Contributors

Roberto Dom í nguez is Jean Monnet fellow of the Global Governance Program at the European University Institute, Florence, and associ- ate professor in the Department of Government at Suffolk University, Boston. He holds a PhD in International Studies from University of Miami and an MA from the Ortega y Gasset Foundation, Spain, as well as a Diploma in US Studies from the University of California in San Diego. Dr. Dominguez’s research interest is on security gover- nance and regional integration. He is currently member of the funded tri-national project PIERAN to conduct an evaluation on “NAFTA: 20 Years After.” The following are some of his recent publica- tions: Security Governance and Regional Organizations (with Emil Kirchner, 2011), European Union Foreign Policy (2008), and Lisbon Fado: The European Union under Reform (with Joaquin Roy, 2009). Laura Valeria Gonz ález-Murphy is research assistant professor at Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and Policy, State University of New York, University at Albany, where she has taught a variety of courses. She is assistant director of the project “The International Context of Immigration: US, and Beyond,” which examines the politics of changing immigration policies in the and Mexico. Previously, she worked for the New York State Office of Rural Affairs and frequently chaired the ’s Coordinating Committee on Farm Worker Services. Professor Gonz á lez-Murphy earned her PhD in comparative politics and international relations from SUNY at Albany. She holds an MS in urban planning and envi- ronmental studies from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and a BS in political science from Elmira College, graduating suma cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa. Her book, Protecting Immigrant Rights in Mexico: Understanding the State-Civil Society Nexus (Routledge), just came out this year. For additional publications, see http://www. albany.edu/ rockefeller/ faculty _ pos_ gonzalez _murphy.shtml 196 Contributors

Francisco Javier Haro has written extensively about different Chinese issues and relations between China and the Americas, including Diez naciones naciones en busca de liderazgo; The People´s Republic of China in Central America and the : Reshaping the region ; Beijing frente a las ‘minorí as nacionales’: La fe grande y las fes pequeñ as ; La identidad como eje del conflicto Beijing-Taipei y Comercio y cooperaci ó n: Estrategias taiwanesas de inserci ó n inter- nacional; Ademá s está n: Three Amigos & A Non-Regional Player: China as a Challenge Inside and Outside N.A.F.T.A.’s; and China in the Central America and the Caribbean Zone: Towards a New Order with Old Behavioural Patterns? He has taught in several institutions, such as El Colegio de Mé xico, Universidad Aut ónoma de Barcelona, and Universidad Iberoamericana. Currently he teaches Negotiation at Universidad de Colima. Imtiaz Hussain , IR Professor in Universidad Iberoamericana (Mexico), has published Re-evaluating NAFTA (2012); Afghanistan- Iraq and Post-conflict Governance (2010); The Impact of NAFTA on North America (2010); North American Homeland Security (2008); Community, Diffusion, and North American Expansiveness (2008); Running on Empty across Central America (2006); and Globalization, Indigenous Groups, and Mexico’s Plan Puebla Plan (2006). He has also published articles in FIU Law Review , Voices of Mexico , Handbook of Global Security and Intelligence , South Asian Survey , Politics & Policy , Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh , and Norteamé rica . A recipient of several fellowships and teaching awards, he graduated from the University of Pennsylvania (1989), and is from Bangladesh. Joaqu í n Roy (Lic. Law, University of Barcelona, 1966; PhD, Georgetown University, 1973) is Jean Monnet Professor and direc- tor of University of Miami European Union Center of Excellence. He has published over 200 academic articles and reviews, and he is the author or editor of 35 books, among them Cuba, the U.S. and the Helms-Burton Doctrine: International Reactions (2000); Las rela- ciones exteriores de la Uni ó n Europea (2001); The European Union and Regional Integration (2005); La Uni ó n Europea y la integraci ó n regional (2005); Towards the Completion of Europe (2006); A Historical Dictionary of the European Union (2006); and The Dollar and the Euro (2007). He has also published over 1,400 columns and essays. He was awarded the Encomienda of the Order of Merit by King Juan Carlos of Spain. Contributors 197

Alejandra Salas-Porras has been professor at National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), faculty of Social and Political Science for 15 years, concentrating on the academic sphere, combining teach- ing and research activities. Her lines of interest in these areas include elites and development on the national and regional levels; political economy of development; region formation and development; business and corporate networks; and transnational corporations and their spheres of influence. Her publications include “ The Transnational Capitalist Class in Mexico: New and Old Mechanisms Structuring Corporate Networks,” ed. Georgina Murray and John Scott; Financial Elites and Transnational Business: Who Rules the World? , (2012, pp. 146–176); with Juan Felipe Ló pez Aymes, “Korean Companies in Mexico: Business Practices and National Identity,” Journal of Asia- Pacific Business 13.4 (December 2012); and coedited, with Matilde Luna Ledesma, ¿Qui é n gobierna Am é rica del Norte? Elites, redes y organizaciones (2012). Stephan Sberro is tenured profesor at the Department of International Relations at ITAM ( Instituto Tecnoló gico Autó nomo de Mé xico ). He also is co-Director of the Institute of European Integration Studies. He is National Researcher of CONACYT (the Mexican Council for Science and Technology), level 2. Sberro holds a PhD from the Institute of Higher Latin American Studies of the University of Paris-III, New Sorbonne, and a diploma of Higher European Studies from the College of Europe in Bruges. He published extensively (books and articles in Spanish, English, and French) on European integration and Europe–Latin America relationships, but also on the Middle east and Linguistics in International Relations. He was granted a Jean Monnet Chair ad personam by the European Commission as well as Jean Monnet Module. He was invited as a professor or researcher at the universities of Montré al and Carleton in , New York University in the United States, and Sciences-Po Paris in France, among others. Index

ACP (Africa-Caribbean-Pacific) Argentinian, 95, 107 Group, 80 Arias, Karina, 145 ACTPN (Agricultural Committee Arizona’s SB1070 immigration law for Trade Policy and (2010), 10, 16, 180, 183 Negotiations), 30 Arkansas, 79 AD (alternate development), 131–2 ASEAN (Association of Southeast Advisory Committee System, United Asian Nations), 55, 58, 60 States, 28, 30–3, 43 Ashley, Richard, 62 Advocacy Center, United States, Asia, 44, 60, 102–3, 107, 145 27, 33 Asian DTOs (drug-trafficking Advocacy Network, United States, 27 organizations), 123 AFBF (American Farm Bureau Asianization, 112 Federation), 31 Asia-Pacific Group, 36 Afghanistan, 11, 82, 122 Aspe, Pedro (Mexican Secretary Africa/African, 52, 76, 82, 183 of Finance and Public Credit, ALCOA, 32 1888–1994), 14 “American cultural imperialism” Association Business Roundtable, 31 argument, 62 asymmetry (in Mexico-U.S. American South, 4 relations), 12 American West, 4 ATAC (Agricultural Technical Ángel-Castillo, Manuel, 174, 180 Advisory Committee for Anglo American, 26 Trade), United States, 30 Anglo Saxon, 7, 12, 53, 166 Atkins, Scott, 127 anti-americanism, 102 Atlantic Ocean, 182 antichinismo, 111 ATS (amphetamine type stimulants), anti-drug wars, 8 122 Nixon’s 1969, 6 Australia, 66 anti-terrorism, 77 Australia-U.S. Free Trade APAC (Agricultural Policy Advisory Agreement, 32 Committee), United States, 30 Austria, 56 APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation), 55, 58, 60, 109 Bahasa Indonesia, 60 Arabic, 56 Baja California, 123 200 Index

Baja California Sur, 101 brother-members shot down balsero crisis (Cuba, 1994), 76, 78 by Cuba in 1996), 79, 87 Baltic States, 52 bronze race, 112 Bangkok, 129 BRT (Business Roundtable), 28, Barbados, 86 31–2, 34, 41 , 124 Brussels, 79 Bay of Pigs, 79 Brzezinski, Zbigniew (U.S. National BBP (Bilateral Border Partnership), Security Adviser, 1977–1981), 36 Mexico United States, 146 BSEC (Baltic Sea Economic BCC (border crossing cards), United Cooperation), 55 States, 153 Building a North American beggar-thy-neighbor atmosphere, 11 Community (a 2005 Council Beijing, 107–8, 112 on Foreign Relations Task Belize, 141 Force Report), 35 Bell helicopters, 129 Bulk Currency Initiative, Drug beyond-the-state argument, 2, 5, Enforcement Agency (United 168 States), 129–30 Bilderberg Conference, 25, 39 Burgos, Vanessa, 168 bilingual(ism), 51 Bush, George W. (U.S. president, BIP (Border Immigration Program), 2000–2008), 1, 7, 15, 19, 74–5, United States, 176 81, 86–7, 126, 146, 166 Blackhawk helicopters, 129 business associations, 23 Bloc Québecois, 56 business cycle, 174 Boas, Franz (1858–1942, Father of Bustamante, Jorge (Mexican Modern Anthropology), 61 Professor of Sociology, Notre Boeing, 41 Dame University), 147 Bogotá, 76, 129 Bolivia, 76, 122, 131 CAFTA (Central American Free Border Patrol, United States, 177 Trade Agreement), with United border walls, 1 States, 32, 168 Bourdieu, Pierre (French sociologist, Calderón Hinojosa, Felipe (Mexican 1930–2002), 61 president, 2006–2012), 14, Bracero program (1942), United 105, 108, 182, 184 States, 10, 166, 176 , 124 Brazil, 44 California, 9 BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, & California’s three-strikes legislation, China), 44 183 British Council, 66 Calles, Plutarco Elías (Mexican British Empire, 57 President, 1924–1928), 101, British Royal Institute of 103–4, 111 International Affairs, 25 “calls of the wild,” 2, 5 Brookings Institution, 39, 40, 133 Camara de Comercio, Guatemala, Brothers to the Rescue (Miami-based 144 group since 1991, founded by Canada-based Asian DTOs (drug- José Basulto, and had 2 trafficking organizations), 123 Index 201

Canada/Canadian, 1, 7, 34–5, 37–8, Chilean, 95 41, 43–4, 52, 55–6, 62, 64, 78, Chile-U.S. FTA (free trade 102–3, 123, 184 agreement), 32 Canadian North, 1, 4 China/Chinese, 3, 7, 19, 44, 85, Cancún, 101 96, 102, 104, 106–7, 109, 112, , 122 146, 175, 180, 191–2 capitalism, 102 China Exclusion Act, 1882 (United CAPT (Centers for the Application States), 105, 176 of Prevention Technologies), 126 Chinese (as language), 57–8 Cárdenas, Lázarus, 101 Chinese immigration, 96, 106 Cardoso, Fernando Henrique Chinese model, 85 (Brazilian president, 1995–2003 Chinese Revolution, 106 and Professor of Sociology), 133 Chirac, Jacques (French President, Cargill, 31 1995–2007), 57 Caribbean, 1, 19, 76, 86, 102 Chomski, Noam (Father of Modern Carnegie Endowment, 40 Linguistics, MIT), 61 cartels, drug, 9, 10, 16–17, 19, 166 Christian, 103 Carter Administration, 40 Christianos por la Paz, 150 Casa del Migrante, 149 Citigroup, 41 Castro, Fidel (Cuban Prime Citizen’s Agenda, 151 Minister 1958–1976, President Ciudad Juárez, 123–4, 171 1976–2008), 73–4, 77–9, civil society, 155 80–1, 84, 86, 89 Civil War (United States), 175 Castro, Raúl (Cuban President from “clash” thesis (Samuel P. 2008), 74, 77–9, 80–1, 83–6 Huntington’s), 8 Castro regime. See Castro, Fidel Clinton, Bill/William L. (U.S. Caterpillar (corporation), 32 president, 1992–2000), 14, 79 Catholic Church, 57 CNDH (Comisión Nacional de los Caucasus, 57 Derochos Humanos), Mexican, CCCE (Canadian Council of Chief 149 Executives), 29, 35, 42 Coahuila, 103 CEMAI (Consejo Empresarial Coahuila-coal, 101 Mexicano para Asuntos , 9, 19, 122, 127, 130. Internacionales), 108 See also drug-trafficking/ Central America, 7, 9, 15, 19, 23, traffickers; illegal (border) 54, 102, 125, 128–9, 144–6, flows 150, 165–6, 170, 180–1, 184 cocoa, 102, 122, 132 Central Asia, 57 Code Napoleon (1804), 56 Centro de Derechos Humanos Fray (and post-Cold War), 1, Bartolemé de las Casas, 150 4, 5, 10, 13, 36, 81, 89, 106, CFR (Council on Foreign Relations), 176, 178, 193 5, 29, 34, 37–9, 40, 42 , 123 Chávez, Rodríguez, 154 collective policy-making, 2, 4, 5, 18 Chiapas, 111, 123, 144–5, 153, 166 Colombia, 107, 122, 124–5, 128, Chile, 14 130–2 202 Index

Colorado Alliance for Immigration Cuba/Cubans, 3, 19, 73, 75, 84, Reform, 147 107, 123, 191 COMAR (Comisión Mexicana Cuban Adjustment Act (1966), para Ayudar del Refugios), United States, 74 150, 167, 179 Cuban Democracy Act, United COMEXI (Council on International States, 78 Relations, Mexico), 29, 42 Cuban Liberty and Solidarity Act COMI (Center for Orientation of Law, 78. See also Helms-Burton Migrants of Oaxaca), 151 Law Commission on Global Governance, Cuban Missile Crisis (1963), 76 120 Cuban Revolution, 76, 78, 80, 82, Committee of Chairs, 31 176 common market, 13 Cuba-U.S. relations, 75–6, 87–8 Commonwealth, British, 25 “cultural invisible hand,” 52 Communism, 11, 74 customs union, 13–14 complex interdependence, 37–9 Congress, U.S., 42, 78, 86 Damoclean sword, 95 constructivism (school of thought), Darío, Rubén, 81 4–7, 23, 62 DEA (Drug Enforcement Contadora Group, 178–9 Administration), United States, Convergencia de Organizmos 124–6, 128, 130 Civiles por la Democracia de decriminalization, 133 Chiapas, 150 dedazo tradition, Mexican, 14 Coordinadora de Organizmos no Deere & Company, 41 Gubernamentales por la Paz en Democracy, 11, 75, 167 Chiapas, 150 Democrat Party (United States), 40, corporate interests, 27 85–7 corporations, 16–17, 19 Department of Commerce, Advisory cosmic race, 112 Committee System, United cosmopolitanization, 112 States, 30 Council of States, Cuban, 85 Department of Commerce, United Covarrubias, Francisco Díaz, 102 States, 27, 33 Cox, Robert (York University Department of Justice, United Professor Emeritus, Political States, 131 Science), 62 Department of Labor’s Working CPOT (Consolidated Priority Partners, United States, 126 Organizations), 128, 130 Department of State, United States, Creating a North American 86, 104 Community, 35 dependencia theory, 12, 73 Cristanos por la Paz, 150 deportation, 180 critical theory (from der Pijl, Van, 25 constructivism), 62 developed countries, DCs, 191 cross-border dynamics, 3, 4, 6, 8–9, DIA (Defense Intelligence Agency), 11, 19, 53, 64 United States, 125 Index 203 diaspora, 3, 95–6 English, the language, 3, 53–60, 64–5 Chinese, 95–6 environment, 42 diffusion, 54 Environmental Commission Dillingham Commission Report, Secretariat, Montreal, 63 United States, 1913, 8, 176–7 equatorial Africa, 60 Dingwerth, K., 120 Espacio Civil por la Paz, 150 Disney World, 86 EU (European Union), 51, 58, 60, Dobson, Wendy K. (Director, 73, 79, 168 University of Toronto’s Institute EU-Cuba Common Position, 80 for International Business), 38 Europe, 11, 25, 36, 44, 51, 54, Domestic Cannabis Eradication/ 107, 183 Suppression, Drug Enforcement European illegal flows, 5 Administration, 130. European integration, 5 See also DEA exilee (Cuban), 76–8, 82–3, 85, 87 Dominican Republic, 128 Ex-Im Bank, 33 door-ajar U.S. immigration policy external economic actor, 14 approach, 174, 178 EZNL (Zapatista National Dornbusch, Rudrick, 14 Liberation Army), 147 “double movement,” 26. See also Polyani, Karl failed-state argument, 77 Drieling, Michael, 32 FAR (Fuerzas Armadas Drug Free Communities Support Revolucionarias), 80–1 Program, United States, 126 FBI (Federal Bureau of drug-trafficking/traffickers, 6, 8, 9 Investigation), United States, DTOs (drug-trafficking 124, 128 organizations), 119, 122, 125, federal (level) government, 17, 33, 95 128, 132, 134, 166 Feinberg, Richard (Professor of International Political Eastern Europe, 56–7, 145–6 Economy, University of EC (European Commission), 18 California, San Diego), 184 EC (European Community), 5, 13 Ferbab-Brown, Vanda (Senior ECB (European Central Bank), 55 Fellow, Brookings Institution), economic symmetry, 14 133 economic union, 13, 14 Filipinos, 176 ECSC (European Coal and Steel fiscal policy, 5 Community), 5 Fishman, Joshua (Professor of election/electoral calendar, 10 Psychology and Sociology, elite complementarity, 14 Ysshiva University), 58 elitism, 14, 18, 23–4, 27, 29, 37, 99 Fishman-Pool hypothesis, 59 El Paso, 123 Fishman proposals, 64 El Salvador, 101, 145, 154, 180 FITs (Financial Investigation Encuesta Nacional de Adiciones, Teams of the Drug Enforcement 2008, 127 Administration), United States, England, 25 129 204 Index

Flores-Macias, Gustavo (Cornell globalism, 98 Professor of Government), 134 globalization, 37, 53, 58, 96, 120, Florida, 76, 123–4 142, 192 FMC (Ford Motor Company), 32 global village, 1, 3 Foreign Affairs, 34 “Globish” argument, 66 “fortress-United States” argument, GM (General Motors), 32 174 Gobernación, Secretaria de, Fox Quesada, Vicente (Mexican Mexico, 107–8 president, 2000–2006), 11, Goldman Sachs, 39, 41 108, 151, 154 Gotlieb, Allan E. (Canadian fragmegration, 143–4, 148, 155–6, ambassador to the United 193 States, 1981–1989, former France, 5, 26, 57, 104, 109 editor Harvard Law Review, 38 Franco-German (relations), 53 governance, 7, 11, 17, 41, 51, 96, Francophone, 64 98, 119–21, 171–2, 181 passim, “free-market Atlantic” argument, 53 192 Freemason(ry), 25 Gramsci, Antonio (1860–1937, FTAs (free trade agreements), 7, Italian, foremost expert on 13–14, 18, 27, 33, 43 cultural hegemony), 61–2 French, as language, 51, 53–4, 59, Granma Yacht, 1956 Cuban 66. See also France incident, 80 French Revolution, 56 grassroots pressures, 10 Great Britain, 56, 66 Gadsden Purchase (1853), 169 Great Recession (2007–2009), 10 Gandhi, Mahatma, 23 Greek empire, 52 gangs, Central American, 15, 124, Group of Thirty, 39 154 Guanazhou, China, 109 GANS (Mexico-Honduras High Guantánamo, US naval base, 77 Level Group on Security), 155 Guatemala, 7, 104, 107, 141, 144–6, GANSEF (High-level Groups on 151, 153–4, 166, 169–70, 174, Border Security), Mexico- 178–9, 181–2 Guatemala, 154 Guatemaltecos, 141 Ganster, Paul, 169, 174 guest-worker programs Ganster-Lorey features, 169 Mexican, 153 Gates, William Henry Bill U.S., 183 (Microsoft Chairman, Guevara, Jorge Bonilla, magnate, philanthropist), 17 Guatemalan, 144 GATT (General Agreement on , 123–4 Tariffs and Trade), 168 Gulf of Mexico, 166 Geithner, Tim (U.S. Treasury gun-dealers, 125 Secretary 2009–2013), 39 gypsies, transnational, 9 , 26, 52, 56–7, 109 Gill, Stephen York University Haass, Richard (President, Council Professor of Political Science), on Foreign Relations from 26, 36 2003), 39–40 Index 205

Haiti, 128 Ignatius, David (Washington Post Haitians, 95 columnist/editor, 133 Harvard, 2–3 IGPAC (Intergovernmental Policy Havana, 75–6, 78–9, 80, 86 Advisory Committee), United headline news, 2–3 States, 31 Helms-Burton Law, 78–9, 87. illegal (border) flows, 6, 8, 17–18 See also Cuban Liberty and illicit drugs. See drug-trafficking/ Solidarity Act Law traffickers Helsinki, 52 IMF (International Monetary Heredia, Carlos (Professor, CIDE, Fund), 24 Mexico), 38 immigrants, Chinese, 100 , 130–1 immigration, 143, 165 HIDTA (High Intensity Drug Immigration and Naturalization Trafficking Area), 127 Act, 1965, United States, 176 high-cost production, 9 immigration laws, United States, 10 Hills, Carla A. (U.S. Trade Independent Task Force, 35 Representative, 1989–1993), Independent Task Group, 35 38, 41 India, 44, 52, 146, 180 Hills and Company, 38, 41 Indians, 104, 176 Hindi, as language, 52, 57 individualism, 11, 23 Hispanic, 7, 12, 64, 86, 170, 181 Indonesia, 60 Hitler, Adolf, 23 Industrial Revolution, 57, 66 Hoffman, Mark, 62 Industry Trade Advisory Center, 31 Holbrooke, Richard (1941–2010, INM (Instituto Nacional de U.S. Ambassador), 39 Migración), 147, 152, 154, 156 Hollywood, 2–3 integration, economic, 13, 36, 96 Homeland Security, United States, Inter-American Commission on 17, 194 Human Rights, 99 Honduras, 154, 166, 180 interdependence, as IR theory, 5, Hormats, Robert (former Goldman 12–13, 18, 23, 27, 36–7, 74, Sachs vice president, U.S. 99, 120 Secretary of State from 2009), Inter-Institutional Dialogue 39–40 Committee on Women and human smuggling, 9 Non-Accompanied Children Hung, Clemente Poon, 134 and Adolescents, 152 Huntington, Samuel P. (1927–2008, intermestic politics, 172 Professor of Political Science, International Consultants, 38 Harvard University), 8, 166 International Paper Company, 32 Hurricane Mitch, 180 International Plan of Simultaneous Hussain, Imtiaz, 32 Operations Against Drugs, 154 Internet, 3, 66, 150–1 ideological identity, 14 invisible borderline, 4 IGI (intergovernmental IPU (International Postal Union), 56 institutionalism), 4, 5, IR (International Relations), 4, 18, 13–14, 18 23, 52–3, 60–2, 73, 77, 1 93 206 Index

IRCA (Immigration and Reform Law to Enhance the Social Control Act), 1986, United Development Activities States, 146, 177 Performed by Civil ISI (import-substitution industries), Organizations, Mexico, 152 11–12, 14 League of Nations, 4 ITAC (Industry Trade Advisory Lehman Brothers, 39 Committee), 28, 31 LeMay, Michael, 172–4 passim ITT, 32 less developed countries, 191 levels-of-analysis, 18 Jacobson, Roberta S. (Assistant Ley General de Población, U.S. Secretary of State from Mexico, 106 2012), 124 liberal internationalism, 24, 36, 42 Jamaican DTOs, 123 liberalism, 106 Japan, 36, 102–3, 109 liberalist-realist divide, 5 Japanese, 103, 176 liberalization, 29, 74 Japan Group, 36 liberal (theoretical) arguments, 5, 8, Jews, 105 23–4, 102 jihadists, 180 Lisbon, 52 JP Morgan, 41 Lo Mexicano sentiment, 178 Juárez Cartel, 123–4 Lorey, David E., 169, 174 Los Angeles, 55 Kantian, 11 Los Cabos, 101 Keohane, Robert O. (Princeton Los Piños, 99 University Professor of lost decade (Latin America), International Affairs), 13, 1980s, 12 36, 97 low-wage production, 9 Kissinger, Henry (variously U.S. Lucas, General Romeo (1924–2006, Secretary of State and Guatemalan president, National Security Adviser, 1978–1982, charged with 1969–1977), 40 genocide), 178 Korea, 11, 103 Krahman, Elke (Professor of Malay, as language, 57 International Studies, LSE), 120 Manifest Destiny, 167, 175 Manley, John P. (President, Labor Advisory Committee, 31 Canadian Council of Chief La Familia Cartel, 131 Executives), 38 Language, 51–2 maquiladoras, 1, 9, 17, 144, 170 language war, 52–3 Mara-18, 147 La Paz Agreement (1983), 169 Mara Salvatrucha (Mara-13), 4–5, Latin, as language, 56–7, 64 13–14, 18, 124, 147 Latin America, 7, 9, 12–14, 19, 24, Mariel boatlift (1980), 76–9 44, 52, 54, 73, 77–8, 176 marijuana, 127, 130–1 (), 124 Marshal Plan, Mexico’s, 154 Law of Cuban Adjustment, United Martí, Jose (1853–1895, Cuban States, 79 national hero), 82 Index 207

Marxism/Leninism, 83 Mexico City, 108 Matamoros, 123 Mexico-Guatemala border, 144, Mathews, John, 32 147, 174 passim maximin rule, 58–9 Mexico International Water Maya (people), 144 Commission (formal name McCain, Senator John (Arizona; International Boundary and presidential candidate 2008), 86 Water Commission, 1944, McKinsey & Company, 39 between Mexico and the United McLuhan, Marshall (1911–1980, States), 18 Canadian philosopher of Mexico-U.S. border, 6, 11 communications), 1–4 Mexico-U.S. immigration, 95 McNamara, Robert (U.S. Defense MI (Mérida Initiative), 16, 128–9, Secretary, 1961–1968), 40 134 McWhorter, John (U.S. linguist), Miami, 76, 85 58–9 MININT (Ministerio del Interior), Medellin Cartel, 124 Cuban, 81 Mejioa, General Oscar (Guatemalam Minutemen missiles, 17 president 1983–1986, convicted Monasterio, Ortiz, 150 of genocide), 178 Moncada barracks (Cuba), 80 Mercosur, 14 monetary policy, 5 Mesas de Díalogo de las money-laundering, 9, 124, 166 Organizaciones de la Mongolia, 66 Sociedad Civil, 151 Montes, Father Cruz, 151 Mesoamerica Project, 154 Mont Pelerin, 25 Mexican Association of Travel Montt, General Efraín Ríos, Agencies, 109 Guatemala, 178 Mexican Business Council of Moravcsik, Andrew (Princeton International Affairs. Professor of Politics, Director See CEMAI European Union Program), 13 Mexican Council on Foreign Moreno, Carlos Anaya, 151 Relations, 29, 35, 42. Morgenthau, Hans J. (1904–1980, See also COMEXI Father of International Relations, Mexican DTOs (drug-trafficking University of Chicago), 4, 11, 173 organizations), 123–4 Moscow, 76, 80 Mexican migrants, 6, 8 Mosher, Clayton (Professor of Mexican Institute of Immigration, Sociology, Washington State 147. See also INM University, 127 Mexicanness, 95 Mulroney, Brian (Canadian Prime Mexican Revolution, 95, 111 Minister, 1984–1993), 35 Mexican South, 1 multi-centricism, 15, 17, 19, 26–7, Mexico, 1, 7–9, 11–15, 17–19, 33, 37, 29–30, 34, 41, 51, 53, 63, 65, 41, 43, 51, 56, 86, 97, 100–2, 73–6, 83–4, 87–9, 97, 99, 105, 105–6, 119–20, 122, 126, 120–1, 141, 143, 148–9, 155, 128–9, 130, 132, 141–2, 144, 173, 180 147, 165 passim, 184 passim multilateral(ism), 2, 14, 35, 173 208 Index multilingualism, 64 New Jersey, 54, 78 multinational corporations, 35, 43 new world order, policy approach multinational states, 51 of, 10 Myanmar, 122, 131 New Zealand, 66 Nicaragua, 101, 154, 180 NAFTA (North American Free Nixon, Richard M. (U.S. president, Trade Agreement, 1993), 2–3, 1968–1974), 166 6–7, 12–14, 17, 24, 27, 29, 32, Nobel Peace Prize, 147 37, 42, 44, 51, 55, 58–9, 60, non-governmental organizations, 63–4, 109, 166, 168, 170, 37, 42, 122, 143, 148, 167, 180 175, 194 non-state actors, 4, 8, 12, 18, 99, NAFTA Plus (name often given to 121 SPP), 36. See also SPP North American Group, 36–7, 40 Napoleonic wars, 56–7 Northern Triangle, 166, 168 narco-trafficking, 111, 171 North Korea, 80 National Commission on Human Nye, Joseph S. (former Assistant Rights, officially INDH Secretary of Defense, (National Institute of Human 1994–1995, Dean of Rights), Mexico, 147 John F. Kennedy School National Drug Control Strategy, of Government, Harvard United States, 126 University, and Professor of National Drug Intelligence Center, Political Science), 13, 36, 38, 124 40, 62 National Export Strategy (NES), United States, 33 Oaxaca, Cartel, 123 National Guards, United States, 15 Obama, Barack H., 15, 39, 86, 90, national interests, 4 184 National System for the Integral Obama Administration, 39, 126, Development of the Family, 133 DIF, Mexico, 152 Obregon, Alvaro, 101, 103 nation-state, 52 OCDETF ( Drug NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Enforcement Task Force), 128 Organization), 5, 11 Office of Safe and Drug-free Negro Cartel, 124 Schools, United States, 126 Negroponte, John D. (Yale University off-shore production, 9. professor, first Director of See also maquiladoras National Intelligence), 40 one-size-fits-all argument, 11, 165 neoliberalism, 11, 14, 24, 73, 143 open-door phase, U.S. immigration neorealism, 12, 14, 23, 62, 73, 143 policy approach, 174 Nervo, Amado (1870–1912, Mexican Operación Limpieza, Mexico, 129 ambassador), 112 , United networks States, 131 elite, 24–9 opium, 122 transnational, 24–9 Ortiz, Guillermo (Governor, Bank Trilateral Commission, 29 of Mexico, 1998–2009), 14 Index 209

Pacific cartel, 123 Portillo y Pacheco, José Guillermo Pacific ocean, 182 Abel López (Mexican president Pakistan, 52 1976–1982), 179 Papua New Guinea, 60 post-Westphalia, 74, 112. Parijs, P. van. See Van Parijs, P. See also Westphalia Partido Acción Nacional, 109 Powers, Bruce R., 1–4 Pattberg, P., 120 Prescription Drug Monitoring Pax , 66 Programs, 126 Pax Britannica, 66 presidential, 41 Payan, Tony, 169 PRI (Partido Revolucionario Peace Accords, 1992, 1996, Institucional), 100, 110, 150 Guatemala, 142 Procter & Gamble, 32 Penn, Sean (Hollywood actor), 77 Progressive Conservative Party Pentagon, 86 (Canadian), 56 people-hood, 173 Prudential (corporation), 41 Peru, 102, 122 Prussia, 56 peso crisis, 1994, Mexican, 10 Puche, Sierra Jaime, 14 pet-door phase, U.S. immigration Puebla Process, 167, 179–80 policy approach, 174, 178 push-pull migration factors, 10 PGR (Procuraduria General de la Republica), Mexico, Qing (Chinese dynasty), 97, 106 129, 131 Québec, 55, 64 Philippines, the, 60 Quebecois, Bloc, 56 Phillips, Nicola, 32 Quintana Roo, 101 Pineda, Jose Armando, 147 Plan Colombia, 124, 128 racism, 104, 111 Plan Puebla-Panama, 154, 168, RAND, 39 170, 174 Random Student Drug Testing, Plan Sur, 168 U.S. program, 126 platform-country argument, 175, rational policy-making, 10 182 rayonnement culturel, 62 Platt Amendment (1902), 78 , 179 Pluralism, 14 realism (realist school of thought), Población y Servicios Migratorios, 4–8, 11–12, 23, 73–4, 76–7, 108 110 Poder Ciudadano, 151 realists, classical, 62 Polk, James (U.S. president, Refugee Act, 1980, United States, 1844–1848), 175 177 Polyani, Karl (1886–1964, refugees, 74, 142, 166 Hungarian economic Cuban, 19, 79 historian), 26 Guatemalan, 142, 166, 179 Porfirian regime (reference to Salvadorean, 142 Mexican president, José de la regime, 2 Cruz Porfirio Díaz 1884–1911), change, 74, 82 98, 101, 111 regionalization/regionalism, 53, 168 210 Index

REI (regional economic integration), Seasonal Farm Workers Program, 2, 5, 6, 13–14, 98, 168 Mexico and Guatemala, 145 Republican Party, United States, Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriors, 85, 87 Mexico, 107 Revolutionary Institutional Party. Secretaria de Turismo, Mexico, 109 See PRI Secretary of Commerce, United Rhodes Group, 25 States, 33 Rice, Susan (U.N. Ambassador for Secretary of Defense, United the United States), 39 States, 40 Ricoeur, Paul (1913–2005, French Secretary of States, United Philosopher), 61 States, 40 Rockefeller, David (U.S. banker and security philanthropist), 36, 38 border, 75, 77–8, 84, 88, 143–4 Rodó tradition, Cuban, 81 Chinese context, 98, 111 Roman empire, 52, 56–7 Cuban context, 75, 77–8, 84, 88 Romas, 5 SEGOB (Secretaria de Gobernación), Romero, Matías, 102 Mexico, 107–8, 151–2 Rosenau, James, 15–18, 26–7, 30, sexenio crisis, Mexico, 177 42, 51, 63, 65, 87–8, 97–8, Shanghai, 108 100, 112, 121, 125, 142, 150, Sierra, Justo (Mexican writer and 173, 181, 185, 193 member of Mexican Academy Roundtable Group, 25 of Languages, 1848–1912), 102 Rubin, Robert (U.S. Treasury Sierra Madre mountains, 144 Secretary 1992–2000), 14 Simpson-Mazzoli (immigration) Russia, 44, 57, 82 bills, 1982, United States, 177 , 123–4 Salinas de Gortari, Carlos (Mexican Sin Fronteras, 145, 149, 151, 156 presidente 1988–1994), 14, 179 Sino-Mexico Agreement to Suppress Salvadoreans, 180 visas on Diplomats and SAMHSA (Substance Abuse Officers Passport (1997), 107 and Mental Health Services six principles, Morgenthau’s, 11 Administration Model Slaughter, Anne-Marie (Director of Programs), U.S. program, 126 Policy Planning, 2009–2011, sanctions, Cuban, 80 former Dean of Woodrow Sandinistas, 177 Wilson School of International San Francisco, 129 and Public Affairs, Princeton Sapir, Edward (1884–1939, University), 132 German linguist at Columbia Slim Helu, Carlos (Mexican University), 61 magnate), 17 Sa’udi Arabia, 66 SOAs (spheres-of-authority), SCIRP (Select Commission on Rosenau’s, 142, 156 Immigration and Refugee social market, 26 Policies), United States, 176 social relations, 111 SDTI (Student Drug-testing societal level of analysis, 75, 77, 95 Institution), U.S. program, 126 Soconuso River, 144, 166 Index 211 soft power, 54, 62–3, 76–7 Tabasco, 153 Solis, Villafuerte, 144 TACs (Trade Advisory Committees), Sonora Group, 111 United States, 27, 31–2 source-country argument, 175 Tagalog, 60 South Africa, 66 Tamaulipas, 123, 147 South America, 23, 105, 107, 145 Tapachula, 171 Southern Border Plan, Mexico, 149 Task Action Program (2007–2012), Southern Frontier Program, Mexico, 127 Mexico, 153 Teacher of America, 102. South Korea, 146 See also Sierra, Justo Soviet Union, 73, 78, 82–3, 88–9 technocrats, 14 Spain, 73, 95, 103 technology, 5 Spanglish, 7 TELCEL, 144 Spanish, as language, 51, 53, 55, 59, TEPEC (Trade and Environmental 64, 66, 192 Policy Advisory Committee), spillover effects, 7, 99 United States, 31 SPP (Security and Prosperity Texas, 103 Partnership, from 2005), Thailand, 131 Canada, Mexico, and the Third Border Initiative, United United States, 35–8, 42, 54. States, 146 See also NAFTA Plus third U.S. border, 1, 7, 19, 166 SSP (Secretaria de Seguridad threats Publica), Mexico, 129, 131 hard, 1, 2, 10, 12–14 stability, Cuban, 75, 84 soft, 1, 2, 4, 10, 12–15 Starbucks, 63–4 Thurbon, Elizabeth, 32–3 state, 2, 4, 8, 12, 25, 75 Time-Warner, 41 state-centricism, 15–16, 26, 29–30, Tijuana, 123 41–3, 53, 63, 73, 76–8, 81, 83, , 123 87–9, 98, 143 Tok Pisin, Papua New Guinea, 60 state-society tension, 19, 75 Toronto, 55 struggle-for-the-fittest theme, 17 Torrean, Coahuila, 111 Summers, Lawrence (U.S. Treasury Torricelli, Senator Robert Guy Secretary, 1999–2001, Director, (New Jersey 1996–2002), 78 National Economic Council, TPCC (Trade Promotion 2009–2010), 14 Coordinating Committee), Summit of the Americas, 146, 186 United States, 27, 30, 33, 43 supranational institutions, 5, Trade Advisory Committee on 13–14, 18 Africa, United States, 31 supranationalism, 168 trade apparatus, United States, 24, survival-of-the-fittest atmosphere, 27–34 11, 63 Traduttore, Traditore, 60 SWBI (South West Border trans-border, 19 Initiative), United States, 128 transnationalism, 14, 26, 29, 40, systemic leadership, 88 43, 96, 142 Syngenta, 144 Trans Textile International, 144 212 Index

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo U.S. National Drug Control (1848), United States and Strategy, 126 Mexico, 169, 175 USTR (United States Trade Treaty of Limits (1881), Mexico and Representative), 30, 41 Guatemala, 166, 169, 178 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 56 Valencia Cartel, 123 triangualism, 64 Vallarta, Ignacio, 105 Trilateral, journal, 36 Van der Pijl, 25 TC (Trilateral Commission), 24–5, Van Parijs, P., 58 29, 34, 36–7, 40–1 Vasconcelas, José, 112 turbulence theory, 15, 19, 52, 173, Vázquez, Lucia, 151 181 Venezuela, 87 Tuxtla Summit (2008), 154 Veracruz, 95 Vienna Convention on Law Of undocumented migrants, 141 Treaties, 58 UNDP (United Nations Vietnam, 11, 52 Development Program), 145 Volcker, Paul A. (Chairman, Federal UNHCR (United Nations Reserve, 1979–1987), 39 Human Rights Commission), 167, 191 , 40 unilateralism, 11–12, 167, 178, 185 Waltz, Kenneth N. (1924–2013, unions, trade, 42 Professor of International United Kingdom, 57, 104, 109 Politics, University of United Nations, 4, 58, 121, 123 California, Berkeley), 4, 173 United Nations Human Rights for , 166, 181 Migrants, 147 Washington, DC, 11, 77–9, 86, 96, United Nations Protocol Relating to 102, 105, 171 the Status of Refugees (1967), Wealth of Nations, 59 179 Weed & Seed, 126 United Nations Refugees Weiss, Linda (Australian Professor Convention (1951), 167 of Political Science, University “unruly south” argument, 8 of Sydney), 32–3 US (United States), 6, 8, 12, 14–15, Wendt, Alexander, 62 17–19, 35, 41, 57, 66, 74–5, Western Europe, 56 77, 83–5, 97, 102, 104–6, 107, Western hemisphere, 3, 7, 12–14, 110, 119–20, 122, 126, 128–9, 19, 82, 128 130, 132, 142, 165 passim, 184 western world, 103 passim Westphalia, 5, 120 USAID (U.S. Agency for Westphalian Europe, 51 International Assistance), 132 wet-back, 176 U.S. Board, 35 wet-feet, dry-feet, 79 U.S. Customs and Boards Support, wet-foot, dry-foot, 74 129 White House, 86, 98, 127 U.S. Customs Services, 128 Whorf, Benjamin Lee (1897–1941, U.S.-Mexican border, 119 U.S. linguist), 61 Index 213 wild west, 4 Yucatan-henequin, economic Wilson, Woodrow (U.S. President, sector, 101 1914–1921), 4 Wood, Patrick, 39 Zapatistas, 150, 156, 194 World Bank, 40 Zavala, Margarita (Mexican First World Drug Report, 123 Lady, 2006–2012, wife of world government, 4 President Felipe Calderón WTO (World Trade Organization), Hinojosa), 152 24, 33 Zedillo Ponce de León, Ernesto World War One, 53, 106, 110 (Mexican president, 1994–2000), World War Two, 36, 53, 106, 110, 14, 35, 38, 133, 179 174, 177–8 Zetas, 124, 147 Zoellick, Robert (U.S. Trade Xcellerator, Operation, United Representative, 2001–2005, States, 131 President, World Bank, xenophobia, 95 2007–2012), 39, 40