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Figure 14. J.S. Emerson, Field Note Book Map – Book 253:1 (State Survey Division) He Wahi Mo‘olelo no Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a (Kumu Pono Associates LLC – December 30, 2006) HiHETF116a – 78 J.S. Emerson Field Notebook Vol. 111 Reg. No. 253 West Hawaii Primary Triangulation, Kona District Akahipuu; May 29,1882 [see Figure 15 for locations discussed below] Site # and Comment: 1 – Kiholo meeting house. Puu Waawaa. 2 – Kauai’s frame house. Puu Waawaa, Kiholo village. 3 – Keanini’s frame house. Puu Waawaa, Kiholo village. 4 – Honuakaha Bay. Puu Waawaa. 5 – Keawaiki Cape. Puu Waawaa. 6 – Kiholo Bay. Puu Waawaa. 7 – Lae Iliili. Cape of lava stones. 8 – Inside bay. 9 – Lae Hou. [Book 253:39] Akahipuu – May 31, 1882 10 – Ohiki Bay. In Puu Waawaa. 11 – Lae Ohiki. “ 12 – Koholapilau bay. “ 13 – Konalimu. “ 14 – Keawakeekee bay. “ 15 – Keawakeekee cape. “ 16 – Keawaiki bay. “ 17 – Lae Akinakahi. In Puu Waawaa. 18 – Akinakahi Bay. [Book 253:49] 19 – Lae o Naubaka. In Puu Anahulu. 20 – Kaluaouou Bay. “ 21 – Lae o Namahana... “ [Book 253:51] He Wahi Mo‘olelo no Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a (Kumu Pono Associates LLC – December 30, 2006) HiHETF116a – 79 Figure 15. J.S. Emerson, Field Note Book Map – Book 253:25 (State Survey Division) He Wahi Mo‘olelo no Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a (Kumu Pono Associates LLC – December 30, 2006) HiHETF116a – 80 J.S. Emerson Field Notebook Vol. 4 Reg. No. 254 Primary Triangulation, West Hawaii, Kona District Station Descriptions – August 1882 Puu Anahulu This station is situated on a hill at the northern extremity of the Puu Anahulu range. This line of hills is extremely conspicuous on account of the abruptness with which they rise from the ää plains, presenting a very steep face, while the other extremity (its Eastern) and the back of the range are level with the surrounding country. The station hill is the most conspicuous at the northern extremity. The underground mark is a copper triangle. The surface marks are these—the rocks are large and are all “in situ.” The lower pole of the signal is of “Koaie” wood, well seasoned and will probably last for twenty years. [Field Book 254:121] Puu Waawaa Is too prominent not to be easily found without a description. A copper triangle and marked stone show the position of the point under ground. The stones above ground are close to the signal. There is a quantity of the cans underground also. The rocks for the marking purposes had to be brought from the plains below on jackasses as there were none to be found on the hill. The soil is very soft and rich, and the summit is covered with a dense forest. [Field Book 254:123] J.S. Emerson – Letter Communications (1882-1885) In addition to the field note book descriptions, Emerson was also writing regular status reports to W.D. Alexander, Surveyor General of the Kingdom. Those letters—from the collection of the Hawaii State Archives—often provide readers with interesting reading. The communications document field conditions and features; difficulties with some surveys; and who the informants and field guides were. Among the letters are the following communications: February 5, 1882 J.S. Emerson W.D. Alexander, Surveyor General In Camp – Kaupulehu, Northwest Slope of Hualalai, about 6000 feet above sea level: [Describes establishment of survey markers on Hualälai, Näpu‘u, and the larger Kekaha region.] …I regret that Puako signal is so placed as to be invisible from Kuili. A cocoanut grove obstructs the view. A new intermediate station on Cape Waawaa in Lahuipuaa, I hope will enable me to connect the two. Puu Anahulu (in Napuu) and Puu Waawaa, will with cape Waawaa as stations, fix Kuili. The region around Naohuleelua is invisible from my Hualalai signal. Another peak of about equal altitude, shuts it out. But I will leave the location of that point for a second visit to Kona. My two native men exceed my most sanguine hopes. They “know Kona,” and are splendid fellows… The Kaupulehu signal is a complete success. I have set a signal on Puu Waawaa & Puu Anahulu in Napuu & in the morning I start for Kuili… My mail is probably waiting for me at Kiholo where I expect to be tomorrow at noon… [HGS DAGS 6 Box 1] He Wahi Mo‘olelo no Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a (Kumu Pono Associates LLC – December 30, 2006) HiHETF116a – 81 May 5, 1882 J.S. Emerson to W.D. Alexander (at Puu Anahulu): …Iakoba has just returned from setting a signal at Naohuleelua, visible from Nohonaohae, Ahumoa, Puu ka Pele, Napukulua, Puu Waawaa & Kaupulehu. It will have my careful attention and thorough locating. We start at once for Puu Waa & then in a few days for Naohuleelua, via Keamuku & Puu ka Pele, a long and ugly road… [HGS DAGS 6 Box 1] May 21, 1882 J.S. Emerson to W.D. Alexander In Camp – Kuili hill, about 400 feet above sea level, about 2,000 feet from sea shore, Awakee: …We left our station at Puu Anahulu Friday morning May 5 in the midst of a furious sand storm accompanied by occasional whirl winds of great force, and after quite a march through the forest over a rough aa trail reached Puu Waawaa about 5 P.M. To protect ourselves from the Mumuku [name of the fierce winds of the area], we pitched tent in a jungle of ulei shrubs. But to our intense disgust we found the hill, or little mountain on which we were encamped, swarming with myriads of pokepoke, or sow-bugs, sole living representative of the fossil trilobite. They covered and got into everything, lined our blankets & pillows, crawled up the sides of the tent & dropped down upon our faces as we slept, or crawled into our ears and hair. We destroyed thousands upon thousands with fire & faggot, but tens of thousands came to their funeral. The scourge lasted as long as we remained on the hill, and when we left May 17, we carried away a large swarm that still covered the tent. During the ten days we occupied the station, we had but little clear weather. We were in the cloud, fog, mist or rain much of the time, and the continued breathing of such an atmosphere was a most trying ordeal… Every item of local historical, mythological or geological interest has been carefully sought out & noted. Perryman has embellished the pages of the field book with twenty four neatly executed views & sketches from the various trig. stations we have occupied… [see selected sketches cited as figures above in this section of the study] [HGS DAGS 6 Box 1] August 30, 1883 J.S. Emerson to W.D. Alexander (Punihaole’s house – Kiholo, Kona, Hawaii): …I arrived at Kawaihae yesterday P.M. at 5 after an extremely disagreeable voyage on the nasty steamer Likelike. The weather was fair, but the condition of the boat was such as to make all the passengers of the Anglo Saxon race horribly sick. I made formal complaint of the state of things to Capt. King and to Mr. White at Mahukona, and the former gave the steward a severe reprimand for neglecting the sanitary condition of the cabin. I have never seen it so bad before. This morning at 3 I left Kawaihae in Capt. Kanehaku’s18 clean whale boat, and after a delightful sail along the familiar coast reached this place at 7. Kailihiwa19 and the animals will be due here this P.M. So says Iakopa… [HGS DAGS 6; Box 2] 18 Kanehaku also served as the South Kohala Road Supervisor in the period between ca. 1883-1887 (communications cited in this study). 19 As noted in the interviews with Robert Keäkealani Sr. and his children, Ka‘ilihiwa (nui) was the grandfather of R. Keäkealani Sr.—the one from whom he learned much about the land of Kawaihae to Ka‘üpülehu—and Iakopa was also a relative of the grandparent’s generation. He Wahi Mo‘olelo no Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a (Kumu Pono Associates LLC – December 30, 2006) HiHETF116a – 82 J.S. Emerson – Personal Notes: Kauai interviewed at Kiholo, Kona, Hawaii, August 30th, 1883: Waakelehonua was the konohiki of the Kiholo pond in the time of Kamehameha III. Kamehameha 1st had all the men of Kona, Kohala and Hamakua bring stone and build the Kiholo fish pond wall. They took the stone from two old heiau, namely, the heiau of Meeu and from that of Puhipaio and then formed a line to Luwahinewai about two miles south and brought more stone… The two puoa [houses], where Alapainui’s treasures were stored were called respectively Lonoakai and Kaualii, their rafters were six fathoms long. The rafters were fixed paehumu [the bases set in the earth in a row] and were of kauila. The kauila tree is found mainly in Puu Waawaa and rarely in Kaupulehu. Kuhuluku was a kupua [supernatural being] who lived at Awikiwiki, Puu Anahulu. The rain always fell at his back. Kalemonuia was a kupua living at Kiholo at the heiau of Puhipaio. He was continually sounding his drum made of shark skin stretched on a cocoa nut trunk until he became a bore and his life was sought. He used to swim the surf and return to this heiau in the sea. At length he was caught in a nae net [a tightly woven small mesh-net, usually made of olonä fibers] and slain. The net was made to surround the heiau. [Bishop Museum Archives, HEN I:473 – emphasis added] September 23, 1885 J.S. Emerson to W.D.

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