استمازة جقييم السسائل البحثيت ملقسز دزاس ي اوال : بياهاث جمأل بمعسفت الطالب

اسم الطالب : فاضل أحمد محمد حفني كليت : السياحة والفنادق الفسقت/املستىي : الثالثة / )من الخارج( الشعبت : إرشاد سياحي الئحة قديمة القسم : اإلرشاد السياحي اسم املقسز : آثار مصر الفرعونية)3( كىد املقسز: ر س 423 استاذ املقسز : د. سمر مصطفي كمال

البريد الالكترووي للطالب : [email protected] عىىان السساله البحثيت "Buildings of king Amenhotep/// : at temple" :

ثاهيا: بياهاث جمأل بمعسفت لجىت املمتحىيين هل السسالت البحثيت املقدمت متشابه جصئيا او كليا ☐ وعم ☐ ال فى حالت الاجابت بىعم ال يتم جقييم املشسوع البحثي ويعتبر غير مجاش جقييم املشسوع البحثي

م عىاصس التقييم الىشن التقييم اليسبي 1 الشكل العام للسسالت البحثيت 2 جحقق املتطلباث العلميت املطلىبت 3 يركس املساجع واملصادز العلميت 4 الصياغت اللغىيت واسلىب الكتابت جيد

هتيجت التقييم النهائي /111 ☐ هاجح ☐ زاسب جىقيع لجىت التقييم 1. .2 .3 .4 .5

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No doubt that history is a very important thing in our life, from history we know who we are , Allah is generous, because he gave us , the land of history , he gave us a very great country with a very great history, we can consider that our country was the real beginning of civilization, The Egyptian history is a massive part of how the humanity discovered writing, agriculture , art and painting and more things which made the life of humanity better . In Egyptian history many dynasties about 30 dynasty , these dynasties had a very great kings , in this research we will take about one of the most great kings in new kingdom of Egyptian history king Amenhotep the third and we will talk about nearby every thing about his name , his life specially his building's at Luxor temple.

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Amenhotep III (also known as Amenophis III; on this point, see "conventions") was the son of Thutmosis IV and the father of Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV). He became at around the age of 12 and reigned during the latter part of the 18th Dynasty. The Great Royal wife of Amenhotep III was Tiy, mother of Akhenaten. She was the daughter of Yuya and Tuya. He also married his daughter Sitamon, and it is believed that he had in excess of 300 wives. Amenhotep-Heqawaset was his birth name, meaning " is pleased, Ruler of Thebes". His throne name was Neb-maat-re, meaning "Lord of Truth is Re". His reign (of 36-40 years, depending on the source you use) was largely peaceful and prosperous. Commerce and diplomacy were preferred to the use of military force, especially in the Near East, and Amenhotep III presided over a period of remarkable artistic creativity. Some of the largest and most impressive monuments of the New Kingdom were created during his reign. For many, it marks the apogee of Egyptian civilisation and the beginning of its decline. The successors of Amenhotep III and his son Akhenaten would devote considerable military efforts to restore his reduced empire to Egypt, and military rulers - and then the Ramessides - would eventually ascend the throne of the Two Kingdoms. His mortuary temple, on the west bank, is the single largest temple known to Egyptologists. It collapsed after an earthquake, and was dismantled by subsequent rulers, and very few remains of it today, but the two huge statues known as the "Colossi of Memnon". Archaeological digs, headed by Hourig Sourouzian, have been underway for several years on the site and regularly unearth fragments of reliefs and statues which furnish a partial idea of the splendor that this monument must once have been. His palace of Malkata, situated to the south of the temple on the west bank, is still impressive today even though it is in ruins. We can still discern the remnants of mudbrick walls and fragments of colorful mosaics that surface in the sands. The king had dug a vast lake in front of the palace, the Birket-Habou, which was connected to the Nile by a canal. In all is the largest royal residence ever constructed by a king of Egypt. His building work wasn't restricted to the west bank, for he was responsible, on the east bank of the Nile, for the continuation of the work on the temple of Luxor begun by , as well as the long Sphinx colonnade joining it to the temple complex of , transforming a small sanctuary into the vast and prestigious monument we can still see today. At Karnak he also had a pylon built. In addition to these works at Thebes, Amenhotep III also erected numerous monuments across the Kingdom extending his influence into Sudan. Considering the significance of his contributions to monumental archictecture in Egypt, it is a pity that the only thing to show of his tomb today, in the West , is an unimposing and often unnoticed hole in the ground; no grand entrance like that of Tutankhamun and others.

3 Amenhotep chose for his final resting place, a location halfway into the Western Valley of the Kings, on the left hand side and away from the cliff face, and is known alternatively as KV22 (King's Valley) or WV22 (West Valley). His tomb was dug into a Wadi situated perpendicular to to the principal North-South axis of the valley. It is interesting to note that the only other tomb in the sector is that of Ay, the last pharoah of the Amarna period, and who, we have every reason to believe, occupied the tomb originally intended for Tutankhamon, in an effort to link his own rule with that of the last "orthodox" pharoah, to whom he considered himself the rightful successor. The monument was originally discovered by two French engineers of Napoleon Bonaparte's Egyptian expedition, Jollois and Devilliers, who excavated and charted the tomb. No records were kept of Theodore M. Davis' excavations between 1905 and 1914, but he partially cleared it. The work was resumed and completed by in February-March 1915. The Egyptian Archaeological Mission of Waseda University (of Japan) resumed restoration works in the tomb (see restoration sign) in September 1989. Those works are now completed and a preliminary report was published on the Internet. Since then, a full printed reportwas published for UNESCO in 2004; It contains many photographs of the conservation work carried out in phases I and II of the work. Further conservation work is still required. In particular the structure of the tomb still needs to be stabilised. One of the pillars and a retaining wall have large cracks, and unless these are dealt with, the tomb will remain in a seriously dangerous condition.It is especially regrettable that the tomb now remains closed to the visitors.

Plan of the tomb From material bearing the name of his father Thutmosis IV found in the foundation deposits, it would appear the tomb was started by him. However, the bulk of the original excavation and subsequent decorative work was completed by Amenhotep III. The wives, Tiy and Sitamon, were possibly to have been buried here. The sarcophagus of the funereal chamber was removed during some period in antiquity to be re-used elsewhere. The mummy of the king was moved, along with others, to the KV35 cache, during the reign of Smendes. There is also evidence of intrusive burials dating from the Third Intermediate Period, in the form of fragments of a wooden coffin found in the well chamber. The tomb is, in many respects, like that of his father, tomb KV43. Like that of his father, Amenhotep III's tomb also exhibits two 90° changes of direction in axis. But, unlike KV43 this tomb goes first left then right, whereas in KV43 both are to the left. In both cases the burial chamber is undecorated and is flanked by two large side chambers running laterally. Both of these chambers are supported by a single pillar and each have their own side chamber. They were probably intended for his wives Tiy and Sitamon, although there is no evidence that they were actually buried there. Also, at the bottom of the well room, an

4 additional chamber was dug along the axis of the gallery which extends in the direction of the entrance, running in the the opposite direction of that of KV43. The entry corridors and well chamber have a general east-to-west axis. This then changes at the upper pillared hall with a 90° turn to the left and proceeds in this south-north direction to the antechamber. On entering the burial chamber, the axis then turns 90° again, but to the right, with its pillared hall being restored to an east-west orientation. Over a distance of approximately 90 metres (not including the rear pillared chamber and its side chamber), the tomb descends approximately 24 metres from the entrance to the burial chamber floor, where the sarcophagus would have been.

North (left) wall of the well chamber. This is a composite of several photographs, This wall contains four scenes. Starting from the entry end and proceeding into the tomb, the first scene shows Amenhotep III accompanied and protected by his father's Ka being embraced by . The Ka holds in his right hand a feather of Shou, while his left hand holds a long baton. Similar scenes can be found in the tombs of Toutankhamen and Ay, but in those cases the buried pharoah's own Kaaccompanies the desceased ruler. The remaining three scenes in turn show Amenhotep III receiving the Ankh sign from , the Western Goddess and finally . A rectangular section at lower middle of the wall has been left intentionally unrestored by the Japanese team in order to show the previous state of decay. The head (a square area) of the second occurrence of Amenhotep III was removed in the 19th century. Three such sections are now in the museum.

Removed sections now in the Louvre

South (right) wall of the well chamber. This is a composite of two photographs, (see slideshow)

5 This wall also contains four scenes. Starting from the entry end and proceeding into the tomb from (right to left), the first scene again shows Amenhotep III accompanied by his father's Ka but this time before the goddess Nut. The remaining three scenes are the same as those on the left wall: Amenhotep receiving life from (in turn) Anubis, the Western Goddess and finally Osiris. Again, note the missing square areas. These were caused by modern vandals, 19th century explorers, who removed several sections of the decoration of this tomb to display in museums, (including the Louvre, in Paris). In passing we note the stylistic almond-shaped eyes, lifted up toward the back of the head, typical of the reign of Amenhotep III.

The three portraits currently held by the Louvre

Amenhotep III is entombed inside the limestone hills of the Theban Necropolis, a sprawling cemetery on the banks of the Nile River opposite modern-day Luxor, where and their queens, priests, and royal scribes were buried between the sixteenth and eleventh centuries B.C. Amenhotep III ruled Egypt for nearly four decades, until his death in 1349 B.C. at the age of 50. His reign was marked by prosperity, political stability, and the creation of some of ’s most magnificent complexes . His legacy includes an elaborate mortuary temple intended for rituals and offerings to honor the pharaoh in perpetuity. Amenhotep III built on a grand scale. The mortuary temple, constructed not far from his tomb, was the grandest of all mortuary temple complexes built in Egypt. It originally included three massive mud-brick pylons, or gates, aligned on a single axis, and a long connecting corridor leading to an immense, open solar courtyard, a roofed hall, a sanctuary, and sacred altars. The temple contained hundreds of freestanding statues, sphinxes, and massive steles—tombstone-like slabs of stone, once carved with descriptions of Amenhotep III’s building achievements. The temple complex was enormous. It measured 328 feet (100 meters) wide by 1,968 feet (600 meters) in length, longer than five American football fields

placed end to end.

6 Unfortunately, Amenhotep III sited his mortuary temple too close to the Nile River. Over the course of centuries, water repeatedly inundated the complex, damaging its architecture and statuary. An earthquake in 27 B.C. and the pillaging of stone and statuary for reuse in other structures (not uncommon in ancient Egypt) further damaged the integrity of the temple. When WMF listed the mortuary temple on the 1998 Watch, all that remained of the pharaoh’s funerary temple were the Colossi of Memnon, two gigantic statues, seated on thrones, both effigies as tall as a six-story building and each weighing an estimated 720 tons (650,000 kg). The towering pair of figures originally stood guard at the temple’s main gate. Misnamed by the ancient Greeks, the statues each depict Amenhotep III, gazing across the Nile, not Memnon, a mythological Ethiopian king. Beyond the colossi, the rest of the temple site was strewn with thousands of fragments of columns and statues, rubble, and stone used in constructing the huge complex.

WMF funded initial emergency stabilization of portions of the site, documentation of existing conditions, and the development of a long-range conservation plan. Of great concern was the rising salty groundwater. Completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1970 halted the Nile’s destructive flooding, but irrigation of adjacent agricultural fields sent saltwater coursing to the temple site, eroding ancient porous limestone and sandstone relics. In 2004, with support from WMF, a drainage system was built to minimize the quantity of damaging saltwater reaching the temple site. An international team of specialists began excavations around the bases of the towering colossi. There they discovered several significant artifacts, buried under nearly 4,000 years of soil and river silt. One such find was the missing forearm of one of the colossi, as well as fragments of the figure’s pleated kilt-like skirt and throne. An imposing sculpture of Amenhotep III’s wife, Queen Tiy, was also excavated.

The pharaoh’s mortuary temple continues to yield stunning treasures. In recent years archaeologists and conservators have identified dozens of statues of the war goddess Sekhmet and a 7-ton (6,350 kg) torso of Amenhotep III. Yet to be explored are the architectural ruins of an immense hall, once roofed and supported by rows of gigantic columns. Hundreds of statues await restoration and relocation to their original sites. As archaeological and conservation work proceed, WMF continues to support the resurrection of Amenhotep III’s extraordinary mortuary temple.

7 By analysing the decorative program of the tomb of Amenhotep III, as well as that of the tomb of his father Thutmosis IV, one can only be struck by its poverty and its stereotypical character, while the excavation of the complex is nevertheless well constructed well finished. The grand representations of the sovereign and principal divinities enumerated occupy whole sides of the walls, limiting the variety of overal scenes depicted. Their youthful aspect is moreover characteristic of the end of the reign of the king. Though their realisation exemplifies attentive craftsmanship, there is nothing exceptional in their design. None of the scenes have been engraved. This all indicates that the work was done in haste and in a limited time, probably that separating the death of the king from his funeral rites. Indeed, considering the length and the richness of the reign, the tomb could have been completed during the lifetime of the king. We touch here on a problem which is not specific to Amenhotep III, but which is found to various degrees in all royal tombs: none are complete (not even that of Sethy I - KV17, where it is known that work was actively undertaken during the life of the king). The reasons of this established fact probably varied over time, and it remains a controversial question. It is probably about a deliberate wish not to represent the images and scenes which, by their magical character and the power with which they are invested, could have harmed the king during his lifetime, or even the balance of the world. One would have thus awaited the death of the sovereign in order to, in haste, carry them out. The Ramesside pharaohs, probably conscious of this problem, seem to have changed tactics, accepting the representation of some scenes, while those considered as the most potentially endangering were only completed after the pharaoh's death, within the time remaining, and thus often left incomplete. This intriguing problem remains however without real answer to this day.

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1. Several books from the Egyptian knowledge bank .

2. Like ..The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egypt .

3. Personal diligence in narratives .

4. Expanded studies in university courses .

5. Ancient Story Lists .

6. Digital library and knowledge book .

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