Systematics of (Diptera: )

Chris Borkent & T.A. Wheeler

McGill University Quebec, Canada

T. Murray The Mycetophilidae

• In the suborder Bibionomorpha – Mycetophilidae forms a monophyletic clade with Lygistorrhinidae • Larvae mainly mycetophagus – In or on sporophores or in decaying organic material • Adults normally found in humid places • Numerous species, and abundant, in virgin forests Current Systematics Mycetophilidae (s.s.)

~4000 species in 166 genera Subfamilies Mycetophilinae Manotinae – Gnoristinae – Mycomyinae Leiinae Sciophilinae Leptomorphus Curtis 1831

• Worldwide genus (except not in Australia or Antarctica) • 31 described species – 28 extant – 3 fossils, oldest 38-55 MYA Leptomorphus palaeospilus

38-50 MYA Leptomorphus Curtis 1831

• Worldwide genus (except not in Australia or Antarctica) • 31 described species – 28 extant – 3 fossils, oldest 38-50 MYA • One regional revision; increased African species number from 0-10 (Matile 1977, 1997) • No phylogenetic hypothesis for species relationships Leptomorphus subgenera (Matile 1977)

• Leptomorphus sensu stricto • 10 species; 2 Nearctic, 2 Neotropical, 6 Palaearctic • Diomonus • 5 species; 4 Nearctic, 1 Palaearctic • Gymnoscutum • 11 species; 9 African, 2 Oriental • Austroleptomorphus • 1 species; Madagascar Distinguished primarily based on presence/absence of setae on different thoracic sclerites, and two wing veins Genus characteristics

Wing: – macrotrichia, no microtrichia;

– Vein M4 and CuA fork before fork of M1+2; – Costa not produced beyond distal end of R 5 P Kerr

T Saigusa Biology

T Saigusa Biology

T Saigusa Biology

T Saigusa Parasitoids of L. hyalinus

Diapriidae

Ichneumonidae: Orthocentrinae Objective

• Revise the genus Leptomorphus and provide a phylogenetic hypothesis of the species relationships.

Predictions: • I will have to describe a number of new species • The four subgenera will need to be re- evaluated based on the phylogeny Methods - revision

• acquire specimens of Leptomorphus, including types – museums – personal collecting/sorting

Methods - revision

• Determine specimens to species – original descriptions – type material • Describe new species and re-describe old – Illustrations of morphology, distribution Methods - phylogeny

• Determine homologies between species to select useful characters (synapomorphies) • Score character states • Build and format character matrix in Mesquite 2.7 (Maddison & Maddison 2009)

• Use TNT 1.1 (Goloboff et al. 2003) to infer and interpret phylogenetic trees using parsimony Results - revision

• Obtained ~700 specimens – Majority Nearctic – Includes types for 22 spp. • Found 41 species: – 26 previously described – 15 new • Confirmed: – subspecies status of L. n. gurneyi – synonymization of L. pulcher with L. subcaeruleus and tentatively L. subforcipatus with L. quadrimaculatus Results - phylogeny

• Analysis included 61 unordered morphological characters for 43 taxa (41 ingroup) • Resulted in 28 equally parsimonious trees Results - phylogeny

Strict consensus tree Length = 316 Results - phylogeny

Strict consensus tree Length = 316 Results - phylogeny

1 2 2 2

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8 1 4 8 3 1 L. nebulosus group

L. magnificus

L. nebulosus L. subcaeruleus L. nebulosus Results - phylogeny

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L. crosskeyi 1 1 1 2 2 4 3

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• 15 new species found • 1 species synonymized • Confirmed previous synonymizations

• Total Leptomorphus spp. = 43

• Need more collecting in Asia! Summary

• 4 species-groups are present • some support for 2 of the proposed subgenera • L. (Diomonus) nested within L. (Leptomorphus) • L. (Austroleptomorphus) nested within L. (Gymnoscutum) • L. neivai and L. ornatus species-groups do not fall inside any current subgenera Future directions

• Continue evaluating characters and add to matrix • Continue phylogenetic analysis • Key to species • Complete descriptions • Determine phylogenetic relationships between Sciophilinae genera Acknowledgements

• The many museums who provided specimens

• Dr. C. Buddle, Dr. J. Cumming, The Lymanites, A. Borkent, B. Borkent

• Funding: The Dipterology Fund The Williston Fund (USNM) The Entomological Society of BC McGill University NSERC