDM-3 Type ofmine PMK-1 KPM UDME SMDM (ver.2) SMDM (ver.1) UDM-2 DM-1 MDM-2 MDM-1 Type ofmine 3,055 2,785 1,580 Length dimensions (mm) Overall - 533 1,400 (totalheight:745) 970 (heightw/bogie) 790 (packed) 630 (unpacked) 650 533 650 533 790 (packedw/obogie) 533 Diameter orwidth(mm) - - 120 20 12 (aircraft) 1,000 km/h,max. 4-8 (S), 4-15 (SS), SS, S,vessels submarines (S) Surface ships(SS), MDM-1 630 650 450 Diameter AIRCRAFT 1,500 1,370 525 Mass (kg) 1994 125 (S) 35 (max.) - - 12 4-10 (SS) SS, S craft Surface ships,air MDM-2 7,830 700 2,300 (packed) 2,200 (unpacked) 11,000 7,900 2,850 2,860 2,300 2,860 Length (mm) 15/60* 15/50* 15/35 aying depth, min./max. 300 125 (m) MAY 2,400 2,300 1,525 Length C - 120 (S) 50 (SS) - - - - SS, S marines Surface ships,sub DM-1 dimensions (mm) JUNE Overall 1,850 365 1,413 5,500 1,980 1,500 960 1,413 1,120 Total mass(kg) 630 690** 800** Diameter Types ofmines - SHIP - 8-300 (SS,S) - - - - SS, S craft Surface ships,air UDM-2 EXCLUSIVES 1,470 1,420 635*** Mass (kg) 300 48 645 800 480 800 746 950 960 Explosive mass(kg) 8/60* 12/50* 8/35 aying depth, min./max. 300 - 125 (m) 125 (S) 12-50 (SS,S) - - - - SS, S Surface ships UDME Explosive AIRCRAFT-SHIP TNT (kg) 1,350 mass, 950 300 5

“Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. • AVA Multimedia Publishing Group AC006 ARMY

t's hard to imagine Antitank guns are designed to hit personnel carrier, the BTR-D, infantry on the modern moving armored targets. started to come into service with battlefield without fire Russia's designers, headed by airborne troops. On many occasion support of artillery: mor- Yuri Kalachnikov and scientific it saved Russian paratroopers in tars, guns, and howitzers. manager Avenir Novozhilov, were Afghanistan. Its quasi-vertically Each artillery system is the first to develop a unique raised barrel permitted the execu- assigned specific tasks to artillery system, the 2S9, which tion of combat tasks in mountain- destroy various targets. looks like a hybrid between a mor- ous terrain, which could not have Mortars are the most tar and howitzer. It was christened been performed by howitzers or effective means to annihi- "Nona-S". guns. Drawing on combat experi- late the enemy personnel Since 1981 the self-propelled ence in Afghanistan, a towed 120 stationed behind natural gun "Nona-S" mounted on the mm gun 2B16, designated "Nona- or artificial covers. chassis of the full-tracked armored K", was developed and adopted in 1986. The "Nona-K" is fitted with a lifting jack to provide its stability I during firing. Unlike the self-propelled guns, the "Nona-K" barrel has a recoil brake, which absorbs 30% of the recoil energy. According to the table of organization, the 120 mm gun 2B16 is towed by the GAZ-66 truck, which can be substituted by a smaller UAZ-469. Designers, headed by Yuri Kalachnikov, created another gun, namely, a self-propelled gun for ground forces developed on the basis of 2S9. This gun was designated "Nona-SVK". This version of the 120 mm self-propelled gun, THE THREE FACES OF the 2S23, began to come into service in 1990. "Nona-SVK" is intended to perform a variety of combat missions. It is capable to destroy and neutralize enemy fire means and manpower, both in open terrain "NONA"and in light shelters, as well as $ Sergey Samoylyuk $ artillery and mortar batteries, various armored targets, missile We should emphasize the versatility and flexibility of tactical launchers and command posts. employment of the "Nona-SVK". For example, when hitting an The 2S23 gun can be fired under “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group various climatic conditions at tem- armored target by direct fire the gun is transformed into mortar in peratures ranging from +50 to -50 a matter of seconds. This amazing capacity to act both as mortar °C. and howitzer ensures reliable support for mechanical infantry The self-propelled gun "Nona- SVK" is mounted on the chassis of subunits in all types of combat. According to military specialists, an amphibious armored personnel the firepower of subunits equipped with the 2S23 self-propelled carrier, the BTR-80. It is powered gun is 1.7 times higher than the firepower of the same subunits by a 192 kW high-speed liquid- cooled diesel engine (260 hp). This equipped with 2S12 towed mortars. four-axle, full-drive vehicle is

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for fords or wait for preparation of Then the breechblock is closed. bridges. "Nona-SVK" is capable of The pneumatic equipment per- crossing water obstacles from the forms another very important func- move. Its powerful hydrojets tion during the firing, namely at the ensure a maximum speed in water moment of the breechblock's of up to 9 km/h. opening, the cylinder with the The main part of "Nona-SVK" frame is recoiled and part of the is its 2A60 gun, which consists of a compressed air is discharged into rifled barrel with breechblock, a the barrel chamber. Consequently, cradle with safety guard made of within one or two seconds the bar- aluminum-magnesium alloy, a rel chamber is blown through by a

1. capable of negotiating trenches

Self-propelled gun "Nona- two meters wide and vertical walls, half a meter high. Its boat-shape SVK" hull is welded from armored-steel 2. plates. The vehicle has an individ- counterrecoil system and elevation powerful air current which dis- "Nona-SVK" advances to fir- ual lever-type torsion suspension mechanism. The breechblock is of charges the powder gases outside with double-action telescopic a combined, semi-automatic type which acts as substitute for the ing position shock absorbers. Its fuel with wedge locking mechanism loader's arm. This is a great asset, 3,4. endurance on highways is 600 km. and powder gases obturator. when the gun is being fired at large The gun prepares for fire It can stay afloat for 12 hours in A salient feature of the breech- or critical angles of elevation, when

5. water with a normal mode of block locking mechanism is a the barrel is practically aimed at engine operation. It can reach a cylinder with the frame, which per- the zenith. The hydraulic recoil "Nona-SVK" is armed with a maximum speed on highways of up forms the role of the follower. This brake with spring compensator is 120 mm gun 2A60 to 80 km/h. design reduces demand on the used to slow down the recoil parts In combat, when the time fac- loader's muscles to ram the pro- at firing. The pneumatic recuperator is vital, the crew of this self- jectile into the powder chamber. tor with hydraulic locks returns the propelled gun doesn't need to look Here we are virtually dealing with a recoil parts to their initial position robotized manipulator. after firing and retains them at any

"Nona-SVK" is rigged with elevation of the gun. The combus- “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group powerful pneumatic equipment. tion products of the propelling The "mechanical arm" of the fol- charge fail to penetrate the fighting lower is actuated by the loader, compartment, and the crew can when he presses the button on the operate in clean environment. The follower's console. The electro- self-propelled gun is also equipped pneumatic valve is actuated and with NBC filtering unit for opera- compressed air is discharged into tion on the contaminated terrain. the cylinder's cavity, thereby push- The ammunition allowance of ing it forward and feeding the pro- the self-propelled gun comprises jectile into the powder chamber. various artillery rounds, including

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It should be noted here that all PKT is mounted on the comman- 6. the ammunition is developed by der's cupola ring. Its rate of fire "Nona-SVK" is assembled on designers headed by Anatoli equals 500-600 rounds/min. The the chassis of BTR-D Obukhov at the state research and ammunition allowance equals production enterprise "Bazalt". 5,000 cartridges. This machine armored personnel carrier What are the combat charac- gun is connected via lever with the 7. high-explosive and hollow charge teristics of the 120 mm gun 2A60? TKN-3A sight. Consequently preci- "Nona-SVK" delivers fire projectiles as well as high-explo- The maximum range of fire with a sion fire is delivered by remote sive, illuminating, smoke-screen HE projectile exceeds 8.7 km, and control from the cupola. The self- and incendiary shells. The com- a HE shell - 7.1 km. The muzzle propelled gun also has additional pact arrangement of the equip- velocity of the HE projectile is 367 weapons, including four AKS-47 ment allows one to stow in the m/s, the HE shell - 560 m/s. The assault rifles, two portable "Igla-1" middle part of the fighting com- gun boasts minimum fire range AA systems, fifteen F-1 hand partment 30 rounds and two capacity of 1 km 720 m for projec- grenades and twenty 30 mm flares metallic cases with additional pow- tiles and 400 m for shells. It also (red and green). The 902V smoke- der sections. guarantees a high rate of aimed screen system with six 3D6 The gun is designed to fire fire, equalling 8-10 rounds per charges mounted on both external high explosive projectiles with minute when the gun fires com- sides of the turret. Thanks to this grooves. Unlike mortar shells they plete artillery rounds from indirect system, the self-propelled gun can “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group are flight-stabilized. In terms of laying positions. operate concealed on open terrain. their fire effect on targets, they The self-propelled gun is fitted This considerably enhances the resemble the 152 mm howitzer with an all-welded armored turret. tactical characteristics of this com- projectiles and supersede in fire- A gun port is located in its frontal bat vehicle. The fighting compart- power all modern foreign 120 mm armor. The upper right part of the ment includes the inner space of howitzer projectiles. The gun is turret comprises the loader's hatch the turret and middle part of the also capable of firing high-explo- with proper rigging. On the left hull of the vehicle. It houses the sive shells, including foreign shells side there is a commander's cupo- working stations for a commander, similar to those for the French la with vision devices TNPO-115. gunner, and loader. The gun's made mortar PT-61. The 7.62 mm machine gun 2A60 ammunition sighting and

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(shells) from the ground. This factor enhances its combat efficiency. In the traveling position, this appli- ance is harnessed to the gun near its exterior side door. The armored hull of the self- propelled gun houses units, devices, mechanisms and other parts. Some of them are incorporated in automatic and automated systems, while others perform independent functions. Ergonomics and engineering psy- chology recommendations were fully implemented to relieve from stress crew members who operate in confinement and make them perform reliably their duties for a vision devices, pneumatic and howitzer ensures reliable support long time with ease and accuracy. electrical equipments are also fit- for mechanical infantry subunits in "Nona-SVK" is equipped with a 8. ted inside the turret. all types of combat. According to communications system, including The 2B16 "Nona-K" towed We should emphasize the ver- military specialists, the firepower intercom, wire and radio communi- satility and flexibility of tactical of subunits equipped with the cations means. The on-board elec- gun during tests employment of the "Nona-SVK". 2S23 self-propelled gun is 1.7 tric power generator, driven by the 9. For example, when hitting an times higher than the firepower of power take-off shaft of the vehi- "Nona-SVK" is ready to fire armored target by direct fire the the same subunits equipped with cle's diesel engine, considerably gun is transformed into mortar in a 2S12 towed mortars . enhances the self-sustainability of matter of seconds. This amazing The self-propelled gun has a this gun. The generator supplies capacity to act both as mortar and mechanism to lift projectiles the vehicle's equipment and vari- PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS ous parts with electric power. OF THE SELF-PROPELLED GUN "NONA-SVK" The crew of the 120 mm self- Combat crew, men 4 propelled gun 2S23 is manned Range of fire: with a commander, gunner, loader with 3VOF49 HE rifled projectile, km 8.7 and driver. with 843B HE shell, km 7.1 To conclude, we'd like to note Maximum rate of fire, rounds/min 10 that the development of this Overall weight of SP gun, kg 14,500 unique combat vehicle has led to SP gun length, mm 7,400 SP width, mm 2,900 the reduction of the considerable Height to turret roof, mm 2,495 number of artillery systems previously employed by airborne and ground forces assigned to wide range of combat missions in vari-

ous types of combat activity. It “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group should be stressed that until now the rest of the military world has been short of such a gun, despite active attempts to develop a counterpart. Since 1991 the "Nona- SVK" had been displayed at various international exhibitions, attracting the interest of many developers. (

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n early 1991, the Western medium and high altitudes. press ("Jane's Defence Secondly, in a bid to safeguard Weekly", 1991, vol. 16, the aircraft against ground fire, No. 3, p. 88) reported the designers provided the flight- that a US Marines' Harrier navigation equipment, sighting II aircraft on a mission in complexes and other aircraft sys- the Persian Gulf was sup- tems with capabilities allowing posedly shot down by a them to approach and attack tar- missile fired from a gets with bombs and missiles, Soviet-made SA-16 while standing off the effective Gimlet portable surface- range of SA missiles, i. e., flying at to-air missile system. low (150 - 600 m) and extremely Adopted by the Soviet low (25 - 150 m) altitudes. Army in 1981 this The air forces of various coun- weapon, with the Russian name tries did more than merely try out "Igla-1"I (Needle-1), was indeed such air attack techniques, they supplied to a number of countries successfully employed them in in Africa and the Middle East. local wars. These tactics were The need for portable surface- extensively used by the coalition to-air (SA) missile systems to pro- forces to bomb the Iraqi troops vide AA cover for fighting troops during the "Desert Storm" opera- became evident after the subse- tion. quent changes in air tactics. The specifics of modern tac- These changes were, in turn, tics, employed by combat air- corollary to two interrelated fac- planes and helicopters, stem from tors. Firstly, the advent of air the arduous task of fighting low- defense missile systems dramati- flying targets, engendered by the cally increased the combat capa- difficulties of their detection and bilities of air defences during the identification, coordination of the destruction of intruder aircraft at fire of air defences, and the absence of sufficiently mobile and effective means of destruction. To deal with such targets, the time for counteraction needs to be LETHAL STING minimized, while the high angular velocity of the targets makes the aiming and launching of missiles or firing of guns a far more complicated matter. The FIM-43A "Redeye" portable surface-to-air missile system, adopted by the US Army

BY "NEEDLE" “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group in 1967 was the first one designed $ Aleksei Vadimov $ to counter low-flying targets. In 1968, the specialists of a machin- Combat launches of the "Igla" missiles may be performed from pre- ery design bureau in Kolomna (a town near Moscow) developed a pared and unprepared grounds and from various objects. The system similar system, "Strela-2" (Arrow- 2). Since then the design bureau allows one to fire missile ripples from a turret, may be carried on com- has become Russia's leading organization, developing new SA bat and transport vehicles and used as part of helicopter armament. missile systems. It produced all the later versions of the weapon,

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An operator with Igla AD portable missile system

Firing from a trench

The Igla in traveling position

A launching tube-container

Homing missile of Igla AD missile system

The Igla missile warhead

"Strela-2M" and "Strela-3". Each readiness guaranteed by transfer one markedly surpassed its prede- to combat mode within seconds; cessor in combat effectiveness. - the weight of the weapon in The latter has existing foreign combat position must not exceed counterparts, such as the 20 kg; American "Redeye" and British - direct target hit; "Blowpipe". - the configuration of the sys- The designers were guided by tem: a self-homing missile with a the following principles from the warhead capable of destroying very beginning of their work on modem aircraft, a launching- the SA missile systems: transporting container, a launch- - the detection of air targets, ing mechanism, a ground power aiming and shooting are per- supply to energize the equipment formed by the gunner (the during the pre-launch period. "detect-and-fire" principle); The same principles were which entered service in 1981 - the use of a self-homing sys- used as the basis for the last-gen- and, finally, the latest model, tem is a must (the "fire-and-for- eration SA missile systems devel- "Igla" (SA-18). Their advent was get" principle); oped in Kolomna. There are two of necessitated by the fact that extra - the permanent combat them: "Igla-1" (SA-16 Gimlet), armor and backing up of the vital “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 2 AC007 ARMY

accomplished by the "Igla" identification friend or foe (IFF) radar interrogator, built into the launching mechanism. What is more, the unit's commander may be warned beforehand about the air situation in the action area. This is achieved via a special portable electronic plotter. The plotter receives the digital information from the control posts (location, direction of movement and nationality of the target) and automatically presents it on a situation display. The plot- ing facilities and mobile test sta- 7.

ter can track up to four targets at tion. At the same time the "Igla" Ready for firing a time and enables the comman- uses a new optical homing head, 8. der to determine which one pre- with a target indication logic unit, sents the maximum threat for the which enabled it to fight the The AD missile system carried guarded installation at a given enemy aircraft through infra-red on a wheeled vehicle time. (IR) jamming (thermal decoys). In 9. Significant changes have been addition the range of fire for introduced in the design of the approaching jet-propelled targets An electronic board showing missile proper. Improved motors was increased considerably by the air situation in the radius

and a far more stream-lined shape markedly improving the sensitivity of 12.5 km of the missile's body allowed it to of the head. 10. engage targets, which move at The tests revealed that the transonic speeds, increased its "Igla" system can successfully Near the target functions have largely added to range and killing zone. Upon counteract modern targets, when 11. the survivability of new models of impact with the target, the the latter use various types of heat Target is destroyed aircraft and helicopters. The war- remainder of the propellant in the interference with a dispensing rate heads of earlier generation mis- missile powerplant is detonated by of up to 0.3 s and radiation power siles could not shoot down them the explosion of the warhead exceeding that of the target itself. even on direct hit. The new com- charge, thereby materially Consequently, the probability of bat outfit of "Igla-1" has allowed it increasing the destructive effect of hitting a "Phantom" type aircraft, to surpass "Strela-2M" more than the missile on the flying target. amounting to 0.48 on the collision six times in combat effectiveness. The "Igla" system, adopted in course and 0.33 on the pursuit The work of the operator has 1983, shares maximum unification course can only be reduced by been appreciably simplified owing with the "Igla-1" and has a unified 30%, by employing thermal inter- to the employment of equipment, powerplant, warhead, launching ferences. Compared to the which automatically directs the mechanism, power supply, train- "Strela-2" system, the probability missile towards the lead point at the initial leg of its flight path, thereby obviating the need for “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group introducing elevation and lead angles. In addition, a programma- ble shift of the missile hit point grouping's center assures that the most vulnerable sections of the target are hit. This virtually guarantees its destruction on impact. The identification of targets and cancellation of missile launch in the face of a friendly target are

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of target engagement is more than COMPARATIVE TECHNICAL DATA ON "IGLA" AND "STINGER" eight times as high. SURFACE-TO-AIR MISSILES The system has no limitations Target altitude, m "Igla" "Stinger" - maximum 3,500 for use in areas of local fires, as 3,500 - minimum 10 30 well as for joint use with antiair- Maximum target speed, m/s 400 340 craft guns. Its combat and opera- One round kill probability 0.38-0.58 1 0.3-0.5 tional characteristics are fully pre- Time to transfer from carrying to served in landing operations, combat position, s, not over 3 30 involving standard landing facili- Missile launching weight, kg 10.6 10 Weight of warhead, g 1,150 ties, such as carrier vehicles (in 1,000 Maximum target killing range, m 5,200 4,500 special packages), paradropped Weight of missile system in combat platforms of various types and position, kg 18.4 18.8 parachute bags. Combat launches of the "Igla" depends on the level of compe- up-to-date components including missiles may be performed from tence, training and psychological integrated circuits and micro- prepared and unprepared grounds preparedness of the operators. processors. The parameters and from various objects. The sys- The system is provided with field required to evaluate the condition tem allows one to fire missile rip- simulators, trainers and full-size- of the system are monitored auto- ples from a turret, may be carried and-weight mock-ups. Experience matically, in accordance with a on combat and transport vehicles proves that eighty electronic program entered in the microcom- and used as part of helicopter launches at a simulated air target puter. The results of the monitor- armament. The missile is safe, and one training launch via the ing are presented on an alpha- when riddled with bullets or ejection motor are normal stan- numeric display by lighting one of dropped from a height of up to 5 dards for the preparation of a the labels, "GO" or "NO GO". The m. It preserves its full combat and qualified operator. After the capacity of one mobile test station operational characteristics, when preparation, the operator forms allows one to test 150 missiles per carried over long distances by good habits in determining the shift. wheeled and tracked vehicles target motion parameters and As is clear from the aforemen- (5,000 and 3,000 km, respective- missile launch zone boundaries, tioned, the "Igla" portable sur- ly), and over unlimited distances learns the algorithm of combat face-to-air missile system carries by air, water and rail. No climatic operation and receives the out quite a number of advanced limitations exist for its storage and required psychological toughen- technical solutions, including the operation. ing. use of detonation-capable fuel of Despite the very simple opera- To perform the scheduled ser- the powerplant, gas-dynamic tion and maintenance of the mis- vices and other forms of mainte- force to turn the missile at the ini- sile system, provision is made for nance on the system, mobile test tial leg of its flight, target indica- a set of training facilities, as the stations are used as well as the tion against the thermal interfer- effectiveness of the weapon in test equipment of the arsenals. ence, the displacement of the fighting modern aircraft, flying at This equipment has been created missile hit points to the most vul- extremely low altitudes, largely on an entirely new basis, using nerable sections of the target, the "deepened" destruction of the warhead, together with the

remaining fuel and other solu- “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group tions. As a result, according to its main characteristics, killing zone and target speed, the "Igla" surface-to-air missile is in no way inferior to, and, no doubt, surpasses in kill probability the latest foreign analog, the American Stinger-RMP surface-to-air missile. (

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 4 AC008 ARMY

vehicle costs $1 million. It may sound expensive. However, a good weapon does not come cheap. It suffices to say that in some characteristics our weapon has no equal. The works are staffed by a young and energetic labor force. We successfully settle business matters in new market conditions and are ready to discuss any sales proposals, ideas on personnel training, the repair, operation and maintenance of combat vehicles at any point of the earth. We can also issue a license for the manufacture, industrial technology or sale of individual components. We are interested in both sales and partners to exchange know-how and new technical "SHTURM-S" information." Developed by the Kolomna Machinery Design Bureau, the ANTITANK WEAPON SYSTEM "Shturm-S" system compares favorably with similar foreign- made weapon systems (for example, American TOW and French IS UNEQUALLED HOT) and will set the trends of development for antitank $ Sergei Vedenev $ weapons until the end of the Developed by the Kolomna Machinery Design Bureau, the "Shturm-S" 1990s. It has a modular design. This feature provides for its system compares favorably with similar foreign-made weapon systems accommodation on any types of (for example, American TOW and French HOT) and will set the trends infantry fighting vehicles, of development for antitank weapons until the end of the 1990s. It has armored personnel carriers, a modular design. This feature provides for its accommodation on any tanks and helicopters of Russian types of infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers, tanks and foreign makes. It boasts a semi-automatic missile guidance and helicopters of Russian and foreign makes. system, where commands are n July 1992 at Russia's small-size ground installations transmitted by a radio link. The International Trading (fortified emplacements) and low- technical concepts embedded in

Center foreign specialists flying low-speed air targets. its design are still being devel- “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group became acquainted for Vitali Sakhnenko, Director of oped by foreign firms. Most simi- the first time with the the Volsk mechanical works lar Western antitank missiles pos- 9P149 "Shturm-S" self- claimed in an interview: sess control systems, based on propelled antitank missile "By virtue of its technical the wire transmission of com- system, manufactured by characteristics, the Shturm-S mands. Therefore, their opera- the Volsk mechanical antitank weapon is unique. For tional range and flight speed are works. They particularly the first time we are offering this limited (they do not exceed 4,000 1. appreciated its ability to modern weapon for export and m and 200 m/s, respectively). "Shturm-S" antitank missile effectively destroy tanks, hope to find an appropriate According to a report by the system fast armored vehicles, buyer. The "Shturm-S" combat "Defense Review" magazine, an MILITARY PARADE I 1994 MAY C JUNE 1 AC008 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

order for a radio command trans- annihilation of enemy manpower ator to keep the target in sight at mission system was placed on a and destruction of fortified all times, irrespective of weather competitive basis by the firm emplacements and other engi- conditions and the operation of "Martin Marietta", the developer neer constructions, including the motors. At the maximum fir- and manufacturer of the TOW those located in the mountainous ing range the accuracy provided antitank guided weapon to sever- terrain. To counter tanks with by the ATGM control system is al electronic firms no earlier than explosive reactive armor (ERA), within 0.6 angular minute. This 1990. the designers developed a new ensures firing at any small-size The "Shturm-S" system uses highly competitive missile with a armored targets and even hover- a 9M114 multi-function missile tandem warhead. According to ing and approaching helicopters. (the basic load comprises 12 the designers, the modified mis- The maximum air target killing missiles) with a one-piece cumu- sile has an increased operating altitude (with the launch made at lative warhead. The missile has a range and is capable of defeating sea level) is 3,000 m. canard configuration with folding tanks protected with ERA by In the traveling position, the front fins and a half-round wing. piercing the armor equivalent to launcher is retracted into the hull, When the missile is not in use, 800 mm homogenous armor. which accommodates an ammu- the wing is retained against the The missile uses a semi-auto- nition stowage mechanism (a missile's cylindrical body. The matic radio command guidance special rotating drum and reduc- missile employs a solid-propel- system with an IR tracking beam. tion gear). The drum cradles lant two-mode sustainer motor, It boasts high jamming immunity carry twelve launching containers accelerating it to high flight as it employs during the guidance with missiles. speed (up to 530 m/s). The war- process two codes and five spot During firing, the launcher head can pierce an armor plate frequencies. It is worth noting grips the container and transfers 560 to 600 mm thick. The missile that the missile flying at a super- it to combat position. After the is fitted with a booster, which sonic speed cannot be effectively launch, the used container is ejects it from its glass-plastic jammed by any existing technical dropped aside, and missile transporting-launching container. means. reloading proceeds automatically. Owing to its design the missile To control the fire, special The time, elapsing since depres- goes into spin after ejection from programs have been devised, sion of the fire button to the ejec- the container. In addition, the which enable the missile to fly tion of the missile from the trans- container can be used to store along an above-the-line-of-sight porting-launching container, the missile for up to 10 years. trajectory during the initial phase amounts to one second. The "Shturm-S" may also and, on coming within 500 to 700 The equipment and basic load 2. employ the 9M114F missile with m of the target, descend and hit are mounted on a base vehicle, Negotiating a water barrier HE warhead. It provides for the the target. This enables the oper- presented by the MT-LB multi- “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 2 AC008 ARMY function light armored tractor, which is highly reputed in the Russian army. Its high thrust-to- weight ratio, provision of a tracked propeller, and low unit soil pressure allow efficient use of the system in various climatic conditions, including deserts, mountainous terrain and off roads. The expedient arrangement of the launcher and other equipment enables the vehicle's crew to fire from an open position, a tank cut or water surface, when the MT-LB vehicle is afloat. This feature favorably compares the "Shturm-S" system with similar wheel-based systems. The low silhouette of the tractor (its height from the ground to the roof does not exceed 1.8 m) and the low-placed center of gravity permit its use on steep grades. During recent demonstrations of the "Shturm-S" combat vehicle in Oman, the vehicle climbed such steep upgrades, that the English specialists present were really impressed. It boasted high combat efficiency: all 24 ATGMs hit targets after the launch. The hit accuracy was ensured by the automatic equipment, whereas the operator's task was reduced to placing the sight reticle on the target. Such a job can be done by any low qual- 3. ified specialist. As is expected of a vehicle of An ammunition stowage mecha- the nuclear age, it is equipped nism with transporting-launch-

Characteristics of "Shturm-S" System ing containers and missiles

4. “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group Crew, men 2 Weight of system, kg 12,300 9M114 antitank missile Missile load, pcs 12 Maximum speed of targets being destroyed, km/h: -lateral movement 60 -head-on movement 80 Laying angles, deg: -traverse -85 to +85 -elevation -15 to +5 Maximum speed, km/h 65 Fuel endurance, km 50

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the "Shturm-S" can only be implemented, when all its systems function trouble-free and the vehicle's crew displays good teamwork. To service the system and perform scheduled checks, it is provided with special test facilities. To train the crews and maintain their high proficiency, there are special trainers and missile mock-ups. They help train 5. with a NBC protection system. It the personnel in classrooms A scheme displaying the mis- comprises a filtering-ventilating quickly and efficiently, saving sile guidance method unit, chemical and radiological operating time and ammunition. reconnaissance device, as well as Flight trajectory ( hull pressurization arrangements. Control commands The "Shturm-S" antitank sys- Infrared response signal tem also boasts communications means with an operating range of 6. up to 40 km and night vision Killing zone in the horizontal devices. plane The high combat potential of

7. Comparative Data on ATGMs Killing zone in the vertical plane Characteristic Shturm, Shturm, Shturm, HOT TOW std ver. 1 ver. 2 HOT-2 TOW-2 Caliber of missile, mm 130 130 130 136 152 Weight of missile, kg 31.4 33.5 40 25.4 21.5 Weight of container with missile, kg 46 49.5 57 31.9 28.1

Armor-piercing capacity, mm 560-600 900-950 900-950 750-950 620-920 “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group Weight of warhead, kg 5.3 7.4 7.4 6.0 3.6-5.9 Firing range, m: -minimum 400 400 400 75 65 -maximum 5,000 6,000 7,000 4,000 3,750 Flight time, s: to ranges: -3,000 m 7.5 7.7 8.3 13 15 -4,000 m 10.7 10.7 11.25 16.5 20 -5,000 m 14.5 14.5 14.5 - - Control system semi-automatic with data transmit- semi-automatic with ted over the radio data transmitted by wire

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 4 AC011 AIR FORCE FIRST AMONG EQUALS

$ Sergey Rubtsovsky $ pecialists in Russia and abroad consider The Su-27 was such a success that its designers decid- the fourth-generation fighter, the ed to apply its high flying and other characteristics to Sukhoy Su-27, one solve other combat missions, thereby creating modifica- of the best combat aircraft in the world. tions and adding to the Su-27 family. Impressive demonstration flights, successful fulfilment of training and combat missions, 27 world records (including five absolute ones) in rate of climb and level flight altitude, setS by the Su-27, speak for themselves. The P.O. Sukhoy design bureau (DB) has created, within a short time, an exceptionally maneuverable multi-purpose aircraft capable of ful- filling combat missions in the most adverse conditions of air combat. The up-to-date aerodynamic layout of the airframe, powerful and economical by-pass turbo-jet engines, considerable fuel endurance and wide range of altitudes and flight speeds, a complex of radio-electronic equipment and advanced missile weapons all render the interceptor highly effective in fighting against air targets. Its high thrust, electrical remote control system with automatic limitation of the

angle of attack and ultimate G-load “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group in flight, adaptive high-lift devices of the wing, weapons control system fitted with an optronic locator, helmet-mounted target designator, and powerful armament enable the Su- 27 to confidently engage in close maneuver air combat. The powerplant of the aircraft comprises two TRD AL-31F engines. Each of the two engines generates a

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 1 AC009 AIR FORCE

optical locator has already had time to demonstrate its excellent combat and operational parameters. Despite its use on this aircraft for a fairly long time, it still has no foreign production analogs. The locator simultaneously operates in the laser and infra- red (IR) regions and is designed to seek out heat contrast maneuvering targets. The helmet-mounted target designator provides target data for the lock-on units of the missiles' static thrust of 12,500 kgf with full reheat and 7,600 kgf with maximum power setting, while the fuel consumption characteristics are consistent with world standards. The bypass engine created by the A. Lulka design bureau offers stable operation, with deep air intake surge at speeds corresponding to Mach 2 in flat normal and inverted spin conditions. The anti-surge automatic in- flight start, main combustor and afterburner relight capabilities ensure reliable operation of the powerplant, when the airborne weapons are employed. The aircraft is equipped with a K-36DM ejection seat which allows automatic pilot exiting over the entire range of altitudes and flight and/or optical locator in long- range homing heads and generates the missile combat, lock on and track sector-scan axis for the locator 1.

visual targets in close air combat, scanner. Target designation is Su-27 at the airfield of the and identify the national status of the accomplished by the pilot, who turns French higher pilots school detected targets. his head in the direction of a likely The fire control radar system target. 2. which incorporates a jam-free The Su-27 combat trainer speeds, including those used for coherent pulsed Doppler radar, can 3. taxiing. Each aircraft is provided with detect and fix moving air targets, an airborne defense complex com- lock on and track them, and fire Aces of "Russian Knights" “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group prising electronic countermeasures guided missiles at two targets at a (Russkiye Vityazi) group

(ECM) systems. The latter include time in any weather conditions by piloting Su-27 aircraft inter alia an active jammer set day and night, both in free space 4. "Sorbtsiya-S" (its foreign counter- and against an earth background. part is the AN/ALQ-135). The capabilities of the system are Russia's merited test pilot The weapons control system of amplified by an optical locator desig- Hero of the Soviet Union the aircraft can employ air-to-air nated 36Sh, developed by the Victor Pugachov who guided missiles in close and long- "Geofisika" firm. The locator oper- range air combat, lock on and track ates in conjunction with the helmet- authors the Pugachov targets detected by a scanning radar mounted target designator. The Cobra stunt

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Pugachov cobra" in his honour. The gun armament of the aircraft is represented by a built-in rapid-firing 33-mm cannon, designated GSh-30L, with an ammunition load of 150 rounds and rate of fire of 1,500 rounds per minute. The relatively small load is compensated by the exceptionally high fire accuracy of the cannon. Numerous tests have confirmed that the GSh-30L is capable of engaging targets by one volley of 3-6 shells. This accuracy is achieved by duplicating various channels in the fire control system (radar, laser, IR). An on-board computer provides a lead angle, which guarantees very good accuracy of target designation.

5. The integrated display system Multiple air refueling of Su-27 provides the head-up display with the required sighting and flight-nav- fighters igation information and also supplies 6. information from the airborne radar Su-30's refueling from an IL- and optical locator to the line-of-

78 tanker sight indicator. The automatic flight control sys- 7. tem of the Su-27 stabilizes the major Su-27 with weapons array parameters of the flight path and A total of 10 air-to-air guided 8. attitude of the aircraft and controls missiles are mounted on the aircraft the parameters in accordance with launchers, located at 10 points (six “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group Attaching missiles to Su-27's the prescribed program. The electri- missiles on the wings, two under the pylons cal remote control system, provided engine pods and two are placed in with four degrees of protection, tandem between the engines). The ensures reliable aerodynamic stabil- fighter can carry on its external ity of the aircraft and its controllabil- pylons up to six medium-range ity about three axes. A system of guided missiles, type R-27, with limit signals is used to prevent the semi-active radar (R-27R) or ther- aircraft reaching extra-critical flying mal (R- 27T) homing heads conditions. The automatic flight con- Pugachov to amaze Europe with an (Western designations Alamo-A and trol system allowed test pilot V. aerial stunt later called "the Alamo-B, respectively) or their

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such missiles, R-27AE and R-27EM (so far no Western designations are known). The R-27 versions, equipped with a radio command control system, in combination with a semi- active radar homing head, can be controlled in flight from the airborne radar of the fighter. Accordingly, the probability of engagement of maneuvering targets is higher than As well as the six air-to-air guid- that of its American counterpart, ed missiles, the external underwing AIM-7 Sparrow, which does not pylons can carry four close combat work in a similar mode. The modi- maneuverable guided missiles, fied, more powerful motors of the equipped with R-73 IR homing missile, allow the Su-27 to deliver a heads (Western designation AA-11 preventive strike at an enemy in a Archer) or improved versions, R- duel, due to a higher average speed 73E. The under-fuselage and two at distances exceeding the ballistic under-wing fittings can carry beam capabilities of ordinary medium- racks for aerial bombs and other range missiles. destruction means. Performance Characteristics of Sukhoy Su-27 Aircraft

Version Su-27 Su-27K Su-27UB interceptor ship-borne fighter combat trainer Wing span, m 14.7 14.7 14.7 Overall length, m 21,935 21,935 21,935 Height over ground, m 5,932 5,932 6,357 Wing area, m2 62 62 62 Engine thrust: with reheat, kgf 2 x 12,500 2 x 12,500 2 x 12,500 without reheat, kgf 2 x 7,600 2 x 7,600 2 x 7,600 Maximum take-off weight, kg 30,000 32,000 30,500 Maximum payload, kg 6,000 6,500 No data Maximum flight speed, km/h: -at high altitudes 2,500 2,300 2,125 -near ground 1,400 No data No data greater-range versions R-27ER and Maximum Mach-number 2.35 2.17 2.0 R-27ET (Western designations Service ceiling, m 18,500 17,000 17,250 Alamo-C and Alamo-D, respective- Maximum range, km 4,000 3,000 3,000 ly), as well as the last versions of Maximum operational G-load, G 9 8 9 Su-27K SHIPBOARD FIGHTER Su-27UB COMBAT TRAINER “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

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automatically, until it touches down on the ship's deck. To improve the take-off and landing characteristics of the aircraft, the structure of its landing gear has been strength- ened. The nose strut was provided with two wheels. An extendible hook was installed in the tail portion of the fuselage for better braking with the aid of arrester cables. An in-flight refuelling system was introduced. Now the aircraft possesses a multi- channel communications complex and an advanced ECM system. As well as the built-in 30-mm cannon, the armament of the Su- 27K includes a "Moskit" long-range antiship supersonic guided missile and up to 10 air-to-air missiles.

9. Specialists from the aircraft The ILS sight of Su-27 fighter engineering service claim that the

10. Su-27 is particularly handy in servic- ing in shelters and on parking lots. Su-30's refueling rod Access to the equipment arranged in 11. the compartment behind the cabin is Su-27's cockpit provided through the nose leg well. Any engine of the aircraft can be 12. replaced within hours and minutes Su-27K takes off from the rather than days. deck of heavy aircraft-carry- The Su-27 was such a success ing cruiser "Admiral that its designers decided to apply its high flying and other characteris- Kuznetsov" tics to solve other combat missions, The Su-27K. A deck-landing The fighters of the Su-27 family 13,14. thereby creating modifications and version of the Su-27. The first flight can escort combat formations of Su-27s on the deck of heavy adding to the Su-27 family. was made by its experimental spec- long-range bombers along the full The Su-27UB. This two-seater imen designated T-10K-1 on August length of the route. So far no other aircraft-carrying cruiser combat trainer version retains the 17, 1987. It has been in production fighter aircraft produced in the world full combat capabilities of the one- since 1989. It differs from the basic can boast such flight range charac- seater. It has been mass produced layout model, as it carries an addi- teristics, combined with exceptional since 1986 in Irkutsk. It mainly dif- tional front horizontal empennage on maneuverability and range of fers from the basic layout model in the swelling of the wing, which speeds. ( the introduction of a two-seat (tan- markedly improves the aircraft's “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group dem) crew cabin with full duplication maneuverability. Its wings and hori- of the controls and a canopy. This zontal tail can fold to reduce the version served as the basis for the space occupied by the aircraft in the creation of another aircraft, the Su- under-deck hangars of the carrier 30, equipped with an in-flight refu- ship. The effective high-lift devices elling system. In 1988 one such air- of the rear edge increase the lift 1.5 craft made a non-stop flight along times during the landing and materi- the route Moscow - Komsomolsk- ally reduce the landing speed. on-Amur - Moscow, which is 13,400 The Su-27K's integrated flight km long, with four refuellings. and navigation system allows it to fly

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 5 maximum combat loadof45,000kg. missions, involving cruisemissiles.Itsbomberversion cancarrya this aircraft.To-day, theTu-160isgearedtocarrying outstrategic now inservicewiththeAirForce, what couldnotbeemployedon potential, i.e.atpresentthereispractically notasingleweapon, The ChiefDesignerbelievestheTU-160 boastsunlimitedcombat Tu-160 AS DETERRENTFACTOR MILITARY PARADE AC010 SUPERSONIC STRATEGICBOMBER $ 1994 Nikolay Altaisky MAY C JUNE $ I FORCE AIR 1

“Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. • AVA Multimedia Publishing Group AC010 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

he multi-function tudes, using information on ter- and multi-mode rain features, supplied by the air- strategic bomber borne radar, is queried by Tupolev Tu-160 is experts. The operation involving the most sophisti- the search for, detection, identifi- cated aircraft of its cation and aim at a target in "free class in the world. It hunt" conditions, even with the entered service with use of data supplied by an air- this country's Air borne phased-array radar, can Force as far back as now be successfully "neutralized" 1985. Since then it by fire and electronic means has been a convinc- available to ground air defenses. ing rival, in terms of The advent of the first air- performance, to its craft, designated Tu-160, was foreign counterpart, the USAF's preceded by the solution of a RockwellT B-1B strategic bomber. is capable of dealing a strike both considerable number of techno- V. Bliznyuk, Chief Designer of in solo and formation flight and logical problems. They included the Tu-160, points out: "It would then returning to home base. The an automated line for welding the be unreasonable to resort to this widely advertised "stealth" from titanium load-carrying members type of bomber for the purposes flying the B-1B at minimum alti- of the wind center section. Until of expansion. If used as a first strike weapon, this aircraft will leave nothing but a lifeless desert behind. As a deterrent, however, it may be referred to as a dependable guard of Russia's vast expanses". The American B-1B is mainly intended to operate at low altitudes and subsonic speeds and conduct autonomous deep-penetration raids and subsequently land on a NATO ally airfield. By contrast, the Tu-160 has been developed with due account of Russia's geopolitical stance and “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 2 AC010 AIR FORCE

profiles, while maintaining high craft, along with the employment 5,7.

performance at supersonic and of the latest advances in nozzle Performing preflight opera- subsonic speeds alike. The air- and air-intake designs. Even now tions craft is equipped with single- Russian engine designers are piece all-moving vertical and hor- ready to launch the production of 6. izontal tail surfaces. For flight a model of the NK-32 engine, Tu-160 bomber's engines evolutions, use is made of an which consumes less fuel than its 8. analog computer-controlled elec- predecessors. tric remote control system, which The ingenious design of the Attaching missiles to deflects the control surfaces. landing gear (LG) is of special weapon pylons

The Tu-160 is powered by interest. The main struts are 9. four TRDDF NK-32 engines with a retracted rearward and the The crew assesses the mis- maximum total thrust of 100,000 dimensions of the wells in the kgf. The engines are housed in center wing section are practical- sion pods arranged under the fixed ly limited by those of a six-wheel

then the world aircraft building portions of the wing and provided bogie. In the American B-1B, the industry had never used hermeti- with air intakes adjustable main LG retracts towards the air- cally sealed chambers of similar through the use of a vertical frame symmetry axis and takes sizes and equipment as unique as wedge. The engines were devel- up several meters of the arma- this devised for work under vacu- oped by the Samara design ment compartment. um conditions. Another example bureau headed by N. Kuznetsov The avionics fit of the Tu-160 is the development of suitable and are modified versions of the comprises specialized kinds of technology for mechanical treat- NK-25, previously used on the equipment. The fire control and ment of large-size titanium and Tupolev Tu-22M3 bombers. Many navigation complex of the aircraft “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group aluminum plates used to fabricate specialists claim that in terms of includes astro-navigation and the center wing section's compo- their consumption characteristics inertial navigation systems, short- nents and extended variable- the engines meet international range and long-range radio navi- thickness panels of the wing. standards and have no equal in gation systems, a satellite naviga- The airframe of the Tu-160 thrust. The engine design is tion system, an integrated bomb- follows a single-piece scheme by unique, too. The engine designing and navigation system as well gradually integrating both the ers were the first in Russia to find as electronic countermeasures wing and fuselage in one whole. a comprehensive solution for the (ECM) equipment. The latter The variable-geometry wing task of reducing the infra-red (IR) made it possible to eliminate the allows the aircraft to fly various and radar "visibility" of the air- fire means of defensive arma-

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redundancy. The system is also wheel, traditional for a large air- backed up mechanically. The craft, is replaced here by the same holds true for the fuel control stick as is usual in fight- pipelines and electric system. ers. The information is transmitted According to the pilots who to the fire control and navigation have flown the aircraft, the Tu- complex from an on-board long- 160 is convenient and easy to range radar capable of operating control. It is no problem to in various modes and detecting approach flying tanker for in- both land and sea targets. It is flight refueling. Last year the supplemented with an optronic Commander-in-Chief of the high-resolution bomb sight, Russian Air Force, General A three-view drawing of Tu-160 which can operate at day and Colonel Aviation, P. Deinekin had night. The level of aircraft's com- an opportunity to fly the USAF B- puterization is also worthy to 1B. The former Chief-Pilot of note. The total number of digital Long-Range Aviation, who has a processors on board the Tu-160 great experience in flying heavy comes to over one hundred. The aircraft of various types and navigator operates eight comput- makes, reportedly said that the ers from his station. Russian Tu-160 is a still better The Russian bomber is machine to fly. equipped with an in-flight refuel- When designing the worksta- ing system. In its inoperative tions for the crew, a great deal of position, the refueling probe is attention was paid to the prob- retracted into the nose fuselage lems of ergonomics and comfort. just in front of the pilots' cabin. For pilot recreation, the 4-m2 The four crewmen occupy the K- amenity compartment provides a 36LM ejection seats, which allow sleeping birth. A water-closet and automatic exiting over the entire thermal cabinet are also provid- range of altitudes and airspeeds, ed. including zero ones. In the cab- The first American to experi- ins, the information system is ence the Tu-160 was Mr. presented by mechanical indica- Carlucci. In the late 80s he was tors and monitors. The control invited, as US Defense Secretary, Comparative performance characteristics of Tu-160 and B-1B

Wing span, m Tu-160 B-1B Overall length, m 35.6/55.7 23.8/41.7 Height above ground, m 54.1 44.8 Wing sweep (minimum/maximum), 13.1 10.4 deg 20/65 15/67,5 Maximum take-off weight, kg 275,000 205,900 Maximum payload, kg 45,000 34,000 ment system, as it was made Maximum engine thrust, kgf 4 x 25,000 4 x 13,600 “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group redundant. Maximum speed, km/h 2,200 1,270 The survivability of a large air- Service ceiling, m 15,000 15,000 craft is an abstract and almost Service range, km* 12,300 10,900 unrealizable notion. Yet the pro- Maximum operational G-load, G 2.0 - tection of the control system in Weapons in internal compartments: Cruise missiles (number, type) 12 x X-55 - the Tu-160 meets the most strin- Guided missiles, short-range (num- gent requirements. The control ber, type) 24 x X-15 24 x AGM-64 cables are evenly distributed over Bombs guided and free-falling the interior lining of the fuselage * Provided for the Tu-160 with a maximum take-off weight and for and provided with quadruple the B-1B armed with 8 x AGM-64, 8 nuclear bombs M-61 and an additional fuel tank of 9,000 kg in the third bomb bay.

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 4 AC010 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД to visit the Air Base in Kubinka for from the entire structure of the out strategic missions, involving familiarization with the new com- aircraft as from a vertical plate cruise missiles. Its bomber ver- bat equipment. According to the with an area of 3 m2 can only sion can carry a maximum com- witnesses, the high-ranking guest work within a certain frequency bat load of 45,000 kg. carelessly "landed" his head on range. The army ground-based The "Tu" and "Raduga" com- the upper dashboard in the pilots' meter-band radars can easily panies now independently work, cabin. As soon as the delegation detect air targets protected this as part of the conversion pro- left, the "historic moment" in the way, including those flying at rel- gram, on plans to use the Tu-160 life of the aircraft was immediate- atively great distances or at low bomber as part of the "Burlak" ly "immortalized" with white altitudes. (Barge hauler) aviation integrated paint, and the panels on all the The Russian Tu-160 is armed system. The latter is intended to Tu-160 aircraft were nicknamed with 12 cruise missiles. Revolver- place various commercial car- "the Carlucci boards". type launchers are installed in the goes in orbit round the globe. The designers of the Tu-160 two armament compartments. The employment of the aviation have reduced the vulnerability of Each of the launchers carries six integrated system obviates the the aircraft to radar detection strategic cruise missiles with an need to create new or rent exist- through a more integral layout of operating range of over 3,000 ing expensive launching ranges the plane, compared to that of km. Other launcher types are also and ground-based launching the B-1B, a low-level crew cabin employed, including those used pads, allows for practically any and all-moving vertical tail, which for firing various models of the orbit and launches from any- has taken up the slot between the type X-15 hypersonic aeroballis- where on the globe 24 hours a vertical stabilizer and rudder tic missile (known in the West as day, in all climatic and geograph- responsible for the increase in AS-16). The weapons control sys- ical conditions. The use of the the effective scattering area for tem contains algorithms of integrated system reduces the the radio beam. employment of nuclear as well as specific consumption of energy The numerous, highly expen- conventional bombs, including required to launch an equivalent sive measures undertaken to ones whose flight path can be load 2-3 times, compared to the reduce the effective area in the corrected, etc. ground launch and alleviates the American analog of the Tu-160, The Chief Designer believes negative effect on the earth's are more impressive. However, the Tu-160 boasts unlimited ecology. The means of prepara- on closer investigation it combat potential, i.e., at present tion of the missile and integrated becomes clear that the unad- there is practically not a single system for the launching are justable S-shaped air intakes and weapon, now in service with the basically autonomous and all kinds of radio absorbent coat- Air Force, what could not be mobile. ( ings producing a combined effect employed on this aircraft. Today, of deflection of the radio beam the Tu-160 is geared to carrying “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 5 AC011 NAVY

tenance. One clear example of the development of combatant boats, MULTI-PURPOSE based on the 206 design is reflected by the emergence of export modifications (five versions), assigned design code 02065 VIKHR. The ALMAZ Design Bureau VIKHR BOATS offers for sale the following versions of boats of the above $ Peter Mikhailov $ design: the VIKHR-III convention- All versions of combatant boats based on 02065 design can be oper- al displacement patrol gunboat, VIKHR-V hydrofoil patrol boat, ated in any area of the world ocean via year-round air-conditioning VIKHR hydrofoil missile gunboat systems, employed under combat conditions on rough or fairly rough (the analogous version adopted sea. The boat's equipment and stores of food and fresh water enable by the Russian Navy was the personnel to work and rest comfortably without replenishment assigned the code 206MR), VIKHR-I large hydrofoil torpedo throughout the cruising endurance period. boat and VIKHR-IV displacement- he idea of using boats of this kind, adopted by the type missile boat, equipped with a unified hull and Soviet Navy, were basic 200 a promising URAN-E missile sys-

power plant to design boats: the types TM-200 tem. “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group develop small and TD-200 torpedo boats and These boats can be assigned combatant ships OD-200 submarine chasers, the following combat missions: and boats was which were mass produced. In frontier guard (displacement-type conceived and post-war years a whole family of patrol gunboats and hydrofoil shaped in our combatant boats was created in patrol boats), coastal patrol (dis- country and our country on the basis of the placement-type patrol gunboats, abroad back in 183 and 206 design torpedo hydrofoil patrol boats and dis- the years of the boats, 205 design missile boats placement-type missile boats), Second World and a number of other boats, artillery fire against enemy torpe- War. The first perfected as regards their main- do boats, patrol boats and gun- MILITARY PARADE T 1994 MAY C JUNE 1 AC011 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

boats (displacement-type patrol VERSIONS OF "VIKHR" BOATS gunboats, hydrofoil patrol boats, large hydrofoil torpedo boats and displacement-type missile boats), delivery of torpedo attacks against enemy combatant ships and auxiliary vessels in the open sea (large hydrofoil torpedo boats) and the delivery of missile attacks against enemy combatant ships and vessels (displacement- type missile boats and hydrofoil missile gunboats). The success of these missions is facilitated by the design concepts embodied in 02065 design VIKHR (for principal performance characteristics, refer to the table). These concepts involve the equipment of boats with the most advanced armaments and facilities (e.g., artillery, radio, navigation, etc.) and the module-and-container 1. construction of modern missile VIKHR-III displacement-type systems (on displacement-type missile boats and hydrofoil mis- patrol boat sile gunboats), which permits the 2. quick conversion of a patrol boat VIKHR-II hydrofoil patrol boat into a missile boat. All versions of

3. combatant boats based on 02065 design can be operated in any VIKHR-I large hydrofoil torpedo area of the world ocean via year- boat . round air-conditioning systems, 4. employed under combat conditions on rough or fairly rough sea. Design 206MR production-type The three-shaft diesel engine hydrofoil missile boat armed power plant permits continuous with TERMIT-RUBEZH strike operation in partial mode (i.e., missile system with only one diesel engine run- “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

ning), thereby substantially tially a steel flush-desk hull uni- extending the service life of the fied in construction and arrange- engines. The boat hull is essen- ment. It has one extended main-

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 2 AC011 NAVY desk superstructure and is divided into nine watertight compartments for better survivability. To reduce the mass of the hull, its superstructure is made of aluminum-magnesium alloy. The boat's equipment and stores of food and fresh water enable the personnel to work and rest comfortably without replenishment throughout the cruising endurance period. The artillery armament, which is unified for all boat versions, is supplied in modular form. water temperature of +32 °C). All 176M gun mount with an ammu- 5. All versions of the boats use versions of the boats are nition load of 152 unitary projec- diesel as the main power plant. equipped with type ORION tiles and one 30-mm automatic VIKHR-III displacement-type The displacement-type patrol remote main engine control sys- AK-630M gun mount with an patrol boat gunboat, hydrofoil patrol boat, tems. ammunition load of 2,000 car- large hydrofoil torpedo boat and The hydrofoil patrol boat, tridges. These gun mounts have displacement-type missile boat large hydrofoil torpedo boat and maximum firing ranges of 11,000 use as main engines three diesel displacement-type missile boat of and 5,000 m and firing rates of engines M520, TM5 rated at 206MR design (VIKHR) are fitted 120 and 4,000-5,000 rounds per 4,800 hp (3,530 kW) each. The out with a hydrodynamic system minute respectively. In the auto- electric power system of the to modify their running and sea- matic AK-630M gun mount (a boats operates on 380-V 50-Hz going qualities and improve their vertically doubled gun consisting power. It comprises one DGF2A- speed. This system includes a of two six-barrel units), the two- 100/1500 diesel generator rated bow hydrofoil arrangement with barrel firing rate may be as high at 100 kW and one DGR2A- automatically controlled flaps and as 10,000 rounds per minute. The 200/1500 diesel generator rated folding fins and a remotely angle- automatic AK-630M gun mount is at 200 kW (all tabulated values of controlled transom plate. The remotely controllable by a radar the speed, cruising range and system enables the boat to move control system and a standby main power-plant capacity of the via its hydrofoils on rough seas (sighting column). The automatic boats are based on tropical cli- and permits the employment of gun mount can be used in ships, matic conditions: an ambient air weapons at full speed. All ver- boats and helicopters to destroy temperature of +34 °C, a relative sions are equipped with one antiship missiles, aircraft, heli- humidity of 70% and an outside- 76.2-mm light automatic AK- copters and other air assault

Arrangement of weapons and technical equipment aboard the VIKHR-IV displacement-type missile boat

1 - 76.2 mm gun mount AK-176M 2 - navigational radar “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group 3 - VYMPEL-AME radar 4 - IFF system radar 5 - missile system control radar 6 - external station of portable AD missile system 7 - launcher of URAN-E missile system 8 - 30 mm automatic gun mount AK- 630M 9 - high-speed main diesel engines

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torpedo launchers, which can VIKHR-IV missile boat with URAN-E missile system. Top view launch 53-56V or 53VA torpedoes and 53-65KE torpedoes (long- range oxygen homing torpedoes). The latter are 7,945 mm long, with gross mass of 2,070 kg and an explosive mass of 307.6 kg. It can gain a speed of up to 45 knots at a running depth of 4 to 12 m. It employs acoustic and wake homing. The torpedo-operating range is 19,000 m. To ensure accurate torpedo firing, a MR-102/4 complex tor- means, hit small sea surface tar- URAN-E system, includes two pedo-firing control radar and tor- gets and destroy buoyant mines. sets of this system, each com- pedo-firing data computers are It can also be used to annihilate prising the KT-184 launcher and used. Specifically, the firing of enemy manpower and destroy two X-35 antiship missiles. torpedoes 53-65KE is accom- beach firing emplacements. As well as strike missile plished by the AST-102/4 system. The 02065 design boasts weapons, each displacement- Each displacement-type patrol strike and antiair missile weapons type patrol gunboat, hydrofoil gunboat, hydrofoil patrol boat or systems. The URAN-E strike anti- patrol boat or large hydrofoil tor- large hydrofoil torpedo boat is ship missile system is intended pedo boat is equipped with a sta- provided with two PK-16 ship- for use in the VIKHR-IV displace- tion to fire IGLA-1M portable air- board missile launchers. Each ment-type missile boat, while the defense missiles with an ammuni- one has an ammunition load of 16 VIKHR hydrofoil missile gunboat tion load of 12 missiles. passive-jamming projectiles, as is armed with the TERMIT- Torpedoes are only installed on one radio electronic countermea- RUBEZH system. The export ver- the large hydrofoil torpedo boats. sure. Each boat is also provided sion of the displacement-type Each boat carries four OTA-53- with four sets MDSh sea smoke missile boat armed with the 206ME 533.4-mm single-tube pots for laying smoke screens. COMPARATIVE TECHNICAL DATA ON "IGLA" AND "STINGER" SURFACE-TO-AIR MISSILES

Principal performance char- Versions of boats acteristics of boats hydrofoil patrol large hydrofoil hydrofoil missile boat (anal- displacement-type displacement-type ogous version of 206MR patrol gunboat gunboat torpedo boat design) missile gunboat Classification of versions VIKHR-III VIKHR-II VIKHR-I VIKHR VIKHR-IV Displacement (t): standard 207 220 230 - 234 total 251 265 262 255 266 Principal dimensions (m): maximum length 40.15 39.5 39.5 39.5 41.0 maximum breadth 7.6 9.6 9.6 7.6 7.8 (13.6 w/hydrofoils) “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group maximum draught 2.8 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.1 Speed (knots): 35-36 41-42 41-42 41-42 34-35 (43-45 at To=25 °C) cruising - 35-36 35-36 35-37 - economical 11-12 - - 11-12 Cruising range (miles/knots) 1,700/11-12 750/35-36 600 approx. 1,100/41-42 2,000/11-12 (100% fuel) 2,500/11-12 (max. fuel) Sea endurance (days) 7-10 7-10 5 - 7 Crew (men) 25 25 26 25 26

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The electronic equipment is sile system (the radar set has a protection equipment for the per- represented by a wide range of navigational channel and oper- sonnel and radiological and facilities geared for various pur- ates in an active/passive mode). chemical monitoring equipment. poses. The MR-102 radar set is To maintain communications, the A great deal of attention has used for navigational purposes boats are equipped with the auto- been paid in all the boats to the (based on one set per patrol mated communication complex living conditions and other terms boat). The VIKHR boats use the R-784-E. The VIKHR boats are facilitating the performance of VYMPEL-AME radar set to control also provided with night vision official duties by the personnel. the firing of both versions of the devices, searchlights and a stan- The designers and manufacturers gun mounts (AK-176M and AK- dard navigation kit, including a have managed to substantially 630M). The NIKHROM-RR radar gyro course indicator, an induc- improve habitability by installing set is installed on the boats to tion log, an echo sounder, an air-conditioning systems and cre- provide IFF identification. Each automatic position plotter, a ating appropriate interiors in the boat (excluding displacement- magnetic compass, receiver-indi- berthing and working spaces of type missile boats) is equipped cators and a radio direction find- the boats. All boats are provided with one set of the SPO-3 radia- er. All boats are equipped with with special equipment to prevent tion warning radar set. The dis- BAZA 02065 gyrostabilizers. In environmental pollution. In other placement-type missile boats use addition, the boats are provided words, the 02065 design gave special shipborne control sys- with their own protection devices, birth to a family of combatant tems, including radar sets, to such as degaussing gear to pro- boats, which meet all modern detect surface targets and desig- tect the boat against influence requirements. ( nate targets to the URAN-E mis- mines, individual anti-chemical “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

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ur experience of recent local wars and conflicts confirmed once again THE 1265-E DESIGN that naval operations waged in sea theaters depend for their success on the adequacy of anti-mine defense. COASTAL MINE-SWEEPER Until now mine $ Peter Tyurin, Captain 1st Rank $ countermeasure ships of various The 1265-E design mine-sweepers are fitted out with the most subcategories, advanced domestic equipment (mine-sweeping gear, artillery including coastal mine-sweepers, armament, navigation equipment, electronic equipment, sonar remainO the main form of anti-mine defense. These include coastal detection gear and communication facilities). The main equip- mine-sweepers of design 1265 ment, which the 1265-E mine-sweeper was designed to carry and (YAKHONT) and their export version 1265-E. employ, involves anti-mine defense. What is the 1265-E design mine- sweeper like? Compared to a 1265 design prototype ship, the mine- sweeper has the following differences: - provisions were made in the anti-mine weaponry for the replacement of the contact and acoustic sweeps and television mine-detector with more advanced models; - a new underwater sound communication sonar was installed; and a personnel instruction room for the mine countermeasures ships - all radar and communication was set up in the vacated space. On of our navy, has the following princi- equipment was replaced; the upper deck, the office was trans- pal dimensions: a maximum length - fresh-water stores were ferred, consequently, the blower of 49 m, a maximum breadth of 10.2 increased, a summer air-condition- enclosure was expanded. In the m and a mean full-load draught of ing system was provided and stan- diesel-generator room, provisions about 2.5 m (i.e. a maximum dard awning arrangements were were made for the installation of an draught of about 2.75 m). installed on the ship's forecastle and extra air-conditioning refrigeration The mine-sweeper can gain full stern to improve the habitability of machine and an additional water tank speed of 14 knots and an economic 1. the ship; in place of the auxiliary boiler. In the speed of 10 knots at a normal dis- The 1265 design - changes were made in the bilge, a fresh-water tank was placement on still water (i.e., on a ship's systems in compliance with installed to replace the boiler-water calm, smooth or moderate sea) at a mine-sweeper takes “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group water pollution prevention require- tank. In all other respects, the 1265- maximum sea depth of 20 to 25 m. part in the naval ments; E design ship is identical to the pro- The estimated cruising range at a parade in Saint - provisions were made for the totype ship adopted by the Russian speed of 10 knots and a maximum Petersburg tropicalization of the armament, Navy. fuel capacity of 27.1 t is 1,500 miles. machinery and equipment. Let us specify some perfor- The sea endurance (for fuel, 2. All this necessitated a certain mance characteristics of the 1265-E machine oil, subsistence and crew of Design 1265 mine- rearrangement of the ship's general design mine-sweeper. The ship has 45 men: 5 officers, 5 chief petty offi- sweeper - a proto- layout. In the first tier of the super- a standard displacement of 401 t and cers and warrant officers and 35 structure, the mine sweep and a total displacement of 430 t. The petty officers and seamen) is 10 type of export-ver- detector control station was reduced forecastle hull, which is conventional days. The seaworthiness of the sion ship

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Arrangement of weaponry and main technical means aboard the 1265-E design mine-sweeper

1 - components of anti-mine weaponry mine defense. It comprises one type angles and about 1.5% of the rated 2 - 30 mm stern automatic gun mount AK-306 GKT-2 contact sweep set (with a value for ranges. 3 - KOLONKA-219-1 fire-control director sweep width of 260 to 280 m, a max- As well as the mine-hunting 4 - navigational radar antenna 5 - NIKHROM radar antenna imum sweep depth of 200 m and a sonar MG-89, the ship is equipped 6 - direction finder loop minimum sweep depth of 10 m) with underwater sound communica- 7 - navigation house towed at a speed of 9.5 to 10.5 knots tion sonar MG-35E, used to maintain 8 - main control station depending on the sweep depth, nondirectional HF/LF telephone and 9 - pilot house types ST-2, AT-2 and PEMT-2 influ- telegraph communications and mea- 10 - mine sweeps and detector control station ence sweeps, one type IT-3 mine sure ranges via the interrogation- 11 - bow gun mount AK-306 12 - sonar room detector-exploder (with a hunting response method. The operating 13 - trunk of hoist-lower unit of sonar width of 20 to 30 m, a working depth range of this sonar is 10 km for tele- 14 - engine room of 10 to 60 m, a towing speed of 3.5 phone communications and 20 km 15 - diesel engine-generator room. to 6 knots, a sweep-to-stern dis- for telegraph communications. It is tance of 70 m and the capability for worth noting that sonars MG-89 and mine-sweeper ensures safe cruising guaranteed employment in water MG-35E and navigational echo even on a rather rough sea, with the with a white-disk transparency of at sounder NEL-MZB operate alterna- ship remaining speedy and maneu- least 70 m) designed to detect and tively. To determine the current val- verable during its movement at any mark bottom mines and mine- ues of roll and pitch angles and deliv- relative bearing with respect to the sweeping gear consisting of one type er them to the circuitry of sonar MG- direction of wind and sea. LVT3-2TM cable-drum winch and 89, the ship uses a special gyroscop-

The 1265-E design mine-sweep- one type BBG-OT1 davit (with a load ic stabilization system S-3M. “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group ers are fitted out with the most capacity of 2.5 t and a boom length The designers of the mine- advanced domestic equipment of 1.37 to 4.73 m). sweeper placed special emphasis on (mine-sweeping gear, artillery arma- Hunting, detection and localiza- outfitting the ship with self-defense ment, navigation equipment, elec- tion of moored and bottom mines is equipment and providing various tronic equipment, sonar detection accomplished by mine-hunting sonar protection means. The 1265-E gear and communication facilities). MG-89. Its operating range is about design mine-sweeper is equipped The main equipment, which the 1,000 to 1,200 m for moored mines with two type AK-306 30-mm auto- 1265-E mine-sweeper was designed and 350 to 400 m for bottom mines. matic six-barrel gun mounts (while to carry and employ, involves anti- Localization errors are up to 1.5° for the 1265 design mine-sweeper uses

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at a power of 1,000 hp (at a crank- shaft speed of 1,550 rpm) each, which provide a propeller-shaft rota- tional speed of 374 rpm. However, when the main power plant is operated in tropical climates, its power may decrease by 10 %. Propulsion is effected by the use of two three- bladed variable-pitch propellers VR1265E-TM5 (reversible hydraulic cylinder-in-boss propellers) with a diameter of 1.7 m. only one gun mount of this type, 3,000 m away from a medium-yield The electrical equipment com- along with 25-mm coaxial automatic nuclear explosion site. prises three diesel generators rated double-barreled anti-aircraft gun In addition, the ship has provi- at 110 kW each and one diesel gen- 2M-3M). These gun mounts are sions to seal its circuits and use fil- erator rated at 50 kW. used to fire at small fast-moving tration units. It is provided with a sys- The ship and its personnel can light-armoured surface targets, tem of sprayers for washing exterior perform satisfactorily at an ambient defend the ship against hostile air- surfaces and means for chemical air temperature of up to 34 °C, rela- craft and hit buoyant sea mines. The decontamination, radiation monitor- tive humidity of up to 70% and out- gun mounts have an ammunition ing, chemical reconnaissance and side water temperature of up to 30 load of 3,500 projectiles and a firing individual protection. All hull struc- °C. It is worth noting that the design rate of 600 to 1,000 rounds per tures made of wood (except resin- bureau and shipyards engaged in minute. Fire control is effected by the bonded plywood) are protected building 1265-E design mine- use of two type KOLONKA-219-1 against rotting with antiseptic. All sweepers can readily replace equip- fire-control directors. exterior surfaces of the ship's hull ment or install additional equipment The non-magnetic material used are protected against wood borers at the customer's request. in the construction of the hull and its with polyester resin-based glass Design 1265 and 1265-E mine- structures is wood (with the hull cov- plastic and glass net treated with sweepers were conceived by the ered with glass-reinforced plastic on water-repelling adhesive compound. Western Design Bureau in Leningrad the outside). The ship is fitted out The mine-sweeper is equipped (now Saint Petersburg). The chief with special degaussing gear to with anchor, remote/manual control designer of both mine-sweepers is V. reduce the magnetic field. This gear steering, boat and mooring arrange- Nemudrov. These ships are built in consists of three coils (horizontal ments and general shipboard sys- the yards of Petrozavodsk and main, frame course and buttock tems, including a water and liquid Vladivostok. Since 1979 more than course) and control equipment. All fire-extinguishing set, a bilge-pump- ten 1265-E design mine-sweepers physical-field protection elements of ing system, a drainage, a fresh-water were exported. NATO assigned to the ship conform to relevant interna- system, a salt-water system and a these ships the codename "Sonya". tional standards. ventilating and air-conditioning sys- Mine-sweepers of 1265 design are The 1265-E design has provi- tem. the most numerous mine counter- sions for anti-nuclear, anti-chemical The main power plant of the ship measures ships used in the Russian and anti-bacteriological protection. is diesel engine. It comprises two Navy. They enjoy the best reputation “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group Thus, the mine-sweeper affords anti- type 12ChPN 18/20 four-stroke among seamen. ( nuclear protection at a distance of diesel engines (main engines) rated Principal characteristics of sweeps Types (indices) and purposes of sweeps

ST-2 AT-2 PEMT-2 destruction of magnetic destruction of destruction of highly and induction mines acoustic channel sensitive magnetic mines and induction mines Sweep current (A) 200 7.5 - 14 250 Towing speed (knots) 12 12 6 Sweep-to-stern distance (m) 300 550 330 - 460 Weight of sweep (t) 2.24 2.2 5.2

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f you really want to see a flying saucer, go to Podlipki, a small town near Moscow, where a division of the EKIP REAL FLYING aviation concern is located. Its specialists have designed unique extremely economic wide-body flying machines, which resemble in shape the notorious flying saucer. The project is based on state-of- SAUCERS the-art technical solutions $ Sergey Medvedev $ and uses vast scientific and technological backlog, EKIP flying machines consist of a center section, accumulated by aerospace technolo- side sections and a tail unit. The inner space of gyI enterprises during the develop- the machines is divided in two. The upper part ment of ground- effect flying machines and vehicles. accommodates cockpits, passenger and cargo The experimental models of the compartments. The lower part houses air-cushion new machine are being manufac- equipment and water landing devices. The cock- tured as part of the conversion program by the Saratov aircraft factory, pits are equipped with precision navigational 1. one of the founders of the concern, aids, automatic control systems and communica- EKIP L1 flying machine involving the Energia Research and tion facilities model Production Association. Both organi- “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 1 AC013 AEROSPACE INDUSTRY

Overall Arrangement of EKIP L2 Flying Machine: 1 - cockpit; 2 - skegs; 3 - engines; 4 - wings with flaps; 5 - fin 2. Test flights of radio-controlled model of EKIP L1 3,4. Assembly of the EKIP L2 prototype in the workshops of the Saratov aircraft factory 5. EKIP L2 lands on water during test flights zations are well-known producers of engines, fuel tanks, fuel feed systems aerospace equipment. The Saratov and fire-extinguishing equipment. factory manufactures modern super- The power plant is made of high- sonic vertical take-off and landing air- bypass turbojets. Their fuel systems craft and passenger planes YAK-40 allow the engines to operate reliably and YAK-42. The Energy association both on traditional aviation fuel, nat- developed the manned orbital sta- ural gas and gas condensate. The flat tions Salut and Mir, powerful launch nozzles have gas vanes used for pitch vehicle Energia and reusable trans- control. During acceleration and port system Energia-Buran. take-off, stabilization and directional During work on EKIP machines, and roll control are provided by gas the specialists tried to improve their jet rudders mounted on the side tail layer control (BLC) system ensure an aerodynamics, lessen the mechanical units of the vehicle. The static and unseparated flow of the air stream weight, reduce fuel consumption and dynamic stability of the machine in over the rear of the machine and sig- incorporate provisions, enabling the free flight is maintained by fins locat- nificantly raise the lift-to-drag ratio. machines to land on unprepared air- ed in the body's rear part. A special The low pressure source of the BLC fields and even on water surfaces. plate located there separates the air system is formed by ejectors mount- With this aim in mind, the machines and gas streams to increase the ed in the gas passages of turbojets. were shaped as a thick low-aspect machine's stability. Tests have indicated that the BLC wing, which also acts as a fuselage. The unique shape of the machine system guarantees the same flow This helped increase their aerody- and new highly effective boundary over the machine surface as ideal liq- namic carrying area 3 - 5 times, compared to modern passenger and transport planes of comparable load capacity. EKIP flying machines consist of a center section, side sections and a tail unit. The inner space of the “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group machines is divided in two. The upper part accommodates cockpits, passenger and cargo compartments. The lower part houses air-cushion equipment and water landing devices. The cockpits are equipped with precision navigational aids, automatic control systems and communication facilities. The side sections contain

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 2 AC013 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

Characteristic Type of machine EKIP L2-3 EKIP L3-1 EKIP L3-2 EKIP L4-1 EKIP L4-2 Total weight, t 9 35 110 300 600 Weight of machine, t 5 15 40 100 200 Number of passengers 24 80 300 1,000 2,000 Weight of cargo, t 2.5 10 35 100 200 Maximum speed, km/h 650 650 650 650 650 Flying altitude, km 5.5-6.0 8.5-10 8.5-10 8.5-10 8.5-10 Flying range, km 2,000 4,500 8,600 8,600 8,600 Dimensions: -length, m 11 20 35.6 59 82 -span, m 14.4 31.3 55.5 91.6 128 -height, m 3.1 6.7 11.8 19.6 27.5 -planform area, m2 88 400 1,250 3,430 6,860 Engine type AL-34 D-436 NK-92 NK-92 NK-92 Fuel consumption, g/pass. x km 14 11 10-11 10-11 10-11 Air cushion area, m2 23.8 75 235 640 1,280 Specific ground pressure, kgf/cm2 0.038 0.05 0.05 ground 0.05 ground 0.05 ground Runway type: ground water ground water water water water Take-off run, m 400 450 500 500 500

uid. injected into the space under the vehicle The high lift efficiency of the new The machines of the EKIP company by a reactive force, generated by the flying machines was achieved by reduc- cover a large aerodynamic area and net power plant. The stability of the air cush- ing the weight of the hull, which is man- volumes. Consequently one can conve- ion is ensured by the rational arrange- ufactured from composites. niently arrange bulky cargoes on cargo ment of structural elements and the To conclude, one should point out decks. The passenger version of the selection of optimal operating conditions that the experience accumulated in

machine can carry up to 2,000 people for the front slotted nozzle and rear designing and building all-body aircraft “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group and provide a high degree of comfort. adjustable flap. The machines can take by the Russian aircraft industry, enables The new machine does not require off and land on any airfields, including it to manufacture a wide variety of such landing gear. The large planform area of unpaved surfaces with runways as short machines. They can be used to carry the machine provides for the use of an as 500 m (in this case the ground pres- passengers, and also as special-pur- air cushion for take-off and landing. sure does not exceed 0.06 kgf/sq. cm) pose machines for fire-fighting, liquidat- After taking off with the help of an air and on water surfaces. In the vehicles ing the consequences of natural disas- cushion and gaining sufficient speed, designed for taking-off and landing on ters, rendering medical aid to people in the machine then flies like an aircraft. water, the skegs of the air cushion and remote regions and bringing specialists The air cushion uses a chamber-nozzle hull surface in the zone of the air cush- and cargoes to virtually inaccessible arrangement with rigid skegs. Air is ion are made from elastic materials. areas. (

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 3 AC014 AEROSPACE INDUSTRY

t the end of December 1993, Munich hosted the 5th RUSSIA IN THE FOREFRONT International Conference on Aerospacecraft and Hypersonic Technology. Virtually all leading scientists and OF AEROSPACE specialists of the aerospace indus- TECHNOLOGY try from the $ Nikolay Novichkov $ United States, France, Germany, Japan,A Great Britain, and Russia The AYAKS concept can be used as a basis for the development of attended the conference to dis- next generation passenger, transport and special-purpose aero- cuss again some research results on the development of hyperson- space systems. ic planes. systems capable of flying at connected with hypersonic tech- Hopefully, by the turn of the hypersonic cruising speeds and nology. millennium, this research will entering a reference circumter- The specialists are gradually produce a technical base for the restrial orbit. Such problems reaching the conclusion that a development of hypersonic cruise include, inter alia, the provision new ideology is needed in aero- aircraft flying at altitudes of 40-45 of permanent access to outer space technology to effect a km at speeds 12-14 times above space. breakthrough to hypersonic the speed of sound, and aero- The Munich conference con- speeds. Such an ideology has spacecraft, which can take off sidered about one hundred and already been elaborated in from ordinary airfields, gain fifty papers. By way of a summa- Russia. However, it was not speed in the atmosphere and ry it can be stated that no break- debated at the Munich confer- then enter low circumterrestrial through to hypersonic speeds has ence. The subject was addressed orbits. Such machines need to materialized and no appreciable in St. Petersburg where, soon be developed now. progress has been made in this after the Munich conference, the Existing aerospace technolo- direction. Currently many coun- Scientific-Technological Council gy cannot cope with the prob- tries have either suspended or of the State Committee of the lems, which can be solved by are seriously revising projects Russian Federation for Defense “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 1 AC014 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

Active thermal pro- Directional energy tection systems Systems controlling aero- transfer systems dynamic characteristics in gas and plasma medium

Magnetoplasmochemical engine

Industries (Goskomoborona) held rating of the power plant. Nothing hypersonic speeds in the atmos- its representative meeting at the of the kind has ever been pro- phere, the hydrocarbon fuel LENINETS holding company. This posed in our country or abroad. undergoes thermochemical meeting discussed a unique In accordance with the AYAKS decomposition on the impact of national concept concerning the concept, the hypersonic aircraft high temperatures. This con- development of the aviation and is an open non-insulated sumes a large amount of energy aerospace systems AYAKS. The aerothermodynamic system. At all and cools the reactor. The ther- meeting was presided over by stages of the atmospheric flight, mochemical decomposition of the Viktor Glukhikh, Chairman of a part of the kinetic energy of the fuel releases free hydrogen, Goskomoborona. hypersonic air stream flowing which, when mixed with the same The AYAKS concept was for- over the aircraft is assimilated by fuel, forms a highly efficient fuel mulated by one of the enterprises the aircraft subsystems to for the aircraft.

of the LENINETS company - the increase the overall rating of the Some of the air stream flow- “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group 1. Research Organization of hypersonic aircraft upon conver- ing over the aircraft is fed to a

General view of hyper- Hypersonic Systems, headed by sion to chemical and electrical unique magnetoplasmochemical Vladimir Fraishtadt. It is based on energy. ram-jet engine with a supersonic sonic aircraft (AYAKS completely new principles of The AYAKS consists of two burning rate. The engine contains Concept) energy interaction between hulls placed inside the other. a magnetogasdynamic (MGD) 2. hypersonic aircraft and the sur- Aviation kerosene or a more generator and accelerator. The rounding medium. A fundamental promising fuel - liquefied former sets up a powerful mag- Energy Diagram of solution has been found for cool- methane is fed to a special cat- netic field, which brakes the Hypersonic Aircraft ing the airframe. The generated alyzer which separates the hulls. mainstream. The braked and (AYAKS Concept) heat is used to boost the power When the aircraft is flying at preionized stream is directed to

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 2 AC014 AEROSPACE INDUSTRY

Multi-Purpose Hypersonic Aircraft (meteorological and astrophysical observations, geologic prospecting, ecological monitoring, restoration of the Earth's ozone layer, assignments of the Defense Ministry) Take-off weight, t 200 Payload, t 10 Weight of hypersonic aircraft, t 85 Propellant weight, t 105 Planform area, m 571 Maximum flying speed (M = 12), m/s 4,000 Maximum lift/drag ratio with Mі 6 5 Static ceiling, km 36 Maximum flying range, km 10,000 Rating of on-board power source, MW 100 Type, number of modules and thrust of combined power plant, tf: gas-turbine booster engine 4 x 25 magnetoplasmochemical engine 6 x 14 Original fuel kerosene + water Propellant hydrogen-containing hydrocarbon mixture

Hypersonic Transport Aircraft (high-speed carriage of passengers and cargoes)

Take-off weight, t 390 Payload, t 10 Weight of hypersonic aircraft, t 130 Propellant weight, t 250 Planform area, m2 703 Maximum flying speed (M = 14), m/s 15,000 Maximum lift/drag ratio with M і 10 5 Static ceiling, km 36 Maximum flying range, km 12,000 Type, number of modules and thrust of combined power plant, tf: gas-turbine booster engine 4 x 40 magnetoplasmochemical engine 4 x 39 Original fuel kerosene + water Propellant hydrogen-containing hydrocarbon mixture

Hypersonic Booster Aircraft

Take-off weight, t 267 Weight of the second stage, t 23 Payload injected into orbit, t (orbit height - up to 250 km, inclina- tion - any) up to 6.3 Weight of hypersonic aircraft, t 113 Propellant weight, t 132 Planform area, m2 520 Speed imparted to the second stage (M = 12), m/s 4,000 Maximum lift/drag ratio with M і 10 5 Type, number of modules and thrust of combined power plant, tf: gas-turbine booster engine 4 x 45 magnetoplasmochemical engine 4 x 25 Original fuel kerosene + water Propellant hydrogen-containing hydrocarbon mixture

Aerospace Aircraft

Take-off weight, t 364 Payload injected into orbit, t (orbit height - up to 250 km, inclina- tion - any) 3 Weight of hypersonic aircraft, t 70 Propellant weight, t 291 Weight of external fuel tanks, t 37 Planform area, m2 520 Maximum flying speed (M=25) at an altitude of 100 km, m/s 7,500 Type, number of modules and thrust of combined power plant, tf: gas-turbine booster engine 4 x 45 magnetoplasmochemical engine 4 x 25 liquid-rocket engine 4 x 20 Original fuel kerosene + water Propellant hydrogen-containing hydrocarbon mixture “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group the combustion chamber, which mainstream in a wide spectrum of main applications do not run accepts hydrogen-enriched fuel energy types, allowing the 100- counter to modern science data. (kerosene or methane). The out- MW on-board power system to be However, the suggested program flowing combustion products go used for various purposes. for the development of promising to a nozzle, are additionally The AYAKS concept can be hypersonic flying machines can- accelerated by the MGD acceler- used as a basis for the develop- not be realized by one enterprise ators, expand and escape out- ment of next generation passen- alone or together with other side. Consequently, the machine ger, transport and special-pur- enterprises. It has to be carried flying in the atmosphere can con- pose aerospace systems. out by the entire aerospace com- vert the kinetic energy of the The AYAKS concept and its plex. Even now hundreds of

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 3 AC014 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

LEGEND

Accessibility zone of Neva- 23 and Neva-24 aircraft L=10,000-19,000 km

Accessibility zone of Neva- 25 and Neva-26 aircraft L=4,800-11,000 km

Flight zone of subsonic and supersonic aircraft

enterprises cooperate with LENINETS on the AYAKS program. This project plays a special importance for Russia's national economy, as the scientific and technological results obtained Maintenance of Investigation of communication with ionosphere and during its implementation can be satellites upper atmosphere used in various other fields. Naturally the AYAKS concept has both advocates and oppo- nents. Its uniqueness evokes a Ecological monitor- critical and cautious attitude from ing and diagnostics some leading institutes. However, of atmosphere 3-6. the project is based on basic Seismic monitoring Tentative performance charac- research findings, which confirmed theoretically and experi- teristics of hypersonic aircraft mentally the main ideas of the based on AYAKS concept concept. Consequently, we must “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group 7. take the next step, i.e. launch Prospecting of ore Accessibility zones and flying wide-scale tests of components and assemblies of the projected and oil and gas time of AYAKS hypersonic air- deposits hypersonic aircraft, using non- craft recoverable carrier rockets. Only 8. tests in suborbital range corridors orated in Russia. This was decid- Glukhikh, the full-scale tests will can provide an answer to the ed by the Scientific- reveal a wide range of problems Use of systems for directional practicability of the unique con- Technological Council of which will, as any complex pro- energy transfer for peaceful pur- cept of a hypersonic aircraft elab- Goskomoborona. According to V. ject, have to be handled by the poses

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 4 AC014 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД entire aerospace complex of the rate and on a magnetoplasmo- creating a test rocket complex country on the basis of coopera- chemical engine; with jettisonable test modules; tion. assessing the energy balance conducting research to deter- The scientific and technologi- of a magnetoplasmochemical mine the main performance char- cal studies carried out under the engine and the balance of the acteristics of the hypersonic air- AYAKS program in St. Petersburg chemical regeneration system; craft. and at other enterprises involved analyzing the magnetoplas- Implementation of the AYAKS in the project have revealed that mochemical braking processes in project will allow Russia to efforts must be concentrated on: the power plant; advance to the forefront in explo- developing active thermal pro- developing on-board naviga- ration of the upper atmosphere tection systems and a power plant tional aids, a control system and a and near space and implementa- based on a modified ram-jet system for directional energy tion of major national economic engine with a supersonic burning transfer; programs. ( “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 5 AC015 FROM DESIGN BUREAUS

ussia's military developers focus much attention on the perfection of tube artillery alongside the development of anti-tank (AT) rocket and missile systems. They believe that this type of armament is the most effective means of the struggle against tanks in various typesR of combat. At present, the perfection of tactical and technical characteristics of AT guns is carried out by increasing their armor penetration capacity with bigger caliber and higher muzzle velocity. Late in the 1980s the V.F. Petrov Design Bureau from the town of Ekaterinburg (now "SPRUT" "Spetstechnika" company) came up with an effective, reliable and relatively cheap 125 mm anti- TANK-KILLER tank smoothbore gun empowered $ Sergey Medvedev, Yuri Stepanov $ by a standby unit during self-propelling on the battlefield. It was Late in the 1980s the V.F. Petrov Design Bureau from the town of nicknamed "SPRUT-B" (in Ekaterinburg (now "Spetstechnika" company) came up with an Russian, Octopus). This AT gun is effective in effective, reliable and relatively cheap 125 mm anti-tank smooth- destroying both mobile and sta- bore gun empowered by a stand-by unit during self-propelling on tionary ground armor targets from direct and indirect laying the battlefield. It was nicknamed "SPRUT-B" (in Russian, positions. The gun can be fired in Octopus). all-round traverse. The high muz- Bearing this feature in mind 8 rounds/min) is reliably ensured zle velocity of its 125 mm projec- we can tell this 125 mm smooth- by the availability of automatic tiles, which allow higher armor bore anti-tank gun from other systems and convenient elevating penetration capability, is the anti-tank artillery systems with and traversing handwheels. salient feature of the "SPRUT-B" rifled barrels. Owing to the availability of special 1. “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group design. The high rate of aimed fire (6- mechanisms these handwheels "Sprut-B" at firing

position

"Sprut-B" secured

for travel

Laying the "Sprut-

B" on a target

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 1 AC015 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

case is ejected. There is a special tor, and pneumatic recuperator. mechanism for blowing through All these mechanisms are located the tube after firing to prevent a in the cradle's case above the backfire. A special thermo-pro- barrel. tective shield is attached to the The gun has the mechanical barrel to lessen harmful atmos- system to transfer it from combat pheric effects on fire accuracy. to traveling position and back. The AT gun "SPRUT-B" uses This system comprises a separate loading rounds intended hydraulic jack and hydraulic for the tank gun D-81. Special cylinders. equipment, type 9S53, is used to The jack lifts up the cradle fire guided rounds ZUBK-14, through the height to separate or which allow an accurate destruc- pull together the trails and then tion of targets at a distance of lowers it down. The hydraulic some four kilometers. cylinders lift the gun to the maxi- The "SPRUT-B" is rigged with mum ground clearance and raise various aiming sights to ensure and lower the wheels. "SPRUT-B" accurate fire. The optical direct is brought from combat to travel- fire sight OP4M-48A is used for ing position and back in two are easy to operate. This spares direct fire during the day. The ways. This can be done by a the gunner's time and labor over night vision sight 1PN53-1 is hydraulic motor driven by the extended periods, especially used for night firing. The iron power unit or by a manual pump. when firing at moving targets. sight 2Ts33 is used together with The gun could be placed in a The carriage with three split trails the panoramic sight PG-1M for combat position in 1,5 minutes provides for rapid and broad firing from indirect laying posi- and it takes two minutes to put it maneuvering by fire, owing to tions and is also used, if the opti- in traveling position. large angles of elevation (from -6 cal sight is out of order. The gun may be towed by to +25 deg.) and traverse (360 The gun's counterrecoil "Ural-4320" or by the multi-pur- deg.) The worm type mechanisms mechanism ensures reliable pose full-tracked tractor MT-LB. ensure the barrel's movement breaking and recuperation of In towed position the road clear- within these angles. moving parts to their initial posi- ance equals 360 mm. The maxi- The AT gun has a vertically tion, thereby considerably reduc- mum towing speed on highways arranged wedge breechblock with ing the effect of the fire on the is 80 km/h.

4. mechanical semi-automatic con- cradle. It comprises the hydraulic The gun features a power trol system. The safety mecha- recoil brake, spin-type recupera- unit, which ensures its swift self- "Sprut-B" gun on the car- nism is housed in the lower part BASIC CHARACTERISTICS riage with trails separated of the breechblock. It eliminates 5. firing with partially closed Range of direct fire at target 2 m high with breechblock. The breechblock is HVAP projectile, m over 2,000 "Sprut-B" gun. Rear view opened manually before the first Maximum range of fire with HE projectile, m 12,200 Maximum angle of elevation, deg 25 6. shot, and only then becomes Maximum angle of depression, deg 6 Self-propulsion of "Sprut- recoil-operated. The firing pin is Maximum angle of traverse, deg 360 “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group B" along the slope cocked up and a fired cartridge- Permissible number of rounds fired within one 100 hour, rounds no less than 0.5 Rate of elevation, deg/s no less than 2 Rate of traverse, deg/s Maximum negotiable gradient in moving uphill or downhill in self-propelled mode on dry and hard ground, deg 15 Overall length in towed position, mm 7,120 Overall height in towed position, mm 2,090 Firing height, mm 925 Tread, mm 2,200 Weight in towed position, kg 6,375

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 2 AC015 FROM DESIGN BUREAUS propulsion on the battlefield. This projectiles. The fuel endurance is firing the round and ignition of significantly increases the some 50 km. the engine, during self-propul- "SPRUT-B's" maneuverability in The suspension uses a torsion of the gun. Storage batteries combat. The power unit is devel- sion-type elastic element. Wheel are placed under the driver's oped on the basis of the engine tires have versatile tread. Each seat. MeMZ-967A with hydraulic drive. wheel is fitted with a brake drive "Sprut-B" is fitted with an The power unit is located on the of its own, which insures the armor shield to protect the crew right side of the gun housed in gun's better maneuverability and and gun's mechanisms from bul- special casing. The driver's seat cross-country capacity. The dou- lets, fragments of shells and pro- is arranged on the left side ble-action hydraulic telescopic jectiles. There is a slit on its left together with the gun's controls shock-absorbers are mounted on side for the panoramic sight. The for self-propulsion. The cardan two power-driven wheels, which gun is manned by a crew of shafts transmit the torque to the considerably increase the seven. transmission units. The maximum smoothness of the gun's move- The 125 mm AT gun "SPRUT- self-propelled speed along dry ment. B" is unique in terms of its per- earthen roads is equal to 10 Electrical equipment com- formance characteristics. It is km/h. In this case the gun can prises a complex of electrotech- simple in design, reliable in oper- carry the ammunition load of six nical devices providing lighting, ation, and easy to maintain. ( “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 3 AC016 FROM DESIGN BUREAUS ALL-TERRAIN ENGINEER RECONNAISSANCE VEHICLE $ Sergei Roschin $

It is a full-tracked armored amphibious vehicle, that this is the only reconnais- developed on the basis of units and assemblies of sance vehicle in the world. the BMP-2 infantry fighting vehicle. The on-board It is a full-trucked armored amphibious vehicle, developed stationary and portable instruments make it pos- on the basis of units and assem- sible to obtain data on water barriers (to deter- blies of the BMP-2 infantry fight- mine the width, depth, speed of the current, rela- ing vehicle. The on-board stationary and portable instruments tive firmness of the bottom, availability of naviga- make it possible to obtain data on tional obstacles, ice thickness), terrain passibili- water barriers (to determine the ty, explosion-hazardous objects on the bottom width, depth, speed of the current, relative firmness of the bot- and the fords, and conduct reconnaissance in tom, availability of navigational areas contaminated by chemical and radioactive obstacles, ice thickness), terrain passibility, explosion-hazardous agents. objects on the bottom and the ilitary specialists are aware of the importance of such a combat support element as engineer reconnaissance of the terrain. The successful accomplishment of com- great number of natural obsta- fords, and conduct reconnais-

bat missions cles. This may further complicate sance in areas contaminated by “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group depends to a great extent on the the terrain reconnaissance chemical and radioactive agents. completenessM and accuracy of its process. The ERV can be shipped by rail, results. The collation of requisite Naturally, to solve this prob- sea and any other transport. information on the terrain is a lem, one needs appropriate tech- The vehicle has an armor rather intricate process, as it pre- nical means. To attain these steel hull, protecting the crew supposes a complex approach ends, an engineer reconnais- from small arms fire. In terms of and is very dangerous in combat sance vehicle (ERV) was devel- the arrangement of mechanisms conditions. In addition, combat oped, which reconnoiters the ter- and equipment, it is divided into actions may be staged in the rain, routes and water barriers. three compartments (driver's, rough terrain, with no roads but a The specialists are unanimous fighting and engine) and four

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 1 AC016 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

The engineer reconnaissance vehicle. Front view

The engineer reconnaissance vehicle. Side view

Performing reconnaissance of a minefield

sections (bow, right-hand and movement and turn on the spot, automatic recorder and three left-hand sections containing fuel while rotating in different direc- hydroacoustic transducers. Two tanks, and stern section). The tions. of them are mounted in the bot- driver's and fighting compart- To carry out visual reconnais- tom of the front section of the ments are protected against sance and orientation on the ter- fighting compartment, and the nuclear attacks. rain, the vehicle mounts the fol- third, on the splash panel. The The engine compartment is lowing instruments: a PIR-451 echo sounder can also be used to arranged in the hull rear and periscope, AGI-1s gyro horizon, evaluate the relative firmness of communicates with the crew TNA-3 navigation equipment as the river bottom (by the character through a hatch in the vertical well as TNPO-160, TNP-370 and of recorded echo signals appear- wall, which separates these two TVN-2BM vision devices. ing on electrothermic paper). compartments. On top the engine One of the most complicated The vehicle is fitted with a

compartment is protected with an tasks, performed by the ERV RShM-2 river-type wide-span “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group upper panel, provided with two vehicle, concerns reconnaissance mine detector enabling it to per- maintenance hatches. To let the of water barriers. For this pur- form reconnaissance of mine- crew in and out, there are three pose, it is equipped with a recon- fields. The mine detector can hatches on the vehicle roof and naissance echo sounder, which detect mines, whose shells or an emergency hatch in the bot- allows an accurate determination fuze components are made of tom plate. of water barrier depth from 0.5 to ferromagnetic materials, at The vehicle can move on 20 m, the recording of the bottom depths of up to 0.3 m, when the water via two propellers arranged profile and the detection of vehicle moves at a speed of 3 to in its stern. These propellers obstacles hidden in the water. 5 km/h. enable its forward and backward The echo sounder comprises an The ECV crew can perform

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 2 AC016 FROM DESIGN BUREAUS

vehicle operates automatically. It consists of two cylinders with extinguishing compound and four fire sensors. On the outbreak of a terrain reconnaissance after protection system and smoke- fire the sensors become heated evacuation of the vehicle. To do generating system. and actuate the igniters of squibs this, the vehicle is equipped with The regenerator regenerates installed in the cylinders. special portable instruments: the air inside the crew compart- Simultaneously the fire-extin- RBM-2M and IMP-2 mine detec- ments when the vehicle negoti- guishing equipment shuts down 4. tors, a PIR engineer reconnais- ates contaminated areas. It the engine and turns off the Performing reconnaissance periscope, DSP-30 range restores the chemical composi- motor of the blower located in the sance of a water barrier finger, PAB-2M aiming circle, two tion of the air, using the special driver's compartment. R-147 radio sets, PR-1 pen- VPV-1 agent. One charge of the The bilge-pumping device 5. etrometer and an ice-axe with regenerator enables the crew to permits the vehicle to retain Equipping the ERV with ice-measuring stick. stay in the air-tight vehicle for up buoyancy, if it is holed when rocket engine contain- Some special devices of the to four hours. The regenerator is afloat. Its high efficiency is ers vehicle are intended to provide actuated via a switch, arranged ensured by a bilge pump with a normal working conditions for the on the distribution panel, or auto- capacity of 80 l/min and a pump 6,7. crew. They include a regenerator, matically, by a signal transmitted with a capacity of 1,000 l/min. Self-recovery of an ERV fire-extinguishing system, bilge- by the radiological and chemical The NBC protection system with the crew remaining pumping device, nuclear, bacte- reconnaissance unit. The fire- protects the crew and equipment riological and chemical (NBC) extinguishing equipment of the from the destructive effects of inside the vehicle “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 3 AC016 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

weapons of mass destruction. It TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VEHICLE includes a filtering-ventilating unit, sealing units, actuators and Weight, fully loaded, t 17.2 Maximum speed: monitoring instruments. The sys- -on highway, km/h 52 tem operates under the effect of -afloat, km/h 12 destructive factors of nuclear Engine power, hp 300 explosion. High quick response of Fuel endurance, km 500 the system is provided by sensors Unit soil pressure, kgf/cm2 0.69 and reliable actuators. Maximum trench crossing width, m 2.3 Maximum gradient, deg To set smoke screens, the 36 Vehicle obstacle ability, m 0.65 vehicle mounts a reusable smoke Dimensions, m: generating equipment. Diesel fuel -length 8.22 is used as a smoke agent, which -width 3.15 is injected through nozzles into -height 2.4 the flow of the engine's exhaust Total penetration radiation reduction ratio 2.78 Armament fumes. On coming into contact 7.62 PKT machine gun Operating range of communication with air, the gas mixture becomes means, km 20 condensed, forming artificial fog. Permissible water roughness, points 3 One important feature of the Reserve buoyancy, % 14 vehicle is its high self-sustainabil- Crew, men 6 ity. Its specific functions provide must rely on its own strengths, dimensions (70 x 800 mm), it for its long-term detachment possibly, under enemy fire. develops a tractive force of 312 from maintenance and repair Consequently, the vehicle should kg. It is also mass produced. facilities. To enable the crew to be equipped with such self- Experience in the operation of perform these operations inde- recovery means, which ensure the ERV vehicle has revealed its pendently, the vehicle is fitted quick recovery and rule out the high efficiency in the most com- with a wide range of spares and need for the crew to leave the plicated conditions. Able to oper- tools. vehicle. ate in almost all terrains and As the vehicle operates as a Therefore, the vehicle is fitted equipped with the most advanced rule on difficult terrain and water with additional 9M39 solid-pro- engineer reconnaissance equip- and is often forced to enter pellant rocket engines. This ment, this vehicle is most suited swampy or steep shores, it may engine is selected: owing to the to perform the complex recon- get stuck. In such cases the crew low weight (6.3 kg) and small naissance of the terrain. ( “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 4 of itssubsidiaries,organizations, andagencies, has putinalotofeffort intoexpandingthenetwork business day. which willenableittoeffectsettlements withinone the bankwillbeconnectedtoaclearing center, by issuingdebitcardstoitsclients.InMarch 1994, bank undertakestocarryoutnon-cash settlements, software. Tospeedupbankingtransactions,the system, basedonstate-of-the-artcomputersand completion onthedevelopmentofanewinter-bank introduced a"bank-client"system.Workisnearing nical improvementsofthebankingtransactionsand try. between enterprises,primarilyintheaircraftindus- one year,whichhasacceleratedsettlements bank bills,withacirculationtermofsevendaysto of itsclients,thebankhasissued1,000,000-rouble the bank'sshareholders.Inresponsetowishes doing itsbesttopreservetheexistingstructureof an additional5billionroublesworthofshares,while is steadilyrising.In1994,AVIABANKplanstoissue share's marketvalueexceedsitsnominaland shares attheseexchangeshaverevealedthatthe Stock Exchange.Transactionsinvolvingthebank's International StockExchangeandMoscowCentral has passedthelistingprocedureatMoscow holders areaviationenterprises.Thebank'sstock roubles; asinthepast,mostofbank'sshare- statutory capitalofthebankamountsto4.8billion million, and3.5billionroubles,respectively.The bank shareissues,amountingto300million,900 Joint StockBankAVIABANK Chairman oftheBoardCommercial MIKHAIL FRANTSKEVICH AC017 MILITARY PARADE I To ensureitssteadydevelopment,AVIABANK In 1993,thebankconsistentlyworkedontech- The pastyearwitnessedtheemission,three to over10billionroubles. increase) andbalanceprofitrose25times totalled 2.8trillionroubles(athirteenfold bles. Workingcapitalonthebalancesheet stock capitalincreasedto9.8billionrou- roubles byJanuary1,1994,whilethejoint bank's assetsrose6.6timesto172billion consolidation ofitsfinancialposition.The further developmentofAVIABANKanda country's economythepastyearwitnessed offered totheclients. dures, toextendtherangeofservices priorities, andchangetheoperatingproce- changing conditions,promptlycorrectits each bankhadtoadaptconstantly foundly affectedbankingdevelopment: deepening economiccrisis,whichpro- n 1993commercialbanksfunctionedina Despite theworseningcrisisin 1994 grams topromotethedevelopment ofcivilaviation industry tosupport293conversion programs,including79pro- ed loansto197enterprises andorganizationsoftheaircraft gram intheaircraftindustry. In1993,itprovidedpurpose-orient- AVIABANK paysconsiderable attentiontothestateconversionpro- the RussianFederationfailedtoprovideontime Kharkov, andothercities. Tashkent APO,ataircraftfactoriesinSaratov, Voronezh AviationProductionAssociation(APO),the production potential. helped theaircraftindustrypreserveanddevelopits ments inthepastyear.CreditsfromAVIABANK (80% ofloans),accountingforover360creditagree- AVIABANK wereenterprisesoftheaircraftindustry shareholders. Asbefore,thelargestborrowersfrom ago. 101 billionroublesor5.2timesgreaterthanayear credits issuedbythebankJanuary1,1994was operations ofthebankgrewsteadily.Thevolume bank's activitywaslending.During1993thelending debentures issuedbytop-classbanks. cy andoperationsontheinternationalmarketof reserves asfiduciaryoperationswithforeigncurren- international banks.Thebankintendstotapsuch investors, andextendcorrespondentrelationswith links withinternationalinvestmentinstitutionsand currency transactions,includingfutures,establish tions inforeigncurrencywasrising. exchange. Thevolumeofdepositandcredittransac- and tookpartin83%oftheauctionsheldby bank joinedMoscowInter-BankCurrencyExchange to effectivelyutilizethissystemin1994.In1993the admitted totheSWIFTinternationalsystemandplans (Paris), andotherforeignbanks.AVIABANKhasbeen the MoscowNarodnyBank(London),Eurobank Trade Bank(Cyprus),MoscowInternationalBank, BANK (Germany),CITIBANK(USA),theForeign lished withtheCentralBankofAustria,DEUTSCHE tions. Lastyearcorrespondentrelationswereestab- Licence andwideneditssphereofcurrencytransac- 1993, thebankwasgrantedaGeneralCurrency attract hard-currencyfunds.Inthethirdquarterof invigorating theiractivitiestoattractnewclients. IN CONVERSIONPROGRAMS PARTICIPATION RESULTS, OBJECTIVES, AVIABANK IN1993: Over thepastyear,whenFinanceMinistryof The bankfinancedaircraftproductionatthe More than90%ofthecreditswenttobank's As inthepast,1993,principallineof In 1994,AVIABANKplanstoincreaseitsforeign- In 1993,AVIABANKsteppedupitsactivityto OVRINPROGRAMS CONVERSION MAY C JUNE sports, andsocialfunds. sums weredonatedtosupporteducation,culture, doing agreatdealofcharitywork.In1993,large on thestockandinvestmentmarkets,bankis tech industries. the aerospacecomplexandotherdefensehigh attract clientsandshareholdersfromenterprisesof financing. Thiswillenablethebanktokeepand investment projectsandthepromotionofproject the expansionofmedium-andlong-termcreditsfor to pursuearationalinvestmentpolicy,focusedon state budget. agro-industrial complex,usingallocationsfromthe projects ofthefuelandenergycomplex be usefullyemployedtopooleffortsrealizethe programs. and equipmentfortheoilgasindustry,other equipment; complexes; and foodindustries,agro-industrialforestry motocultivators, etc.); (mini-tractors, refrigerators,kitchenmachines, and soon); 38; enginesIK-93,TV7-117,PS-90A,AM,D-436, 200, Be-200,IL-96M;helicoptersMi-34,Mi-26T,Mi- civil aviation(airplanesTu-204M,Tu-334,Tu-204- to support203conversionprograms,including: enterprises andorganizationsoftheaircraftindustry 1993, itprovidedpurpose-orientedloansto107 state conversionprogramintheaircraftindustry.In borrowers. credits toproducersofconsumergoodsandother conversion programs.Inaddition,thebankextended BANK useditsownresourcestocreditsomeofthe funds tosupporttheconversionprograms,AVIA- As wellasanactivecreditpolicyandoperation In thefieldofassetmanagement,bankaims The experienceofusingconversioncreditsmay 9 programstodevelopandproducemachinery 15 programstodesignandproducemedical 20 programstoproduceequipmentforthelight 59 programstoproduceconsumerdurables 79 programstopromotethedevelopmentof AVIABANK paysconsiderableattentiontothe ( 1

“Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. • AVA Multimedia Publishing Group AC018 CONVERSION PROGRAMS

revious Presidents of the French Republic, who used to attend aircraft exhibitions in Be-200, ALBATROSS' Paris, had never boarded foreign military airplane. YOUNGER BROTHER This tradition was $ Alexander Mozgovoy $ broken by Francois Mitterand At present, there are finished designs of the several versions of in 1991, when the the Be-200: fire-fighting, passenger, cargo and ambulance. The A-40 or "Albatross", an aircraft can be rapidly re-equipped into the required configura- amphibian aircraft produced by tion. theP G. Beriev Taganrog Aviation Scientific Technical Complex (TANTK), was displayed at the Le Bourget exhibition and became a big 'hit' there. The host of the Elysee Palace could not resist the temptation to look inside the cabin and saloon of the flying boat. The world press nicknamed the A-40 "the first beauty of the ball". The amphibian aircraft: We made the capable of carrying up to 12 tons "beauty" also proved to be an out- "Albatross" to suit the needs of the of extinguishing liquid taken from standing "sportswoman", setting Ministry of Defense. It was built to a water reservoir located 10 to 20 126 aviation records in her class. meet military requirements and km away from the place of confla- The fame of the "Albatross" had was designed above all to accom- gration. barely subsided, when the TANTK plish anti-submarine, patrol and The experience, accrued from produced a new machine, the Be- search-and-rescue missions. the fire-fighting configuration of 200. What led to its production ? Naturally, some versions of the the aircraft, Be-12P, created by Gennady Panatov, the General machine may be used for purely TANTK from the naval amphibian Designer and President of TANTK peaceful purposes, but mainly in plane, Be-12, confirmed this con- had this to say: "The A-40 is the the seas and oceans. The Be-200 clusion. The Be-12P aircraft suc- 1. basic model of the military is the offspring of the conversion cessfully fought forest fires in The A-40 "Albatross" process. Although it resembles in Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk GENNADY PANATOV amphibian aircraft. It Designer General and President, design the A-40, it is far more ver- Region and in the Crimea. G. Beriev Taganrog Aviation satile and, if you like a better, However, the Be-12 amphibians was used as a basis for Scientific-Technical Complex more flexible aircraft". have been in service for about 30 the new general-pur- Every year forest fires devour years now. The aircraft are rather pose Be-200 machine nearly 70 million cubic meters of obsolete physically and morally,

Russia's forests, equivalent to and can carry a limited amount of 2. “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group over 20% of commercial wood the extinguishing liquid. Instrument board of

output. Damage is estimated at "The larger the aircraft, the ARIA-200 integrated tens of billions of roubles. As far greater the amount of extinguish- avionics complex back as the late 1980s, forestry ing liquid it can carry. At the same specialists researched the matter time, it should boast a larger water 3-5. and concluded that forest fires reservoir for take-off and landing", Assembly of Be-200 would best be combatted by explains Leonid Fortinov, the machines in the shops amphibian aircraft, with a perma- TANTK's deputy head for scientific nent base on airfields about 500 matters. "Our investigations have of the Irkutsk Aviation km distant from the fire bed, revealed that the A-40 could be Production Association

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 1 AC018 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

are provided with draining tubes, which ensure a rise or fall in pressure when the water is taken in or dropped. The Be-200 demonstrates top 2 efficiency when delivering the extinguishing liquid to the fire % of internal water reser- area in the following conditions: operated from 10 to voirs. It suffices to say 110 tons of water per hour when 20 % (depending on that the area measuring the distance to the water reservoir local conditions) of 1,500 x 2,000 km and is 10 km; 60 tons per hour for a Russia's internal water extending from Ufa to distance of 30 km, and 40 tons per reservoirs. To put it Tomsk has only 24 airfields hour if the distance is 50 km. Until another way, the and 460 water reservoirs now the world has not enjoyed "Albatross" hardly dif- capable of "receiving" a such effective means to fight for- fers from land-operated fire-fight- respective class amphibian air- est fires. ing aircraft, as its employment craft. The concept of the Be-200 The Be-200 amphibian aircraft "arm" practically coincides with was based on these calculations". is a high-set-wing monoplane with the range of ordinary airfield- The Be-200 (Chief Designer - a T-shaped tail unit. To guarantee based craft. Our analysis yielded Alexander Yavkin) is not merely its buoyancy, the boat is divided the following result: if the dimen- diminished replica of the by waterproof partitions into iso- sions of the "Albatross" were "Albatross". Naturally, both air- lated compartments. The boat is brought to 0.7, the new amphibian craft share very similar aerody- the first in the world to be fully craft would weigh twice as little, namic and hydrodynamic charac- pressurized. Consequently, cargo and could be operated from 45-50 teristics and layout. This factor can be carried at a cruising height reduced significantly the scope of 8,000 m. The water tanks are and time of research and testing. arranged under the cabin's floor, But on the whole the Be-200 is thereby leaving enough room for quite a novel amphibian aircraft. the accommodation of 64 passen- Initially, it was designed in full gers or cargo, including seven compliance with the FAR 25 inter- ABK-1.5 containers. The aircraft national regulations. has an entrance door (900 x 1,700 At present, there are finished mm) and cargo hatch door (1,760 designs of the several versions .of x 1,700 mm) in the nose portion of the Be-200: fire-fighting, passen- the boat, and two emergency ger, cargo and ambulance. The hatch doors (700 x 1,700 mm) in aircraft can be rapidly re- the tail portion. The tail portion equipped into the required config- also accommodates amenity uration. rooms: a buffet, baggage com- The fire-fighting plane can partment, wardrobe and water carry, when planing, up to 12 tons closet. of water and drop, after one To enhance its reliability and

fuelling, nearly 360 tons of water effectiveness, the airframe is con- “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group on a fire bed. The aircraft is structed with aluminium alloys equipped with four pairs of water possessing high anti-corrosion tanks (located in the middle of the resistance properties. Some aircraft). Each pair has a capacity structural components are fabri- of 3 m3. Two water intakes are cated from aluminum-lithium located in the aft of the boat's alloys. The heavy-duty parts use planing step (the name the various grades of steel and titani- builders gave to the fuselage). The um alloys. Composite materials water intakes are connected by are used most extensively to build pipelines to the tanks. The tanks the operating controls and high-

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 2 AC018 CONVERSION PROGRAMS

Various configurations of the Be-200 aircraft

6. A three-view drawing of Be-200 aircraft retracted into the fairings, which navigation system for the Be-200. are also used to accommodate the The bidders included the Be-200 amphibian air-

units and assemblies of the air- Israeli firm "Elbit", the French craft (mockup) craft systems. company "Sextant Avionique" and The Be-200 also boasts a the American corporation unique integrated flight-and-navi- "AlliedSignal", more specifically, gation system. First of all it should its subsidiary "Bendix-King". The be pointed out that the Be-200 is offers of the firms were carefully the offspring of extensive interna- studied in Taganrog for one and a tional cooperation. TANTK and the half years. Finally "Bendix-King" Swiss firm "Ilta trade finance S.A." was selected. The integrated set up a joint venture, "Beta Air", flight-navigation and radio com- which finances the project and munications system offered by sells the end product. The Italian this firm is not only up-to-date. It company, "Alenia" will certify the is also believed to meet the aircraft in the West, in accordance requirements of the 21st century. with FAR 25 requirements. The A similar system is now being British company, "AIM", will be developed in the USA for the lift devices as well as the nose and responsible for the interior deco- promising liner "Boeing-777". It tail sections of the wing and tail ration of the boat. However, the will use liquid-crystal indicators unit, engine nacelles, control brightest page in an as yet thin capable of withstanding additional rods, floors, fairings, water tanks, record of cooperation of Russian overloads during landings and interior decoration, etc. defense specialists with their take-offs from water. The "Progress" design bureau western partners has been written A joint venture, "ARIA" located in the city of Zaporozhye by the participants in the tender to (American-Russian Integrated (in the Ukraine) has developed, create an integrated flight-and- Avionics), set up by "AlliedSignal" specially for the Be-200, a PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF Be-200 "marine" version of the D-436TP turbofan engine with a thrust of Take-off weight, t 36-42 Engine type D-436TP 7,500 kg. The engine uses materi- Take-off thrust, kg 2 x 7,500 “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group als, which are highly resistant to Cruising speed, km/h 610 - 700 corrosion. The export versions of Maximum payload, t 8 the aircraft may employ American Range with 7-t payload, km 1,100 "Allison" turbofan engines. Maximum flight range, km 4,000 The Be-200 carries two Take-off distance (land/water), m 900/1,000 Landing distance (land/water), m 1,050/1,100 engines attached to the pylons of Seaworthiness (maximum wave height), m 1.2 the landing gear fairings above the Crew 2 wings. This prevents water from Passenger configuration entering the engine, when the air- Range with 64 passengers, km 3,100 craft is taking off or landing. The Cargo configuration main landing gear struts are Range with 6-t payload, km 3,000

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 3 AC018 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

A scheme showing the use of Be-200 as a fire-fighting plane required to continue the flight, ger cabin of this version will have after the failure of the electronic 64 seats pitched at 750 mm. The indication system. A centrally ambulance version of the aircraft positioned screen displays the will have folding seats and stretch- operational parameters of the ers for 40 patients instead of the engines and airborne systems. nose baggage compartment and The structure of the data repre- normal seats. In addition, the sentation system is based on the compartment will also accommo- "dark cabin" principle, whereby no date seats for the attending per- indications are required, as long sonnel and a medical rack. as the airborne systems are func- Gennady Panatov claims: "We and the Moscow Research tioning normally. The other opera- made the Be-200 as a conversion Institute of Aircraft Equipment, will tional equipment elements are aircraft, so we did not want to sew develop the integrated system arranged near the pilot seats in on shoulder-straps. Nevertheless, ARIA-200. The system will be accordance with the distribution of some people abroad are already installed on the first aircraft to be their functional responsibilities. interested in its "muscles". assembled by the Irkutsk aircraft The digital integrated flight- Australia and New Zealand are production association. and-navigation system introduces considering the Be-200 as a patrol A dashboard placed before automation in the work of the crew or search-and-rescue aircraft." each of the two pilots will mount and guarantees safety during The TANTK researchers told colour multi-function electronic flight evolutions of the aircraft. me that the flexible concept of the vertical- and horizontal-situation The Be-200 amphibian should Be-200 would allow it to master a indicators. The vertical-situation be operated from airfields with lot of civilian and military "trades", indicator displays pitch and roll runways 1,800 m long and internal such as ecological patrol, recon- attitudes, rates of climb and water reservoirs and marine aqua- naissance of promising fisheries, descent, pressure altitude, critical toria with a depth of at least 2 m pilotage, early radar detection. angles of attack, overloads, deci- and waves not higher than 1.2 m. The amphibian can also accom- sion altitude, runway image and The flight tests of the first fire- plish anti-submarine missions and other information. The horizontal- fighting version of the Be-200 air- serve as an air mobility means. situation indicator provides the craft are planned for January The design bureau in Taganrog, navigational data, cartographic 1995, with production scheduled the world's only specialist in images, etc. to start in 1997. Its de-luxe pas- hydro-aviation, continues to per- The dashboard panels also senger configuration, boasting fect its amphibians and is now mount back-up electromechanical rectangular portholes, may also working on the development of a instruments, which supply the start to be mass produced at new family of models. ( basic flight-navigation information about the same time. The passen-

NEW AIRCRAFT PRODUCED BY TANTK

Aircraft A-40 Be-42 Be-200 Be-103 Be-102 Be-112 Type Amphibian Amphibian Amphibian Amphibian Amphibian Amphibian Main purpose Basic Search-and- Fire-fighting Passenger Fire-fighting Passenger rescue Cargo, mail, Passenger, Cargo, mail,

Configurations Passenger, Passenger, fishery recon- rescue, patrol, fire- “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group cargo, mail, cargo, mail, naissance, patrol, eco- fighting, eco- patrol, eco- medical aid, medical aid, logical, etc. logical, etc. logical, ships patrol, eco- patrol crew replace- logical, etc. ment, etc. Take-off weight, t 86 86 36 1.76 21 9.5 Maximum cruising speed, km/h 800 800 700 260 510 370 Load lifting capacity: - passengers 105 54 68 5 44 18-22 - water, t - - up to 12 - up to 8 up to 4.5 Crew 6 9-10 2 1 2 2 To be mass produced, year 1995 1997 1996 1995 1999 2000

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 4 AC019 CONVERSION PROGRAMS

he reductions in marine strategic armaments and CONVERSION OF NUCLEAR removal of some missile-carrying nuclear-powered submarines (MN- SUBMARINE subs) from the Russian navy provided an opportunity to commandeer INTO RESEARCH SHIP some nuclear sub- $ E. Gorigledzhan $ marines in the Chief Designer, Central Design Bureau of Marine Equipment RUBIN interests of science and the nationalT economy. One of the best ways of using disarmed MN-subs involves their Specialists from the Central transformation into research nuclear submarines (RN-subs) to Design Bureau of Marine Equipment RUBIN believe that conduct scientific and applied research and exploration in the one of the best ways of using dis- Arctic Basin. armed MN-subs involves their transformation into research This idea captured the fancy of submarine builders, oceanologists nuclear submarines (RN-subs) to and marine geologists. conduct scientific and applied Special importance is now award- Russian and world public over the research and exploration in the ed to research into radioactive existence of the nuclear test site

Arctic Basin. This idea captured contamination and its impact on in this area and the extensive use “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group the fancy of submarine builders, ecological systems. Without mon- of accident-prone nuclear-pow- oceanologists and marine geolo- itoring the radiation and radio- ered vessels. Radiation and gists. chemical situation in the Arctic radiochemical mapping, which The development of civiliza- basin, in particular, the regions involves various hydrophysical, tion depends to a large extent on adjacent to the Novaya Zemlya hydrochemical, biological and the utilization of biological archipelago, it is impossible to other studies, will make it possi- resources of the Polar seas. study the propagation of radionu- ble to assess the distribution of However, these resources cannot clides in water and in bottom sed- background and anomalous be exploited rationally without iments. Such studies are necessi- areas, obtain reliable data about precise scientific information. tated by the concern felt by the the introduction of radioactive

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 1 AC019 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

contaminants into the Arctic Secondly, according to their electronic equipment and ship- Ocean and about their migration performance characteristics, board systems of the MN-sub to the basin. these MN-subs are best suited provided the means to solve most Clearly, the traditional techni- for Arctic service, particularly for problems in research on marine cal facilities for the Arctic explo- sailing under ice, as they are geology, geography, hydrology, ration, such as manned and equipped with a reliable two-shaft hydrochemistry and biology, unmanned drifting stations, sur- propulsion plant, an all-altitude ecology and climatology or could face ships and nuclear-powered high-precision navigation system, be adapted for these purposes icebreakers, planes and heli- up-to-date sonar and radio com- without any difficulty. copters, spacecraft and space munication equipment, observa- The converted MN-sub can probes, are inadequate for full- tion facilities, apparatus to mea- easily be equipped with systems scale and systematic exploration sure ice thickness and detect and devices for sampling sea to be carried out in all regions of water clearings. Their strength water, a dynamic positioning sys- the Arctic basin, in any season of characteristics provide for surfac- tem for depth and course stabi- the year and in all weather condi- ing in ice, whose thickness has lization, and devices to enable tions, and to reliably monitor the been computed. the RN-sub to settle on the sea water medium and bottom of the Thirdly, these MN-subs boast bottom. The RN-sub can carry Arctic seas. Diesel-driven sub- the best potential in terms of cable-controlled unmanned submarines and submersible vehicles space to install research equip- mersible vehicles (robots), buoys are not suitable for these purpos- ment and accommodate the and responder beacons, to be es either because of their low members of an expedition. launched from torpedo tubes. submerged endurance and insuf- After the removal of the mis- A more difficult technical ficient power reserves. The whole sile system under Version 5B of problem concerns the design of gamut of problems in the inte- the procedure for liquidating the long towed seismic logger to grated exploration of the Arctic missile launchers of missile-car- carry out geological prospecting basin can only be tackled with rying submarines, appended to in its submerged state. However, nuclear submarines, which have a the SALT Treaty between the experience accrued from devel- powerful and reliable power USSR and the USA (without elim- oping and operating extended plant, virtually unlimited sub- inating the missile compart- flexible towed antennas for our merged endurance, large sub- ments), two missile compart- N-subs gives us reason to believe mersion depth, all-latitude inertial ments will be vacated on these that this problem can be and satellite navigational aids, MN-subs, covering a total volume resolved. The R & A work carried sophisticated radio communica- of 2000 m3 and an area of about out by RUBIN (Fig.1) indicates tion and sonar equipment, and 600 m2. This will make it possible that it is in principle possible to which, whenever necessary, can to install virtually any research design drilling equipment to take surface in the presence of ice. equipment and accommodate samples from the bottom with the The most suitable submarines several dozen researchers with- RN-sub in submerged state. for conversion to RN-subs are out changing the dimensions and However, owing to the equip- missile-carrying nuclear sub- construction of the pressure hull ment's technical novelty, it has to marines of the Russian navy, to or the living conditions of the be subjected to extensive testbed be disarmed under the SALT crew. No multi-purpose N-subs and full-scale trials, which may agreement. Firstly, these MN- offer such benefits. delay work on retooling the N-

subs (such as DELTA-II and In 1992, RUBIN's specialists subs. “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group DELTA-III, according to NATO jointly considered with oceanolo- The designers of the RN-sub classification) were built in 1976- gists the main lines of applied believe that they must ensure 1982. By the time of their research to be carried out in the operating safety in the dangerous removal from combat service they Arctic with RN-subs. conditions of the Arctic seas. will be 18 to 20 years old. It is At the same time they carried Here they will concentrate on: technically feasible to extend out preliminary analysis to ascer- provision in the RN-sub of their service life to 30 years. tain the technical facilities technical facilities, which guaran- Therefore, they can be used as required to conduct research tee radiation safety, reliable com- RN-subs for 7-10 years after along these lines. The analysis munication with the sea shore, retooling. revealed that the standard radio- support ships, airplanes and heli-

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 2 submersible recoveryvehicles, er provisionoftheRN-subwith members oftheexpedition. escape chamberforthecrewand sub shouldbeequippedwithan important requirement,theRN- surfacing. Accordingtoanother establishing communicationor make artificialwaterclearingsfor some ofthetorpedoarmamentto plan toretainontheRN-sub rescue operations. on theRN-subsandcarryout mation aboutpossibleaccidents ble surfacingareas,obtaininfor RN-sub anddeterminethepossi along thesailingroutesof measures toconducticepatrols crew; tressed RN-subandrescueofits sion ofemergencyaidtothedis copters andthepotentialprovi AC019 MILITARY PARADE It isalsoadvisabletoconsid With theseaimsinmind,we organizational andtechnical - - - - - Average draft Maximum width Height byfairwaterroof Height bysuperstructuredeck Maximum length Normal displacement follows: mined byitsdesigners,areas istics oftheRN-sub,asdeter II. of theRN-subareshowninFig. poses. operations andexplorationpur vehicles canbeusedforrescue made ones,typeDSRV.These (such asproject1855)orUS- either manufacturedinRussia The mainphysicalcharacter The potentiallayoutversions 1994 CONVERSION approx. 10,500t approx. 11.7m approx. 13.5m approx. 8.5m. approx. 17.7m approx. 155m MAY C - - - JUNE to 4years). submarine veryquickly(within3 converted toanuclearresearch assured, eachMN-subcanbe resolved andreliablefundingis and technicalproblemsare revealed thatifallorganizational shipyard, Severodvinsk)have manufacturer (ZVEZDOCHKA consultations withthepotential zones. the surfacingofRN-subinicy ter canbeincreasedtofacilitate of thesuperstructureandfairwa length ofthecruise. researchers andtherequired equipment, thenumberof composition oftheresearch shall vary,dependingonthe the spacesandentiresubmarine retooling version.Thelayoutof tics dependontheselected The feasibilitystudiesand During retoolingthestrength Naturally, thesecharacteris PROGRAMS ( - - 3

“Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. • AVA Multimedia Publishing Group VARIANT OF CONVERSATION OF”DELTA-III”NUCLEAR SUBMARINE INTO RESEARCH SHIP AC019 MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД 4

“Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. • AVA Multimedia Publishing Group AC020 HISTORY FROM THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN WEAPONS $ Prepared by Vladimir Gazenko $

The First Russian Combat Submarine "Dolphin"

The first Russian submarine "Dolphin" entered service 90 years ago (by order of the Naval Ministry of June 5, 1904). On December 19, 1900, a commission headed by ship builder I. Bubnov was set up at the model testing basin to realize a submarine design. The main dimensions of the submarine, or "Destroyer No. 113" (based on surface displacement), as it was called in the documents of that time, were as follows: length, 19.6 m; maximum width, 3.59 m, mean draft, c. 3 m; surface displacement, 113 t; submerged displacement, c. 123 t. The riveted hull was round over the entire length and made of nickel steel. The strong and light hull skins were 8 mm and 4 mm thick, respectively. On the surface, the submarine was driven by a 300-hp gasoline engine, whereas underwater it was powered by a 120-hp electric motor. The armament comprised two external frame torpedo tubes designed by S. Dzhevetski. By order of July 9, 1901 construction of the hull was entrusted to the Baltic Plant. Submarine trials began in August 1903. On June 5, 1904 it was christened "Dolphin". On November 15, 1904 the submarine was dispatched by rail to Vladivostok. Immediately upon arrival, work was begun to assemble and debug various systems. Three months later the "Dolphin" left for sea trials, and seven days later sailed in search of enemy ships. ( Yak-3 Light Frontline Fighter Fifty years ago, in May 1944, the first batches of Yak-3 production-type fighters, designed by the A. Yakovlev design bureau, appeared in frontline air force units. The aircraft were equipped with VK-105PF-2 engines. In dogfights the Yak-3 displayed its overwhelming superiority over Luftwaffe aircraft, confirmed by a directive of the German Air Command: "Avoid engagements with the Yak-3". The Yak-3 boasts the following performance characteristics: flying weight - 2,660 kg, maximum speed - 650 km/h, rate of climb to 5,000 m - 4.1 min, time required to perform a 360° turn at an altitude of 1,000 m - 16 to 17s, climb during the chandelle - 1,250 to 1,300 m. The Yak-3 was frequently modified. Its armament and engines were changed. Eleven of the 18 modifications were mass produced. All in all, 4,848 aircraft were produced. ( High-Power Multiple Rocket System BM-31-12 Fifty years ago, on June 16, 1944 the Military Council of Guarde Mortar Troops forward- ed a directive to the chiefs of tactical groups of the fronts, which stated: "The Red Army has adopted M-31 UK projectiles and BM-31-12 truck-mounted rocket launchers. These launchers are assigned to a battalion, which is part of M-31 Guarde mortar brigades. The battalion comprises three batteries, equipped with 12 rocket launchers. A battalion salvo is formed by 144 projectiles with a caliber of 300 mm. The projectile weighs 91.5 kg. The maximum range of fire is 4,000 m, the minimum range of fire, 1,500 m. The battalion requires only 15 min for loading projectiles. Salvo fire is the main method of fire for destruction and suppression." Prior to the actual outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet Union had developed and tested BM-13 (Katyusha) multiple launch rocket systems, which had guide rails to launch “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group sixteen 132 mm caliber projectiles. When the war began, these multiple rocket systems were mass produced. At the end of 1942, new 300 mm M-31 high-explosive projectiles were created. They were produced immediately. The new projectile ensured an increase in the fire range to 4,325 m. It produced a strong high-explosive effect. The M-31 UK projectile (having a better consistency of fire) marked a major new step in updating rocket weaponry. It boasted a far narrower dissipation ellipse than the M-31. The fire consistency in salvo firing was 6.5 times as good as the previous model. In April 1944 the first BM-31-12 rocket launchers designed in a mere 12 days by the factory's special design bureau headed by V. Barmin, emerged from the "Kompressor" factory. This launcher was fitted with an absolutely new grid-type guide cluster system. The new system inherited the high mobility of the BM-13 vehicle and high fire power of the M-31 projectile. ( MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 1 AC021 FROM THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN WEAPONS RAILWAY ARTILLERY MOUNTS $ Sergey Roschin $ The railway artillery mounts in traveling position could freely move along most railway roads of the USSR. The trips of some artillery batteries from the town of Nikolaev via Leningrad to the Far East involved routine practice. The design speed of all railway artillery mounts was adopted within 45 km/h, however, the test speed of the TM-3-12 reached 60 km /h.

In combat position the TM-8 gun had a system of outriggers. When fired from the railway platform it boasted all-round traverse. The gun fired standard HE projectiles (weight 112.2 and 139.2 kg). The appearance of second generation Russian railway artillery mounts dates back to the 1930s. In January 1927 an engineer, A.G. Dukelsky of the Leningrad Metal Producing Plant (LMZ) suggested that 356/52 mm naval guns, taken from discarded heavy 1. he years 1855-1856 belligerent party could produce cruisers like the cruiser "Izmail", saw the first blue- super-heavy railway artillery sys- be put on the railway mounts. A 1917 version railway artillery prints of railway tems. To compensate, they In May 1931 an order was mount artillery mounts in mounted on railway platforms issued to produce four such Russia. However, dozens of foreign and home- mounts designated TM-1-14, the Ordnance made artillery systems including where 1 implied the number of Committee rejected field, naval and fortress guns. the mount, and 14 meant caliber

them and the pro- They were far from technical- in inches. Early in 1932, design- “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group jected development ly perfect. By 1941 only two such ers started developing the 305/40 of heavy railway systems survived, namely the 203 mm TM-2-12 railway artillery artillery systems in mm TM-8. mounts. The Marti plant No. 198 Russia was shelved These railway artillery mounts in the town of Nikolaev produced until 1917, blocked comprised 203/50 mm naval guns those artillery systems. In by the prevailing doctrine of light- (heavy cruisers like "Andrei October 1936 the technical pro- ning field war or blitzkrieg. Pervozvanni" were armed with jects of 305/52 mm TM-3-12 rail- TThe civil war gave a new such guns). The gun had a way artillery mounts were impetus to the development of screw-type breechblock. It was approved. They were also pro- railway artillery. Naturally, neither loaded with separate ammunition. duced at the Marti plant.

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 1 AC021 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

The mounts TM-1-14, TM-2- 12 and TM-3-12 were similar in design. The production of 305 mm barrels was ended in Russia in 1917 and only resumed late in the 1930s. Consequently 356 mm barrels available on the cruisers of the "Izmail" type were employed for the railway artillery mounts. These barrels were produced in England on Russia's orders in 1915-17. The TM-2-12 mounts used 305/40 mm guns (also produced in England and stowed as spare ones on the cruisers of the "Andrei Pervozvanni" type). The TM-3-12 mounts received guns literally lifted from the bottom of the sea, to put it more precisely, from the destroyer "Empress Maria" sunk in Sebastopol. All the barrels were tied up. The high ballistic properties of naval guns suffered at the same time a drawback, namely a short service life. Thus the 305/40 mm gun would only withstand 300 shots, while the 305/52 mm and 356/52 mm guns withstood 200 and 150 shots, respectively. On firing the given number of shots, these guns were dismounted and sent to the plant "Bolshevik" or "Barricades" for the replacement of inner tubes. Usually this operation took several months. The 356/52 mm, 305/52 mm sides. However, the system didn't with a built-in iron framework. 2. and 305/40 mm guns had hori- work for the larger caliber guns. The steel circular race was placed zontal screw-type breechblocks To ensure a larger traverse, the around this plate to receive the 203 mm mount and used separate ammunition. specially produced semi-circular rear rollers of the main beam. The T-8 One of the most difficult prob- rails or "moustaches" were used railway mount drove on this con-

3. “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group lems for the railway artillery to provide for change in the crete plate along the rails built in mounts was presented by tra- mount's traverse during its move- the concrete. Then the on-the- The TM-1-14 verse. For the medium caliber (up ment along these rails. It was not mount base (supporting cylinder) mount ready to to 203 mm) guns, this problem easy to fire at moving naval tar- was lowered and fastened by the was settled in a rather simple gets. Therefore, firing positions bolts to the iron framework of the fire way; that is, the artillery system were built on vital sites of the concrete basement. The under- 4. rotated at 360° on the central Baltic Sea coastline, with con- carriages were removed from pivot supported by the ball race crete basements for railway under the mount. It remained The TM-2-12 in of the lower part of the carriage. artillery mounts. supported only by the supporting traveling The very mount rested on outrig- This basement comprised a cylinder and two rear rollers. position gers, which slid out on both concrete plate 16x16x3 m in size Thus the railway artillery mount

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 2 AC021 FROM THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN WEAPONS

was transformed into a classic for rounds, three cars for electro- produced at the Marti plant in the coastal gun supported by a cen- station, one car for a battery post town of Nikolaev and the gun B- tral pivot. The concrete base- and one or two steam locomo- 1-P was produced at the plants ments were only built as part of a tives (driving engines), designat- "Bolshevik" and "Barricades". complex; that is, for an artillery ed "E". The prototype was tested in battery. Every complex com- The TM-1-180 mm railway December 1934 and the following prised two main and two alternate mount differed principally from three mounts in January - March railway roads, three concrete railway mounts of 305 and 356 1935. basements located in a chess mm. The rotating part of the TM- The ammunition load of the pattern 100 meters from each 1-180 with a 180 mm gun B-1-P TM-1-180 comprised AP, APDS, other and a concrete tower 28.6 was taken from the coastal shield HE and a time-fuzed projectile m high for a battery post. gun MO-1-180, after the incor- with mechanical fuze, VI-16. The railway artillery mounts in poration of some small modifica- All projectiles had a similar traveling position could freely tions. To be precise, the dimen- weight of 97.5 kg. The explosive move along most railway roads of sions and thickness of the armor charge for the AP projectiles the USSR. The trips of some shield were reduced (front - 38 weighed 1.8-1.9 kg, for APDS - artillery batteries from the town of mm, sides and roof - 20 mm). 6.9-7.0 kg, and for HE - about 8 Nikolaev via Leningrad to the Far The smaller caliber and increased kg. East involved routine practice. number of outriggers (up to As a rule, the railway artillery

5. The design speed of all railway eight) allowed all-round traverse mounts were intended to fight the 305 mm mount artillery mounts was adopted during firing from the rails. enemy navies. For example, three within 45 km/h, however, the test Practically it was an artillery 356 mm, three 305 mm and eight T-3-12 speed of the TM-1-14 reached 60 mount on a central pivot firing 180 mm railway guns, together

km/h. We mean here locomotion from the rails. with stationary coastal batteries “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group drive, but there were also small The first mounts were of 152-305 mm guns, blocked engines for self-propulsion at a equipped with guns, which had entrance into the Gulf of Finland. speed of 2-2,5 km/h for TM-2-12 shallow inner tubes rifling (1.35 However, Germany's high com- and TM-3-12. The batteries of mm). The following barrels had mand didn't even plan to use TM-1-14, TM-2-12 and TM-3-12 deeper rifling (3.6 mm). Each gun large surface warships in its war comprised three guns each and had ammunition of its own. By against Russia. So our batteries were similar in terms of the table the outbreak of the war there was stationed there remained idle in of organization. The battery also only one battery with shallow the war, owing to the lack of comprised three gun mounts, rifling (N 16). enemy naval targets. three cars projectiles, three cars The TM-1-180 mounts were But our batteries Nos 9 and

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 3 AC021 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

17 stationed on island Hanko suf- combat "on the front with ground could easily penetrate the 4.4 fered hard times when besieged forces", as these mounts were meter thick concrete plate, when by Finns at the outbreak of the designed to fire both from the the angle of hit was equal to 70 war. These batteries delivered rails and concrete basements, degrees. fire on Finnish positions and the similar to those used for TM-1-l4. In all, four types of projectiles town of Tammisaari. On The TG-1 was to be employed were developed for the 356 mm December 2, 1941 the Soviet only on the land front. gun: armor-piercing (AP); high army tried to demolish the batter- Several dozens manufactur- explosive (HE); as well as long- ies, as they evacuated Hanko. ing plants worked on the TP-1 range and "combined" projec- The 305 mm barrels were explod- and TG-1 mounts. The mechani- tiles. ed, counterrecoil mechanisms cal plant from the town of The AP and HE projectiles had demolished and undercarriages Novokramatorsk assembled the identical weight of 750 kg and sunk. Nevertheless, the Finns mounts. The plant No. 221 only differed in the weight of the managed to restore the 305 mm "Barricades" assembled the tip- explosive charge. The AP projec- battery. They lifted the sunk ping parts. The plant "Krasni tile was rated to penetrate armor under-carriages, restored the Profintern" assembled the railway plate 440 mm thick at a distance counterrecoil mechanism. The undercarriages and equilibrators. of 11 km and 230 mm thick at 30 Finns received similar barrels The inner tubes of barrels for km, respectively. The long-range from occupied France. It tran- both systems were changeable projectile was a conventional HE spired that in 1920 the "Whites", retreating after defeat in the civil war, sailed the battleship "Alexander III" to Bizerta. This battleship was armed with guns similar to those on the ship called the "Empress Maria". The Finns also restored the 180 mm battery, but failed to put it into action. On signing the Armistice in September 1944, Finland returned both railway batteries to the USSR. Early in 1945, they became part of the railway artillery brigade. Battery No. 9 when worn out. The double- was designated No. 294 and the stroke screw-type breechblocks No. 17 - No. 292. opened upwardly. The railway The recorded history of the mounts were designed similar to new generation of railway artillery the TM- 1-14. mounts starts with the Resolution The railway artillery mounts of the Council of the Peoples' TP-1 and TG-1 were supposed to Commissars dated May 5, 1936, be driven at a speed of 50 km/h which stipulated the development on all normal (1,524 mm) railway of artillery systems of high and roads of the USSR and be trans- “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group super-high firepower, including ferred on narrower European railway artillery mounts. gauge (1,435 mm). In February 1938 a tactical- To fire the 500 mm howitzer, technical assignment was issued two rounds of ammunition were to develop new railway artillery developed: a concrete-piercing mounts: the TP-1 with 356 mm projectile weighing 2,050 kg with gun and TG-1 with 500 mm how- 205 kg of explosive charge and a itzer. The TP-1 mounts were high-explosive weighing 1,450 kg intended to fight "the enemy bat- with 276 kg of explosive charge. tleships and monitors" and wage The concrete-piercing projectile

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 4 AC021 FROM THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN WEAPONS

duction fell behind schedule, as many plants could not cope with orders aimed at creating the "big fleet". By the breakout of the war, only one versatile mount and two tipping parts had been produced; that is, one for TG-1 and one for TP-1. The versatile mount was intended to test guns and differed from the combat one in its simplified design. The plant's tests of the TG-1 gun were carried out on the TP-1 mount at the plant in the town of Novokramatorsk, while range projectile, at a distance of the fire range tests were sched- 60 km. The "combined" projectile uled to be carried out in summer was called during the 20th and 1942 near Leningrad. Germany's 40th as the subcaliber projectile. invasion of June 22, 1941 The weight of the subcaliber pro- brought an end to the work on the jectile, together with the base, TP-1 and TG-1, which didn't equalled 234.4 kg, while the come into service at all. weight of the "active round" dia. After the war the USSR 230 mm equalled 126.8 kg. It has resumed its development of new a 120 km range of fire. powerful railway artillery mounts 6. projectile only with a reduced The production of 16 how- of 406, 305 and 180 mm caliber. The T-1-180 weight (495 kg). The convention- itzers and 14 guns on railway The artillery mount SM-36 al projectile was fired at a dis- mounts was planned for the end had a 406 mm gun, similar to mount with tance of 48.9 km, while the long- of 1942. Nevertheless, their pro- those on board the battleship outriggers extended ready DATA ON RUSSIAN RAILWAY ARTILLERY MOUNTS (1917-1953) to fire Mount Designation version 1917 TM-8 TM-1-14 TM-2-12 TM-3-12 TM-1-180 TP-1 TG-1 SM-36 SM-41 Caliber 254 203 356 305 305 180 356 500 406 305 7. Length of barrel, cal 45 50 52 40 52 57 54.4 27.7 51 62.2 Barrel weight, tons 22.5 14.4 83.3 44.25 50.7 17.3 - 85.1 136.7 101.6 The T-1-180 Elevation, deg +35° 0°to+35° -7° to +50° 0° to +50° -2° to +50° 0° to +50° -5° to -50° +5° to 70° +45° +45° Traverse: mount with out- on rails ±2° ±120° ±2.5° ±2.5° ±2.75° ±200° ±3° ±3° - - concrete basement - - 360° 360° 360° - 360° - - - riggers extend- Length of mount between shock-absorbers SM 20.5 22.0 38.8 32,5 33.9 20.0 33.9 33.9 - - ed. Top view Number of mount axles 8 8 18 16 16 8 16 16 - - Number of undercarriages 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 - - 8. Weight of mount with gun, tons 100 412 280 340 160 360.4 353.3 335 -

The TG-1 mount Rate of fire, rounds/min 2-4 1.5 1.5 1.8 3-5 1.33 0.5 - - “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group Time to emplace, min 25 57 160 55 60 60 180 180 - - armed with a Weight of conventional projectile, kg 225.2 139.2 747.8 470.9 470.9 97.5 750 2,050* 1,108 467 500 mm Muzzle velocity, m/s 693 792.5 731.5 700 762.5 920 870 490 830 950 Range of fire, km 20 23 31.3 25.9 29.3 38.6 47.5 19.6 45.7 53 howitzer Weight of long-range projectile, kg - - 512.5 314 314 - 234 1,450** - 230.5 9. Muzzle velocity, m/s - - 950 823 950 - 1,412 580 1,300 1,300 Range of fire, km - - 53 30.3 46 - 120 23.5 100.6 >120 A projectile for Note: TG-1 railway * Concrete-piercing projectile; ** High-explosive projectile artillery mount

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 5 AC021 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

"The Soviet Union". The SM-36 unique. They were capable of saw its design incorporated in the delivering fire at a range of over first double-recoil mechanism 100 km. ever used in Russia's railway Unfortunately, some people artillery mounts: the barrel convinced N.S. Khrushchev of recoiled along the cradle, while the futility of developing the tube the top carriage recoiled along artillery of large and medium cal- the lower carriage. The 305 mm iber. Consequently, all work on railway artillery mount SM-41 was developing new coastal and rail- also developed with the tipping way mounts was ended in confor- part SM-33 from naval mount of mity with the Resolution of the the heavy cruiser, class Council of Ministers No. 144-85 "Stalingrad", of 82 design. The dated February 4, 1956. SM-41 had a double recoil. The However, the heavy railway railway artillery system TM-2- artillery mounts remained opera- 180, 180 mm had the SM-45 tip- tional in the Navy. On January 1, ping part from the naval mount 1984 the Navy had 11 TM-1-180 SM-48. The separate cartridge (eight on the Black Sea coast and case loading, which is so unchar- three on the Leningrad naval acteristic of home-made railway base). Two TM-3-12 were artillery mounts, was the out- deployed in Leningrad. Two standing feature of this tipping mounts (TM-1-180 and TM-3-12) part. were anchored forever in The ballistic characteristics of Krasnoflotsky fort near the SM-36 and SM-41 were Leningrad. ( “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 6 AC022 TOP SECRET SMALL-SIZE FOLDING SUBMACHINE GUN FOR SPECIAL UNITS

$ Alexei Vadimov $ The newly developed PP-90 is very compact and doesn't look like a conventional weapon at all when folded. This makes the weapon very convenient to handle and practically hidden when carried.

his weapon is designated a special 9 mm small- size submachine gun PP-90. Even such a long title the specific demands of special- fails to describe ists from the Ministry of Internal all its capabilities Affairs. Its very powerful car- and merits as a tridge with steel-core bullets new weapon, with a high muzzle velocity is developed by the ideal for combat operations. Design Bureau of However, if fired in confined Instrument areas it may be dangerous both Engineering in the famous town for operators and casual of Tula, the capital of skilled passersby due to numerous rico- RussianT weapon makers. chets. While developing this Furthermore, the high pene- weapon, designers kept in mind trating capacity of the sharp-

their main assignment; that is, to ended bullets doesn't compen- “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group arm special units of the law and sate for their poor stopping order enforcement agencies with effect; that is, very often crimi- compact and powerful full-auto- nals pierced through with such matic light weapons uniquely bullets are not disabled and may suited to special missions in offer resistance or even try to close-quarters combat. Even the escape. But if a "client" is hit AKS 74U Kalashnikov subma- point blank by a bullet originat- chine gun with its reduced over- ing from the 9x18 mm cartridge all length cannot, despite widely- of the Makarov pistol, he is acknowledged merits, fully meet effectively overpowered, suffer-

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 1 AC022 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

nal appearance, quite apart from you cock up the hammer by the the performance characteristics, right. It's a matter of two or three which we will tell you about later seconds after a short period of on. The newly developed PP-90 is training. very compact and doesn't look Since the relatively weak pis- like a conventional weapon at all tol cartridges are used for firing, when folded. This makes the tight locking of the bolt is not weapon very convenient to han- required. The weapon operates dle and practically hidden when on the principle of use of recoil carried. Consequently, the sub- energy of the massive bolt, which machine gun is designed to be is located above the barrel to folded to meet earlier mentioned reduce the length of the PP-90. A requirements. When carried, it similar design of the automatic has a parallelepiped shape of system in the submachine guns 270x90x32 mm size with a small has been used for a long time and number of protruding parts. proved rather reliable. The PP- To prepare this weapon for 90's layout has some specific firing you merely need to depress features. For example, the firing 1. ing a considerable shock. the projection of the latch and pin strikes the primer when the Ready to fire In addition, the use of an turn it around the axis to unfold cartridge is 1.3 mm short of the 2-4. Placing the intermediate submachine gun two main assemblies: a receiver breech face. Besides, when the submachine gun cartridge led to the heavy and with barrel and firing mechanism bolt moves rearward, it is being from carrying to bulky AKS 74U, despite its and a box-shape hollow butt- recuperated by the return spring, combat position reduced barrel and folded buttstock. At the same time a pistol before it strikes stationary parts 5. stock. Furthermore, this ham- grip with an ammunition maga- of the frame. Consequently, the A folded PP-90 pered its hidden carriage. zine in it and trigger group are design practically eliminates 6. Consequently, it was decided to unfolded. To open fire, you need heavy strikes of the bolt against Unfolding the arm special units with a new sub- only shift the trigger safety to other parts of the weapon, there- buttstock machine gun chambered for the "off" position. Gripping the sub- by increasing its stability and 7, 8. widely used 9x18 mm cartridge. machine gun by the left hand, consistency of fire when bursts Right- and Thus the Tula team came up left-hand views with the version of a similar PERFORMANCE DATA ON PP-90 SUBMACHINE GUN weapon. It has an important and Caliber, mm 9 dramatic feature, which deter- Cartridge 9x18 Makarov mines its design layout and exter- Weight with empty magazine, kg no more than 2 Bullet muzzle velocity, m/s no less than 320 Dimensions in combat position, mm: length 490 width 90 height (with magazine) 265 Magazine capacity, cartridges 30 Range of aimed fire, m 100 Consistency of fire at a

range of 25 m: “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group - in short bursts (2-5 rounds) no more than 100 from the shoulder, R 100, mm - from standing position by one hand, in prolonged bursts (30 rounds), R 100, mm no more than 450 Continuous firing w/o cooling, cartridges no less than 90 Service life, rounds no less than 6,000 Permissible number of stoppages through the fault of weapon under normal climatic conditions, % no more than 0,2

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 2 AC022 TOP SECRET are fired. deal of attention on the problems ried. The front part of the barrel is The trigger mechanism allows of safe use and maintenance of threaded to attach a silencer, if one to deliver only continuous the weapon. Accidental firing of need be. To carry the subma- fire. The following of the cartridge the partially unfolded submachine chine gun, spare magazine and into the chamber is direct; it gun is fully ruled out. The weapon cleaning rod, the kit includes a means that the next cartridge, is provided with two safety levers: bay, which can be carried on the fed from the magazine, is already a two-position trigger safety and belt or slinged over the shoulder. placed on the follower's line. The an automatic lever. The trigger If need be, the weapon is carried cartridge' is fully supported by safety locks the sear in the bolt's without the bag. There are slits in the bolt's lug when it travels for- groove, thereby preventing its the buttstock for the attachment ward and the tooth of the spring- movement. The automatic lever of the belt. loaded extractor grips the eliminates any inadvertent cock- The design of the PP-90 per- rimmed base of the cartridge ing of the hammer and accidental mits wide use of welded and case. After the fire, the powder firing, if the submachine gun is stamped parts. The PP-90 can be gases exert pressure on the base dropped with the buttstock mass produced. It is inexpensive of the cartridge case, which against the ground. This lever is and simple to maintain. It is makes the bolt travel rearward. In pendulum-operated, so when the assessed as a rapid-draw moving rearward, the bolt still strike occurs it turns and locks weapon, reliable in action, boast- fully supports the cartridge case the bolt in the forward position. ing high accuracy and fine con- until it bumps against the ejector To deliver aimed fire the subma- sistency of automatic fire. It suits riveted to the inner side of the chine gun is fitted with folded perfectly the armaments of spe- receiver cover. After that the car- front and rear sights. They are cial subunits and is widely used tridge case leaves the receiver. collapsed along the receiver by them to combat organized Designers focused a great cover when the weapon is car- crime. ( “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 3 AC023 PEOPLE OF MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

lthough mankind has managed to avert any global military conflicts since World War II, the entire post- INVINCIBLE$ Sergey Ptichkin $ war period has been marked by tense confronta- This man is undoubtedly one of the most outstanding tion between the USA and USSR, Russian missile designers in the entire post-war his- revealed in the tory of the USSR, authoring 250 unique designs and fierce competition between the two countries' best brains to inventions. His name, which apparently destined him developA new weapons. Although the dispute between different to be the creator of unsurpassed specimens of social systems has not been set- weapon (Nepobedimy means invincible), was for a tled on the battlefield, weapons forged by both American and long time clouded in a fog of great secrecy... Soviet military industrial complexes are often locked with one US equipment, supplied to global secrecy... another in mortal combat. Bloody "hot spots", the name of Sergei In his autobiography he regional conflicts in the Near and Nepobedimy will emerge. writes: "I, Nepobedimy Sergei

Middle East, in Africa and South- This man is undoubtedly one Pavlovich, was born on “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group East Asia have been terrifying. At of the most outstanding Russian September 13 of 1921 in the city the same time they provided the missile designers in the entire of Ryazan to a working family. most objective tests for the post-war history of the USSR, In 1938 I was admitted to N. designers and producers of the authoring 250 unique designs Bauman Moscow Mechanical weapon systems, be they small and inventions. His name, which Engineering-Institute (since arms or missiles. apparently destined him to be the 1943, Moscow's Bauman Highest If one tries to learn which creator of unsurpassed speci- Technical School). Between Jury newly developed weapons and mens of weapon (Nepobedimy 1 - September 9, 1941, inclusive, which Soviet designer inflicted means invincible), was for a long I helped build the fortifications on the greatest material losses on time clouded in a fog of great the Soviet-German front.

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 1 AC023 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

In 1945 I graduated as problem that his DB (Design ters. mechanical engineer and was Bureau) could not solve in the The "Shmel" was then mass sent to work in the town of most ingenuous way! produced and its inventor was Kolomna. There I worked continu- When Sergei Nepobedimy appointed deputy chief designer. ally until 1989, holding the posi- joined the Kolomna DB, the DB In the early 1960s Sergei tions of design engineer, section was headed by Boris Shavyrin, Nepobedimy presented his head, deputy chief designer, well-known designer of Soviet famous "Malyutka" (baby) for chief designer, designer general heavy mortars. A small design state trials. When N. S. and director general of the enter- office developed mortars, devices Khrushchev saw what this minia- prise. for depth charge releasing, ture missile could do, he decid- In 1973 I gained doctorate, recoilless rifles, bazookas. In the ed, with his usual resoluteness, became a professor in 1977, and mid-1950s, a number of Soviet that this would bring about the was elected in 1984 correspond- DBs were instructed to design an end of tanks. Sergei Nepobedimy ing member of the USSR anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) received a high state award and Academy of Sciences. system. It then transpired that it soon became head of the I won the Lenin prize, three was much easier to develop and Kolomna DB. The "Malyutka" State prizes, as well as the prizes produce large missiles than small became the most popular ATGM of the USSR Council of Ministers ones. of the Soviet Army. It was in ser- and was awarded three orders of A shortage of good compo- vice with the armies of Warsaw Lenin and the title of Hero of nents ruled out the manufacture Treaty countries and was Socialist Labor. of miniature control systems. This acquired by "third" countries. I was a member of the CPSU explained why the manufactured On acquiring the reputation of and delegate of three party con- missiles were so unwieldy and a small wonder missile developed gresses. I was also elected troublesome in service. In the by the Kolomna DB, the deputy to the RSFSR Supreme 1950s the authorities of the USSR "Malyutka" still remains unsur- Soviet..." still adhered to the principle of passed in the ease of manufac- As one can gather from the proclaiming the complete superi- ture, cheapness and combat above, Sergei Nepobedimy ority of all things Soviet and effectiveness. Although it may belongs to his time and fully fits frowned upon any attempts to seem hard to believe, the manu- in with the generalized image of a learn from the West, even in the facturing cost of the missile was vintage "Soviet MIC general": a technical field. Consequently, the only 500 roubles. However, it tough executive and hard-liner, first Soviet ATGM, 'Falanga', could destroy with certainty tar- who always obeyed current party designed by A. Nudelman, gets costing hundreds of thou- directives, closely observing even weighed tens of kilograms, was sands of dollars. During the Arab- Stalinist tenets of the Soviet com- conspicuous for its complexity Israeli war of 1973, the mand-administrative system. This and low reliability. "Malyutka" missiles destroyed is correct. However, this is only The young designer almost the entire tank park of true on a superficial level. In Nepobedimy decided to go his Israel, that is, 800 armor units. actual fact, S. Nepobedimy was own way and managed to design The ease of control of the missile and still remains a far more pro- a compact and relatively light- is evidenced by the fact that gressive, dynamic and resource- weight missile system which some operator-layers managed to ful designer and administrator received the name "Shmel" strike up to 26 tanks. than many of his colleagues in (bumblebee). However, the new The prestige of Sergei “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group the defense industry ... ideas of Nepobedimy did not Nepobedimy as a gifted designer Since the very outset of his enjoy immediate acclaim in the and brilliant organizer grew career Sergei Nepobedimy had DB. Fortunately, one event rapidly. His DB was allocated his own ideas on how new helped him. All ATGMs developed large funds and began to expand weapons should be made, shun- by various DBs were tested at a its activity, receiving more and ning "the mainstream" of gener- firing range in the presence of more state orders to develop the ally accepted conceptions. He the highest leadership of the most diverse missile systems. always trod a thorny path, which USSR. The "Shmel" recorded the In autumn 1967, Sergei always led him to achieve real tri- best results, surpassing the prod- Nepobedimy undertook a new umphs. There was no technical ucts of other DBs in all parame- task. This concerned the devel-

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 2 AC023 PEOPLE OF MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX opment of portable antiaircraft Soviet Union with a strong edge in the press about the "Oka" and systems, which were until then in portable AA homing missile its tragic end... For unknown rea- unavailable in the Soviet Union. systems. The latest design by S. sons, this defensive system, He elaborated a tough schedule Nepobedimy - the AAMS "Igla" which boasted missile capable of covering all stages of work, from (needle) - surpasses, in terms of hitting targets at distances of up initial design to actual trials. All combat effectiveness, the known to 450 km (not further) was the production lines involved in "Stinger" by a factor of two, included in the medium range the task switched to a round-the- although it is much cheaper to missile class and fully destroyed clock work regime. Unique test produce. Generally speaking, the in accordance with the Soviet- stands and a special firing range "Igla" is so unique in many American Treaty... were built, and unconventional aspects that it will doubtless go Despite his authority and evaluation techniques were down in the history of Russian influence, Sergei Nepobedimy devised. military equipment as an example could not prevent the thoughtless It took only two years for the of superb performance achieved destruction of the "Oka" system, DB to pass from zero point to the by the most trivial methods, and which was needed to maintain accomplishment of the most as a striking example of designer Russia's defense potential. Now complicated technical task. In genius. the OTR-23 belongs to the past... August 1969, the Egyptian sol- Of all the small-size missile Some experts believe that after diers tried the new weapon - an systems, developed by the DB the complete failure of the antiaircraft missile complex headed by S. Nepobedimy, one "Lance-2" project (the analog of (AAMS) "Strela" (arrow) - for the might also mention the "Shturm" the "Oka"), the Americans simply first time in the Suez Canal area. (storm) ATGM. It is the world's used this method to get rid of a The first ripple of the homing first anti-tank missile system, rival - an expensive item, com- missiles proved successful: six where the missile flies at a super- petitive on the arms market... out of ten Israeli airplanes, mak- sonic speed and boasts charac- Sergei Pavlovich Nepobedimy ing a routine low-level flight, over teristics of high-precision sys- took the ruin of his favorite child Egypt to bomb one industrial site, tems, i.e. the systems of the very hard and in the end resigned were downed at once. future. from the post of the designer The "Strela" AAMSs were In the early 1970s the Soviet general and director general of adopted, at virtually the same Army acquired a mobile opera- the Kolomna enterprise. He now time, by the Soviet Army, the tional-tactical missile "Tochka" holds a modest position as lead- armies of the Warsaw Pact, (point), noted for its powerful ing researcher in a Moscow insti- Egypt, Syria, Vietnam ... The high warhead and unusually high tute. He left the high post, but reliability and effectiveness of the accuracy of target engagement. remained a Designer with an complex is testified to the fact Indeed, this system registered uncommonly high rating in the that despite elevated humidity point accuracy in delivering its Russian defense industry. and temperature of tropical missile to a target over a distance Therefore, it is small wonder that South-East Asia, not a single case of up to 150 km. The "Tochka" researcher Sergei Nepobedimy of failure of the "Strela" system was almost immediately followed rather than the MIC general was was registered. At the same time by the famous "Oka" (OTR-23), a proclaimed Man of the Year in the system downed and damaged missile system, which currently 1993! The concepts currently 205 US airplanes and helicopters. has no counterparts in the world developed by Sergei Nepobedimy

Large-scale sales of the "Strela" in terms of its characteristics. will still be acclaimed by Russia's “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group system to a number of countries This marked the "swan-song" of and the world's military industrial recouped all expenses on its the Kolomna DB. sector for years to come. He has development and provided the A great deal has been written remained Invincible! (

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 3 AC024 POSTSCRIPT RESULTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL AEROSPACE SHOW IN SINGAPORE The importance of the Singapore show on the international aviation market stretches far beyond the Asian-Pacific region. The world's leading designers and producers of aviation equipment are well aware that any contribution to the development of aviation in the region will strengthen their own scientific and production base and help resolve the difficult economic problems faced by their countries.

Tu-204S

he 7th Interna- port. The show fielded 935 avia- far beyond the Asian-Pacific tional Aerospace tion companies and organizations region. The world's leading Show ASIAN from 37 countries. In all 70 air- designers and producers of avia-

AEROSPACE-94 craft were displayed on the tion equipment are well aware “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group was held on ground and in the air. that any contribution to the devel- February 22 - 27, The exhibition attracted opment of aviation in the region 1994 in 50,000 people. Consequently, the wilt strengthen their own scientif- Singapore under Singapore clearly enjoys the ic and production base and help the auspices of same status as the air shows in resolve the difficult economic the Singapore Farnborough (Britain) and Le problems faced by their coun- government, in Bourget (France). tries. Opening the show the the international The importance of the Prime Minister of Singapore L. exhibition center Singapore show on the interna- Lung stressed that the economic near Changi air- tional aviation market stretches boom in many countries in the MILITARY PARADE T1994 MAY C JUNE 1 AC024 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

make their participation in the supplemented by exhibits, show more impressive. This held demonstrating true for Canadian, French, Italian, Goskomoboronprom's presence and Israeli companies. Such in the field of radioelectronic sys- actions clearly enjoyed the back- tems, armaments and ship-building of corresponding state agen- ing. cies and other organizations Russia's aircraft industry was responsible for the defense of represented at the show by vari- national interests. Even such ous organizations, first and fore- countries as South Korea, most, the Chief Department of V. VOSKOBOINIKOV region needed to be accompa- Indonesia, and Australia managed Aircraft Industry. Exploiting Deputy Head, Chief nied by an expansion of air com- to make their participation visible Goskomoboronprom's displays, it Department of the Aircraft Industry, munications and also created by rallying their companies under promoted the activities of the State Committee for favorable conditions for foreign the national flag. Ulan-Ude Aircraft Factory and the the Defense Industry investment to promote further The national presence of the Mikoyan "MiG" Aviation (Goskomoboronprom) development of South-East Asia. Russian aircraft industry at this Scientific-Production Complex. The Singaporean government show suffered somewhat, owing The Russian aircraft industry believes that this country must to the emphasis made by Russian was also represented by several play a leading role in the overall organizations on individual repre- enterprises, which set up their development of aviation in this sentation and the advertising of own exhibition stands and open- part of the world. The Singapore joint projects carried out with air demonstration sites: aerospace show reflects these Western companies. Rostov Helicopter Factory; tendencies and promotes its Aware of the high status Kazan Helicopter Factory; accounted to the international Moscow Mil Helicopter aerospace show in Singapore and Factory; the huge potential to promote Tupolev Aviation Scientific- technical advances and finished Technical Complex; products, the Russian Ilyushin Aviation Scientific- Federation's involvement Technical Complex; stressed a number of additional "Aviaexport" joint stock com- fields outside the main theme of pany. the air show. This approach was Russian aviation equipment also adopted by many foreign was also promoted for the first participants. time by foreign organizations (a 1. leading role. The themes presented by the popular practice of American air- At The up-to-date equipment Russian Federation reflected the craft firms). The company "Lucky

Goskomoboronprom and technologies displayed at the main lines of activity of Goldstar International" displayed Singapore air show can be divid- Goskomoboronprom, above all, the Russian-made helicopter Ka- 's stands ed into four main categories: aviation, the central focus of the 32T. 2. aircraft; Singapore air show. This area was One of Goskomoboronprom's Representation armaments; radioelectronic equipment; offices of A. N. space systems. “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group Tupolev Aviation The air show was dominated Scientific-Technical by the demonstration of aircraft.

Complex and other Consequently, the 7th Aerospace Show in Singapore should be Russian regarded primarily as an air organizations show. One specific feature stood out: aircraft companies from various countries pooled their efforts of their national industries to

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 2 AC024 POSTSCRIPT expositions was devoted to its activities in the field of radioelectronic systems, organized with the aid of the "Fazotron" concern, "Vektor" state enterprise, and "Peleng" design bureau. It also demonstrated the activities of Goskomoboronprom in the field of ship-building and armaments (more specifically, ammunition). Ship-building was fronted by the organizations of Sudprom, such as the "Rubin" design bureau, "Malakhit" marine engineering bureau, "Gorodets" production association, "Sudtransrybflot" joint stock company. Exhibits for the armament display were provided by the "Pribor" and "Bazalt" mainly new models, which are state research and production highly competitive on the interna- enterprises. tional market. It should be stressed here The following machines were that Goskomoboronprom's par- exhibited: the IL-96M long-haul ticipation in the Singapore aero- airliner; the Tu-204S medium- space show was not restricted to haul cargo-passenger plane; the the demonstration of its main Mi-171 transport helicopter; the lines of activity. It also negotiated Ka-32T transport helicopter; the (mostly on a commercial footing) Yak-18T general-purpose air- its projects involving foreign cus- craft. tomers and partners. Russia's military aircraft were At the 7th International represented by the Mi-35 multi- sued by Russian aircraft manu- Aerospace Show in Singapore purpose helicopter and the Mi-28 facturers. This information was Russia stood out from the United combat helicopter. released at press conferences States, by displaying mostly non- The demonstrations of exist- and presentations and was also military aviation equipment. It ing models of Russian aircraft available in prospectuses, models demonstrated civil aircraft of dif- were supplemented by informa- and posters exhibited on ferent classes and applications - tion on current R&D projects pur- Goskomoboronprom displays. The foreign specialists were particularly interested in the 3. activities of the Tupolev Aviation The An-72 aircraft Scientific-Technical Complex, of Ukrainian-Israeli enquiring, inter alia, about the

conversion of this Russian design design displayed at “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group bureau, known all over the world the show

for its airliners, as well as the 4. planes it designed for the strate- Russian helicopters gic air force. However, most of questions centered on the certifi- on the ground cation of the new airliner Tu-204, 5. its appearance on the internation- Mi-28 helicopter al aircraft market, as well as on the progress on the new short- exhibited at the haul passenger plane Tu-334. show

MAY C 3 AC024 ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД

6. The plans of the Mil R&D technologies. Goskomoboronprom, representa- Helicopter Factory, in particular Practical experience indicates tives of "Aviaexport", the Foreign IL-96M the creation of new helicopters that business agreements and Ministry, Ministry of Defense, and and sale of Russian helicopters commercial deals concluded at other governmental agencies. on the international market were international shows do not result These negotiations con- also sentenced. Considerable directly from the show and tributed to the establishment and interest was displayed in the Mi- require instead a considerable development of contacts with 28 combat helicopter, demon- amount of preliminary work and potential partners in scientific strated at the show. numerous contacts between the and technological cooperation, The foreign specialists, interested parties. buyers of Russian equipment and attending the presentation of the Therefore, negotiations technologies, and intermediaries joint Russian-French MiG-AT pro- between the Russian delegation offering their services. ject - a trainer-combat plane for and representatives of foreign The following conclusions can the air force - focused on the organizations at the Singapore be drawn from the demonstration competition between two pro- show should be singled out as a of Russian products, R&D pro-

jects: the MiG-AT and the Yak- special line of the delegation's jects of Goskomoboronprom and “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group 130, another trainer-combat activity. These negotiations were negotiations with foreign compa- plane, which is being designed by held in the offices of the Russian nies in Singapore. the Yakovlev Design Bureau, organizations accredited at the The show in Singapore con- together with Italian aircraft show, those of other foreign firmed the high status of this firms. The competition between organizations, and during visits to exhibition and demonstrated its two international groups, formed the companies operating in special role for the aviation with Russian organizations, was Singapore. These negotiations equipment and technologies mar- perceived at the show as evi- involved leading specialists from ket in the Asian-Pacific region dence that the Russian aircraft Russian industrial organizations, and adjoining countries. The industry was adopting Western chief department heads of rapid economic growth in this

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 4 AC024 POSTSCRIPT region and its projected devel- ence. The air show made it clear Western corporations continue opment for many years to come, that most foreign countries to work on most of their old pro- justifies the participation of accord special attention to this jects despite reduced subsidies Goskomoboronprom in subse- issue. Even the United States, a for armaments. This applies, quent air shows in Singapore country boasting an aerospace first and foremost, to high-tech and also implies more active industry with a huge potential, AA and anti-missile systems. participation, based on total allocated via the Department of Priority is given to the modern- comprehensive preparations in Defense special funds to main- ization of the existing aircraft all fields. tain its prestige at the show. weapon systems and to the The show has demonstrated The results of negotiations enhanced effectiveness of com- once again that Russian design- with potential or real partners in bat planes and helicopters, by ers and producers of combat joint projects and with the buy- complementing their weapon aircraft must take part, because ers of our products forced the systems with new models of their products remain highly specialists of industrial organi- guided weapons. competitive on the world market. zations and the joint stock com- The Singapore air Positive commercial results in pany "Aviaexport" to analyze all show is a good reminder: the this sphere will contribute to fur- offers and draft appropriate con- next international aerospace ther development of the corre- tracts and agreements. If we show (IASS-95) will be held in sponding defense industries and want to achieve positive com- Moscow and we should not help enterprises retain staff and mercial results, this task must delay preparations for this resolve socioeconomic prob- be carried out as quickly and event. We should devote special lems. efficiently as possible. importance to the organization A recent trend - the inde- The Singapore show raised of a state-sponsored advertising pendent participation of leading once again the problem of civil campaign. Designers and pro- Russian defense enterprises in aircraft certification. Clearly the ducers must pool their efforts air shows - was even more pro- promotion of our products on and prepare more actively and nounced in Singapore. Although the international market is com- professionally promotional this practice is conducive to mercially senseless, if the prob- materials, such as prospectus- increased commercial activity of lem of international certification es, pamphlets, information Russian organizations and the (the FAA certificate for aviation booklets, used to advertise their creation of an image on the equipment, Lloyd's certificate products. They must give more international aerospace market, for marine equipment) is not thought to the arrangement of it is not always justified. This was resolved beforehand. the stands and open-air sites, confirmed once again by the The new information, pub- where exhibits will be displayed. Singapore show. Fragmented lished at the Singapore show The foreign buyer must be able participation does not always about R&D in the field of weapon to receive the maximum amount strengthen the national pres- systems, clearly indicates that of information required to “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 5 AC025 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

Dear Mr. Shashkov, The first issue of MILITARY PARADE was read with great interest by "KURS" Central Research Institute, the Main Department of the Shipbuilding Industry of GOSKOMOBORONPROM in Russia. The significance of this magazine cannot be overestimated for the whole military industrial complex of Russia in general, which is currently in desperate straits, or its shipbuilding industry in particular. The sharp fall in production of arms and military technology, engendered by a transition of our country to a new social and political system, has also been exacerbated by a smear campaign against everything performed in Soviet times, unleashed by many magazines and newspapers. However, it remains true that many pieces of arms and military technology developed in Russia and now perfected by the military sectors of our national economy, are not only on a par with foreign equivalents: very often they supersede them and some are unique in the world. The successful sale of our arms abroad was seriously hampered by the lack of advertising. Drawing on experience gained from the participation of Russian and foreign firms in international exhibitions, we are led to conclude that Western arms sellers are experts in advertising their produce and ensuring subsequent sales, compared to our efforts. The first issue of MILITARY PARADE instills considerable hope that we will at long last rid ourselves EUGENE V. SHASHKOV of the reputation of primitive backwater. Editor-in-Chief Most of the articles printed in the first issue were interesting, topical and rich in content. We agree with the characteristics of the "Slava" class cruisers, described in the article written by Igor Dubrovin, but would like to point out that demand on the world market for large vessels is not great, to put it mildly, except for small aircraft carriers, with a displacement of 12,000 - 15,000 tons. We recommend that the magazine places advertising materials on versions of military items, approved for export by GOSKOMOBORONPROM, with due account of the real state of affairs of Russian enterprises in the light of their activity and everyday life.

Yuri Borodin Director, "KURS" Central Research Institute

Dear Editor-in-Chief, Let me congratulate you and on your behalf the editorial board and all those involved in the first issue of this excellent magazine. For all workers on military technology in Russia or others unrelated to this domain, but interested in the production of state-of-the-art weapons, the appearance of MILITARY PARADE implies an end to the insulting position of engineers, laymen and grass-roots taxpayers, who formerly could only judge the successes of our military technology from reading NATO catalogs or looking at pictures photocopied from AVIATION WEEK. The contents of the first issue and its layout are both attractive. Let me propose some sections for consecutive issues of your magazine: - classified names of developers (apart from aviation designers, the names of other developers of weapons, as a rule, remain unknown to the public at large, even when they retire); - military electronics (communications, automated control systems, avionics); - engineering and armaments; - prospects and achievements in the rigging of the military (works of the Steel Research Institute (NIISTAL) in individual armor protection and the design of new uniforms). Forgive these recommendations, as I do not doubt the high competence of your staff, who can get along without me, a mere civilian.

L. Leschinsky “Military Parade” • Electronintorg ltd. AVA Multimedia Publishing Group Senior Scientific Associate, CHERMETAVTOMATIKA company

Dear Mr. Shashkov, I read with interest the first issue of the military industrial complex magazine, MILITARY PARADE. I focused special attention on the article "On the Boundary of Two Media" by Sergei Borisov, owing to the highlighted problems of the enhanced speed of vessels and personal contribution of the former Chief Designer of the Central Design Bureau on Hydrofoils, R. E. Alekseev. Today this Bureau is named after him.

I. Vasilevsky Chief Engineer, R. E. Alekseev Central Design Bureau on Hydrofoils.

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MAY C JUNE 1 adopted byIndia's Navy."Wewillhonorall ourcommit- ery ofsparepartsforRussian-built militarytechnology, assured Delhiinhisturnthat Russiawouldresumedeliv- Felix Gromov,Commander-in-Chief ofRussia'sNavy, Russia T-72Stanks,hovercraft andhelicopters.Admiral formal visittoRussia.Indiaisinterestedinprocuringfrom Joint ChiefsofStaffIndia,GeneralC.Joshi,duringhis weapons", declaredtheChairmanofCommittee " and AK-102werepresentedattheexhibition. boats andthenewKalashnikovsubmachinegunsAK-101 ceptors Su-27UBKandSu-30MK,landingpatrol frontline fightersMiG-29andUB,fighter-inter- aviation technologyandarmament.Namely,thelight Exhibition, heldinChile,atleast100differentpiecesof " ment. important componentsofelectronicequipmentandarma- market, outdoingWesterncounterpartsinanumberof ized byahighdegreeofcompetitivenessontheworld that aircraftdevelopedatSukhoiBureauwerecharacter- and thehighaviationtechnologies.AndreiKokoshinnoted meeting thedevelopmentprospectsoffrontlineaviation Bureau, AcademicianMikhailSimonov,discussedata Kokoshin andGeneralDesignerofSukhoiAviationDesign " military industrialcomplex. rently accountedfor80%ofthetotalproduction enterprises, heldinMoscow,thatcivilianproducecur- leaders oftradeunionsandlaborcouncilsmilitary " Russian armsexportswillincreasethisyear. Moscow. AccordingtoCorporationanalysts,thevolumeof import ofarmsandmilitarytechnology,washeldin ROSVOOROUZHENIE, whichengagesintheexportand " tary industrialcomplex. the Governmentisdraftingmeasurestorevampmili- Ministers withjournalists.AccordingtoOlegSoskovets, It markedthefirstofseriesmeetingsCabinet the RussianFederationatapress-conferenceinMoscow. Soskovets, FirstDeputyChairmanoftheGovernment streamlining oftheRussianArmy",declaredOleg freezing ofthefurtherancereformsandstructural " NEWS INBRIEF AC026 MILITARY PARADE "We werealwaysonthewinningsidewithRussian Russia displayedatthe8thInternationalAerospace It wasnotedatthemeetingofheadsenterprises, "Cutting expenditureontheArmedForcesimpliesa First DeputyMinisterofRussia'sDefense,Andrei The presentationoftheStatecorporation 1994 MAY regions ofthe Far East,SiberiaandNorth. power station.Thisstation willprovideelectricityfor Shipbuilding Plant"tobuild afloatingnuclearelectric signed anagreementwith the jointventure"Baltiisky " oped toputspacecraftintoorbits. mentally soundheavyrocket"Angara-24"isbeingdevel- 18" nearBlagoveshchensk.Currentlyaspecialenviron- launch siteintheoutskirtsofsettlement"Svobodni- " plex fora20yearperiodtoRussia. agreement toleaseoutthe"Baikonur"spacelaunchcom- " allocated forthispurpose. Moscow Region.Currently147billionroubleshavebeen Federation debatedtheconversionofenterprisesin legium oftheGOSKOMOBORONPROMRussian " world market. military industrialcomplexanopportunitytoenterthe of anagreementwithRussiaaccordedenterprisesthe Tatarstan washeldinKazan.Itnotedthatthesigning " ing ways. the sametimeanumberofshipswillbeputonbuild- tional, includingthenuclearcruiser"PeterGreat".At 1994 severalbigcombatantshipswillbemadeopera- culties, amassivenavalbuildingprogramisunderway.In seas andoceans".Consequently,despitefinancialdiffi- Kozyrev: "Russiadoesnotplantosaygood-byethe Minister, AndreiKokoshin,reiteratedinunisonwith Ocean Fleet"AdmiralPanteleev".FirstDeputyofDefense during hisvisitofthebigantisubmarineshipPacific Foreign MinisteroftheRussianFederationAndreiKozyrev " the-art piecesofsmallarmsandspecialweapons. TOCHMASH, andfamiliarizedthemselveswithstate-of- Institute oftheprecisionmachinebuildingindustry,TSNII quests paidvisittotheCentralScientificResearch America tothetownofKlimovsknearMoscow.Foreign for themilitary-diplomaticcorpsandjournalistsofLatin Federation andGOSKOMOBORONPROMorganizedatrip together withtheDefenseMinistryofRussian " ments," stressedtheAdmiral. C The maindepartmentofshipbuilding ofRussia'sNavy By theyear2000,Russiaplanstobuildanewspace The PresidentsofRussiaandKazakhstansignedan A jointmeetingofMoscow'sGovernmentandthecol- A meetingofleadersthemilitaryindustrialcomplex "Mighty RussianeedsamightyNavy",declaredthe The Statecorporation,ROSVOOROUZHENIE,organized JUNE Compiled byAlexanderMozgovoy IS LINE FIRST 1

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