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The Kafkaesque Theme of Menace in Harold Pinter's THE KAFKAESQUE THEME OF MENACE IN HAROLD PINTER’S PLAYS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY EL İF TOPRAK IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE EDUCATION MAY 2008 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Sencer AYATA Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Prof. Dr. Wolf KÖN İG Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ünal NORMAN Supervisor Examining Committee Members Dr. Z. Rüçhan KAYALAR (BILKENT, ELIT) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ünal NORMAN (METU, ELIT) Dr. Deniz ARSLAN (METU, ELIT) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Elif Toprak Signature : iii ABSTRACT THE KAFKAESQUE THEME OF MENACE IN HAROLD PINTER’S PLAYS TOPRAK, Elif M.A., Department of Foreign Language Education Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ünal NORMAN May 2008, 113 pages Harold Pinter is deeply intrigued by Franz Kafka’s fiction. Both writers’ works are imbued with ambiguity or mystery, and the feelings of disintegration, evasiveness, and domination. The atmosphere of menace and terror permeate their works. Kafka’s fiction is characterized by the existence of an invisible guilt, a prevailing sense of ambivalence and the impossibility to obtain knowledge from the omnipotent sources. The mainspring of menace in Pinter is usually the outside forces, which are latent and invisible. In Pinter’s violent dramatic world, the individuals are subjected to an unreasonable treatment of torture, imprisonment and dehumanization. His recurrent theme of torture is in fact traceable to Kafka’s themes of punishment and execution. The characters can find comfort neither in their physical surroundings nor in an understanding relationship with others, and finally they are driven into a state of disintegration of self-image. Man’s predicament is reflected in a layered manner, embarking on his relationship with the outside world, and then moving towards his inner anguish about the self. This study focuses on the common aspects of the two literary figures in terms of the concept of menace. The sense of menace is reflected iv in certain human feelings like fear, insecurity and hopelessness. Menace may appear in a number of ways including physical, psychological and mental ways. However, the characters, in both Kafka’s and Pinter’s works, make use of some defense mechanism s to cope with menace. Evasiveness and inaction are efficient in situations where the dominant character exerts his power by means of the information obtained through questioning the victim. Pinter’s characters also remain silent to protect themselves from the torture and violence exerted by the mechanism. The characters also question the system to gain insight to its true nature. Lastly, the individuals seek relief in self-delusion and denial of reality as the reality itself is essentially ruthless. All these coping strategies, however, prove fruitless in the end, and both Kafka’s and Pinter’s characters become a victim of unspecified menace. Key Words: Menace, Ambiguity, Mystery, Terror, Imprisonment, Power, Threat. v ÖZ HAROLD PINTER’IN OYUNLARINDA KAFKA’NIN BUNALTICI TEHD İT TEMASI TOPRAK, Elif Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Yabancı Diller E ğitimi Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi : Yard. Prof. Dr. Ünal NORMAN Mayıs 2008, 113 sayfa Harold Pinter, Franz Kafka’nın kurgusundan derin bir biçimde etkilenmi ştir. Her iki yazarın yapıtları da belirsizlik veya bilinmeyenin yanısıra parçalanma, ba ştan savma, ve hükmetme duygularıyla doludur. Bir tehdit ve deh şet ortamı iki yazarın eserlerine de nufüz etmi ştir. Kafka’nın romanının özelli ği, kestirilemeyen bir suçun, hakim olan bir kararsızlık duygusunun varolu şu ve sınırsız gücü olan kaynaklardan bilgi edinmenin imkansız olmasıdır. Pinter’da tehdidin arkasındaki esas neden genellikle dı şarda gizli olarak varolan ve belirti göstermeyen güçlerdir. Pinter’in şiddet dolu dünyasında, bireyler nedensiz olarak i şkence görmekte, hapsedilmekte, ve insanlık dı şı uygulamalara maruz kalmaktadırlar. Pinter’ın yinelenen i şkence temasının kökeni, aslında Kafka’nın ceza ve idam temalarına dayandırılabilir. Karakterler ne fiziksel çevrelerinde ne de ba şkalarıyla olan ili şkilerinde huzur bulabilmektedirler, ve son olarak bu karakterler benlik duygularının parçalanması durumuna sürüklenmektedirler. Bireyin ya şadı ğı zor durum, onun dı ş dünya ile olan vi ili şkisiyle ba şlayıp ardından da kendi benli ğiyle ilgili ruhsal ıstıraplarına yönelerek, kademeli bir şekilde ele alınmaktadır. Bu çalı şma iki edebi ki şinin tehdit kavramı açısından ortak yönlerine odaklanmaktadır. Bu tehdit hissi, korku, emniyetsizlik ve umutsuzluk gibi belirli insan duygularında yansıtılmaktadır. Tehdit, fiziksel, psikolojik ve zihinsel yollar olmak üzere birçok şekilde ortaya çıkabilir. Ancak, hem Kafka hem de Pinter’daki karakterler tehditle ba şa çıkmak için bazı savunma mekanizmaları kullanmaktadırlar. Kaçamak ve eylemsizlik baskın karakterin, kurbanını sorgulama yoluyla edindigi bilgiler yardımıyla güç kullandığı durumlarda etkilidir. Pinter’ın karakterleri aynı zamanda kendilerini mekanizma tarafından uygulanan i şkence ve şiddete kar şı korumak için sessiz kalmaktadırlar. Karakterler aynı zamanda sistemin gerçek do ğasını anlayabilmek için onu sorgulamaktadırlar. Son olarak da, bireyler, kendi kendini aldatma ve gerçe ğin inkar edilmesi yollarıyla bir avuntu aramaktadırlar çünkü gerçe ğin kendisi özünde acımasızdır. Ancak tüm bu savunma mekanizmaları sonunda ba şarısız olmaktadır, ve hem Kafka’nın hem de Pinter’ın karakterleri belirsiz tehdidin bir kurbanı olmaktadırlar. Anahtar Kelimeler: Tehdit, Belirsizlik, Bilinmeyen, Deh şet, Hapsetme, Güç, Gözda ğı. vii To my family viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am deeply indebted to my supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ünal Norman, whose constitutive attitude, stimulating suggestions, invaluable feedback and encouragement helped me in all the time of research for and writing of this thesis. I would like to thank her wholehearthedly for many insightful conversations during the development of the ideas in this thesis, and for never accepting less than my best efforts. I must acknowledge as well my examining committee, who patiently guided and challenged me. I also wish to thank my family – my Mum, my Dad and my dear sister – as well as my friends, who had confidence in me, and provided unconditional support all the time. Last but not least, Evren Öztürk brought out the good ideas in me, and always supported my dreams and aspirations. Without his encouragement and constant guidance, I could not have finalized this dissertation. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ............................................................................................................ iii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ iv ÖZ ............................................................................................................................... vi DEDICATION .......................................................................................................... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................ ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. x CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 2. MENACE OF THE OMINOUS SYSTEM ......................................................... 14 2.1 Menace from an Unspecified Mechanism and Unspecified Crime .............. 18 2.2. Abuse of Authority: Discipline with Violence and Punishment ................. 30 2.3. Power Inequality: Information vs. Ignorance; Insight vs. Blindness........... 41 3. MENACE WITHIN AN INDIVIDUAL ............................................................. 49 3.1. Psychological Menace Due to a Lacking Relationship with Others ........... 49 3.2. Menace of Identity: Loss of Sense of Self ................................................... 62 3.3. Failure of Existence: Literal and Figurative Death...................................... 72 4. MAN’S DEFENSE MECHANISMS TO COPE WITH MENACE .................... 80 4.1. Insight and Questioning the System ............................................................ 80 4.2. Silence, Inaction and Evasiveness ............................................................... 88 4.3. Denial of Reality and Self-delusion ............................................................. 94 5. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................. 106 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 110 x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Pinter and His Work The British playwright Harold Pinter’s (1930- …) work has been regarded as a great achievement due to his distinctive dramatic style, and his meticulous attention to exploration of human predicament in his drama.
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