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Timeline of

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of of land along southern shore of of Baltimore, , previous “Ann Arundell” [antique spelling]), along with future additional Howard, Carroll, and Kent This is an incomplete list that may never Counties (south to Chester River). Officeholder be able to satisfy particular standards for of Sheriff for Baltimore County first designated in completeness. You can help by expanding it legal papers from the General Assembly. with reliably sourced entries. • 1661 – First court sits for Baltimore County, meet- ing at Capt. Thomas Howell’s place in what is now modern Cecil County. 1 17th century • Charles Gorsuch, a Quaker patents 50 acres of land on narrow jagged peninsula which juts out into the Patapsco River, between what is • 1608 – John Smith sails up (later by the 18th century) called the North- and records first description of area that would be- west Branch to the north and the Middle come future site of Baltimore, then a hunting ground and Ferry Branches to the south and south- for local American Indians. Smith sails up and west, ending in “Whetstone Point” (includ- records in his map and journal “a river not inhab- ing future old “South Baltimore” areas with ited yet navigable”, which he names the “Bolus Flu” Federal Hill, Locust Point, Riverside neigh- – Indian who hunt in the region call it the “Patap- borhoods, Spring Gardens, Ferry Bar and Fort sco”. McHenry). He promises to pay Lord Balti- • 1632 – Charter to Colony granted by King Charles more, Cecilius Calvert, 61 pounds sterling per I of England to George Calvert (1579–1632), First year for the use of the land. Lord Baltimore. • David Jones hires Peter Carroll to survey 380 acres along the stream which is later named • 1634 – The Ark and The Dove, ships of the sec- "" in his honor. He built a house ond Lord Baltimore Cecilius Calvert's (1605–1675) and is said to be future Baltimore’s first settler. colonizing expedition, lands March 25th (later cel- ebrated as “Maryland Day” – official state holi- • 1663 – Alexander Mountenay patented land named day) at Blakistone Island (later St. Clement’s), later “Mountenay’s Neck” along the Harford Run stream, at St. Mary’s City, where they establish a capi- (where Central Avenue is now paved over in old tal in future St. Mary’s County bringing first Eu- East Baltimore’s Jonestown, later known Old Town ropean and African settlers to the future colony of neighborhoods such as “Little ” are located) and the , with his brother Leonard which is later sold and resurveyed to William Fell. Calvert (1606–1647), sent as first Governor. • Land is also patented along Curtis Bay and • 1650 – “Ann Arundell” County “erected” Curtis Creek southwest off the lower Patapsco (founded/established) further north along western River estuary in future adjoining northern shore of Chesapeake Bay of older original English Anne Arundel County and southern Baltimore settlements in near St. Mary’s City, (after 1919 Annexation) to Paul Kin- City along the . Named for Ann sey naming it “Curtis’s Neck” and followed in Arundell (1615–1649). Eventually this county will 1679, by his friend George Yates nearby with border southern Baltimore City and County along a grant called “Denchworth”, although there Patapsco River's southern shore. is no person of a family of the name “Curtis” appearing in the Province’s early land records • 1659 – Baltimore County “erected” (which is also applied to the previously named (founded/established) in the northeast section “Broad Creek”). of Province, north of new “Ann Arundell” County. Includes what is now Baltimore City, Baltimore • 1664 – Capt. Thomas Todd purchases land at North County, Harford and Cecil Counties (and northern Point, end of the “Patapsco Neck” peninsula (in portions just south a few miles from high points southeastern Baltimore County), between the Back

1 2 2 18TH CENTURY

River and the Patapsco, followed by John Boring, 2 18th century merchant in 1679. 2.1 1700s–1740s • 1668 – Thomas Cole takes up 550 acres of prop- erty named “Cole’s Harbor” in future site of north- • 1704 – Provincial law requires that enough trees be ern Baltimore Town (from Harford Run on the cut down to widen the main roads to twenty feet and east to future Howard Street on the west and to that roads be marked. Marking system consists of Madison Street in the north) and combines with cutting slashes in tree trunks: one vertical slash on a “Todd’s Range” along the “Basin’s” (later Inner Har- road leading to a church and three horizontal lines, bor) waterfront, when later sold to James Todd two close together and one a bit higher on roads lead- with later owners being Daniel Carroll ["I – the ing to a county courthouse. first"], (1696−1751), and Charles Carroll of An- napolis (1702−1782) who assembled and bought al- • 1706 – established as an autho- most 1,000 acres in 1696. rized for shipping of tobacco and other products by colonial General Assembly of the Province of Mary- • “Timber Neck” parcel stretching along future land for the upper Chesapeake Bay region at the Howard, Paca and Eutaw Streets, patented by head of the Patapsco River's Northwest Branch, in John Howard, ancestor to later famous scion “The Basin” (now called ""), west of and Revolutionary War military officer, John inlet and small island at the mouth of the "Jones Eager Howard (1752–1827). Falls" stream and “Harford Run” (later covered by Central Avenue in the 19th century) further to the • 1673/74 – Cecil County formed from northeastern east, both of which flow from the north, and a small portion of Baltimore County and temporarily in- stream flowing from the west, later called “Uhler’s cludes future Kent County on upper Eastern Shore. Run”. Situated below the jagged cliff heights (later known after 1788 as "Federal Hill") to the south • 1683 – First mention in records for Baltimore which overlook the protected harbor which has a County of a “county seat” with a “port of entry” des- twelve-foot depth, enough for ocean-going sailing ignated by the Maryland General Assembly on the ships, along a narrow peninsula (old South Balti- Bush River, later called “Old Baltimore” (in future more) leading to Whetstone Point. Although only a Harford County). few ships make anchor the first years by Whetstone Point, it never grows into a town as did deeper an- • 1692 – “Patapsco Hundred” Parish of the estab- chorages further upstream at future Fells Point and lished (official) Church of England in the colo- Baltimore Town. nial Province of Maryland established for Baltimore County near Colgate Creek (near modern site of the • 1711 – Charles Carroll of Annapolis, (XXX- Dundalk and Sea Girt Marine Terminals of the Port XXXX), sells 31 acres to Jonathan Hanson who of Baltimore), on the “Patapsco Neck” peninsula erects a mill, probably the first along the Jones Falls of southeastern Baltimore County along the north in the vicinity of the intersection with later-day Hol- shore of the lower Patapsco River. Later Parish liday Street. is named as St. Paul’s Church or Parish (of the • “Anglican” Church) with small log building erected. 1715 – General Assembly of Maryland authorizes One of the authorized “Original Thirty” parishes convening of a Court to serve the growing num- designated in the Province. Later parish church bers of residents – farmers, merchants, mechanics, moves in 1730 to newly founded Baltimore Town shipbuilders in northeastern Maryland which is now on the headwaters of “The Basin” of the Patapsco called "Baltimore County", since 1659 and sets four River's Northwest Branch. After several previous sessions per year for the Court on the first Tuesday sites purchased and later discarded in the Town, of March, June, August and November. final location is chosen at present Lot #19 of the • 1723 – Capt. North takes up residence in 1730 “Original Survey” bounded by Forest Street the County and is one of the original lot owners. He (future North Charles Street), New Church Lane commands the ship “Content " which he carries in (later East Lexington Street), future East Saratoga freight this year. Street, and future St. Paul’s Lane (modern St. Paul Street/Place/Preston Gardens). Lot perched on edge • 1726 – Richard Gist lays out future port community of jagged cliff to east overlooking old southwest- for Edward Fell originally called “Fell’s Prospect” ward loop of Jones Falls where first brick church and surveys three dwellings, several tobacco houses, building in town (of later three successor structures) an orchard and a mill – Jonathan Hanson’s. Fell is completed in 1739, with surrounding cemetery. builds a store, and the area eventually came to be Oldest church and congregation in greater Baltimore called "Fell’s Point". Edward Fell’s brother William, area and one of the oldest in state. a carpenter arrives from Lancashire, England in 2.1 1700s–1740s 3

1730 and purchases 100 acres named “Copus Har- South Charles and West Lombard Sts.). Water- bor” at “Long Island Point” (vicinity of modern Lan- front shoreline with first wharves located along wa- caster Street, near Philpot Street – east of Jones terfront of the “Basin” (later Inner Harbor) at Ger- Falls mouth – today’s "Harbor East and new de- man and Water Streets (at approximate site of mod- velopments at “Harbor Point” in 2013) and builds ern Redwood/Water Streets – three blocks further house and shipyard. north of modern (2013) shoreline/"”). “Steiger’s Meadow” (northeast of town) and “Har- • 1728 – John Cockey (whose brother Thomas pur- rison’s Marsh” (east of town) were along the west chased property in “Limestone Valley” on the York bank of the Jones Falls stream to the east of new Road up in central Baltimore County giving his Town. Charles Carroll, as owner of the property has name to the future Cockeysville) purchases land first choice and chooses Lot #49 at Calvert Street and near the Patapsco. the Basin, Philip Jones, the surveyor picks Lot #37 on the Basin at the foot of Charles Street. Sixteen • 1729 – County citizens petition the Colonial As- men take up lots that first day, many along the wa- sembly to establish a Town for the ease of ex- terfront. Process continues over the next few years porting tobacco and importing goods from over- with some later forfeiting their claim for not build- seas and further expanding the 1706 Port and Har- ing within eighteen months. Ten years later some bor. Original site planned and designated was on lots are still held by the town commissioners – so north shore of the Patapsco’s “Middle Branch” (also not exactly a boom town right off. known as “Ridgeley’s Cove”) owned by John Moale, a merchant from Devonshire, England who later ob- • St. Paul’s Anglican Parish, of the “established” jected to the site of the new Town, believing that (colony-supported) Church of England, es- valuable iron ore deposits were located there. So tablished earlier in 1692 as one of “Origi- the first commissioners appointed – (“Gentlemen nal Thirty” parishes in the colonial Province of Consequence": Thomas Tolley, William Hamil- of Maryland, is moved from a rough church ton, William Buckner, Dr. George Walker, Richard structure originally near Colgate Creek on Gist, Dr. George Buchanan, and William Ham- the “Patapsco Neck” peninsula (near modern mond) instead purchased to the northeast, 60 acres Dundalk and Sea Girt Marine Terminals of of land of Charles Carroll's “Cole’s Harbor/Todd’s the Port of Baltimore, previously site of old Range” along the north side of the future “Basin” Harbor Field and Baltimore Municipal Air- (Inner Harbor) at the head of the Northwest Branch port in the 1930s and 40s), between the lower of the Patapsco River from Daniel (1696–1751), Patapsco and Back Rivers to the southeast of and Charles Carroll of Annapolis (1702−1782) and Baltimore County. Later a year after estab- county surveyor Philip Jones plans to lay out three lishment of the new town, the Vestry (congre- streets: Calvert, Forest (later called Charles) which gation council) of St. Paul’s Parish purchases ran north to south, and the east-west Long or later Lot #19 at southeast of Forest Street (later called Market (after the 1760s and still later further North Charles Street) and large lot extends to as East and West Baltimore) Street. “The Town of the east to St. Paul’s Lane (later St. Paul Cecilius Calvert, Lord Baltimore" was then founded Street/Place/"Preston Gardens”) overlooking with the sole resident of the area at the time: John rugged cliffs above Jones Falls loop to the Fleming (whose house stood near southeast corner southwest before turning north again, with of Forest (future South Charles) and King George south lot boundary line extending to New (later East Lombard) Streets). Church Lane (later East Lexington Street – renamed after American Revolution – later • 1730 – The “Original Survey” taken on January vicinity known as North Charles and East 12, and 60 one-acre lots were laid out by County Saratoga Streets). Construction of church as Surveyor Philip Jones beginning at an oak tree lo- first brick building in town begins the follow- cated then at present site of Forest (South Charles) ing year. and future Camden Streets. Three streets laid out and confirmed: Calvert, Forest (Charles), and • 1731 – Baltimore Ironworks Company formed by Long (later Market, then Baltimore Street), with Daniel Dulany the Elder, Benjamin Tasker, Sr., and smaller streets/alleys: Hanover, German and Wa- members of the Carroll family: Dr. Charles Carroll, ter Streets with “Great Eastern Road” running along Charles Carroll, Esq., and Daniel Carroll who estab- the northwest edge connecting to the lish iron ore pits, furnace works and export through northeast, with Georgetown, Maryland to the south- Baltimore and Fells Point. west and Annapolis to the south (Provincial cap- ital since 1694). Southwestern village boundary • 1732 – "Jones’s Town", a tract of ten acres of 20 lots along “Uhler’s Run” stream – later Uhler’s Alley, – along four streets (also later called “Old Town” by southwest of Forest and King George Streets (later the 19th century) laid out by county surveyor Philip 4 2 18TH CENTURY

Jones for relative David Jones; established along Baltimore Street), one at the upper part of Bridge northeast bank of Jones Falls which flows into the Street over the Jones Falls () and a third Patapsco’s Northwest Branch, east of “The Basin”. smaller portal near the north end of Charles Street near old St. Paul’s Anglican Church for foot pas- • 1739 – First brick building completed in town built sengers, completed 1750. Unfortunately, the next for church for “Old St. Paul’s Anglican Parish” at few winters are severe and scavengers strip pieces Forest (Charles) Street and Fish Lane (later East for winter firewood and by 1752, fence remnants are Saratoga Street) on northern edge of town perched sold off. on cliffs to the east overlooking St. Paul’s Lane (now Street/Place) and the Jones Falls loop using 600,000 • 1747 – Town’s first attempt to deal with the flimsy bricks newly manufactured in Baltimore by Charles wooden structures of the era and constant threat of Wells. Building faces future Lexington Street side conflagration was to have housekeepers to be subject to the south and Lower Town. Cemetery laid out to a ten shilling fine if they do not “keep a ladder high around church building. New Church Street laid out enough to extend to the top of the roof of such house south of new church building (later renamed Lex- or if their chimneys blaze out.” ington Street after American Revolution). was another order of the town commissioners and that if • 1740 – Methodist iternerant preacher and mission- a fire does break out, for all to grab a bucket and come ary George Whitefield (1714–1770), preaches here running. At. night, two men lead the way, one carrying a inspired by evangelical "First Great Awakening" re- torch and the other blowing a fog horn. ligious revival meetings and Church of England ministers John Wesley (1703−1791), and Charles • • Seven ships have called at the Port of Balti- Wesley (1707–1788). more this year with fifteen arriving the follow- • 1741 – First brick house built in town for Ed- ing year, all bound for London. ward Fortrell from Ireland with free-stone cor- ners, two stories high with peaked roof at north- 2.2 1750s–1790s west corner of Calvert Street and Fish Lane (later East Fayette Street). Later site of large sumptu- • 1750 – First German Reformed Church organized. ous mansion/townhouse of 1799 – Second oldest Protestant congregation in town. In- later sold to noted U.S. Senator , vites Rev. John Christian Faber to become their (1796-1876), and ransacked in 1835 during infa- pastor in 1756 and begin building a structure just mous Baltimore bank riot, also future site of south- north of Old St. Paul’s Anglican Church (Church east corner of 1894−1900 Baltimore City/Clarence of England) on Forest (North Charles) Street, with M. Mitchell, Jr. Courthouse, opposite future some Evangelical Lutherans worshipping with them. Courthouse/ Square. Congregation later moves to Front Street at East Bal- timore Street by Jones Falls west bank, but structure • 1745 – Merger of “Jones’s Town” (later also known damaged by flood before completion – help to finish as “Old Town”) and “Baltimore Town” authorized building given by ministers of other local churches on September 28th by General Assembly of Mary- – Anglican, Presbyterian and Lutheran. Later build- land enlarges the original settlement on the Patapsco ing surmounted by tall steeple and prominent “town River with an important wooden bridge constructed clock”. First German Reformed congregation later at Bridge Street (later Gay Street) connecting the relocates in 1928 to York Road in Rodgers Forge (in two, crossing the Jones Falls stream with “Harri- northern suburbs) and merges with daughter church son’s Marsh” (on land of Thomas Harrison) to the – St. Stephen’s). south and “Steiger’s Meadow” to the northwest by the “Loop” of the Jones Falls flowing from the north • 1751 – Subscription and lottery attempt fails to to southwest, then northeast, then continuing further build public market house for Baltimore Town. south to the Patapsco River’s “Basin” at the head of But successful twelve years later by 1763 at north- its Northwest Branch, separating the two villages. west corner of Long Street (later Market, then The merged villages are now to be called “Baltimore Baltimore Street) and Bridge Street (later Gay Town”. Street). Replaced by later Centre (Marsh) Mar- ket in 1782 at Market (East Baltimore) Street and • 1746 – Town Commissioners hire Capt. Robert Market Place/Harrison Street by west bank of Jones North to build fence around former Jones’s Town Falls, and supplemented by other markets in western area and then follow two years later with a subscrip- precincts () and eastern precincts tion by townspeople to build post and fence around (Broadway Market in Fells Point) by 1784. Baltimore Town and keep in repair, prohibiting rais- ing hogs and geese, with three gates – one at west end • Further sanitary regulations promulgated by of Long Street (later known as Market Street, then the town commissioners: “Whereas several 2.2 1750s–1790s 5

persons permit stinking fish, dead creatures or brother of Charles Carroll (barrister) (1723−1783), carrion to lie on their Lotts or in the Streets and cousin of Charles Carroll of Carrollton (1737– near their doors which are very offensive Nui- 1832), who is most famous as an American patriot sances and contrary to Act of Assembly, the as later delegate to Second Continental Congress, Commissioners therefore Order the Clerk to last surviving signer of the Declaration of Indepen- put up advertisements to inform such Persons dence, and honorary layer of “First Stone” for the that they are to remove them ...” new Baltimore and Railroad in 1828.

• 1752 – First Census taken of Baltimore Town lists • 1755 – After occasionally worshipping with Re- 30 names of settlers, first census of surrounding Bal- formed Protestant Germans in Baltimore Town, timore County enumerates free whites – 11,345, Lutherans from Germany establish separate white servants and convicts – 1,501, black and mu- Evangelical Lutheran congregation and begin latto slaves − 4,143, free blacks and mulattos – 204. meeting in various homes of members. Later moves in 1758/1762? to Bridge Street (later • First historic illustration drawing of the new known as North Gay Street) west of Jones Falls, Town by John Moale (son of man who ob- near future East Saratoga Street with small brick jected to original town site on Middle Branch), church constructed with bell tower. Later moves showing approximately 25 houses – four of one block south on Bridge Street down to corner brick, one brick church, two taverns (Payne’s with New Church Street (later after Revolution and Kaminsky’s – on corner of future Grant known as East Lexington Street) and becomes and Mercer Streets alleys in the block bounded known as “Zion Church of the City of Baltimore” by modern German/Redwood, Light, Water or also as Old Zion Lutheran Church. After fire and South Calvert Streets endures as wooden damage, building rebuilt without front bell tower frame structure with “Dutch” hipped roof, tav- in Georgian/Federal style in 1807–08, designed ern later raised higher on stone foundation and built by parish members George Rohrback and which becomes ground/first floor until pho- Johann Mekenheimer. tographed and razed in 1870), one brewery (Barnetz Brothers), one tobacco inspection • German Reformed congregation invites Rev. John warehouse, one wharf, a barber shop and an Christian Faber to become pastor and begin building insurance office. The country-like view, with structure just north of first church in town – Old St. its few buildings and rolling hills and forests Paul’s Anglican Church on Forest (Charles) Street, of topography was taken looking north from some Evangelical Lutherans participate in worship the overlook on rugged cliffside heights (later with Reformed friends. named Federal Hill after 1788), to the south of • 1757 – Smallpox epidemic in colonial capital city “The Basin” (later called the "Inner Harbor"). of Annapolis to the south, drives General Assembly • School first organized by Mr. James Gard- legislature to meet for sessions in Baltimore. ner at South and Second (later Water) Streets along harbor shoreline. • 1759 – Arrival of French Canadian refugees begin- ning around 1755, expelled by British officials from • 1753 – Influential citizens John Stevenson, Richard Acadia (Nova Scotia province in New France (in fu- Chase, John Moale, William and Nicholas Rogers, ture Canada) after their victory at the Battle of the John Ridgely, Nicholas Ruxton Gay, William Lux Plains of Abraham near Quebec City in the French and Brian Philpot manage lottery to raise money for and Indian War/Seven Years’ War (in Europe). The building additional public wharf. new immigrants who settle around South Forest and west of King George’s (Lombard) Streets, near • 1754 – Mansion begins construction old “Uhler’s Run” (stream), southwest of the Town on “ Plantation” estate, north of Gwynns and west of the “The Basin” harbor (Inner Har- Falls stream, Middle Branch (“Ridgeley’s Cove”) bor), which becomes known in the late 18th Cen- of Patapsco River and southwest of growing town tury and early 19th Century as “Frenchtown”. Ad- along the Georgetown Road (later called Columbia ditional influx of pioneer frontier colonial settlers Road, then as Washington Boulevard, also future from Appalachian Mountains of western Pennsyl- U.S. Route 1 running from to Florida by vania, Maryland and driven or forced back the 1920s). Near future city neighborhood of east by Indians and French military. Pigtown (and Washington Village), restored and gentrified community of “Ridgely’s Delight” and • 1761 – After occasionally joining German in future which is purchased by City Lutherans and Reformed (Protestants) in services along with house and restored as historic site in established earlier, Presbyterians (Scottish) and XXXX. Mansion construction of Georgian architec- Reformed English Protestants (many “Scots-Irish” tural style built to about 1760 by John , from Great Britain and Ireland) began worshipping 6 2 18TH CENTURY

in local houses around “The Basin” harbor and two stories height erected with 3,000 English constructed a log church two years later for their pounds raised by lottery. Town Commission- congregation at East Lane (later East Fayette) ers William Lyon, Nicholas Gay, John Moale, and Bridge (later North Gay) Streets, which was and Archibald Buchanan lease land on July followed in 1765, by a more substantial brick 16 from Thomas Harrison at eight pounds per church several blocks west at the northwest corner year at northwest corner of Long Street, (soon of East Fayette and North (later renamed Guilford to be renamed – Market Street – later renamed Avenue) Streets. First minister called for this First again as East Baltimore Street) at intersection Presbyterian Church of Baltimore is the Rev. Dr. with Bridge (later North Gay) Street on the Patrick Allison (1740–1802), a most influential eastern edge of Harrison’s Marsh by the west- man, both in his church and denomination and ern bank of the Jones Falls, (later known as in the educational, cultural and civic affairs of the "Centre Market" or occasionally as “Marsh the town for forty years. Rev. Allison is also Market” – named for the nearby swamp to instrumental in organizing the regional Presbytery the south and west along the west bank of of Baltimore, later in 1786, and a larger national the Falls owned by Harrison). Market built General Assembly of Presbyterians, along with with second floor for entertainment, cultural participating in joint endeavors with the later and educational events and indoor mass pub- Roman Catholic bishop and Anglican priest, with lic assemblies. Lottery stages to build mar- forming several schools, attempting establishment ket house, buy two fire engines and a par- of a college, various lectures and literary societies cel of leather buckets and enlarge the public and the organization of a subscription/membership wharf. The scheme is to sell 3,000 tickets at community library for the educated elite. 20 shillings each, with “winners” of 1,062 tick- ets to draw prizes amounting to 2,480 pounds, • 1763 – Fells Point established further east along the leaving a net gain for the public improvements Northwest Branch of the Patapsco River, west of of 510 pounds. Near-by Harrison Street, later small peninsula near the inlet formed by “Harford to the south as “Market Place” and its cen- Run”, a stream channeled between two parallel lanes tral horse fountain were later sites of subse- of old Canal Street, and later under modern, paved- quent market houses in 1851 and 1907 lasting over Central Avenue as it reaches the main Patapsco to 1984. Centre Market House is also the loca- River’s Northwest Branch. The new waterfront port tion on the second and third floors of the 1851 town, east of Baltimore Town and quickly becomes landmark structure for the “Maryland Institute a major shipbuilding area with its deeper channel for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts” un- and pier berths, extending along eastern northern til the "" of 1904, then shore of Patapsco to confluence with “Harris Creek” M.I.'s College of Art and Design rebuilt 1907 (now under the modern-day industrial and residen- on top floors in the northern market build- tial community of Canton), site of later 18th Cen- ing of three parallel structures until the early tury shipbuilding yards including David Stoddart’s 1980s when razed for Baltimore “Metro” sub- where the U.S.F. Constellation is built, first ship of way “Shot Tower/Market Place” station. Cur- the “Original Six Frigates” of the newly re-organized rently the “” children’s museum U.S. Navy in 1797. in the old “Fish Market”, middle market build- • “The Mechanical Company” organized as first ing of three reconstructed. volunteer fire fighting company in town. Six • 1765 – British Parliament’s "Stamp Act" led to years later, a new revolutionary invention, a protests against first direct tax levied on the Amer- hand fire engine is discovered on board a ican colonies by Great Britain and provoked mass Dutch ship anchored in the harbor, which the assemblies and growing unrest throughout the Company buys for 99 pounds sterling (=$264) and at Baltimore County Court- and named it “The Dutchman”, enabling Bal- house in Square on Calvert Street, between New timoreans to boast that they had a fire engine Church Street (East Lexington) and Fish Lane (later ten years before and thirty years be- East Fayette Street). fore Paris. Mechanical Company of volun- teer firemen, later forms a local unit • 1767 – Baltimore Town designated as the county and develops into a social and political club seat is moved from Old Joppa with new courthouse which endures 250 years later. The Mechani- built in a square the following year (1768) at north cal Fire Company is followed for the next sev- end of North Calvert Street and between Fish Lane eral decades by several other fire-fighting com- (later East Fayette) and New Church Street (East panies to approximately 17 by unification in Lexington) on town’s northern border near cliff [1] 1858. overlooking southwestward loop of Jones Falls at a • First public market house for the town of cost of 900 pounds raised by townsfolk with whip- 2.2 1750s–1790s 7

ping post, pillory and stocks constructed in square for Baltimore County and Town’s poor, in- and new jail further out. Controversy and politi- digent and disabled on land purchased from cal battles throughout County with Joppa residents William Lux for 350 pounds northwest of result.[2] town in square bounded by Howard, Eutaw, Biddle and Garden Streets with trustees ap- • 1769 – Evangelical Lutherans at Old Zion Lutheran pointed: Charles Ridgely, William Lux, John Church at North Gay and East Lexington Streets, Moale, William Smith, Samuel Purviance of begin German language instruction in school. the Town, and Andrew Buchanan and Harry Dorsey Gough from the County. Becomes • 1770 – Large substantial Henry Fite House built of the ancestor of the later Bayview Asylum, brick with three and half stories at southwest cor- later Baltimore City Hospitals and the mod- ner of South Sharp (to the north was future North ern Bayview Medical Center Liberty Street – after the Revolution) and Market on Eastern Avenue, east of the city. (later West Baltimore) Streets on western edge of • General Assembly of Maryland also autho- Town. Later used tavern and hotel by German im- rizes the taking up of a public subscription or migrant son Jacob Fite, and daughter Elizabeth Fite later a public lottery to establish a common Rehnienke. Used as temporary National Capitol as public market house to be located and built in Second Continental Congress meets there Decem- Baltimore Town, the county seat of Baltimore ber 1776 to February 1777, after Philadelphia is County for commerce and trading. occupied by the British, known then as “Congress Hall” (or later as “Old Congress Hall” – endures un- • Baptist members in town erect first perma- til Great Baltimore Fire of 1904). nent meeting house with a dwelling for pas- tor, school house and establish cemetery at • Roman Catholics bolstered by influx of French North Front and East Fayette Streets along- Acadians from Nova Scotia and some Irish- side east bank of Jones Falls (future site of men previously celebrate Mass by the Rev. Phoenix Shot Tower constructed later in 1828 John Ashton at converted chapel in room of off President Street Boulevard). This congre- old Edward Fortrell’s first brick home (who gation of First Baptist Church of Baltimore had returned to Ireland) at Calvert Street and Town later moves to 4200 Liberty Heights Av- Fish Lane (later East Fayette Street). Lot enue in Dorchester-Gwynn Oak-Forest Park purchased on northwest corner from Charles area, of northwest Baltimore. Carroll of North Charles and West Saratoga • Jewish settlers arrive as permanent residents Streets for St. Peter’s Congregation, with red- with Benjamin Levy, shopkeeper with wife brick building completed finally in 1783 with Rachel, and son Robert Morris Levy – named adjoining rectory and small cemetery across for good friend, wealthiest American and fu- street from Old St. Paul’s Anglican Church ture Revolutionary War government financier. • • 1771 – Organization of German Reformed congre- Estimated population of town is 6,000 com- gation (later known as Otterbein Church at South pared with Philadelphia – 40,000 and New Sharp and West Conway Streets) by Rev. Dr. Philip York – 25,000. Otterbein (1726–1813). • 1774 – Baltimore and Maryland send represen- tatives to First Continental Congress meeting in • 1773 – “The Maryland Journal, and the Baltimore Philadelphia and Annapolis Convention (1774– Advertiser”, first newspaper in town begins publica- 1776) tion August 20, at Market Street (later East Balti- more Street) near South Lane under William God- • Demonstrations, mass meetings at the County dard and sister Mary Katherine Goddard who also Courthouse Square on Calvert Street (future serves as Postmaster (mistress) of Baltimore. This site of Battle Monument for vic- is the oldest ancestor of later merged newspapers tory, 1815–22) and anti-tax and anti-British which became the Baltimore News-American in speeches along with organization of a lo- 1964, closed in 1986 by the Hearst Company).[3] cal Committee of Correspondence to forment colonists’ rights. • Baltimore Town (which had already absorbed nearby village across Jones Falls, of Jones • 1775 – Maryland revolutionary leaders began to Town a few years earlier) now merges with govern colony through “Provincial Convention” Fells Point of 80 acres to form combined town which sends delegates to the Second Continental government and council. Congress also in Philadelphia. • General Assembly of Maryland establishes • Baltimore Town listed as having 564 houses, first Alms House and adjoining Work House 5,934 inhabitants. 8 2 18TH CENTURY

• Warships constructed on waterfront of Bal- until February 1777. “Old Congress Hall” timore Town and Fells Point completed later becomes residence and office for New in November for Continental Navy and England merchant and financier, George new commodore Esek Hopkins (1718-1802), Peabody,(1795–1869), after he arrives in squadron, Wasp and Hornet, with captains’ city in 1816 to spend twenty years here, mate (second-in-command) young, Joshua going on to City and London, to Barney (1759-1818), of Maryland, a later U.S. become one of the richest men in the world Navy hero and legend, who hoists the "Grand at that time, endowing several Baltimore and Union Flag" aboard as naval symbol for the Massachusetts institutions with his fortune. new “United Colonies” of America. “Fite House"/"Congress Hall” lasts until destroyed in Great Baltimore Fire of 1904. • 1776 – Maryland sends last Royal Governor Sir Robert Eden under Lord Baltimore’s proprietary • 1780 – Meeting of Anglican clergy and lay repre- government of Henry Harford, (illegitimate son of sentatives in Chestertown, Maryland on the Eastern Frederick Calvert, 6th and last Lord Baltimore) Shore to establish a Diocese of Maryland composed packing to England from Annapolis. of clergy and parishes of the Church of England in the newly free and independent State. Later es- • Publishing of text on July 10 in local Bal- tablishment nine years later of the Protestant Epis- timore newspaper of new Declaration of In- copal Church in the United States of America in dependence, adopted by Second Continental 1789, independent from the Mother Church. Later Congress in Philadelphia the week before, July “Episcopalians” remains part of a growing Anglican 4. Communion as the continued to • Reading aloud by a speaker or “town crier” spread world-wide in the 19th and 20th Centuries. in public at the Courthouse Square at the Later American revision of the traditional Book of northern edge of the Town on North Calvert Common Prayer for church services, worship and Street, between New Church Street (now East liturgies. Lexington) and Fish Lane (now East Fayette • Street), (also in the next century to become 1781 – Several American and Battle Monument Square) on July 23, of the French regiments under the command of the words of the official "Declaration of Indepen- Marquis de Lafayette (A French nobleman and of- dence", passed two weeks before in Philadel- ficer who volunteers his services to General George phia at Independence Hall (then known as the Washington) passes through the town in April head- “Old State House”), on July 2 ing south to Virginia to reinforce the Southern forces and 4. Baltimorean Charles Carroll of Carroll- under Gen. Nathaniel Greene facing ton is delegate and later becomes last surviv- Gen. Lord Cornwallis coming up from the Caroli- ing signer. Later celebrated as “Independence nas. A banquet and a dancing ball is held in honor Day”. of the youngn general and his officers and a request is made of the ladies of Baltimore to sew and re- • “Declaration and Charter of Rights and form pair additional uniforms, clothing and supplies for of government for the state of Maryland” – ti- the American troops. In the next few days the for- tle of new constitution for independent State mer ballroom is transformed into a clothing factory drawn up by convention in Annapolis and and the outfitting of the soldiers is commenced by adopted November 3, 1776. the daughters and wives of the city, supervised by • In December – Second Continental Congress Mrs. David Poe, mother of future poet and lit- begins meeting in tavern/hotel; formerly erary figure Edgar Allan Poe. The youthful Mar- Henry Fite House − later named “Congress quis sends a letter of thanks and additionally stops Hall” at southwest corner of Liberty in November on his way back north after the suc- Street/South Sharp Street (later Hopkins cessful surrender of the “Redcoats” at the Siege and Place) and West Baltimore Street (then Mar- Battle of Yorktown. Later additional allied armies ket Street) – (later site in 1962 of Baltimore aid the Patriot cause with Royal French troops under Civic Center/First Mariner Arena) after Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, the “Comte de Continental Army's evacuation from new cap- Rochambeau”, with additional allied German reg- ital at Philadelphia upon British occupation iments to the French king, Louis XVI and Gen. after battles in Pennsylvania at Brandywine 's Continental Army make three and Germantown. British fleet from New camps for several weeks in September surrounding York feints going past at Baltimore and sails the town on their quick march south from north out- up Chesapeake Bay going northeast to land side and Newport, Rhode Island, to at Head of Elk in Cecil County. Baltimore lay siege to Gen. Lord Cornwallis's British Army Town serves as “temporary American capital” at Yorktown, Virginia the next month, leading to 2.2 1750s–1790s 9

his surrender. Three camps of the thousands of Pa- George Washington passes through city with triot and allied soldiers surround the town, one – lo- military escort and parade, ceremonies, and cated southwest of “The Basin” (Inner Harbor area) banquets at the old Fountain Inn (famous at the future Camden Yards sports stadiums site, hotel at St. Paul-Light Street, between Market two – north in “Howard’s Woods” of (later East Baltimore) Street and German Continental troops commander – Col. John Eager (later Redwood) Street). After his overnight Howard's estate “Belvidere”, and three – east along stop, the commander-in-chief’s procession the stream Harford Run (now paved over by Central moves on south to surrender his commission Avenue) near Jonestown (later also known as “Old of authority and command of the Continental Town”). Troops returned north early the following Army back to the Congress in session. Cer- year, after the successful conclusion and surrender emony held in the “Old Senate Chamber” of Cornwallis in October. of the State House, the temporary National Capitol, and returns home next day to "Mount • 1782 – Supplementing the first “Centre Market” Vernon", on the Potomac River, southeast of on Harrison Street/Market Place at East Baltimore Alexandria, Virginia. Street west of Jones Falls, a “Western Precincts • Committee of Health, set up in later part of the Market” (later known as "Lexington Market") be- year, under appointment by Baltimore Town comes active, along with former Hanover Market commissioners. With its continuous oper- (at Hanover and Camden Streets) in old “French- ation ever since, descending into a modern town” (now South Baltimore) in 1784, and the Fells Baltimore City Department of Health, makes Point Market in 1785, also known then as Eastern it the oldest permanent municipal body in Precincts Market − later becomes Broadway Mar- America (and possibly the World), devoted to ket in Fells Point, sited at the foot of Broadway along public health waterfront. Originally an outdoor or tented market- place during the 18th century. By 1803, group of • 1784 – Christmas Conference (Methodism) meets wood sheds and outside stalls along West Lexington at Lovely Lane Chapel/Meeting House (site now lo- Street are constructed, from North Eutaw to Paca cated in small alley), north off German Street (later Streets, then further west from North Paca Street to East Redwood), east of South Calvert Street, to or- North Greene Street. Later 19th century extensions ganize future Methodist Episcopal Church in Amer- with a fish market go further west to Pearl Street ica; later merged [1968] into The United Methodist and with tents and open stalls along Lexington Street Church and ordination of first minister and bishop to the east to North Liberty/Sharp Streets, through Francis Asbury (1745–1816). Congregation later the later retail/department store shopping district. renamed Light Street Methodist Episcopal Church Second, third and fourth of a series of city mar- when moved two blocks west to nearby new lo- kets erected in various quarters of the city, growing cation (on Light Street by Wine Alley and Ger- to eleven by the early 1900s. Composed of two- man/Redwood Street), then later known as First story brick assembly halls (often elaborately built Methodist Episcopal Church. Moved again fur- with clock towers or steeples) on second floor with ther north to St. Paul and 23rd Streets in Peabody market spaces beneath and wooden sheds, stalls and Heights/Charles Village in 1884, (as “Centennial tents at the rear and sides which are open on al- monument to Methodism in America”) in elaborate ternating “Market Days” Disastrous 1949 fire de- gray stone Romanesque Revival styled building with stroys center wooden section of Market between tall landmark tower designed by famous New York Paca and Greene Streets which are temporarily re- architect Stanford White where congregation later placed by Quonset hut and two new square larger resumed use of name of Lovely Lane Church in the Market structures with a parking garage attached later 20th century and established historic Methodist dedicated in 1952. In 1974, section of West Lexing- Museum. ton Street, east of The Market between North Eu- • taw Street to North Liberty/Sharp Street-Hopkins Calvert Street extended further north be- Place barred from vehicular traffic and converted yond limits of town to “Howard’s Woods” to pedestrian-only “Lexington Mall” until the early and “Belvedere” estate of Col. John Eager 2010s. Howard (1752–1827), commander of famous "Maryland Line" regiment of Continental • 1783 – Army troops in Revolutionary War. First Baltimore Town and County Court House • Confederation Congress meeting temporarily raised 20 feet high on stone arches by con- at the Maryland State House in Annapolis tractor Leonard Harbaugh to save building and ratifies the Treaty of Paris ending the permit passage of street to the north beneath Revolutionary War as Great Britain rec- through Courthouse Square (known as “Court- ognizes American independence. General house on Stilts”). 10 2 18TH CENTURY

• Second brick building completed after four • Construction of church for German Reformed years of building (cornerstone laid April 25, congregation from 1771 (later known as 1780) in front of former 1739 structure for Old Otterbein United Methodist Church) at South St. Paul’s Parish and dedicated May 30, 1784 Sharp and West Conway Streets. (oldest on Whitsuntide/Pentecost. Previous church in church building still in use in city). Led by rear torn down in November 1786, except for Philip William Otterbein (1726–1813), later wooden bell steeple which is erected in middle forms Church of the United Brethren in Christ. of surrounding cemetery. • 1786 – Presbytery of Baltimore organized, led by • Night Watch and appointment of constables Rev. Dr. Patrick Allison (1740–1802), of First for daytime patrols authorized to town com- Presbyterian Church of Baltimore, then located missioners. Beginnings of future Baltimore at North Street (now Guilford Avenue) and East City Police Department. Watchmen and Fayette Street. constable patrols later reorganized in 1857, under a Police Marshal after riots, voting • 1787 – 1,955 dwellings in town.[4] frauds and increased corruption under "Know- • Nothings" political movement, (appointment 1788 – Assemblies, debates, newspaper articles and of George Proctor Kane during Civil War- elections commence around issue of whether Mary- era) and brought under state control with ap- land should ratify new United States Constitution pointment by Governor of Maryland in 1860. drawn up in Philadelphia by convention meeting places city under martial law and during the summer. Baltimoreans celebrate adop- arrests Marshal and members of new Police tion of new government by having parade of various Board for disloyalty, later confined in Fort town officials, units and tradesmen processing to the McHenry and Fort Warren in Boston in 1861 rugged cliff-side heights south of the town and har- and runs police force to 1865. Police commis- bor for a festival picnic that Fall. Site thereafter al- sioner as department head appointments be- ways known as "Federal Hill”. gun in 1920, authority transferred to Mayor of • 1789 – Ceremonial procession of newly elected first Baltimore in the 1980s. President of the United States George Washington • William Murphy, local bookseller, established escorted through city in mid-April by local militia a small circulating library among interested regiments, officials and bands on his way north from customers and town citizens. home at , near Alexandria, Virginia to • A survey is made among town citizens as to New York City’s Federal Hall for his first inaugura- the work of the town commissioners and ser- tion April 30. Elaborate banquet and toasts held at vices needed with people’s needs of govern- the famous Fountain Inn, most important local ho- ment. Citizens begin to discuss and write in tel at northeast corner of Light/St. Paul and German local newspaper about the need for a charter (now Redwood) Streets. and incorporation of town or to become a city • and what that would entail, require and cost. Ordination of first Roman Catholic bishop in America, Father John Carroll and erection of • Brigadier General Mordecai Gist arrives first see (diocese) in the Nation at Baltimore, from Annapolis and the Southern Theatre encompassing all of the U.S.A. He returns to of the War with remnants of the "Maryland city the next year for installation and estab- Line", about 300 men, on July 27, followed lishment of the first Catholic cathedral (“pro- in September by Major General Nathaniel cathedral”) at St. Peter’s Congregation (es- Greene, commander of southern army, tablished 1770) at northwestern side of North Continental Army, accompanied by Major Charles and West Saratoga Streets (across the Hyrne, arrived in the town from Charleston, street from Old St. Paul’s Episcopal Church, South Carolina. oldest Anglican/Episcopal parish in Maryland. • First convention meets of the local newly • Formation of an independent Protestant organized Diocese of Maryland, formed in Episcopal Church in the U.S.A., separated Chestertown, Maryland. Adopts a new con- from the Church of England, (the “Mother stitution recognizing the separation of church Church”); Diocese of Maryland previously and state, with no special status for members organized nine years before in Chestertown, of the Anglican faith in the Church of England Maryland elects and ordains its first bishop in the state. for the “Episcopalians” in America is Thomas • 1785 – First German Reformed Church builds John Claggett (1743–1816), who is conse- building at Market (later East Baltimore) and Front crated at Trinity Church in 1792 for the new Streets, by Jones Falls with contributions from mem- Diocese. The American Church remains an bership. important part of the growing world-wide 2.2 1750s–1790s 11

Anglican Communion which follows the later son/architect-Robert Cary Long, Jr. and becomes expansion of the British Empire during the most important playhouse in the city. 19th and 20th Centuries. Adoption of its own • American revision of the Book of Common 1796 - Prayer for church services of liturgies and • City of Baltimore incorporated with approximate Christian worship. population of 20,000 and begins functioning next • Baltimore Society for Promoting the Abolition year. James Calhoun continues as first mayor (to of Slavery founded. 1804).

• 1790 – Population of the town: 13,503 people in the • Library Company of Baltimore founded and opens First official census of the new United States Federal on October 22 at home of Mr. Williams on Lemon Government, now to be taken every decade.[5] Street, later incorporated by the State Legislature on January 20, 1797. Located at Old Assembly- • 1791 – St. Mary’s Seminary established in for- Rooms building (landmark Georgian/Federal two- mer tavern on Hookstown Road (northwestern road story structure with front pediment and large rooms heading out of city – now Pennsylvania Avenue) by on first level for social levees, dancing and recep- the first American Bishop John Carroll. tions/dinners/banquets for the up-and-coming “so- • Construction of large brick Georgian/Federal- cial set”), designed by Col. Nicholas Rogers (of style Rectory completed after two years for “Druid Hill” estate) with later architect Robert Cary minister, Dr. William West of Old St. Paul’s Long, Sr. as builder, along with James Donaldson Parish (since 1779) at West Saratoga Street and Hessington & Lander. Constructed next door to at north end of newly named Liberty Street- future famous Holliday Street playhouse at northeast extension of South Sharp Street, who dies be- corner of Holliday and East Fayette Streets, built [6] fore completion. Occupied by next minis- 1798 . ter, Rev. Joseph J.G. Bend after Dr. West • 1797 – Incorporation of old Baltimore Town com- dies. Known as the “Parsonage on the Hill”, pleted into new entity “Mayor and City Council of it becomes the oldest continuously residential Baltimore” (City of Baltimore) begins functioning home occupied in the city to the early 1990s. with elections as James Calhoun continues as now Replaces earlier wood-frame St. Paul’s par- first Mayor (to 1804) with new city offices estab- sonage at Forest (later North Charles) and New lished by 1800 at 90 Baltimore Street (formerly Church (later Lexington) Streets – site of Fi- Market Street). Some of the City officials of the delity Building), one block south. time were: 8 superintendents of pumps, 7 measur- • 1793 – Additional French refugees from Caribbean ers of lumber, 4 wood corders, 2 hay weighers, 3 island colony of Santo Domingo (modern Haiti) commissioners of the watch and lighting, 2 inspec- arrive in port following rebellion by local Negro tors of flour, 1 inspector of salt provisions. slaves under Toussaint L'Overture and settle in lo- • Launching of first ship on September 9 of cal “Frenchtown” community (southwest of Charles “Original Six Frigates” for new re-organized and Lombard Streets, west of the “Basin”), joining is the U.S.F. Constellation, earlier Acadians (French Canadian) from Nova Sco- built on Harris Creek|near modern Canton) tia and British persecution in the mid 1750s. by David Stoddard in his navy yard, designed • 1794 – James Calhoun becomes mayor of Balti- by the revolutionary, precedent-setting ship- more Town (to 1804). Maryland’s first fire insurance builder/architect Joshua Humphreys (1751– company, the Baltimore Equitable Society (later on 1838), with 36 guns. Later known as the Yan- southeast corner of East Fayette and North Paca kee Clipper, the U.S.F. Constellation, under the Streets) founded and remains in business up to the command of its first captain, Thomas Truxton, 2000s. Fire insurance Policy No. 1, issued April 10, is soon joined by others from other East Coast 1794 to Humphrey Pierce, for 3-story brick build- ports: USS Constitution (Boston), United States ing/dwelling on East Baltimore, between South and (1797), Congress (1799), President (1800), Calvert Streets. Cast-iron fire mark device issued Chesapeake (1799) (or Independence”) in the with policy on June 25, 1794, to Edward Walsh, later 1790s. The new American Naval ships placed on building at 1635 Shakespeare Street, Fells soon establish a formidable reputation for Point. speed and armament when the “quasi-naval war” breaks out with the new French Repub- • 1795 – opens on Holl- lic late in the decade and later conflicts with iday Street between East Fayette and Lexington the pirate Muslim sultanates of North Africa, (then Orange Alley) Streets, designed by architect nicknamed the "Barbary Coast" in the early Robert Cary Long, Sr. (father of more famous 1800s. 12 3 19TH CENTURY

• Capt. David Porter, Sr., establishes a “signal- house” on "Federal Hill" on a wooden tower to signal notices of any in-coming ships pass- ing the point at Bodkin Creek (Rock Point) or North Point. Later replaced after Civil War and the earthworks of the Union Army's Fort Federal Hill by another more well-built, architecturally pleasing wooden-frame tower until razed in the 1880s. Rugged, jagged heights overlooking downtown business dis- trict “Basin” on southern side in future Federal Hill community in South Baltimore.

• Maryland Academy of Science and Literature originally founded as an amateur scientific so- ciety of curious and intellectual gentlemen of the Town. Sometimes operates small museum Map of Baltimore, 1867 and astronomical observatory and meets infre- quently for discussions, debates and lectures. 3 19th century Later re-organizes several times and continues throughout the 19th and 20th into 21st Cen- turies 3.1 1800s–1840s

• 1800 – Population of the new City on the “Basin” of • 1798 – the Patapsco’s Northwest Branch at the beginning of the 19th Century: 26,504 people (according to the Second Decennial United States Census of 1800).[7]

• Reconstruction begins of old Revolutionary • 1803 – War fortifications at Fort Whetstone at end of southern peninsula between Basin (mod- • Fort McHenry building reconstruction com- ern Inner Harbor) and Northwest Branch of pleted at end of peninsula to Whetstone Point Patapsco River on its north side to Middle and between Northwest Branch and Middle or Ferry (now Southern) Branches on its south Ferry Branches of Patapsco River after four side. Star-shaped Fort McHenry, renamed for years of construction replacing earlier forti- James McHenry, third Secretary of War un- fications of old Fort Whetstone with earthen der Presidents George Washington and John embankments from Revolutionary War-era. Adams. Named for James McHenry (1753–1816), of Maryland, third Secretary of War (1796– • With support of town’s doctors, state legisla- 1800) under Presidents George Washing- ture appropriates $8,000 and later adds an- ton (administration: 1789–1797) and John other $3,000 for construction of a City Hos- Adams, (administration: 1797–1801). Later pital for the “sick and lunatics”, City Council attacked by British forces during War of 1812 committee chooses site at Broadway and East in September 1814 during , Monument Street and opens Baltimore Gen- then used as prison for Southern sympathiz- eral Dispensary. ers during Civil War, finally as major military hospital with several temporary wooden struc- tures surrounding old brick fort during World • 1799 – Organization of the Medical and Chirurgi- War I. Transferred by U.S. War Department to cal Faculty of the State of Maryland (state medical City for use as a public park in 1914, during society – known as “Med Chi”) by 101 physicians "Star Spangled Banner" Centennial Celebra- in the State at Annapolis in January. Later becomes tion, but interrupted by military hospital ser- a state affiliate of the national body, the American vice, 1917–1919. Buildings razed and limited Medical Association when it is founded in 1847. restoration attempted until transferred to new of U.S. Department of the Interior as a national historic site. Nearby • City Council outlaws any further buildings of residential and industrial community develops [8] wood to be constructed in new city to lessen on the peninsula named Locust Point. increasing chances of fire. • Dispensary founded and incorporated for pro- 3.1 1800s–1840s 13

viding primitive medical and drug need for in- • 1806 – St. Mary’s Seminary relocates from old digent citizens of the burgeoning town.[5] tavern on Hookstown Road (modern Pennsylvania • Secession of parishioners from First Presby- Avenue) since 1791 to North Paca Street, by St. terian Church of Baltimore (founded 1761) Mary’s and Orchard Streets (in later Seton Hill at East Fayette and North (now Guilford Av- neighborhood, in northwestern edge of downtown, enue) after death of long-time minister Rev. off Druid Hill Avenue and Martin Luther King, Jr. Patrick Allison in 1802. Conflict spills over Boulevard). Adds secular institution for men – St. into national politics over calling new pas- Mary’s College in 1805, incorporated by the Roman tor between Dr. James Inglis (supporter Catholic Diocese of Baltimore which served as a of Hamilton's Federalists), versus Dr. John prominent collegiate institution of secular higher Glendy, (follower of Jefferson’s Republicans). learning in the first-half of the 19th Century for Eventual formation of later Second Presbyte- some of Baltimore’s talented youth and soon-to-be rian Church with Glendy as minister with new leading men, sponsored by the Sulpicians religious congregation promising to build new structure order until closed in 1852 and soon replaced in the which is located later at East Baltimore and Diocese by Loyola College and Loyola High School Lloyd Streets in Jonestown/Old Town of East run by the Jesuits (Society of Jesus). Baltimore. • Cornerstone laid in July for new Cathedral • Christmas Eve marriage of local merchant, for Roman Catholic Diocese of Baltimore, lo- financier and civic leader William Patterson’s cated on hill north of smaller city in “Howard’s beautiful socialite teen-age daughter Elizabeth Woods” on the “Belvidere” estate of Col. John (“Betsy”) Patterson Bonaparte, (1785-1879), Eager Howard (1752−1827), former com- to visiting Jerome- Bonaparte, mander of the famed "Maryland Line" reg- (1784-1860), younger brother of First Con- iment in the Continental Army during the sul and future French Emperor Napoleon American Revolution. Ceremonies conducted Bonaparte, sollemized to by local Roman by first Roman Catholic Bishop in America, Catholic Bishop John Carroll, (1735-1815), John Carroll (1735–1815), (located on future of the Diocese of Baltimore, first bishop and “Cathedral Hill” on Cathedral Street, between diocese in the nation. The Emperor Napoleon West Mulberry and West Franklin Streets in later causes for the marriage to be annulled Mount Vernon-Belvedere neighborhood). De- and results in an “international incident” and signed by famous British-American architect romantic saga lasting decades. (1764−1820), in Greek Revival style architecture. Construc- • 1805 – Fourth Baltimore County Courthouse and tion will continue for fifteen years until dedica- second Baltimore County/City Courthouse began tion twenty years later, although still partially construction on southwest corner of North Calvert un-completed with the cupolas with distinctive Street and East Lexington Street across from old Eastern Orthodox style minarets added later Courthouse Square with old “Courthouse on Stilts” in 1836, and the columned front portico in with cupola stood from 1769 to 1771, when county the 1870s (under the supervision of architect’s seat was moved from old Joppa, 1769. Here was grandson – noted lawyer, artist, literary figure where the Declaration of Independence was read to and civic leader John H. B. Latrobe). local populace, July 26, 1776 and site of many mass meetings Town’s population during crisis events. • 1807 – Old structure said to be “in a state of ruinous de- cay, and the public records therein deposited consid- • University of Maryland founded in down- erably endangered”. Designed by local builder and town Baltimore along with future College of woodworker George Milleman of Georgian–Federal Medicine of Maryland as the oldest public and styles architecture. Additional construction work fifth oldest medical school in the United States. done by William Steuart with stonework and Col. Later construction in 1812−13 of domed James Mosher with bricklaying. Initial outlaid cost structure resembling the ancient Pantheon in of $50,000 and later another $3,000 per year during Rome, with a Greek Revival designed front building, finally additional $20,000 for completion portico now known as “Davidge Hall” (named and for construction of neighboring watch-house, for first professor and dean, Dr. John Beale project finally completed 1809, with records moved Davidge in 1959, after a later structure bear- and new court in session. Struck by disastrous fire ing his name was razed) at the northeast corner in 1835 and rebuilt, lasted until razed 1894 when of West Lombard and South Greene Streets. replaced by present third City Courthouse, com- Oldest continuously used building for medical pleted 1900 (renamed 1985 for civil rights activist education in the Northern Hemisphere. Later Clarence M. Mitchell, Jr.). additional graduate schools of Law, Dentistry, 14 3 19TH CENTURY

Pharmacy, and Social Work are added to officially recorded death among rolls of fu- the University which eventually expands to a ture Baltimore City Police Department (re- state-wide, multi-campus system, two hundred organized and established in 1857/1859 un- years later. der State control of Governor of Maryland). • Baltimore Museum and Gallery of Fine Arts All of the convicts were later recaptured and established by (1778−1860), four were sentenced to hang for the additional and Charles Willson Peale (1741−1827), at crime five weeks later. northwest corner of East Baltimore Street and • 1809 – Joseph Robinson’s Circulating Library es- North Calvert Street. Replaces earlier mu- tablished in business.[10] seum and gallery of 1812–1813 on Holliday near East Lexington Streets. Later run by P. • Completion of new second Baltimore T. Barnum.[9] County/City Courthouse at southwest corner ofNorth Calvert Street and East Lexington • Baltimore Circulating Library in business.[10] Street after four years construction project • 1808 – Roman Catholic Diocese of Baltimore ele- begun 1805. Razing of old “Courthouse vated by Pope Pius VII (1742–1823, served 1800– on Stilts” in middle of old Courthouse 1823), to status of an archdiocese with creation Square (sometimes briefly called “Washington of additional dioceses of (Bardstown in Bardstown, Square” then). Later site is designated and Kentucky for the West, later the “see” was moved initial laying of cornerstone July 4, 1815 for in 1841 to the larger nearby river port town of future Washington Monument here until later Louisville, Kentucky as the Diocese of Louisville decision that summer of being too tall for lim- for the Western U.S.) on the Ohio River and ap- ited area of location. Then designated as site pointments of additional bishops for dioceses across for shorter Battle Monument commemorating America: Philadelphia, New York, and Boston, with fallen in Battle of Baltimore from 1814, with Baltimore’s Bishop John Carroll, now also elevated construction from 1815 to 1827. to archbishop, serving as a supervisor of other ar- • 1810 - eas in the “premier see”. Carroll serves as first Archbishop of Baltimore, later establishing the first • Population counted by the Third United States synods and convocations of priests and bishops for Census of 1810: 46,535 people in Baltimore, the Church until his death in 1815. making it now the third largest city in America under figures from the U.S. Census.[7] • Dedication of St. Mary’s Seminary Chapel • Alex. Brown & Sons originally formed by designed by J. Maxmilian M. Godefroy on Alexander Brown in 1800, incorporated firm North Paca Street with additional Seminary and joined by sons William, George, John and (founded 1791 on Pennsylvania Avenue site) James. Becomes world-famous financial in- and first set of L-shaped Seminary and College vestment firm and later located by 1901 at buildings in Georgian–Federal style architec- southwest corner of East Baltimore and North ture surrounding in quadrangle, oldest Roman Calvert Streets, which their small, elaborate Catholic seminary in U.S.A. Seminary build- building notably survived Great Baltimore Fire ings replaced in the 1870s by second set of in downtown in February 1904. Later ad- structures in Victorian architecture, later razed dition to the west of similarly styled build- 1975 and replaced by present St. Mary’s Park ings by 1907. Old headquarters historically in future Seton Hill community. restored in the early 1980s by Chevy Chase • First fatality among Night Watchmen, City’s Bank (later absorbed by Capital One Bank) small policing force organized since 1784. of Bethesda, Maryland. Venerable Brown fi- N.W. George Workner of the Middle Dis- nancial firm absorbed by Bankers Trust firm trict killed on March 15th, after mass escape in 1997, and later BT Alex. Brown taken over by nine inmates from the new Baltimore City by German giant Deutsche Bank banking con- Jail (built seven years earlier on East Madi- glomerate in 1999 and relocates to Commerce son Street, above east bank of the Jones Falls). Place tower of 1991 at East Baltimore Street, Men had used pewter eating utensils to fash- between South and Commerce Streets in the ion keys to unlock cells and somewhere also 2000s. Later influential descendent mem- secured use of a knife to aid in their attempt. ber of the family is All nine had committed violent crimes and had (1812–1890), lawyer, civic reformer leader been sentenced “to the roads” (chain gang - and Mayor of Baltimore during the early Civil doing road reconstruction work) during their War in 1860–1861 and involved in the infa- imprisonment. Workner stabbed with small mous Riots of 1861. A noted at- three-inch blade and dies the next day. First torney, he was also a founder of the Library 3.1 1800s–1840s 15

Company of the Baltimore Bar, located on Beale Davidge), at northeast corner of West Lom- the second floor of the second Baltimore City bard at South Greene Streets, designed by Robert and County Courthouse in 1840 and advo- Cary Long, Jr. (1810–1849). Landmark with front cated for a free public library in 1859, twenty- portico has name of school painted on wall behind three years before Enoch Pratt, (1808-1896), massive white front Doric columns, remains a city endowed and organized his Free Library gift landmark into the 21st century. to the City (1882–1886). • Riot and attack by pro-war sympathizers in old • 1811 – First issue of what becomes the well-known Republican Party against Federalist-leaning national newspaper "Niles Weekly Register" pub- editors, led by Alexander Contee Hanson lished by Hezekiah Niles (1777−1839), – (previ- (1786–1819) of the anti-war Federalist Party ous editor of B"altimore Evening Post and Mercantile newspaper The Federal Republican offices two Daily Advertiser”, from 1805 to 1811), on Saturday, days after a sharply divided U.S. Congress de- September 7th. Niles publishes illustrated paper clares war against Great Britain in the War from Baltimore for 25 years until September 1836, of 1812, on June 22 at South Gay and Sec- until passed to his son William Ogden Niles who ond (later Water) Streets tearing down and continues paper in expanded form and revamped leveling building and throwing presses, type format from the City for one year until he moves and paper into streets. Hanson takes refuge printing office in September 1837, to Washington, in home of partner Jacob Wagner on South D.C., under new title of “Niles National Register”. Charles Street (between Pratt and Lombard Father and founder Hezekiah dies in Wilmington, Streets) and issues another editorial condemn- Delaware in April 1839, aged 63. Paper’s publica- ing the city watch (police), the town and the tion offices moved back to Baltimore in May 1839, mayor and comparing to French Revolution and continues from there under his widow, Sallay radicalism on July 27. Later on July 29, and Ann Niles sells to Jeremiah Hughes, former editor one month (June 18) after the war declara- of an Annapolis paper who continues the “Register” tion, Maryland State Militia with un- until ceasing publication in February 1848. der Major John Barney brother of famed naval Commander (1759–1818), and • Maryland Penitentiary constructed and General ; (1758–1825), (later of opened in November east of Jones Falls and North Point battle fame), along with Mayor previous Baltimore City Jail opened a decade (1767–1829) prevail upon earlier (1801, later renamed in the 1990s as editors and escorts endangered newspapermen the "Baltimore City Detention Center") on fu- after day-long attacks and riots in the streets ture East Madison Street, west off Greenmount around the Federalists’ house to new 11-year- Avenue (old York Road/Turnpike and on the old Baltimore City Jail on east side of Jones east bank of the Jones Falls. The “Maryland Falls (near modern East Madison Street and Pen” later becomes the second oldest correc- The Fallsway), for protection. Later that night, tional facility in America, next to Eastern another mob attacks and drags out the pris- State Penitentiary in Philadelphia. Prison oners, assisted by a man named “Mumma”, rebuilt and expanded from 1894 to 1897, who opens the back gates, and literally tries finally completed in 1899, with two massive to tear them to shreds, kills a former Revo- gray stone Gothic Revival style wings (the lutionary War general, James Lignan, maims notorious “South Wing” facing Greenmount and injures former Washington aide General Avenue - site of several riots, and the “West Henry (“Light Horse Harry”) Lee, (father of Wing” along East Eager Street) with a large late U.S. Army officer and Confederate Gen- landmark central administrative section under eral Robert E. Lee) and injures many oth- its landmark pyramid capstone roof. Houses ers. Tragic incident brands Baltimore, the then “death row” and execution chambers for the hated nickname of “Mob Town”. Local re- death penalty. Later becomes “flagship” insti- action is so severe that “Federalists” win Na- tution of Maryland state correctional system tional Congressional elections that Fall, elect- with several state-wide locations (Jessup, ing Hanson to Congress. Considered to be Hagerstown, Princess Anne, and Cumberland) the first incident in America of martyrs for and old “Maryland Pen” renamed in the 1990s “Freedom of the Press” (with a listing on a as Metropolitan Transition Center memorial to press freedom at the "Newseum" in Rosslyn, Virginia in 1995, across the Po- • 1812 – Construction of domed revolutionary- tomac River from Washington, sponsored by designed lecture hall and classroom building for the Gannett newspaper syndicate/chain, later new University of Maryland Medical College, later relocated to prominent Pennsylvania Avenue known as “Davidge Hall” (named for Dr. John in Washington). 16 3 19TH CENTURY

• Baltimore and Fells Point become great cen- her brother-in-law, Commodore Joshua Bar- ter and base for outfitting "" on any- ney (1759–1818), call upon Mrs. Mary Young thing American that could float and hold some Pickersgill (1776–1857), at her Federal-style to raid British maritime commerce. corner townhouse at East Pratt Street (for- With their so busy defending the merly 44 Queen Street) at Albemarle Street, British Isles, colonies and trade plus military east of the Jones Falls in Jonestown/Old Town communication routes from Napoleon Bona- to request she make a huge American flag of parte. Captains like command- 30 by 42 feet in size with fifteen red and white ing the “Chasseur” (later becomes famous with stripes and fifteen stars of wool bunting and the slogan of the “” and a smaller-size 17 by 25 feet “storm flag” of namesake for future late 20th Century two similar design. Major Armistead explained replica ships built as “good will ambassadors”) in a letter/report to his superiors his need to and the “Comet” and with Joshua Barney, have an ensign that the British would have (1759–1818), captaining the “Rossie”, earn- no trouble seeing it from any distance. Mrs. ing for the city another nickname as “the nest Pickersgill, a well-known local maker of flags, of pirates”. New types of ships are developed banners and pennants was the daughter of such as the sleek "Baltimore clipper", which Mrs. Rebecca Flowers Young of Philadelphia are fast and can dart into shallow coastal wa- who made the original "Grand Union Flag" of ters for protection. thirteen red and white stripes with a British "Union Jack" in the canton/upper field to Gen. Regular U.S. Navy warships like some of the “Origi- George Washington (1732–1799), when he nal Six” frigates of 1797, such as the U.S.F. Constitu- took command “in the name of the Conti- tion (of Boston) and U.S.F. Constellation from Baltimore nental Congress” which he raised over his have several stunning victories but later get bottled up in Continental Army troops at his headquarters American harbor by later British blockade of east coast, in Cambridge, Massachusetts in June 1775, later stifling Baltimore commerce. Most War action in when surrounding the British in Boston after first year is on the and Canadian borders. the outbreak of hostilities at Lexington and Concord and the Battle of Bunker Hill. She accepts the contract and recruits her whole • 1813 – Holliday Street Theatre (also known then as household including her daughter Caroline, the “New Theatre” or “Baltimore Theatre”) of orig- two nieces and a free Black woman servant in inal wooden construction from 1794 to 1795, re- the project. After beginning the sewing in her built in stone and brick with Greek Revival motifs by front room, she finished up the assembly of the Robert Cary Long, Sr. and opened on May 10 with massive banner by assembling the pieces on first performance. Owned by joint stock company her hands and knees on the wooden floor of the with Col. James Mosher and cost $50,000. Located neighboring malt house/warehouse of the Pe- on east side of Holliday Street between East Lex- ters/Brown/Johnson/Claggett’s Brewery (then ington and East Fayette Streets next to earlier Long owned by Baltimore Mayor Edward John- project, the famous old “Assembly-Rooms” (also of son (1767–1829)) down the street on South Greek Revival style) for social levees, dances and re- Front Street’s southeast corner by East Fayette ceptions of the moderately wealthy and comfortable Street (modern “Brewers’ Park”, archeologi- social set, built in the late 1790s. cal project developed in the early 1990s by the • British Royal Navy and Army under com- Baltimore City Life Museums). She delivers mand of hated Rear Admiral Sir George the completed flags on August 19, 1813 (a ful- Cockburn (1772–1853), raid towns and vil- lyear before the British attack) to the comman- lages up and down shores of Chesapeake ders at Fort McHenry and keeps her receipt Bay from their base on Virginia’s Tangier Is- dated Oct. 27, 1813 for all history of $405.90 land making the Bay a “British Lake”. At- for the big flag and $168.54 for the smaller tack and burn Havre de Grace in northeast storm flag, a ceremony which has been revived Harford County. of and reenacted in the 1990s. Commodore Joshua Barney (1759–1818), of • 1814 – In total maritime command of the barges and small boats defy British sea power, Chesapeake Bay for the last year, the British Royal but are chased up the and scut- Navy fleet sails up the Patuxent River, landing at tled the following year at Pig Point. Benedict to attack and burn the fourteen year old • Committee of three important military vis- National Capital’s public buildings at Washington itors: Maj. Gen. Samuel Smith (1752– City, including the 21-year-old Capitol, still under 1839), Maj.,(1780–1818), construction since 1792 with two wings for the Brig. Gen. John Stricker (1758–1825), and Senate and House of Representatives connected 3.1 1800s–1840s 17

by a wooden-roofed walkway in between and also national anthem of the United States of Amer- housing the Supreme Court and the new book ica. collections of the Library of Congress – the largest then existing in America, the “Executive Man- Later observed as "Defenders’ Day" on September 12 as sion"/"President’s House”, with surrounding four a state, county and city official holiday. Ross is killed in small Federal-styled office buildings containing a skirmish before the main North Point battle by militia- Departments of War, State, Treasury and Navy, men Henry or Daniel? Wells and Richard or Henry Mc- and the Navy Yard on the /Eastern Comas of “Aisquith’s Sharpshooters” according to leg- Branch of the Potomac, Post Office but spare the end and command was assumed by Col. Arthur Brooke U.S. Patent Office and its collections of scientific (1772–1843). Under command of Brig. Gen. John exhibits and models. This was in retaliation for Stricker (1758–1825), the several Maryland Militia reg- the earlier American burning of York in , iments march east out of town to hold the Redcoats for the capital of of British North several hours in a severe back-and-forth exchange of ri- America, the year before, during the War of 1812. fle and cannon fire on the battlefield on the narrow neck After routing American militia at the Battle of of the peninsula known as “Patapsco Neck” or “Godly Bladensburg, northeast of the District of Columbia Wood” between Back River’s in Prince George’s County in August, known to the north and Bear Creek to the Patapsco River to later derisively as the “Bladensburg Races” with the south, when the left northern flank finally collapses, fourth President (1751–1836), and Stricker withdraws his men back to the city in good or- Secretary of State James Monroe (1758–1831), der and the protective heavier fortifications after having (and shortly new Secretary of War and later fifth considerably bloodied the stunned enemy who expected President) looking on at the crushing defeat under another rout. British Army stays on the battlefield for the command of Gen. William H. Winder (1775– night tending their wounded in a local Methodist Meeting 1824), of the newly organized local Fifth Military House along Old North Point Road and evacuating some District. Baltimorean Commodore Joshua Barney's by barge at night down the creeks to the fleet moored out seamen and regular Navy artillery hold fast and in Old Roads Bay off North Point and slowly advances he is captured by the British commanders Ross the next morning to a mile within sight of the heights and Cockburn, paroled and released in recognition east of town (occupying Col. John Sterett’s home of of his bravery. Another British fleet sails up the “Surrey” [still standing near modern Erdman Avenue and Potomac River, past defending Fort Washington Pulaski Highway, U.S. Route 40] and leaving a courte- which was south below the National Capital, which ous note for the Colonel for his “hospitality” of dinner was blown up by its commander then retreated. and accommodations) on “Loudenschlager’s Hill” (later Royal Navy detachment under Capt. Gordon lands “Hampstead Hill” in modern-day ) where at colonial-era port at Alexandria (formerly in approx. 20,000 drafted and volunteer citizens along with Virginia, but then part of the District of Columbia) armed militia, regular U.S. Army and troops from Penn- and exacts a ransom from the town officials after sylvania have fortified dug-in entrenchments, under over- seeing that their Army compatriots had already all command of Maj. Gen. Samuel Smith (1752–1839) evacuated Washington just to the northwest after of Maryland Militia, who planned for months that British Ross, Cockburn and Cochrane were putting it to would eventually come that very same way. Forces skir- the torch two days before. The fleet moves back mish against each other for a day, moving and flanking downriver harassed by shallow water and sniping back and forth moving north against Pennington’s Mill American military units onshore. and south towards the shore near Fells Point and the range • September 12–14, – Battle of Baltimore of McHenry’s artillery. Col. Brooke after war coun- with British fleet attack under Admirals, cil among his officers decides to await further bombard- Sir (1758–1832) and ment by fleet of fort and then move in to burn the “nest Sir George Cockburn (1772–1853), with of pirates"!. Bombardment takes place over two days, Gen. Robert Ross (1766–1814), landing and September 13−14th, and “Redcoats” eventually give up marching up the “Patapsco Neck” peninsula the attack, after their flanking attack by barges at night to the , halting at for- in a driving rain storm up the Ferry to Middle Branches, tifications with artillery at Loudenschlager’s hugging the southern opposite shore (future Brooklyn, Hill (later Hampstead Hill/Patterson Park) and Curtis Bay and Fairfield) to the west of the Fort. British bombardment of Fort McHenry, under com- barges are fired upon and turned back by alert sentries mand of regular U.S. Army Major George and guns at outlying Forts Covington and Babcock, sup- Armistead (1780–1818). The defense of Fort ported in the rear on the heights above by the “Six-Gun McHenry in the battle inspired Francis Scott Battery” at Camp Look-Out; present-day Riverside Park Key (1779−1843), to compose the poem “De- (off Fort and Riverside Avenues). Bombardment ends fence of Fort McHenry” which later became after rain and thunder storms of the night, with sight of the lyrics for “The Star-Spangled Banner”, the enormous 30 by 42 foot huge banner made a year earlier 18 3 19TH CENTURY by Mary Pickersgill (1776–1857) of Jonestown unfurled Boulevard, north of the Carroll Mansion, with by Americans at first light with booming of the morning a series of shows on the City’s history and life gun announcing the time and salute as British fleet weighs which was a highpoint of the 1996–97 Munici- anchors and sets sail to the surprised eyes of lawyer pal Bicentennial. The historical museums sys- Key and his companions, John Skinner (1788–1851), tem and new gallery closed unfortunately after U.S. prisoner-of-war exchange agent and Dr. William a year of lower-than-expected attendance fig- Beanes (1749–1828), on the truce ship “Minden” an- ures and a financial crisis brought on by the chored downriver by North Point. failure of the incumbent Mayor and city gov- ernment to extend a five-year term of annual subsidies for one more year to cover the new • • Peale Museum constructed 1813, opened by gallery. Rembrandt Peale (1778−1860), in 1814 on Holliday Street (300 block) between East • 1815 – Saratoga and Lexington Streets. First build- • ing in the Americas designed specifically as a Battle Monument cornerstone laid on first an- museum structure. Later site of first gas light- niversary of the battle (the first "Defenders’ ing of interior rooms in America in June 1816. Day" commemorated) and construction con- Peale places a variety of exhibits here, includ- tinues to September 12, 1822 when “Lady ing the remnants of a pre-historic mastodon Baltimore” statue is raised to the summit excavated by his father Charles Willson Peale of the column. Situated in previous Court- (1741–1827), along with various lectures and house Square at North Calvert Street be- performances during the next sixteen years un- tween East Lexington and Fayette Streets til museum is reorganized and relocated to with site of second courthouse for Balti- northwest corner of East Baltimore and North more City/County of 1805–1809, having been Calvert Streets. Holliday Street structure later moved to the northwest side. Monument de- became old 1830 to 1875, signed by French emigre architect J. Maxim- the first Negro/Afro-American public school, ilian M. Godefroy of an Egyptian-style tomb and several other uses and then renovated and surmounted by a Roman-style group of rods, restored in 1931 under Great Depression-era bound together by straps (known as “fasces”) Mayor Howard W. Jackson (1877–1960), as with names engraved of the casualties of the “The Municipal Museum of the City of Bal- common soldiers (first to be memorialized in timore” (with long-time curator and expert in a war monument in America) that fell in the city history after World War II, Wilbur Har- North Point battle and Ft. McHenry bom- vey Hunter), with a variety of exhibits, pro- bardment, the year before. Four griffins at grams, lectures, tours and activities in local corners of the base. “Lady Baltimore” robed heritage along with growing extensive collec- figure, holding a laurel wreath aloft in one tions of photographs, documents and memo- hand and a boat tiller in the other, symbol- rabilia pertaining to Baltimore City. Added izing the city maritime heritage. Monument in the late 1980s as flagship exhibition cen- was surrounded by an iron fence with raised ter of municipal history to newly organized at four corners. First monument to public/private, multi-campus “Baltimore City commemorate the common soldier in Amer- Life Museums” system of assembled historic ica. Quickly becomes local landmark and sites, houses and museums with the Phoenix continues to be the major assembly point of Shot Tower, Carroll Mansion, (the city town- the citizens of the city in times of unrest, house of Charles Carroll of Carrollton), other peril or controversy, surrounded by expen- neighboring historic houses of the 1840s-era, sive Georgian/Federal-style townhouses at the “Brewers’ Park”, an excavated archeological time (later replaced in the 19th and 20th Cen- site of former brewery where Mary Pickersgill turies by hotels and mansions and later by ju- assembled the "Star Spangled Banner" flag; dicial buildings) and portrayed thereafter on the H. L. Mencken House by Union Square in City Seal (and later municipal flag and logos of West Baltimore, the Edgar Allan Poe House city departments/agencies) and becomes sym- on Amity Street, the Old Town Friends’ Meet- bol of Baltimore as “The Monumental City” ing House on Aisquith Street, and finally open- as declared in local speech in 1827 by sixth ing with great pageantry and fanfare during President (1767–1848), Baltimore City’s Biccentennial in 1997, a new along with other subsequent landmark struc- exhibition gallery of four-stories using the old tures such as the taller Washington Monu- [2] reconstructed historic cast-iron façade of the ment. old Fava Fruit Company (long in storage for 28 • Corner stone for new Washington Monument years since its razing), facing President Street (Baltimore) laid with great ceremonies on 3.1 1800s–1840s 19

Independence Day, July 4, 1815 in old Court- 1830s and 1840s before constructing their landmark house Square at North Calvert Street between 1851 building over Centre Market (“Marsh Mar- East Lexington and Fayette Streets, after the ket”) by the Jones Falls, two blocks east. Massive new second City/County Courthouse had been rotunda was later site of President Abraham Lin- moved to the northwest corner of the Square coln lying-in-state during one day after procession several years before. After further discussions through city during traveling to Springfield, during the summer and because of awareness for burial in April 1865. Razed by 1901−02 and of a campaign also to raise a monument to replaced in 1903−07 by present Beaux Arts-style, commemorate the dead from the recent bat- marble and granite U.S. Customs House. During tles which delivered the city from the invad- construction, the foundations were weakened by the ing British the previous Fall (the "Battle Mon- passing firestorm of the Great Baltimore Fire of ument"), and concern by neighbors of the February 1904, before it ended just to the east at expensive Georgian/Federal-style townhouses the Jones Falls. Work resumed and the foundations which had now closely surrounded the pro- were strengthened as the project proceeded.[11] posed small site where the old Courthouse for- • merly stood, with the planned height of ar- First demonstration of interior gas lighting by chitect Robert Mills column to commemorate Rembrandt Peale (1778–1860) in a room at his the first president with fears it was too tall and “Baltimore Museum and Gallery of Fine Arts” close to nearby residences in case it should top- on Holliday Street, between East Saratoga ple, caused the new Washington Monument and Lexington Streets on June 13. With for Baltimore to be relocated to an area of other far-sighted businessmen, later founds “Howard’s Woods” further north and at the the Gas Light Company of Baltimore (later edge of the city’s then development on land known as the Consolidated Gas, Electric of his estate “Belvedere” donated by influential Light and Power Company of Baltimore City, citizen Col. (1752–1827), then later renamed Baltimore Gas and Elec- and later to be surrounded with four rectangu- tric Company, recently merged/"taken-over” lar landscaped park squares to be known by the with Exelon Corporation of (merger 1830s as Mount Vernon Place and Washington of former Unicom, previously Consolidated Place at the circle at North Charles Street with Edison electric utility of Chicago, (founded East and West Monument Streets. 1907); and PECO, formerly the Philadelphia Electric Company in Pennsylvania, (estab- • 1816 – Baltimore Exchange (also known as lished 1881, formed in 2012) on June 17, 1816 the “Merchants Exchange”), constructed 1816–20. as first chemical industry concern or utility Originally planned as an 'H'-shaped Greco-Roman company in the nation. structure with a low dome and a second-floor cat- • Asbury College founded by Methodists, walk promenade around an interior atrium, then the named for Rev. Francis Asbury (1745–1816), largest building in America. Designed by archi- well-known and traveled church missionary in tect Benjamin H. B. Latrobe assisted by J. Maxi- the Middle Atlantic area who was the first to milian M. Godefroy fronting on South Gay Street, be ordained a Methodist bishop in America with its South Wing along East Lombard Street at the famous “Christmas Conference” in and its North Wing on Second (now Water) Street, December 1784 at Lovely Lane Chapel, but temporarily completed only as a 'T'. A Western off German and Light Streets and began Wing added later for an 5-story “Exchange Hotel” organizing a Methodist Episcopal Church in (later torn down in 1871 when a one-story annex America, which led to the modern United was added to the Post Office section, giving it its Methodist Church. Established about 20 completed originally planned 'H' shape). (Houses years after earlier estab- wings for Federal customs house, U.S. (Federal Dis- lished by Methodists around Light Street and trict and Circuit) Courts, Post Office, and a branch East Baltimore Street, but burned in large of the famous Bank of the United States (extended block-size fire in 1798? Asbury College later historical battle in 1820s–30s between the Federal- licensed by State of Maryland in 1818 with ist/Conservative administrations and national finan- Samuel K. Jennings as president. Active to c. cial interests that established “BofUS” under Wash- 1832 but closed shortly after that. ington/Hamilton administrations and seventh Presi- dent (1829–1837) to kill it), with • 1817 – Establishment and construction of “First In- early offices and held a temporary city hall for Bal- dependent Church of Baltimore” begins, later to timore City, and offices for local private shipping be known as the First Unitarian Church of Bal- companies, brokers, attorneys/lawyers, candlers and timore (Unitarian and Universalist) at northwest various maritime businesses. Even the Maryland corner of West Franklin Street and North Charles Institute held classes here briefly during the late Street, which is now the oldest continually occu- 20 3 19TH CENTURY

pied church of Unitarians in America. Designed by “Precincters”). New City boundaries go north to French émigré architect J. Maximilian M. Godefroy Boundary Avenue (now North Avenue), west to with distinctive “cube surmounted by dome” archi- XXX Avenue/Street, southwest to Gwynns Falls tecture and domed rotunda ceiling interior. Gode- stream and also south to the Middle and/or Ferry froy had also earlier designed the Battle Monument Branches of the upper Patapsco River's Western several blocks away on North Calvert Street be- Branch, (including old Federal Hill area and old tween East Lexington and Fayette Streets, which be- South Baltimore on peninsula leading to Whetstone gan construction on "“Defenders’ Day” in Septem- Point and Ft. McHenry), however no expansion yet ber 1815 and wasn't completed until 1822. Two approved by industrialists, merchants and residents years later, on May 5, 1819, this new Baltimore to the east on waterfront land still controlled for church is the site of a famous sermon or homily commercial, industrial and residential development, known as the “Baltimore Sermon” by noted min- by the new Canton Company. These later commu- ister William Ellery Channing from Federal Street nities/port facilities south of 1827 Patterson Park Church in Boston at the ordination of the first minis- along Patapsco River’s Northwest Branch shore for ter Jared Sparks (who also became famous and suc- Canton develop separately at first by the mid-19th cessful in his own right decades later) which enun- century by the newly formed Canton Company by ciates various principles which are later considered the son of immigrant ship’s Capt. John O'Donnell, essential to Unitarianism and influential in forming with the community of Highlandtown further north- and organizing the church and later denomination east in the late 1800s and early 1900s as separate and are observed and remembered on their anniver- towns in Baltimore County, continuing to resist the sary to this day. two major annexation attempts by Baltimore City in 1816 and 1888 and not added to the municipality • Construction after war hostilities have ceased until 1919. of small memorial stone obelisk monument along old Long Log Lane, later old North • Early example of powered steamboat “United Point Road several miles north of the “Red- States” launched on Independence Day, July coats” landing site at North Point in southeast- 4th, in the Patapsco River of Baltimore Har- ern Baltimore County in memory of their com- bor. rade, soldier Aquila Randall of the “Mechan- ical Volunteers” regiment under command of • 1819 – Benjamin C. Howard, formed from first town • volunteer fire fighting company. First war Independent Order of Odd Fellows founded memorial to a common soldier. Also tra- in America, established in Baltimore in 1831, ditionally killed at this site along with the later builds hall of English Tudor Revival style British Army commander, Gen. Robert Ross on North Gay Street by East Lexington Street by "“Wells and McComas” (Daniel Wells and (1831?), replaced in 1891−1892 at north- Henry McComas)", in early skirmish, lead- west corner of West Saratoga and Cathedral ing to the Battle of North Point, of September Streets with a “red brick pile”, which was later 12th, 1814 (Defenders’ Day). renovated as offices in the 1980s and con- dos/apartments in 2013. Monument earlier • Death of the second Archbishop of Baltimore erected 1860s in median strip of Broadway by on June 18, the Very Rev. Leonard Neale, S.J., East Fayette Street in memory of Odd Fellows (1746–1817), who had served since 1815 and founder. the death of the first bishop/archbishop, John • Carroll. Bishop Neale was succeeded by Fa- Influential “Baltimore Sermon” preached by ther Ambrose Marechal (1764–1828), as third Rev. Dr. William Ellery Channing noted min- archbishop who serves Baltimore’s Catholics, ister of the Federal Street Church in Boston 1817 to 1828. on May 5, at ordination of first minister Jared Sparks (later becomes famous minister and ed- • 1818 – Authorized by act of General Assembly of ucator himself) for two year old "First Inde- Maryland in 1816, City has first general wide an- pendent Church of Baltimore" founded 1817 nexation (After 1729 foundation of Baltimore Town (later becomes “First Unitarian Church of and mergers with Jones’s Town (1745) and Fell’s Baltimore (Unitarian and Universalist)" after Point (1773), previous annexations during 1780’s 1935 merger). Located in landmark struc- and 90’s were piece-meal of groups of smaller ture designed by French émigré architect J. plots of dozens of acres, before municipal incor- Maximilian M. Godefroy (who also designed poration and reorganization into Baltimore City in the Battle Monument for the War of 1812) of 1796/1797) of now thirteen square miles of land cube and dome design at West Franklin and from surrounding Baltimore County on four sides North Charles Streets, oldest continually occu- with about 12,000 residents added (known then as pied church of Unitarians. Channing’s sermon 3.1 1800s–1840s 21

influences many others and eventually leads change Place” which opens for business. Designed to formation of new denomination in 1824 in an 'H'-shape with various wings for several Fed- of Unitarian Church which later merges with eral offices: U.S. Post Office, Custom House, Sub- Universalists in 1961. An inordinate number Treasury, and U.S. District and Circuit Courts of of influential citizens and leaders have become Appeal, along with wing for local maritime, ship- members and have had great influences on so- ping and merchants offices and businesses, another cial, religious and political thought in Amer- wing for local municipal offices and briefly some ica, all out of proportion to their smaller num- educational institutions temporarily, with later “Ex- bers. change Hotel” attached. Largest structure of its • Independent Volunteer Fire Company (orig- time in America with large central rotunda and low inally organized 1799 as Federal Fire Com- dome and interior atriums designed by famous ar- pany) has fire house constructed in Old chitect Benjamin Henry Latrobe (1764–1820), on Town/Jonestown section at North Gay, and the block bounded by South Gay, Frederick, Wa- Ensor Streets (later also facing Orleans Street ter and East Lombard Streets, under construction at east end of later Orleans Street Viaduct, since 1815. Landmark building symbolic of Balti- constructed 1930, built from parallel West more’s commercial importance endures until around Franklin and Mulberry Streets in Mount 1903 when razed and replaced by current marble Venon-Belvedere neighborhood at St. Paul Beaux Arts/Classical styled of U.S. Custom House, Street, spanning over Jones Falls and several the foundations of which endure passing Great Bal- north-south railroad tracks of the Northern timore Fire of February 1904. Central Railroad, Western Maryland Railway • 1821 – and the Maryland and to the west of firehouse). An additional cam- • Maryland Academy of Science and Litera- panile 103 foot landmark tower of Italianate ture incorporated by Maryland General As- style designed by locals William Reasin and sembly, founded originally in 1797 as an am- Wetherald added in 1853–1854, with obser- ateur scientific society. Small museum es- vation deck and large display clock faces (de- tablished later on South Charles Street. Par- signed by Robert Hollaway, local watchmaker ticipating members then included: Gilmor, and engineer in the Independent Company). Howard, H---?, Maulsby, Ellicott, Poultney, Fire equipment at the Independent Company Pattison, Fisher, Donaldson, Tyson, Penning- first included a gallery engine, two suction ton, Charles Carroll of Carrollton (1737– engines, two hose carriages and several hun- 1832), John H. B. Latrobe (son of architect dred feet of hose. After dissolution of vol- Benjamin Henry Latrobe) Occasional meet- unteer companies (and confederation system ings and exhibitions during forty years after of old Baltimore United Fire Department of 1821. Later reorganized/re-incorporated un- 1835) in 1858 and beginning of paid pro- der name of “Maryland Academy of Sciences” fessional current Baltimore City Fire Depart- in 1897 and then located at northeast corner ment, building is assigned to Engine Number of West Franklin and Cathedral Street (old 6 and later becomes the oldest fire house in the Greek Revival styled mansion built for George city. Replaced in the mid-1970s by nearby Old Hoffman, previously hall for Baltimore’s male Town (Chief Thomas Burke) Fire Station at social elite, exclusive Southern/Confederate- Greenmount Avenue and old No. 6 building sympathizing “Maryland Club”, organized becomes site for the “Box 414 Association”, 1857 to 1894. Later site for old Central an auxiliary B.C.F.D. firefighter support orga- YMCA Building in 1907–1909). Maryland nization and for a small Baltimore City Fire Academy of Sciences (MAS) then moves to Museum in 1974, (supplementing separate lo- 2700 block of North Charles Street in old cal fire history institution, the Fire Museum of Homewood Hospital building, then temporar- Maryland in Timonium, Maryland just north ily occupied third floor of the Central “Main off York Road in suburban Baltimore County). Branch” (built 1931−33) of the Enoch Pratt • 1821 – The Genius of Universal Emancipation, the Free Library across the street at 400 Cathedral nation’s first exclusively anti-slavery newspaper pub- Street (between West Franklin and Mulberry lished in Baltimore by famous abolitionist Benjamin Streets) from end of World War II to the early Lundy. 1960s. MAS then returned to the “observa- tory” building (formerly housed Archdiocesan • 1820 – Completion in June after five years of mon- Cathedral School) on 7−9 West Mulberry umental “Merchants’ Exchange” building on South Street, now renovated (between North Charles Gay Street between Water, (old) Second, South and Cathedral Streets − by Little/or North Frederick and East Lombard Streets and later “Ex- Sharp Street alley – next to John H.B. La- 22 3 19TH CENTURY

trobe's home at Number 11) in 1965. Under brary, (founded 1839) until collections were the leadership of Herbert A. Wagner, Presi- combined in 1856. Later after MdHS relo- dent of local utility, Baltimore Gas and Elec- cated in 1919 to former Enoch Pratt mansion tric Company, finally relocated with an ex- at Park Avenue and West Monument Street, panded museum to the newly laid-out "Inner the old second “Athenaeum” building served Harbor" area on the southwest shore at Light as first offices of the state Commissioner of Street and Key Highway in June 1976 to a new Motor Vehicles, with responsibility for reg- exhibit structure now known as the Maryland istering new “horseless carriages” and licens- Science Center and grew greatly afterwards in ing new drivers in 1918. Distinctive land- audience visitorship, exhibitions and several mark historical structure unfortunately razed building expansions.[5] after eighty years and replaced in the 1930s by • Basilica, under construction since cornerstone first public parking garage in downtown, and laying in 1806, consecrated May 31 by third replaced later in in-1950’s by a modernistic blue/gray, glass/aluminum facade skyscraper Archbishop of Baltimore Ambrose Marechal [13] as first Roman Catholic cathedral built in built for the Commercial Credit Company. America, on new “Cathedral Hill”, in former • The former “youthful” and energetic French “Howard’s Woods"/"Belvedere” estate of Col. nobleman and officer, who came across the John Eager Howard (1752−1827), at Cathe- Ocean to offer his military services to the Pa- dral Street between West Franklin and Mul- triot cause in the Continental Army during berry Streets designed by famous architect the American Revolutionary War and aide to Benjamin Henry Latrobe (1764−1820). The General George Washington, the Marquis de New Baltimore Cathedral replaced earlier St. Lafayette, returns to America forty-one years Peter’s Pro-Cathedral (former first Catholic after the end of the War to tour various old bat- parish church in Baltimore area) and rectory tlefields and sites, stop at several major Amer- with surrounding cemetery on West Saratoga ican towns and cities, and visit with the few and North Charles Streets from 1770, made old comrades left living. After accepting an Cathedral in 1790, (later razed 1842). invitation to visit from Baltimore authorities in August, he is picked up in old Frenchtown • 1822 – Adelphi Theatre opens.[12] in Kent County at the northern head of the • 1824 – Chesapeake Bay in October by the new 1818 steamboat “United States” commanded by a • First building of “The Athenaeum” con- Capt. Tripp and bearing the City’s welcom- structed at southwest corner of St. Paul ing committee to escort the old French officer and East Lexington Streets, with corner- and later American Revolutionary army Gen- stone laying in August. Founded as a so- eral from Delaware and greeted on behalf of cial/civic/cultural/educational hall and later the Governor of Maryland, Samuel Stevens, serves as site for classes/lectures/exhibitions Jr., (served 1822–1826), and steams down the of the newly founded (1826) “Maryland In- Bay to elaborate ceremonies and saluting ships stitute For The Promotion Of The Mechanic and boats in the harbor at Fort McHenry, and Arts” two years later until burned by a pan- joined by U.S. Secretary of State (and future icked mob by the closing of the local early sixth President), John Quincy Adams, along Bank of Maryland in the infamous Baltimore with heroes of the Revolution: Col. John Ea- bank riot of 1835. Later relocated and re- ger Howard, and of the War of 1812: Gen. built a block north in October 1847, with a Samuel Smith, and Gen. John Stricker. El- second building to the northwest corner of der statesmen such as Charles Carroll of Car- East Saratoga and Saint Paul Street – now fac- rollton, last surviving signer of the Declaration ing “Preston Gardens"/Saint Paul Place (ter- of Independence, George Washington Custis raced park constructed in 1920s along St. of Mount Vernon, Virginia, adopted grand- Paul Street on five square blocks running son of the old commanding General and First north to south from East Centre down to President, retired officers and members of the East Lexington Streets to the northside of Society of the Cincinnati, and many other civic the 1896-1900 Baltimore City Circuit Court- dignitaries to review the state and local mili- houses [later renamed for national civil rights tia and Regular U.S. Army troops drawn up in leader Clarence M. Mitchell, Jr.). Structure formation at the old now historic Fort, and ex- later housing the new Maryland Historical So- change of speeches and addresses of welcome ciety, (founded 1844), and subscription li- and remembrance, followed by a banquet be- braries of the Library Company of Baltimore, neath the canvas tents outdoors. A parade (founded 1797) and also the Mercantile Li- followed through the city’s streets in an open 3.1 1800s–1840s 23

carriage beneath several decorated historical years later in competition with Baltimore City arches to the great rotunda of the domed interests represented by the new Baltimore Merchants’ Exchange Building at South Gay and Ohio Railroad, organized February 1827, and East Lombard Streets, one of the largest which follows, both breaking ground on same structures in America, where additional cere- day of Independence Day, July 4th, 1828. monies and speeches were made recalling the Canal completed in 1850 but never achieves uniforms, clothes and 500 pairs of pantaloons, economic prosperity or transportation impact the former ladies of the town, led by old Mrs. to the country such as the new nation-wide David Poe made for his then ragged army, then rail system but still endures into the early 20th the old veteran is escorted to his lodgings at Century and is now a nature and recreation the famous old colonial-era hostelry Fountain preserve as a national park, with its hiking and Inn, at the southeast corner of East Baltimore biking trail. and St. Paul Street–Light Street, where outside • he reviews the various troops and units of mil- 1826 – Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the itary organizations. That evening there were Mechanic Arts founded. Initially located at first general “illuminations” and fireworks, and at- Athenaeum, holding classes, lectures, exhibitions at tended a grand ball at the famous Holliday the civic, literary and social hall built at St. Paul Street Theatre. The following day he received Street and East Lexington Street, which was burned privately many visitors again at the Exchange by a mob during 1835 Baltimore bank riot. Institute building, then greatly impressed, left the city temporarily moves classes and lectures to be held heading for the national capital at Washington at the Merchants Exchange on South Gay at Ger- with a military escort. man and East Lombard Streets for the next decade. Landmark building later constructed in 1851 on East • Establishment of St. James African Protes- Baltimore Street at Market Place/Harrison Street, tant Episcopal Church in the city, third west bank of the Jones Falls with two towers/cupolas oldest African-American (then called “Ne- at each end, the larger northern one holding a clock gro"/"Colored”) Protestant Episcopal Church, and containing an assembly hall/classrooms on the (now Episcopal Church, U.S.A.) congregation second floor above brick arches housing second pub- in the United States, and oldest south of the lic markethouse for Baltimore, now known as Cen- Mason-Dixon Line. Parish is a member of tre Market (also known as “Marsh Market” for the the Episcopal Diocese of Maryland and later colonial-era “Harrison’s Marsh” on this site) which relocates to old west Baltimore’s Lafayette later burned in Great Baltimore Fire of 1904. Col- Square neighborhood on Lafayette, Arlington lege of Art later relocated by 1906 with “Main and Carrollton Avenues. Building” to Mount Royal Avenue in Mount Ver- • 1825 – Barnum’s City Hotel constructed in non, Baltimore-Belvedere neighborhood and a re- (with western rear addition constructed “College of Design” on the second floor several decades later) at southwest corner of in one of a revamped series of three market build- North Calvert and East Fayette Streets across from ings along Jones Falls after the Fire, which endured Battle Monument Square. Known for its excellent until the early 1980s, with construction of the Shot cuisine, famous visitors and elegant hospitality. Tower/Market Place Station for the “Metro"/subway Purported planning site of infamous "Baltimore and the terminus end ramp for the Jones Falls Ex- Plot" by Southern sympathizers to assassinate pressway () connecting with the Presi- President-elect on his way to dent Street Boulevard. his Washington inauguration in February 1861, • Male members of the Jewish faith legally al- when changing trains in Baltimore. Lasts to 1889 lowed to hold public office in Maryland for the when replaced by the Equitable Building, built first time with passage of the long-time con- 1891–1894, considered city’s first “skyscraper”. troversial "Jew Bill" by General Assembly of • Maryland General Assembly incorporates the Maryland. The “Jew Bill” altered Maryland’s Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company to the Test Act to allow members of the Jewish faith amount of $500,000 dollars in capital, to to swear to a belief in the doctrine of reward construct a waterway from Georgetown along and punishment rather than the generally re- the north shore of the Potomac River to quired declaration of belief in Christianity. Cumberland, Maryland of Allegheny County • Mayor John Montgomery reports to the in the western foothills of the Appalachian of 10,000 houses now Mountains. This follows the earlier vision of located in Baltimore City of which: 101 are of General and first President George Washing- four stories or higher, 1,608 are three stories, ton’s “Potowmack Company” canal enterprise 7,183 – two stories, and 1,524 are one story from the 1780s. Construction begins three high. 24 3 19TH CENTURY

• 1827 – explains to meeting of prominent Baltimore businessmen and civic activists at “Belvidere” • Washington Medical College, second such in- estate of famous old Revolutionary War Col. stitution in the state for medical education and John Eager Howard (1752–1827), of the old the training of doctors, (first private), estab- "Maryland Line" about new British “railroad” lished on “Washington Hill” on Broadway at system he recently observed during trip to East Fayette Street in East Baltimore where the and how it could possi- later famed writer, poet and author Edgar Al- bly compete with the new Erie Canal in New lan Poe (1809−1849), died October 1849, two York State and the proposed Chesapeake and blocks south of future Maryland Hospital site Ohio Canal along the Potomac River, from (later moved in 1873 to Catonsville in south- Georgetown and Washington, D.C. to west- western Baltimore County later renamed as ern Maryland’s Cumberland with access to the Spring Grove State Hospital), later designated passes through the eastern Appalachian Moun- by will/bequest of Johns Hopkins, (1795– tains to the Mid-West and Ohio River states 1873) to be used for establishment of his Johns for maintaining Baltimore’s trade advantages. Hopkins Hospital in 1889. Later became Gentlemen resolve to form a company and known as Church Home and Hospital with seek additional support. Episcopal Church sponsorship. Absorbed • Maryland General Assembly establishes and by further north on incorporates a new British system of trans- Broadway in the 1990s. Another similarly portation (second oldest chartered railway to named Washington medical institution, later that time – earlier short line in Massachusetts located on northwest corner of North Calvert with "Quincy-Granite Railway Company" on and East Saratoga Streets, next to the famed March 4, 1825, later extinct) on February “City Springs” (central park block and wa- 27 with the formation of the Baltimore and ter well with domed pavillon and first memo- Ohio Railroad Company, with the State hold- rial sculpture/monument to Lt. Col. George ing 10,000 shares ($1 million), and the City Armistead, commander of Fort McHenry dur- having 5,000 shares ($500,000), of a total cap- ing British bombardment in 1814, which was italization of $3,000,000 of which during the later removed after neglect and damage to 12 days of open books for shares eventually in the 1880s and recon- amounted to $4,178,000 of the capital stock. structed), was sponsored by the Washington With temporary commissioners serving: Isaac University in Pennsylvania (later known as McKim, Thomas Ellicott, Joseph W. Patter- Washington and Jefferson College). 1880’s son, John McKim, Jr., William Stewart, Tal- merger of this Washington University and the bot Jones, Roswell L. Colt, College of Physicians and Surgeons absorbed and Evan Thomas who are authorized to ac- by nearby health dispensary established by cept subscriptions of $1,500,000 (by end of WMC doctors in 1872 and was later directed 1828, subscriptions in amount of $4,000,000 and operated by the Roman Catholic order had been received). A Board of Directors of of nuns/sisters, Sisters of Mercy invited from the City’s leading financial powers and citizens Pittsburgh, since 1874 as the “Baltimore City are organized on April 28, 1827, consisting of Hospital” (not to be confused with other in- Charles Carroll of Carrollton, William Patter- stitution of similar name for former colonial- son, Robert Oliver, Alexander Brown, Isaac era Baltimore City and County Almshouse and McKim, William Lorman, George Hoffman, Work House, later located at Calverton, 1819– Philip E. Thomas, John B. Morris, Thomas El- 1866, then moved to eastern outskirts of town licott, Talbot Jones and William Stewart; with and renamed “Bay View Asylum”, overlook- Thomas as first President of Railroad Com- ing Eastern Avenue (later also Maryland Route pany and Brown as Treasurer. 150) which by 1925 becomes a municipal gen- eral hospital complex known as “Baltimore • Impressive funeral ceremonies held with pro- City Hospitals” [with plural 'S' as a municipal cession for the death of Baltimore’s most im- institution]. Later taken over by and renamed portant and influential citizens, Col. John Ea- “Johns Hopkins at Bay View Medical Cen- ger Howard (1752–1827), former comman- ter” campus). Name of old B.C.H. on North der of the "Maryland Line" regiment of the Calvert and East Saratoga Streets changed ear- Continental Army in the American Revolu- lier in 1909 to Mercy Hospital, and again in the tionary War, who led and fought in many bat- 1980s to Mercy Medical Center). tles both in the Northern and the Southern Theatres of the War and who donated much • [11] Franklin Lyceum active. of the land in northern Baltimore Town for • Evan Thomas, brother of Philip E. Thomas various civic improvements and public build- 3.1 1800s–1840s 25

ings from his “Belvidere” estate. His man- for daily newspaper The News American after sion was located in the intersection of future 1964 merger of previous daily papers Balti- North Calvert and East Chase Streets and en- more News-Post and on Sunday – The Balti- dured until razed in the early 1870s. Much more American until closed by Hearst Corpo- of his estate was used to lay out the grid ration (founded by California and New York of streets for the tomey Victorian-era neigh- magnate William Randolph Hearst) in 1986 borhood of Mount Vernon-Belvedere and fur- after 113 years of publication. ther northwest into the Mount Royal area to • Oblate Sisters of Providence founded.[14] the bend of the Jones Falls, in which his children and descendents were later responsi- • 1829 – ble for developing. He notably is the name- • As authorized by Act of the Maryland Gen- sake for the unusual number of three Balti- eral Assembly three years before, Baltimore more streets. His name also endures in the City opens its first public schools, under the su- luxurious landmark Beaux Arts-style Hotel pervision of a newly organized and appointed Belvedere of 1903 on East Chase Streets off Board of School Commissioners, two for boys North Charles Street with its famous John Ea- and two for girls (grammar or elementary ger Howard dining room with its wood panel- level) on each side of the town. Whites only ing and historical wall murals and in an eques- attend with only approximately three percent trian bronze statue on granite pedestal above of eligible children eventually in attendance in the Washington Monument at the north end the first years. Additional primary schools for of Washington Place, facing north up North upper grades added shortly with a high school Charles Street, and a modernistic metal sculp- for boys founded by a decade later (The High ture in a small “pocket park” at the north- School, then the Male High School, later re- west corner of North Howard and West Centre named the Central High School of Baltimore, Streets, opposite the Chesapeake Commons now The in 1866, and condo/apartment building, renovated in 1980 two Western and Eastern female secondary (formerly the old Baltimore City College built schools in 1844. 1895, until 1928, later used by several other • Mount Clare Station for the new Baltimore schools such as Western High School). and Ohio Railroad replacing the first down- • 1828 – “First Stone” laid on July 4, ("Independence town Pratt Street terminal/station at the south- Day"), for beginning of construction of the east corner with South Charles Street, is built Baltimore and Ohio Railroad line (first constructed further to the west on West Pratt Street off Ar- in America) laid by large assembly gathering includ- lington, Schroeder and Poppleton Streets in fu- ing Charles Carroll of Carrollton (1737–1832), last ture neighborhoods of Mount Clare, Popple- surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence ton, Union Square. Over the decades it be- to initially run to Ellicott’s Mills (now Ellicott City) comes the center of the railroad’s mechani- and later extended to Harpers Ferry and Wheeling, cal shops with an extensive group of sheds, Virginia by 1853 and eventually to Ohio by the warehouses and shops including a massive 22- Civil War. At the same time, ground is broken sided roundhouse by the 1880s. Mount Clare’s further southwest in Georgetown in the District of passenger station and offices are later supple- Columbia for the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal by mented and replaced in 1857 by the construc- sixth President John Quincy Adams, along the north tion of the Camden Street Station (with two shore of the Potomac River. wings later added in 1866) at West Camden Street between South Howard, South Eutaw • Phoenix Shot Tower constructed of brick at and South Sharp Streets with extensive mar- North Front and East Fayette Streets by the shaling yards further southwest towards the Jones Falls eastern shore in Jonestown/Old Middle Branch of the Patapsco River. Cam- Town, used for dropping pellets of hot boil- den later became the headquarters offices of ing lead into water vats at the ground level for the B. & O. (especially during the Civil War manufacture of shot ammunition for muskets era) until construction of a large downtown and rifles. Tallest structure at the time built Central Office Building in the 1880s at the in the city, along with two others, now razed. northwest corner of East Baltimore at North Also previous site of first meeting house for Calvert Streets which endured until destroyed Baptists met and constructed in 1770 (later in the Great Baltimore Fire of 1904. Mount First Baptist Church of Baltimore on Lib- Clare Station and the Roundhouse is later site erty Heights Avenue). Tower image later of the first “B. & O. Transportation Museum”, used in center of new illustration of Balti- established 1954 as a public service by the more skyline on front-page masthead vignette Railroad. 26 3 19TH CENTURY

• Construction completed for the new George further north with Patterson Viaduct at Ilchester Washington Monument with cornerstone laid and Oliver Viaduct across Patapsco again at Ellicott earlier on July 4 in 1815 originally in the Mills. old Courthouse Square downtown at North Calvert, between East Lexington and Fayette • Construction of residence of Archbishop of Streets, but was judged to be too tall for Baltimore at eastern end of cathedral facing that smaller square with the townhouses sur- North Charles Street, using similar granite rounding it, (later replaced by cornerstone blocks as the cathedral and stucco. laying instead on first anniversary of battle, • Establishment of St. Charles College, a pre- Defenders’ Day, September 12, 1815 for erec- seminary on lands donated by Charles Car- tion of shorter, smaller Battle Monument com- roll of Carrollton (1737–1832), from the ex- memorating defenders against British attack tensive landed estate in western Anne Arundel on Baltimore at Battle of North Point and County, (now Howard County) near Carroll bombardment of Fort McHenry in recently mansion Doughoregan Manor. Construction concluded War of 1812). Simplified and begins the following year and proceeds slowly “clean-cut” marble column by revised draw- with first structure completed by 1848. Later ings and plans for Washington Monument site after fire, college is moved to area between was later moved to hill-top location, 100 feet future Arbutus and Catonsville in southwest above sea-level, north of town and construc- Baltimore County, facing Wilkens Avenue, tion continues there in “Howard’s Woods” es- Frederick Road and Maiden Choice Lane. tate near “Belvidere” mansion of Col. John Eager Howard (1752–1827), Revolutionary • 1831 – In September, the Anti-Masonic Party, a War commander of local "Maryland Line" recent splinter group has the first national politi- troops of the Continental Army, (at intersec- cal convention to nominate an American president, tion of East Chase Street and North Calvert meeting at the first civic structure known as “The Street. Designed by noted new American ar- Athenaeum” at St. Paul and Lexington Streets. They chitect Robert Mills (1781–1855), who also choose Baltimore lawyer William Wirt for the office later designs landmark row of Greek Revival of chief executive in the Election of 1832 on the is- style matching townhouses called “Waterloo sue of the Masons’ secrecy and that seventh Pres- Row” on west side of North Calvert Street, ident Andrew Jackson is a Mason. Another anti- two blocks east. Neighborhood surround- Jackson political party – the National Republicans ing Monument later becomes referred to as (the party of former sixth President John Quincy Mount Vernon-Belvedere begins development Adams) also meet in the same building later in De- by Howard’s descendents and family begin- cember and choose of Kentucky to op- ning 1831, (several years after Monument’s pose Jackson’s reelection. Finally, the following completion by 1829), surrounding four sim- May 1832, the newly renamed Democrats (old Jef- ple park squares of grass and trees, surrounded fersonian “Republicans”) meet at the old First Uni- by iron fence, laid out named “Mount Ver- versalist Church (later occupied after the 1860s by non Place” (along East and West Monument black Roman Catholic congregation until razed in Street) and “Washington Place” (along North the 1930s) at North Calvert and East Pleasant Streets Charles Street) of distinctive residential Greek to give the city a “clean sweep” of all the first nom- Revival and Georgian or Federal comparable inating conventions putting forward the name of styles of townhouses, later augmented with Martin van Buren of New York for Vice President landmark churches and cultural institutions. to join Jackson for another term, replacing former • Circus building constructed.[5] South Carolina senator John C. Calhoun who had become estranged from “Old Hickory” and the in- • 1830 – Baltimore and Ohio Railroad begins oper- fluence of northern Democrats. ating with horse-car line on tracks laid initially to Ellicott’s Mills (later Ellicott City). Famous race • Maryland General Assembly appropriates run between “Tom Thomb” steam engine locomo- funds to establish a House of Refuge for Bal- tive and horse car designed by inventor and indus- timore City for criminal, vagrant or aban- trialist Peter Cooper. Construction also begins on doned and neglected children, but because of initial fieldstone and slabs for viaducts and bridges political controversies between “Whigs” and along main route beginning with Carrollton across “Democrats”, city does not build and open fa- the Gwynns Falls stream (runs through western Bal- cility until eighteen years later, 1849. Later timore to the Middle Branch/Ridgley’s Cove of the becomes known as Maryland Training School Patapsco River), Thomas Viaduct's curving arches for Boys, and later renamed as XXXX. Relo- across upper western branch of Patapsco River and cated to XXX. 3.1 1800s–1840s 27

• Baltimore Association of Firemen organized the U.S. Military Academy at West Point with by several of the various independent volun- no money, no trade and no reputation. The teer fire-fighting companies, since establish- four years he spends in Baltimore are a pe- ment of the first company “Mechanical” in riod of intense creativity. His major effort 1763. Later forms loose private confederation during those years were 16 tales he writes for of companies to organize fire-fighting work in the “Folio Club”, an imaginary literary soci- 1834 known as “Baltimore City United Fire ety, one of these is “MS Found In A Bottle”. Department”, with seven representatives from The prize for this story, the public recogni- each private independent company plus one tion that it brought and the lifelong friendship representative serving as a standing commit- between Poe and his literary patron Kennedy tee. This quasi-public organization serves for helped direct Poe on his brilllant career. While organizing city fire prevention and fighting un- here, he lived briefly at a small rowhouse on til organization of a fully paid, full-time pro- Amity Street (now a city historic house mu- fessional force of firemen housed in munici- seum) off West Lombard Street in inner West pal numbered firehouses, establishing today’s Baltimore. He left Baltimore in 1835 to be- modern Baltimore City Fire Department in come editor of the Southern Literary Messen- 1858, (just a year after reorganization of the ger. He returned in October 1849, supposedly city police force from 1784). passing through the city during an upheaval and tumult of a political election time, where • 1832 – under mysterious circumstances, he was found unconscious outside a tavern on East Lombard • Cholera epidemic rages in the city and causes Street in Jonestown/Old Town and died several widespread evacuations of well-to-do and days later at the old Washington University those with transportation.[5] Hospital (now Church Home and Hospital on • 1832 Democratic National Convention held Broadway at East Fayette Street) and was later in May at “The Athenaeum” (the first) at buried at the old Western Burying Grounds St. Paul and East Lexington Streets (west of the First Presbyterian Church's cemetery of City/County Courthouse-later burned in on North Greene and West Fayette Streets by Baltimore bank riot of 1835) and later at the intervention of a relative, Neilson Poe in “Warfield’s Church” (old First Universalist an undistinguished plot in the far southeast- Church? at North Calvert and East Pleasant ern corner of the yard. Later by 1852, the Streets) in Baltimore. U.S. Secretary of State cemetery was surmounted by the brick and Martin Van Buren of New York nominated as stone arches supporting the new above struc- Vice President along with Seventh President ture of the Westminster Presbyterian Church, Andrew Jackson to succeed/replace incum- later part of the University of Maryland Law bent John C. Calhoun of South Carolina who School campus after the dissolution of the had a falling out with Jackson over nullification congregation in the 1970s. Poe’s plot was crisis. exhumed and relocated to the more promi- nent northwestern corner by the entrance gate • 1833 – with a new substantial monument and bronze medallion provided for by fund-raising by pro- • Three discerning gentlemen meet at the home fessors/teachers and students of the Baltimore of John H. B. Latrobe (distinguished civic City high schools and several literary-minded leader, intellectual, author and son of famed citizens after 1865, which was dedicated in architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe at 11 West 1875. Mulberry (between North Charles and Cathe- dral Streets) in the back parlor around table, • 1834 – Two new municipal markets are ordered fortified with “some old wine and some good established by the “Jacksonian”-dominated City cigars” with noted author and political leader Council and permission is granted by the State Leg- John Pendleton Kennedy and James H. Miller islature to levy special direct taxes to defray their poring over manuscript submissions in a liter- cost. ary contest sponsored by - day Visitor for best prose tale. A story en- • 1835 – titled “MS Found in a Bottle”, is a curious and haunting tale of annihilation and attracts • 1835 Democratic National Convention con- them all. The $50 prize is awarded to the vened in city in May at the Georgian/Federal story’s struggling, unknown, penniless author style of architecture in landmark church of the Edgar Allan Poe, who had come to Baltimore First Presbyterian Church with its twin spires in the Spring of 1831, after dismissal from on the northwest corner of East Fayette and 28 3 19TH CENTURY

North (later Guilford Avenue) Streets. They site of old Victorian style Viaduct Hotel as re- nominate incumbent Vice President Martin sort and tourist site during the mid-19th cen- van Buren of New York as the new President tury, a mile south of Relay or Relay Junc- to succeed Seventh President Andrew Jackson tion) also with small hotel and boarding house after the 1836 presidential election, with Col. there. Site occupied immediately in April– Richard M. Johnson as Vice President. May, 1861 to hold Washington with Maryland • Bank riot. Several homes and businesses ran- and Baltimore in the Union by Massachusetts sacked including home of influential U.S. Sen- state militia Gen. Benjamin F. Butler after ator, Reverdy Johnson at Battle Monument the notorious “Pratt Street Riots” – April 19, Square (northwest corner of North Calvert 1861 and later fortified during Civil War by Street and East Fayette Street and several other Bouquet’s and Cook’s Battery of Union Army prominent businessmen and stockholders in troops with artillery on surrounding heights. the tottering Bank of Maryland scandal. Also burns the landmark civic, literary and social • 1836 – Baptists organize the Maryland Baptist activities center “The Athenaeum” (the first) Union Association (future Baptist Convention of at southwest corner of St. Paul and East Lex- Maryland/Delaware) with six original congregations ington Streets, which also housed at the time, represented, including the First Baptist Church of the nine-year-old Maryland Institute Baltimore, founded 1773. Later joins with na- • Baltimore County/City Courthouse of 1805– tional conservative-leaning (but white/Caucasian- 1809, (fourth for County and second in Balti- dominated) Southern Baptist Convention. more City, then serving also as county seat), • burned and ruined in disastrous fire at south- Pastor Henry Scheib of Old Zion Lutheran west corner of North Calvert Street and East Church opens bi-lingual German/English Lexington Street, across from the 1815–1827 school at the church on North Gay and Battle Monument. Rebuilt on same site, at East Lexington Streets which becomes very cost of along with $80,000 of twenty-year, influential in the following decades, espe- 5% bonds sold to finance addition of “fire- cially among the growing German-American proof” masonry Records Office, both designed community. by local noted architect Robert Cary Long, • Surviving soldiers stationed at Fort McHenry Jr., west of the rebuilt courthouse at south- during British attack in 1814 convene a meet- east corner of St. Paul and East Lexington. ing on September 13, the day after the local Records masonry building designed of then city, county and state holiday of Defenders’ unusual Egyptian Revival architecture with Day (traditional said to be at a tavern ad- great front iron doors (or some say a "Mayan jacent to the fort) under the leadership of temple”), has cornerstone laid June 28, 1836, William Steuart and Sheppard Leakin vow- by Solomon Etting, president of commission- ing never to disband and to meet every year ers, Mayor Samuel Smith and the long-serving at the Fort, forming a corps and Society in Chief Justice of the United States, in the per- which they would assume the rank of service son of Roger B. Taney, formerly of Frederick, each held during the battle. Later an organi- Baltimore, and now Washington, D.C.. Com- zation for the veterans of the Battle of North pleted by 1839. Point known as “The Surviving Defenders of • Thomas Viaduct of the Baltimore and Ohio Baltimore in the Late War” (also sometimes Railroad completed with its curving 22 arches known as “The Surviving Defenders of Balti- across the upper Western Branch of the more in 1814”) formed in 1841, incorporated Patapsco River (near present-day Patapsco the following year as “The Association of the Valley State Park), longest such structure in Defenders of Baltimore in 1814”, for annual the world, still used into the 21st century for reunions near September 12-13-14th, includ- heavier freight and passenger trains on a con- ing parades, commemorative ceremonies, din- stant daily basis. Obelisk monument of white ners, church services and business meetings. marble erected at trackside with engravings of With advent of rail travel, “Old Defenders” Railroad Company officers and construction make excursions to other East Coast cities, and leaders at eastern end of bridge before 'Y' in- national patriotic events such as presidential tersection marking “Main Line” which went inagurations and burials. By 1857, sons and further west towards Harpers Ferry, West Vir- descendents along with daughters of veterans ginia, the Potomac River, Appalachian Moun- organize. By 1893-1894, a General Society tains and Ohio and the “Washington Branch” of the War of 1812 is organized nation-wide going 30 miles further southwest to the Na- with Marylanders and Baltimoreans forming a tional Capital of Washington, D.C. Later also chapter. 3.1 1800s–1840s 29

• 1837 – Clare (with neighboring B. & O. Railroad foundries at Mount Clare Shops named for • "The Sun" newspaper begins daily publication historic Mount Clare Mansion now in Carroll by A. S. Abell (1806-1888), with William Park). City’s markethouses system grows to Swain and others from Philadelphia, where total eleven by mid-20th Century – 1950. By they had earlier started the Philadelphia Daily the 21st Century, Hollins is one of six surviv- Times with a policy of reporting news fairly ing municipal markethouses operated by the without an association or bearing on a politi- city’s office of the Comptroller, and the oldest cal party or certain view. Also sold at a much surviving structure with its two floors and up- cheaper price of one penny whereas others are per assembly hall and rooms (others damaged being sold at around six cents. Continues pub- by fire at various times and rebuilt in more lishing for next 177 years, later under the name modern styles). of A.S. Abell and Company.[3] • 1839 – • Washington Hall opens.[12] • The High School for young men authorized • Orchard Street Church built off St. Mary’s by City Council in March, opens in Octo- Street in northwest section of old City (modern ber (later named The Male High School of Seton Hill historic district, near present-day Baltimore, then the Central High School of Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard). First con- Baltimore, finally in 1866 to The Baltimore gregation for Negroes/Afro-Americans in city, City College) authorized by City Council of later becomes part of the United Methodist Baltimore in March, opens in October in Church. When congregation closes, build- rowhouse on Courtland Street (now Saint ing restored and renovated for local branch of Paul Place/Preston Gardens) at East Saratoga National Urban League, a national Civil Rights Streets. Movement organization. • Mercantile Library Association established. • 1838 – Later joins with older Library Company of Baltimore and Maryland Historical Society at • Future abolitionist, author/editor, orator, Fed- second Athenaeum building at northwest cor- eral official and escaped slave Frederick ner of St. Paul Street and East Saratoga Street, Douglass (1808–1895), escapes to freedom, until library collections are merged in the late September 3, disguised as a foreign seamen, 1850s. Society occupied Athenaeum until hopping aboard on a Philadelphia, Wilming- 1919 when it moves to the old Enoch Pratt ton & Baltimore Railroad train a mile east of (1808–1896), Mansion at southwest corner of temporary depot at President Street and Can- West Monument Street and Park Avenue after ton Avenue (later Fleet Street) along Canton the death of Pratt’s widow.[6] tracks, north of the Harbor and east of Fells • dedicated and opened Point where he had formerly worked as a slave July 13, as a new style of landscaped park- being a ships caulker. Travels to New York like terrain for the later interment of Balti- City to home of noted abolitionist David Rug- more’s “notables”. Developed from late estate gles, later meeting future wife Anne Murray, a of Robert Oliver, local prominent citizen and free black woman, who had smuggled identifi- merchant, under authorization and incorpora- cation documents and relevant papers for him tion by Maryland General Assembly in March to carry. 1838, by local proprietors William Gwynn, • Hollins Market is established for citizens in Robert Morgan Gibbes, Fielding Lucas, jr., the growing west and southwest areas of the John S. Skinner, John S. Lafitte, Samuel D. city between West Pratt and West Baltimore Walker and John H. B. Latrobe (son of famous Streets, and Hollins Street. Named for local architect, Benjamin Henry Latrobe). Laid Hollins land-owning family. Constructed of out behind surrounding fieldstone wall along two stories of brick in Italianate style with a southeastern area of later Greenmount Av- small cupola (later removed) and an assem- enue (leading to Old York Road) and Bound- bly hall/auditorium and smaller class or meet- ary (later East North) Avenue. Cemetery de- ing rooms upstairs on second level with brick signed by local architect Robert Cary Long, Jr. arches below on ground level for market and with turreted gatehouse constructed one to two proprietor’s stalls. Additional wooden shed years later, followed by Gothic Revival hill-top with open sides extends to the east for one chapel, fifteen years later. Surrounding com- city block. Nearby is laid out small park of munity in East Baltimore covered with straight Union Square and surrounding old West Balti- gridlines of streets with uniform 2 or 3-story more neighborhoods of Poppleton and Mount rowhouses acquires name of Oliver. 30 3 19TH CENTURY

• City Council under the influence of the Streets and choose Henry Clay to be their “Whigs” abolishes the office of “Consulting standard-bearer. Democrats return to meet at Physician” and stipulates that one of the three the Music Hall to nominate eighth President commissioners of health appointed annually Martin van Buren for a second term. The Can- must be a physician and assume the duties of ton Race Track, outside the east side of the consulting physician. city, is rented by the “Whigs”, offering gen- • New Municipal Record Office of Baltimore erous libations of “hard cider” to invite Bal- completed, built of distinctive Egyptian Re- timore citizens to hear Henry Clay, Daniel vival architecture in masonry, brick and iron Webster and other famed orator politicians of with the then current standards of “fire-proof” the era praise their candidate: William Henry construction, along Saint Paul Street at south- Harrison of Indiana (former general, territo- east corner with East Fayette Street, just to rial and state governor and “Indian fighter”) the west of second Baltimore City and County with their famed slogan of “Tippicanoe and Courthouse of 1805, reconstructed after 1835 Tyler Too!" now joined with John Tyler of fire. Virginia as Vice President. Both went on to win the Election of 1844, the following • Impressive elaborate funeral ceremonies and November, but the aged Harrison (ninth pres- processions held for “The Defender of Balti- ident) died in April 1841, several weeks after more”, Maj. General Samuel Smith (1752– giving the longest inaugural address in Amer- 1839), with notables such as several mayors of ican history and Tyler now succeeds him as Baltimore, governors of Maryland, and Mar- tenth president. tin Van Buren, eighth President of the United • Establishment of the Library Company of States, along with thousands of citizens fol- the Baltimore Bar by sixty-three lawyers (one lowing in his funeral cortege. General Smith third of the city’s bar at the time) at meet- was also noted for his defense of Fort Mif- ing called in March by promoted by noted flin in the Delaware River, below Philadelphia, attorney and future Mayor George William Pennsylvania during the American Revolution, Brown (1820–1890), scion of famous bank- and assuming command of the defenses of ing firm after inspiration from several other the city as head of the Maryland State Mili- northeastern cities. Located at first in sev- tia after the American rout at the Battle of eral cramped rooms on second floor of sec- Bladensburg and the ond Baltimore City and County Courthouse at under Gen. William Winder, the month be- southwestern corner of North Calvert and East fore in August 1814. He foresaw the obvi- Lexington Streets, opposite Battle Monument ous possibilities of a British invasion and the Square. One of America’s earliest private sub- possible routes they would have to take and scription libraries and legal/historical collec- planned fortifications, traps and assigned units tions, and led by many noted attorneys and of troops and artillery to various points (antic- judges of Baltimore and Maryland. After con- ipating the landings and Battle of North Point, struction of third City Courthouse (later re- finally drafting thousands of black and white, named Clarence M. Mitchell, Jr. City Court- rich and poor citizens of Baltimore to digging house in 1985) in 1895–1900, on entire block trenches and placing over a hundred artillery of previous courthouse, Bar Library relocated pieces along “Hampstead Hill” (also known to 6th and 5th Floors at west end overlook- then as “Loudenschlager’s Hill” in present day ing St. Paul Street/Place and Preston Gardens Patterson Park) along the eastern edge of the (of the 1920s) with impressive barrel-vaulted town. He also supervised regular U.S. Army reading room, with many oil paintings of sig- troops under Maj. George Armistead, com- nificant figures in the history of the city’s le- mander at Fort McHenry and naval Com- gal and judicial profession among luxurious modore John Rodgers (formerly of Perryville, Victorian-style appointments. Maryland) and Oliver Hazard Perry, late of his victory at with various detachments • 1844 – of seamen and naval artillery. • Maryland Historical Society incorporated as • 1840 - one of the first historical heritage societies in America, led by many leading civic and in- • [11] Madison Lyceum active. tellectual citizens of the town. Later locates • The Democratic Party reconvenes again in at the second landmark “Athenaeum” building “The Monumental City” along with the new (which had replaced earlier first Athenaeum Whig Party. The “Whigs” assemble at the one block south at St. Paul and East Lex- Universalist Church at Calvert and Pleasant ington Street burned by mobs during 1835 3.1 1800s–1840s 31

Baltimore bank riot) on the northwest corner • 1845 – established in 200 block of Saint Paul Street at East Saratoga Street, of north side along East Lexington Street be- until 1919, when the MdHS moves to the for- tween North Calvert and North (later Guilford Av- mer Enoch Pratt's 1847 town mansion at West enue) Streets for African-Americans and coordi- Monument Street and Park Avenue, where it nated with later Douglass Institute of 1865 on presently now occupies the entire square block near-by East Saratoga Street in post-Civil War and of adjacent older and newly constructed build- Reconstruction era.[15] ings. The Athenaeum was designed by noted architect Robert Cary Long, Jr., just down- • Calvert Hall College, a boys Roman Catholic hill from Old St. Paul’s Episcopal Church. high school founded by religious order of Shared one of three floors with the old “Li- Christian School Brothers on West Saratoga brary Company of Baltimore” (founded 1796– Street near Liberty Street. Later relocates 1797) and "Mercantile Library Association" a block north from 1890 to 1960, across (founded later in 1839) – which were previ- from old Baltimore Cathedral/Basilica of the ously located in 1798 Old “Assembly-Rooms”, Assumption at southwest corner, Cathedral a landmark social, dancing and civic hall at and West Mulberry Streets (present site of northeast corner of East Fayette and Holli- Archdiocesan office building/"Catholic Cen- day Streets- which also later served as “The ter” from 1963), then moves to LaSalle Road Male High School"/later Central High School in suburban Towson, north of the city. Long- of Baltimore since 1843). time athletic and academic rival of later • Western High School and Eastern High School Jesuits' school at Loyola High School, founded open for young women in opposite sides of 1852, then four blocks northeast on North the city. The previous all-boys “High School”, Calvert at East Madison Streets. founded 1839, is eventually renamed “The • Lloyd Street Synagogue building in Greek Re- Male High School” and eventually “Central vival style designed by famed local architect High School of Baltimore”. Robert Cary Long, Jr. for the new Baltimore • 1844 Democratic National Convention assem- Hebrew Congregation at Lloyd and Watson bles at the first old English Tudor/Gothic Re- Streets (between East Baltimore and Lom- vival style of the Odd Fellows Hall on east side bard Streets), in Jonestown/Old Town neigh- of North Gay Street (between East Fayette and borhood of inner East Baltimore. First syna- East Lexington Streets) by Old Zion Lutheran gogue in the city and oldest remaining now in Church and become deadlocked between can- America in this area which is becoming heav- didates John Tyler of Virginia who is in favor ily Jewish population beginning in the 1830s. of annexing the new Republic of Texas to the (Later 1985 site for the Jewish Museum of Union and XXXX Maryland). • 1844 Whig National Convention is also held in • 1846 – Recently founded local newspaper The Sun Baltimore at the old First Universalist Church sets technological advancement with use of Samuel (sometimes called “Warfield’s Church”) at Morse's new telegraph machine and wire lines to North Calvert and East Pleasant Streets, carry dispatches and news from events of the distant choosing Henry Clay of Kentucky as their Mexican–American War. Baltimore regiments par- standard-bearer. ticipate in the campaigns and their actions quickly • Baltimore-Washington telegraph line con- reported back to city’s citizens and relatives. Later structed under supervision of inventor Samuel statue of military commander and memorial to sol- Morse. First telegraph message sent asking diers and officers erected at Mount Royal Avenue “What Hath God Wrought?!" by wires be- and West Lanvale Street in 1903 by new Main Build- tween the old original Baltimore and Ohio ing of Maryland Institute College of Art and later Railroad station on southeast corner of East moved in the 1930s to entrance gates to Druid Hill Pratt snd South Charles Streets along the B. Park at West North Avenue and Mount Royal Av- & O. Railroad line of their Main Branch to enues (William H. Watson Memorial Statue). “Relay Junction” then switching to along the “Washington Branch”, southeast to the Na- • 1847 – The Sun of Baltimore becomes the first pa- tional Capital to the receiving station set up per in the Spring of 1847, to telegraph news of the at the U.S. Capitol. Later the The Sun of fall of Vera Cruz on the east Gulf coast of Mexico to Baltimore becomes the first newspaper to ex- President James K. Polk at the “Executive Mansion” tensively use telegraphed dispatches from the (later ) in Washington, D.C.. Nation distant battles in the far southwest of the surprised at the speed of the news and the capabil- Mexican–American War of 1846–47. ities with the potential impact of the new telegraph 32 3 19TH CENTURY

for the spread of information, news over great dis- • 1848 Democratic National Convention held tances. in city to nominate presidential and vice- presidential candidates. • Second “Athenaeum” building constructed at • 1849 – northwest corner of St. Paul Street (later also St. Paul Place) at East Saratoga Street, with • Baltimore Female College established and cornerstone laid in August. Replaces earlier opens following year on Saint Paul Street first “Athenaeum” structure at southwest cor- near East Saratoga Street and later moves ner of St. Paul and East Lexington Streets, by about 1873 to northwest corner of Park one block further south, which was burned by Avenue/Place near Wilson Street for about a mob in the Baltimore bank riot of 1835. a decade in new northwestern neighborhood Later holds spaces for the newly organized of Bolton Hill, under leadership of noted Maryland Historical Society (1844), the Li- Classical and Latin/Greek scholar, Presi- brary Company of Baltimore (founded 1796– dent/Professor Nathan C. Brooks. B.F.C., 1797) – previously located at old “Assembly sponsored and supported by congregations and Rooms” [of Baltimore Dancing Assembly] at ministers of the Methodist Episcopal Church northeast corner of Holliday and East Fayette had additional wings constructed to its rear by Streets, [later occupied by the Central High 1858 when located in large Greek Revival style School of Baltimore, [today’s Baltimore City townhouse/mansion. Later the College moved College]), and the Mercantile Library Associ- to a third site at Park Avenue and McMechen ation, (founded 1839). Street where it held classes until closing in 1890. Prof. Brooks had also been the for- • 1848 – mer first principal in 1839 to 1849 of first pub- lic secondary school in Maryland (and thought • Construction begins on new island fortress of to be later, third oldest public high school 3.4 acres in the lower Patapsco River named in America) − “The High School”, then on "" under supervision of Capt. neighboring Courtland Street, later renamed (later Colonel) Robert E. Lee of the United the Male High School after 1844, then Cen- States Army, Corps of Engineers. With brick tral High School of Baltimore in 1850, then walls 10 feet thick and forty feet high, the three The Baltimore City College after 1866. Spon- planned levels (with many courses (rows) of sored by Methodist Episcopal churches in the millions of bricks and masonry) are planned city, this small but influential school for young to have embrasures set for 350 naval cannons. ladies is the first to grant collegiate degrees Part of the new “second tier” of seacoast de- to women in Maryland, it predates the later fensive fortification systems after the experi- Women’s College of Baltimore (later renamed ences of the War of 1812 and Fort McHenry of as “”) founded in 1885, also the “first tier” system from the Revolutionary for young women (by Rev. John F. Goucher, War period and afterwards. Similar to the pastor and members of the First Methodist more later famous Fort Sumter in Charleston Episcopal Church (previously Lovely Lane harbor, South Carolina, which began the Civil Methodist Chapel/Meeting House and later re- War in April 1861. Additional concrete for- turned to original colonial name of Lovely tifications emplaced on eastern bastions in Lane United Methodist Church, a block north mid-1890’s for newer “Endicott” displacing ri- at St. Paul and 23rd Streets in Charles Vil- fled artillery for Spanish-American War-era, lage).[15] matching similar larger forts/batteries at op- • Organizing of first organization for teachers posing points along the lower Patapsco River and (high school) professors in the Baltimore and harbor entrance of (North City Public Schools as the “Public School Point)and (at Hawkins Point). Teachers Association, Inc. of Baltimore”. Occupied as an increasingly obsolete military Later evolves into first teachers union for city site from until World War II, school faculties and joins national group, the the ruins still exist today, with occasional ec- National Education Association (NEA), later centric plans occasionally proposed for civilian organizing of Maryland State Teachers Asso- use of the island fort. ciation. • Howard Athenaeum and Gallery of Arts • Establishment of the House of Refuge on hill opens.[12] north of and overlooking the Frederick Road (National Road), west of Gwynns Falls in • Olympic Theatre opens.[12] southwestern Baltimore City, building com- • Concordia Club founded. pleted and opened December 5 in 1855, (later 3.2 1850s–1890s 33

location after 1971 of Southwestern High "Pickett’s Charge"), replacing earlier primi- School). Attended by children, ages four to tive P.W. & B. depot. Oldest surviving big- seventeen, with a new progressive philoso- city in America also with unique phy to reform and not punish. Duties as- “Howe Truss” roof-support system architec- signed such as shoemaking, chair caning and ture. Site of “First Bloodshed” of Civil War sewing. Built of substantial stone and sur- in Pratt Street Riot on Friday, April 19, 1861, rounded by a sixteen foot wall, it however with attacks by mobs of southern sympathizers was not prison-like in appearance according against passing 6th Massachusetts Volunteer to historical accounts. Previously authorized State Militia regiment and escorting “Wash- by Maryland General Assembly eighteen years ington Brigade” of Pennsylvania state militia earlier in 1831, and funds appropriated, but from Philadelphia. city administration of the time does not aid • By authority of a resolution of the Baltimore the project, because of controversy between City Council, approved by the Mayor, the then political parties about government’s so- Male High School (founded 1839, the third cial roles – (“Whigs” versus “Democrats”). oldest public high school in America), is of- Established under newer national social con- ficially renamed the Central High School of sciousness movement for children convicted Baltimore, (today’s Baltimore City College), of criminal offenses, those committed as va- to which it had been referred to already for grants or street beggars, those whose par- several years such as in the annual reports ents asked for their admission for incorrigi- of the Board of School Commissioners for ble habits or vicious conduct, and those whose the Baltimore City Public Schools. Also, the parents did not provide for them. Institution School Commissioners are empowered to con- later becomes known as the Maryland Train- fer on the graduates of their highest educa- ing School for Boys, and later as XXX and re- tional institution, “testimonials” in engrossed locates to XXX. certificates, “signed by the President of the • First American Prizefight Championship orga- Board, the Mayor of the City, with the seal nized and fought February 7 between James of the City attached, by the Board Committee Ambrose, known as “Yankee” Sullivan (1811- on the Central High School, and by the Princi- 1856), and Tom “Young America” Hyer pal/President and teachers of said school”. (1819-1864), on a cold wind-swept bluff over- • Greek Revival styled mansion/townhouse for looking the western shore of the Chesapeake Thomas family designed by John Rudolph Bay at Still Pond Heights on the northwest cor- Niernsee and James Crawford Neilson, ar- ner of Poole’s Island, offshore from the mouth chitects. Constructed at southwest corner of the Gunpowder River, northeast of the of North Charles Street (south Washington city between Baltimore County and Harford Place) and West Monument Street (West County. Arrangements were made to have the Mount Vernon Place), on the circle oppo- fight outside the jurisdiction of the State and site the Washington Monument, completed by City of New York, although there were police 1852. Noted home of Thomas, then Jenck patrols. Several Maryland government and po- families for a century and three-quarters, lastly litical figures attended to watch the match for a by Gladding family of former Chevrolet auto prize of $10,000. Hyer won and was given the dealership. Considered for possible use as of- title of “Champion of America” in this very ficial “Mayor’s Residence” but later becomes early display of the future sport of boxing and known as “Hackerman House” (donated by pugilism. philanthropist Willard Hackerman) and annex for gallery of Asian Art in the early 1980s for adjacent , further south. 3.2 1850s–1890s • Cornerstone laid by Governor of Maryland Phillip F. Thomas on Oct. 21st for an obelisk • 1850 – monument at East Monument and North Gay Street in Ashland Square of Jonestown/Old • built during previous Town in east Baltimore under which the two year at President and Fleet (previously Can- young volunteer soldiers Daniel Wells and ton Avenue) Streets for Philadelphia, Wilm- Henry McComas are to be reburied with ington and Baltimore Railroad (P.W. & B.) honors. A parade of militia and various placed in operation in February, under su- civic societies was led. Wells and McComas pervision of chief engineer Isaac Ridgway of Aisquith’s Sharpshooters are traditionally Trimble (later Confederate States Army gen- credited with the sharpshooting death of Gen. eral, noted at 1863’s Battle of Gettysburg in Robert Ross in command before the Battle of 34 3 19TH CENTURY

North Point on September 12h, 1814 during blies, mass meetings and conventions in com- the Battle of Baltimore with the British attack ing years, plus several large presidential nom- in the War of 1812. An eloquent prayer was inating conventions in the next decade along given by Rev. Henry Slicer and an oration by with a famous speech in April 1864 by Pres- Col. B.U.Campbell occurred at length. ident Abraham Lincoln. (Endures until Great Baltimore Fire of February 1904). • 1851 – • First annual commencement exercises held • According to the new provisions adopted by November 27 for ten graduates of the newly the delegates to the constitutional conven- renamed Central High School of Baltimore, tion for the second Maryland Constitution (today’s Baltimore City College) at the old (of 1851), approved by the voters, Balti- Front Street Theatre, east of the Jones Falls, more City, which has been the county seat of between East Fayette and High Streets, in the Baltimore County since 1767–1768, becomes Jonestown/Old Town section. Two graduates an independent city (with the same status as receiving the highest honors and eight being the other 23 counties of Maryland) with addi- granted qualified certificates. First high school tional, more proportional representation in the diplomas ever granted in Baltimore and Mary- General Assembly of Maryland and more abil- land. ities of “home rule”. City is separated from • Construction of second “Athenaeum” hall at surrounding Baltimore County on its east, west northwest corner of St. Paul Street and East and north sides, with Anne Arundel County re- Saratoga Streets of three floors of Greek Re- maining to its south, across the Western (upper vival style for $40,000 by Robert Cary Long, Patapsco) to the Middle and Ferry Branches of Jr., as a gift from the citizens of Baltimore the Patapsco River. Remaining county voters to the Maryland Historical Society, founded elect by several referendums to move its new seven years before (1844). Building replaces county seat north to Towsontown in 1854, and previous “Athenaeum”, two blocks south at St. constructs new granite blocks County Court- Paul and East Lexington, burned in Baltimore house of Greek Revival style with front por- bank riot of 1835. Other floors later to be used tico and cupola facing Washington Avenue be- by subscription libraries of the old Library tween Chesapeake and Pennsylvania Avenues. Company of Baltimore, founded 1796–97 and • “New Assembly-Rooms” dancing, social and the Mercantile Library Association, (of 1839), reception hall constructed and opens at South which combine their collections here by 1856. Hanover and West Lombard Streets by old MdHS resides here until 1919 when it moves Baltimore Dancing Assembly group to re- several blocks northwest to the former Enoch place earlier 1797–98 famed “Old Assembly- Pratt townhouse/mansion on West Monument Rooms” structure previously at northeast cor- Street and Park Avenue in 1919. Numerous ner of Holliday and Fayette Streets – (now meetings, lectures, visits and ceremonies held Central High School of Baltimore since 1843 here in the next three-quarters of a century. [12] to fire of 1873). By the 1920s, building is used by the new bu- • Baltimore Wecker German language newspa- reaucracy for cars, the state Commissioner of per begins publication. Motor Vehicles (founded 1910) offices, then unfortunately razed briefly for a first park- • New “Centre Market” building constructed ing garage in the city, quickly later replaced on Market Place (formerly Harrison Street – on site by an early 1950s glass skyscraper named for Thomas Harrison of 18th Cen- for Commercial Credit Company. Site later tury “Harrison’s Marsh”, nicknamed “Marsh opened up by razing of neighboring facing Market”), on west shore of Jones Falls be- 1820s-era Greek Revival styled townhouses tween East Baltimore and Water Streets with for the City’s first “urban renewal project” of 25-year-old school – "Maryland Institute for five square blocks along St. Paul Street and the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts" (orig- later St. Paul Place and the old parallel Court- inal name) is located on upper second/third land Streets from East Centre to East Lexing- floors set above brick/stone arches and piers ton for the terraced “Preston Gardens”, with above the stalls of the market house. Two tall classical Greco- Roman carved stone railings clock towers constructed at each end, with the and staircases, flower beds, spouting fountains, larger one facing the Plaza on the south side to- sidewalk ways and large shade trees. wards the harbor. Large auditorum/assembly hall with classrooms, lecture halls and offices • Cornerstone for House of Refuge for wayward upstairs makes structure the center of educa- youths in southwest outskirts of city on old tion in the city. Site of many large assem- Frederick Road (National Road) at Gwynns 3.2 1850s–1890s 35

Falls on Oct. 27th with Governor of Mary- Jersey, and William A. Graham (1804–1875), land – Enoch Lowe and Chief Justice of the of North Carolina as his running mate. Pierce United States, Roger B. Taney, with the Mayor is elected 14th President in the Fall elections. and City Council attending. Chartered earlier in Feb. 1831 and documents revised 1859. • 1853 – Baltimore City Police Department estab- Site is later occupied in 1971 by Southwestern lished. Succeeds earlier protective system from Bal- High School. timore Town of constables and night watchmen es- tablished since 1784. Later placed under authority • 1852 – of Governor of Maryland after Know-Nothing Riot of 1856 and political scandals of "Know-Nothing" • St. Mary’s College, established by the movement of the American Party in 1859–60, who Sulpicians religious order in 1805 closes the has the power to appoint the police marshal (later College, located on North Paca Street by St. chief or [after 1920] commissioner of police to the Mary’s Lane, adjacent to the Seminary, estab- 1980s). Similar political movement inspired by City lished 1791, and the landmark Chapel, which Reform League for “good government” that also had graduated many hundreds of young men eliminated various squabbling volunteer fire com- with secular educations during the first half of panies dating back to the 1760s and formed pro- the 19th Century and was one of the most pros- fessionalized municipal government agency, as the perous educational institutions in the City. Baltimore City Fire Department in 1859. • Loyola College and Loyola High School es- tablished by the Jesuits (Society of Jesus) in • 1854 – Fire destroys Greek Revival styled third several townhouses in the 100 block Holliday church (designed in 1812–1817 by Robert Cary Street by East Lexington (then Orange Alley) Long, Jr., [1810-1849]), of Old St. Paul’s Church and between East Fayette Streets. Just north (Episcopal), oldest parish in Baltimore area, at of famed Holliday Street Theatre (of 1794 and northeast corner of North Charles and East Saratoga 1812), Prof Kapp’s School (where famous re- Streets. Replaced two years later by Italian Re- porter/editor/author/columnist H.L. Mencken naissance Revival architecture fourth structure, de- attended in late 1880s) and the Central High signed by Richard Upjohn (1802–1878), of New School of Baltimore, (future Baltimore City York City. Six-story bell tower originally planned, College) at old former “Assembly Rooms” so- however never constructed. By the mid-20th cen- cial and cultural hall. New Loyola Jesuits tury, the famous “Mother Church of Baltimore” is schools in houses across street from future surrounded by tall skyscrapers and a busy business Baltimore City Hall (soon to be built 1867– district, followed in 1950s-60s by redevelopment 1875). Both College and High School later with its Charles Plaza across the in 1855 move several blocks north next to street to the west. St. Ignatius Church on North Calvert between • 1856 – East Monument and East Madison Streets in Mount Vernon-Belvedere neighborhood, com- • “Know-Nothings” Riot of the “American pleted by 1857. Later in 1923, the College Party” with anti-immigrant extremists and po- moves to suburban campus in northern city litical/historical ignorance groups manage to at North Charles Street at West Cold Spring fool voting citizens and take power with some Lane next to Evergreen House of Garrett fam- offices in city and state government. ily of Baltimore and Ohio Railroad fame and • the High School moves in 1934 to its present 1856 Whig National Convention held in Bal- “Blakefield” campus, west of Towson in sub- timore again at the Maryland Institute for urban Baltimore County. the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts hall above Centre (“Marsh”) Market on East • [12] Apollo Hall opens. Baltimore Street at Market Place (formerly • 1852 Democratic National Convention and Harrison Street) to Water Street, by west 1852 Whig National Convention both met side of Jones Falls, to nominate its slate in the city to nominate candidates for pres- of candidates for President and Vice Pres- ident and vice president. Democrats choose ident. Last major campaign effort of the Franklin Pierce (1804–1869), of New Hamp- Whigs for national offices. Chosen were for- shire, a "dark horse" unexpected candidate mer 13th President Millard Fillmore (1800– for the Presidency with Senator William R. 1874), of New York and for the second King (1786–1853), of as Vice Pres- spot on the ticket, Andrew Donelson (1799– ident. Whigs put forth former Maj. Gen. 1871), of Tennessee. Democrat James and General-in-Chief of the United States Buchanan (1791–1868), former U.S. Secre- Army, Winfield Scott (1786–1866), of New tary of State is elected as 15th President 36 3 19TH CENTURY

in the Fall elections, also over former Col. Located first at old George Hoffman mansion John C. Frémont (1813–1890), (“The Great of Greek Revival styled architecture at north- Pathfinder”), first candidate of the newly or- east corner of Cathedral and West Franklin ganized Republican Party. Street, opposite the old Baltimore Cathe- dral. Later in 1890s moves several blocks • Construction of "Light Street Bridge” from north in Vernon-Belvedere neighborhood to “Ferry Bar” point in old South Baltimore, present stone Romanesque Revival designed southern end of Light Street across the Mid- clubhouse at North Charles and East Eager dle and Ferry Branches of Patapsco River Streets. Later becomes center hotbed of to the old Acton’s Amusement Park and Southern sympathizers in early days of Civil “Cromwell’s Marsh” (future Fairfield, Ma- War strife and riots in the city, threatened to sonville and East Brooklyn/Wagner’s Point bombard building from Fort Federal Hill if communities) and to newly established town a Rebel flag flies by occupying Union militia of Brooklyn from three years before in north- Gen. Benjamin F. Butler of Massachusetts ern Anne Arundel County. Replaced old ferry Militia. operated since colonial times forming con- nection to southbound road to state capital • 1858 - at Annapolis. Sometimes known as “Long Bridge” or “Brooklyn Bridge”, has length of • Inventor, railroad and shipbuilding industri- 4,750 feet of wooden trestle on piles and has alist , (1796–1877), builds and expensively high toll charged by local County launches revolutionary-styled steam-powered land-owning families Crisp and Cromwell “cigar boat” at Ferry Bar, southern point at which stifles future residential and commer- Middle or Ferry Branch of Patapsco River, cial development of northern county towns by old Light Street Bridge (also known as Brooklyn and Curtis Bay for first twenty-five “Long Bridge” or “Brooklyn Bridge”) of 1856, years until city/state purchase in 1878. Light mile-long wooden trestle on log pilings to Street Bridge which also later carries electric newly established Brooklyn town (1853) in streetcar line across, endures until 1914–1917 northern Anne Arundel County, Maryland, when replaced by current “Hanover Street on shores of former “Cromwell’s Marsh”. Bridge”, of concrete arches with draw span Wealthy and talented Winans builds several built across narrows further to the west which piers and wharves east of the bar/point area opens January 1917, (later renamed Vietnam along the Patapsco River, later known as Veterans Memorial Bridge in the 1990s). “Winans Cove”, at northern end of long- time ferry service since colonial days and ex- • 1857 – periments iron and steel-fabricated ships and boats, off-shore and west from nearby rem- • World famous financier and philanthropist nants of War of 1812 earthen embankments of George Peabody (1795–1869), formerly of Fort Covington, (and smaller Battery Babcock Baltimore (1815–1835), later of New York to the east) still extant from September 1814 City, then London, England, suggests be- Battle of Baltimore. Site later becomes by late quest to local civic and literary leaders to 1890’s, "", waterfront terminal found a , with various cul- for old Western Maryland Railway, near south tural programs of art and sculpture collec- shores of “Whetstone Point” peninsula. Old tion, lecture series, reference library, musical Revolutionary War “Fort Whetstone” from school and scholarship prizes to public school 1775-1776, at eastern end, and later adja- graduates. Construction of building begins cent renamed “Locust Point” residential neigh- at southeast corner of North Charles Street borhood and future Port of Baltimore facili- (south Washington Place) and East Monument ties/terminals on northern and southern shores. Street (East Mount Vernon Place) opposite the Additional foundries and shipyards in Cove, Washington Monument. Mostly completed by developed for Southern rebels’-sympathizing 1861, but is delayed by the Civil War until Winans, a member of the Maryland House dedication and opening the year after peace. of Delegates, arrested by Union Army forces Today the nation’s second-oldest music con- from on train from Frederick city April–May servatory with landmark Library and presently 1861 sessions (briefly held in Fort McHenry) a division since 1977 of the later 1876 bequest to forestall his later possible assistance to from friend Johns Hopkins of The Johns Hop- Confederate military forces with develop- kins University. ment of vaunted “steam gun” (early high- • New Maryland Club for socially elite men or- powered “machine gun” or "Gatling"-style gun ganized and incorporated the following year. in 1861) and similarly wealthy and talented 3.2 1850s–1890s 37

son’s Thomas Dekoven Winans future Russian • First line established of horse-drawn street rail railroad-building projects and industrial enter- cars for faster and more reliable city trans- prises. portation begins to replace older horse-drawn omnibuses (street wagons). Helps in growing • Holding of the eighth annual commencement additional rowhouse neighborhoods and first ceremonies for the Central High School of developnment of “suburbs” further out near Baltimore, (founded 1839, third oldest pub- city limits. Later first usage in America of lic high school in America, then at northeast electrification powered systems of streetcars corner of Holliday and East Fayette Streets in by Baltimore in 1885 extends throughout city old “Assembly Rooms” dancing hall of 1796) by the mid 1890s. for 23 graduates at the upstairs auditorium of the Maryland Institute for the Promotion of • 1860 – the Mechanic Arts, above Centre (“Marsh”) Market at East Baltimore Street and Harrison • 1860 Constitutional Union Convention, 1860 Street/Market Place, east of the Jones Falls Democratic National Convention, Two politi- (landmark recently completed 1851). First cal party presidential nominating conventions time awarding of seven “Peabody Prizes” by held in “Border City” after break-up of reg- bequest from the founder of the new Peabody ular convention of Democrats at Charleston, Institute the previous year, now under con- in South Carolina session under threat of se- struction across from the Washington Mon- cession and civil war. Both U.S. Senator ument, internationally known financier and Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois and John Bell philanthropist George Peabody (1795–1869). of Tennessee each nominated for Chief Ex- Prizes awarded by William E. Mayhew, Esq., ecutive in very controversial 1860 Presidential first President of the Board of Trustees, with Election. engrossed certificates, gold or bronze engraved • Estimated that 90 percent of city’s black pop- medals along with cash awards of three of ulation on the eve of the Civil War was free. $100 and four of $50 to each honored grad- • opened on northwest outskirts uate. Additional prizes also awarded to the of town on former Nicholas Rogers “Druid top graduates of the two female public high Hill” colonial estate on western heights above schools (founded 1844), Eastern High School upper Jones Falls. and Western High School. Peabody Prizes will be awarded annually for the next 130 • Reformers of local Democratic Party reassert years, with substantial public and media at- political control in state and city with sup- tention, then later replaced after controversy port of new City Reform League with elec- by Peabody and tion of George William Brown as Mayor from trustees (P.I. merges with J.H.U. in 1977) with “Know-Nothings” of American Party and re- scholarship programs for all top-ranked grad- cent political and election turmoil and riots. uates of Baltimore City public high schools. State assumes control of city police force with Governor of Maryland having appointive • First steam fire engine (horse-drawn) “Alpha” power of police marshal with George P. Kane arrives in the city, purchased by newly orga- newly chosen. nizing Baltimore City Fire Department, May 18. • 1861 -

• 1859 – • Unarmed Militia Units from Pottsville and Schyulkill County of the Pennsylvania vol- • City Fire Department formed as municipal unteer state militia travel by Northern Cen- government agency with paid, professionally tral Railroad from the state capital Harrisburg trained firemen. Replaces the old 1835 “Bal- to Maryland’s "Mason-Dixon Line" and ar- timore City United Fire Department”, a con- rive Thursday, April 18 at Bolton Station and federation system of about 17 independent pri- Calvert Street Station on way to answer newly vate volunteer firefighting companies in vari- elected 16th President Abraham Lincoln's call ous districts and neighborhoods, dating back to the states for 75,000 volunteers and declares to 1763. Engine House Number 6 facing a state of insurrection to subdue Southern re- North Gay and Orleans Street with landmark bellion, after the firing on Fort Sumter several tall Italianate-styled bell tower is last vol- days previously in Charleston harbor, in seced- unteer company building built in the 1850s ing South Carolina by new elements of an or- and annexed into new city firehouse system. ganizing Confederate States Army. Joined by Later becomes oldest B.C.F.D. firehouse and two artillery regiments of Regular Army sol- in 1974, Baltimore City Fire Museum. diers coming from the West heading for Fort 38 3 19TH CENTURY

McHenry, the Pennsylvania militiamen march quickly constructed for the duration of the down Howard Street to Camden Street Station war to 1865. Additional Federal troops re- to board the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad to inforce Fort McHenry and numerous mem- get to Washington. Because they are unarmed bers of the State Legislature, Mayor,(George (rifles unloaded) they are jeered, hassled and William Brown), City Council and Police some assaulted with physical and verbal at- Marshal (George P. Kane), and other Board tacks by Southern sympathizers and the com- of Police Commissioners are arrested and con- manding officer’s free black servant Nicholas fined, such as industrialist Ross Winans and Biddle is injured, although no one is killed or politician . Provost Marshal wounded. Later upon arriving in the National for city appointed with local military officer Capital, greeted by the President and camping Col. John Kenly and commands city police of- in the halls of the U.S. Capitol, these units are ficers. later known as “The First Defenders”. Balti- more mobs’ appetite for violence however is • 1863 – only whetted for more the next infamous day, • “Friday, the Nineteenth of April”. Invasion fears threaten Baltimore authorities in June as Confederate General Robert E. Lee • "Pratt Street Riot" on Friday, April 19 and his Army of Northern Virginia passes Bal- erupts when the Union’s Sixth Massachusetts timore on the west going through Frederick, Regiment of volunteer state militia (from city placed under stricter martial law, addi- mostly mill towns of Lawrence and Lowell) tional militia called out, warships stationed in and “Washington Brigade” of Philadelphia the harbor, and barricades erected in west- of Pennsylvania state militia, is attacked by side streets. Later battle fought north at mobs of Southern sympathizers when mak- Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, largest battle of the ing the required transfer on their railroad jour- War and ever fought in North America. neys from Philadelphia to Washington, at- tempt to transfer horse-drawn railroad cars • Construction begun on stone Italianate style along East Pratt and President Streets water- of architecture mansion “Cylburn” with ma- front from the Philadelphia, Wilmington and terial quarried from Bare Hills, in Baltimore Baltimore Railroad's President Street Station County. Designing architect George A. Fred- to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's Camden erick (later plans for Baltimore City Hall in Street Station. Four soldiers killed and many 1867–1875) on property located on Green- wounded along with many uncounted Balti- spring Avenue, west of Jones Falls hills, north moreans. New Police Marshal George P. Kane of Druid Hill Park built for Elisha Tyson, and recently elected Reformer Mayor George industrialist, financier and Quaker abolition- William Brown with escorts of city police with ist and civic activist with project continuing pistols try to hold back rioters. Later city to 1888. Purchased by City in 1942 and officials send militia units north and east of estate developed into botanical gardens and the city to burn railroad bridges to forestall arboretum as city park, named “Cylburn Wild- any future transfer passages and in meeting flower Preserve and Garden Center”, with with Governor Thomas Hicks in Annapolis Horticulture Division of Bureau of Parks and and President Abraham Lincoln in Washing- Maryland Ornithological Society headquar- ton, D.C. request no further military passages ters, nature museum, mounted bird collections through city. Washington is isolated from the and Fessenden herbarium. House and estate North by cut telegraph lines for several weeks. placed on National Register of Historic Places. • A month later, on May 14, Massachusetts • Newly organized “Union Club” sets up on volunteer state militia and now Union Gen- northeast corner of East Franklin and North eral Benjamin F. Butler sends regiments from Charles Street (opposite First Independent Relay Junction southwest of city on B. & Church of Baltimore – later First Unitarian O. Railroad (where the Main Line to the Church (Unitarian and Universalist)), in for- West at the U.S. Arsenal at Harpers Ferry mer Greek Revival styled with stone por- on the Potomac River and further to Ohio tico/steps and columns of former William River divides from the Washington Branch Howard (son of Col. John Eager Howard) to national capital) in night expedition during mansion. Later becomes headquarters for rainstorm to occupy city and fortify Federal "Athenaeum Club" and temporary site in the Hill, overlooking downtown harbor “Basin” late 1870s for new Maryland State Normal and declaring martial law the following day. School, founded 1866 (later after several Baltimore is occupied by Union Army troops name and location changes to Towson Univer- manning surrounding earthen-bermed forts sity). Competes with southern-sympathizing 3.2 1850s–1890s 39

“Maryland Club” – one block east by Cathe- Douglass near old Newton University founded dral Street. 1840s, on south side of 200 block, East Lex- ington Street, between North Calvert, Davis • 1864 – Street alley, and North Streets (now Guilford • New Maryland state Constitutional Conven- Avenue). Later becomes forerunner for estab- tion summoned and meets drawing up replace- lishment by 1883 of the first “Colored High ment document for previous charter of 1851 School and Training School”, which by 1925 which is enacted ending slavery in Baltimore is renamed Frederick Douglass High School. and throughout the state along with provid- • 1866 – New Peabody Institute building dedi- ing for additional political, educational and so- cated with philanthropist millionaire donor George cial reforms for the new free black population, Peabody (1795–1869), (formerly of Massachusetts, which is later quite unpopular with the for- briefly Washington, and 20 years in Baltimore, now mer white dominant Democratic Party power of New York City and London, in England) standing structure. on front steps acknowledging the acclaim of thou- • St. Francis Xavier Church dedicated for sands of Baltimore City Public Schools pupils gath- Black/Afro-American Roman Catholics at ered during elaborate dedication ceremonies held North Calvert and East Pleasant Streets (to in front of building at the Washington Monument 1932). completed several years before in 1861 but de- • President Abraham Lincoln travels by B. & O. layed opening by the Civil War, and nine years af- Railroad to now peaceful Baltimore to speak at ter the original donation of $800,000. Constructed the llall of the 1851 landmark Maryland Insti- of white marble, the first section of one-third of tute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts building, (west wing) of Institute building located on above Centre (“Marsh”) Market along Mar- southeast corner of North Charles Street and East ket Place/Harrison Street at East Baltimore Monument Street, which is also South Washing- Street, by the west bank of Jones Falls to speak ton Place at East Mount Vernon Place, across from to the “Sanitary Fair' sponsored by the local the landmark Washington Monument. Designed unit of the U.S. Sanitary Commission there by famous architect Edmund G. Lind of Classical being held to raise funds for orphans, wid- and early Beaux Arts style architecture, consists of ows and wounded soldiers of the Union Army music hall/auditorium, art gallery and small library on April 18. Gives a famous speech entitled space. Later second section, two-thirds of building, the “Baltimore Address” or “Liberty Speech”. (east wing), with space for elaborate tiered atrium Stays overnight in friend’s brownstone man- for future , and more facil- sion on Cathedral Street and West Mount Ver- ities, completed 12 years later by the same architect, non Place, a block west of the Washington matched perfectly. Monument. • Authorized by Maryland General Assembly in • 1864 Republican National Convention tem- an act of 1865, providing for a uniform pub- porarily known as the National Union Party, lic school system to be established in each held in city nominates Abraham Lincoln for of Maryland’s 23 counties, along with a state a second term as president and adding for- department of education with a superinten- mer Democrat but loyalist of Andrew Johnson dent, and a teachers’ training institute. The (1808–1875), former U.S. Senator and War Maryland State Normal School opens January Governor of Tennessee as Vice President to 15, under Professor and Principal McFadden replace previous incumbent Hannibal Hamlin Alexander Newell in temporary quarters in during Lincoln’s first term. the old Red Men’s Hall on North Paca Street, • 1865 – Concordia House opens.[12] with first graduation ceremony that June. New school soon moves to northeast corner of • Formation of Baltimore Association for the North Charles Street and East Franklin Street Moral and Intellectual Improvement of Col- in former Greek Revival 1820s era mansion ored People by the Rev. John F. W. Ware of William Howard, son of Col. John Eager of the First Independent Church of Balti- Howard (1752–1827), which by the Civil War more (later First Unitarian Church of Balti- became the Union Club, later the Athenaeum more (Unitarian and Universalist) and many Club. Later construction in 1875 of desig- freed slaves and freedman, setting up over 200 nated landmark building at northwest corner schools. of Carrollton and Lafayette Avenues with tall • Establishment by Afro-American Baltimore- corner clock tower, occupied February 1876. ans of the Douglass Institute in honor of for- Later relocates by 1915 to west side of York mer resident and escaped slave, Frederick Road with construction of buildings for ad- 40 3 19TH CENTURY

ministration (later Stephens Hall) and dormi- D.C. where 16th President Abraham Lin- tories/dining hall (Newell Hall) in county seat coln was assassinated in April 1865) on West of Towson in suburban Baltimore County, be- Fayette Street (between North Howard and coming the Maryland State Teachers College ) and nominates "New York Tri- at Towson, then Towson State College, fi- bune" newspaper publisher Horace Greeley, nally , second largest col- (1811-1872), as the choice of the Democratic lege/university in the state.ref name=brit1910 Party for the presidency of the United States. /> XXXX later nominated as “running mate” for the office of Vice Presidency on the • 1867 – ticket with the publisher. Greeley is also later nominated on the ticket for the Pro- • Concordia Hall is founded. gressive Republican faction of the dominant • Centenary Biblical Institute founded by then Republican Party, which has held the chief ex- “Negro” or “Colored” (now African Amer- ecutive office since 1869 and majority con- ican) Baptists churches, later renamed as trol of the Congress since 1861, the begin- , in honor of a former ning of the recent Civil War. Greeley loses the president, then absorbed in 1939 by the state election to incumbent 18th President Ulysses becoming Morgan State College, finally by the S. Grant, (1822-1885), for his second term 1990s as Morgan State University. and the Democratic/Progressive Republican candidate dies several weeks afterwards in November. • 1870 – • Mount Auburn Cemetery established for Negro/Black/Afro-American citizens in African-Americans vote in Baltimore for the first time southwest area of city off Old Annapolis since 1810 with passage of Fifteenth Amendment to U.S. Road (Maryland Route 648), and Waterview Constitution. Mass meeting held at Battle Monument Avenue, near future Westport neighborhood, Square at North Calvert, between East Lexington and and later routing alongside its eastern bound- Fayette Streets to celebrate ary of the Baltimore-Washington Parkway, (Interstate 295), constructed as a park-like • • “Maryland Law Record” weekly newspaper boulevard between the two cities during the founded to report on legal, real estate and busi- early 1950s. ness matters. Office is located at 75 West • Baltimore’s first major league fran- Fayette Street [old street numbering system], chise, the “Lord Baltimores” plays at baseball J. L. Hanna – editor. Later becomes “The grounds of . Daily Record” in 1888 to the 21st century, owned by the Warfield Family. • 1873 – • opens outside northwest • Leadenhall Street Baptist Church built, by Baltimore. “Negro/Colored” Baptists in old south Balti- • 1871 – Ford’s Grand Opera-House opens on West more, (later ). Fayette Street between North Howard and Eutaw • Mother Mary Theresa of Jesus Gerhardinger Streets, (owned by John T. Ford who also owned in- and 5 other sisters arrive in city from Germany famous (Ford’s Theatre) playhouse in Washington, and establish religious women’s teaching order later becomes leading politician in city and mem- School Sisters of Notre Dame. Co-Foundress ber of parks board), Ford’s Opera House plays ma- of Notre Dame of Maryland Collegiate Insti- jor productions from Broadway when owned in later tute for younger girls of elementary or high years by Morris A. Mechanic, (who later has new school ages. Also have four other schools in modernistic theatre in Charles Center downtown re- Baltimore, three of which are downtown. 33 development from 1958 to the early 1970s), and acres of land purchased in 1871 along North lasts until 1964, replaced by the 2010s by “Cen- Charles Street above East Cold Spring Lane. terpoint” apartment/condo/commercial building at Later raised to level of full college in 1895 as Howard and Fayette Streets.[12] first Roman Catholic college granting degrees. • • 1872 – “Clay Street Fire”, off Liberty/Cathedral and West Saratoga Streets, second largest down- • 1872 Democratic National Convention held town conflagration in the city’s history (next at the new year-old Ford’s Opera House to later Great Baltimore Fire of 1904) de- (owned/operated by the same John T. Ford of stroys five square city blocks along West the infamous Ford’s Theatre in Washington, Saratoga Street between North Liberty and 3.2 1850s–1890s 41

North Howard Streets, including first building Royal Avenue, to be used by several lines in- of the Central Presbyterian Church with its tall cluding those serving the city: Baltimore & bell tower at Liberty and West Saratoga Streets Ohio, Baltimore and Potomac, Northern Cen- and the First English Evangelical Lutheran tral and Pennsylvania Railroads. Landscaped Church, further west on Saratoga Street. gardens surround new station and the Jones Falls stream. Replaced later by 1911 with • Fire destroys Old “Assembly-Rooms” in more imposing and larger Union Station – November, (just across street from newly built quickly later renamed Pennsylvania Station of Baltimore City Hall) at northeast corner of granite and marble Beaux Arts/Classical archi- Holliday and East Fayette Streets. “Assembly- tecture. Rooms” current site of The Baltimore City College since the 1840s (formerly Central • 1875 – High School of Baltimore, before then Male High School, then “The High School” of • New City Hall completed construction since 1839). Famous Georgian–Federal style archi- October 1867 cornerstone-laying on city block tecture structure of Baltimore Dancing As- facing Holliday Street between East Fayette sembly for social, civic and literary activi- and Lexington Streets (also overtop old Or- ties, also balls and dinners/banquets from the ange Alley) dedicated with great fanfare, pride 1790s to the 1830s. Designed by noted local and civic enthusiasm, replacing old City Hall builder/architect Robert Cary Long, Sr. and building which was used 1830–1875, (previ- Col. Nicholas Rogers. Neighboring famous ously was Rembrandt Peale's “Baltimore Mu- Holliday Street Theatre also burns on block seum and Gallery of Fine Arts”, 1813–1830, between East Fayette and Lexington Streets, and later Municipal Museum of City of Balti- originally built 1794, rebuilt in 1812. Af- more, 1931, one block further north on Holli- ter fire, theatre will be rebuilt and continues day). performances until razing in 1917 for future • Academy of Music opens on North Howard and City Hall Plaza be- Street between West Franklin and Centre tween City Hall and the 1925 War Memorial Streets on January 5, declared to be one of Building on South Gay Street to the east. City the finest playhouse and music hall in the na- College moves to temporary quarters and two tion. Also will serve in coming decades as au- years later (1875) occupies first new building ditorium for the new Johns Hopkins Univer- built for its use with English Tudor Revival sity which will be located just north a block. style at southwest corner of North Howard and Built just south and next to George A. Fred- West Centre Streets. Academy of Music built erick's new building of English Tudor Revival later next door to the south along with Audito- style for the male high school Baltimore City rium Theatre, and around corner on Franklin College at North Howard and West Centre Street is Kernan’s, later Congress Hotel and Streets.[12] Maryland Theatre constructed. • Free Summer Excursion Society • Johns Hopkins (1795–1873), noted merchant, incorporated.[12] financier, banker and stockholder of several companies, railroads and steamship lines, dies • 1876 – at his West Saratoga Street townhouse by North Liberty Street (next to old St. Paul’s • Johns Hopkins University founded with open- Church Rectory). Later his will is probated to ing ceremonies on September 12, at the find that he endows a university, hospital and new Academy of Music at North Howard a medical school, leaving his several estates of between West Franklin and Centre Streets “Clifton”. with address by new president Daniel Coit • New underground railroad tunnels dug through Gilman (1847–1908), (formerly President of and around northwestern, northern and north- the University of California at Berkeley) and eastern Baltimore City for the Baltimore and guest speaker Thomas Huxley. Directed by Potomac Railroad known as the “Belt Line” will from merchant/philanthropist Johns Hop- to eliminate pulling locomotives and train cars kins(1795–1873). First “campus” of Univer- through bottle-neck of downtown streets be- sity established by trustees two blocks north at tween surrounding line stations by horse since intersection with Little Ross Street instead of 1829. Also completion of a new Union Sta- originally at Hopkins’ summer country estate tion above and along the bending curve of the "Clifton" in northeast Baltimore. north bank of the Jones Falls, between North • The Baltimore City Zoo, (later renamed Charles Street and St. Paul Street near Mount Maryland Zoo in Baltimore in the 1990s) 42 3 19TH CENTURY

opens in Druid Hill Park, sixteen years af- • Woman’s Industrial Exchange founded, house ter establishment of Park, and is third (or and store/restaurant later located on North fourth) oldest of its type, after New York Charles and East Hamilton Streets (alley). City’s Central Park Zoo and the Philadelphia • Celebration of 150th anniversary of founda- Zoo. tion of Baltimore Town in 1729/1730 with • New glass conservatory for shrubs, plants and parades, processional arches, decorated build- trees constructed at Patterson Park, in East ings with hanging re-white-blue and black- Baltimore lasts until 1948, similar to later yellow/orange hangings of bunting and various 1888 structure at Druid Hill Park. events, (the other Baltimore anniversary that is also celebrated is that of incorporation of old • 1877 – Railroad Strike Massive disruptive ri- Baltimore Town as a City in 1796–1797, with ots spread throughout the Northeast in July be- a City Charter being issued then by action of gin in Martinsburg, West Virginia, hit violently in the General Assembly of Maryland. Various Pittsburgh and later center at the Baltimore and Ohio changes in the structure and operation of the Railroad's headquarters and main terminal at the local municipal government, increased auton- Camden Street Station. Later appeals by B. & O. omy, increased legislature representation and officials result in the Governor of Maryland call- increased powers of autonomy/"home rule” ing out the state militia’s newly reorganized National occurs in following decades especially with Guard Fifth and Sixth Regiments which assembled second municipal charter which takes place and marched from their armories with the 5th com- eighteen years later (1898).[16] ing south on North Howard Street and the 6th com- ing west from North Front and East Fayette Streets, • 1881 – Faultless Pajama Company begins in busi- (east of the Jones Falls), marching along Baltimore ness. Street to force a violent suppression of the disaf- fected protesting railroad workers about their drastic • Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company’s new pay cuts and austerity measures resulting from the “Central Building” headquarters with massive economic recession that year. Other disturbances mansard roof completed on northwest cor- continue nation-wide resulting in action by newly ner facing North Calvert and East Baltimore elected Republican 19th President Rutherford B. Streets, to replace old central offices previ- Hayes (1822–1893). ously since the late 1850s on second floor above Camden Street Station of 1857–1865. • 1878 – George Peabody Library with multi-level Last major project of famous B. & O. Pres- cast-iron balconies and book stacks (a “Cathedral of ident John Work Garrett, who dies 1884. Books”) with overhead skylight, opens as eastward Heavily damaged in Great Baltimore Fire of extension of original 1866 Peabody Institute build- February 1904, and later razed, replaced by ing opposite the Washington Monument on East future site of old Emerson Hotel (owner of Monument Street (East Mount Vernon Place), de- “Bromo Seltzer” in the 20th century), then site signed by original architect Edmund G. Lind. of east end of modern skyscraper facing East Baltimore Street constructed by and briefly • State of Maryland purchases old “Light Street owned by Savings before Bridge” (also known as “Long Bridge” or merger later into SunTrust. “Brooklyn Bridge”), a one-mile long wooden trestle built in 1856, from builders of • Civil Service Reform Association established Cromwell and Crisp families from South Bal- to lobby for “good government” and an end timore’s “Ferry Bar” (or “Ferry Point”) across to local political patronage appointments in Middle and Ferry Branches to Western Branch the City, especially after assassination of 20th of upper Patapsco River to new residential President James Garfield in Washington rail- community of Brooklyn and near-by industrial road station in July. Precursor to later (1885) town of Curtis Bay in northern Anne Arun- Reform League of Baltimore City and Munici- del County and lifts tolls which previously re- pal Art Society in 1899 during Progressive Era stricted traffic, sparking new land boom and political movement.. spurt of growth in new northern suburban • area of the southern county of Anne Arun- 1882 – del, drawing it now into the burgeoning new • Local wholesale hardware and building sup- “metropolitan area”. plies merchant, financier and businessman • 1879 – First inter-club lacrosse game played in Bal- Enoch Pratt (1808–1896) proposes to estab- timore. lish a public free library system in a letter sent to the Mayor and City Council with cen- • 1880 – tral building and initially four (later two more 3.2 1850s–1890s 43

the following year) branches in four quarters City College beginning in sports with foot- of the city with circulating books, along with ball in 1889. Up to this time, along with an endowment of $1,058,000, if the City will the two female high schools – Eastern and promise to continue to support and provide Western (founded 1844), and also the recently for it. Unbeknownst to Baltimoreans, con- re-organized and established "Colored High struction of “Old Central” Library is already School", were the only public high schools in underway since Fall 1881 with razing of sev- the state. eral townhouses and excavations, opening later • Colored High and Training School (later in January 1886, after four years construc- renamed Frederick Douglass High School) tion facing West Mulberry Street at Cathedral founded on East Saratoga Street, between Street with the four branches following in a few North Charles and St. Paul Streets, near months and a fifth branch a year later. the former location of previously private • New Local merchant Jacob Epstein, then 17- Douglass Institute of 1865, influenced by year-old Lithuanian immigrant opens Balti- nearby Newton University of 1845, on the 200 more Bargain House, small re-sale store, later block of East Lexington Street (between North develops into multi-level inexpensive depart- Calvert and North Streets – later Guilford Av- ment store with mail order, wholesale services enue). and clothing manufacturing on West Fayette • Baltimore Young Women’s Christian Associ- Street, between Liberty and North Howard ation founded. First building located at West Street, until suffering a disastrous fire. Later Saratoga and North Charles Streets (site of for- reorganized into Epstein’s Department Stores mer St. Peter’s Pro-Cathedral). with several branches in outer city neighbor- hoods at economy, lower inexpensive shop- • 1884 – Light Street Methodist Episcopal Church pers, last until the late 1980s. (organizing site of Methodism in America and first ordination a century before), moves from downtown • 1883 – between German (later Redwood) and East Balti- • Baltimore Manual Training School founded more Streets to new northern suburb of “Peabody and originally located in former lower school Heights” at St. Paul Street and 23rd Street (now building on the east side of Courtland Street Charles Village. Uses name of “First Methodist (now Saint Paul Place in the area of the current Episcopal Church”. Later changes name from “First terraced “Preston Gardens”, which replaced it Methodist Episcopal Church” back to the original by the razing of five north-to-south city blocks historic name Lovely Lane M.E. Church from its in the 1920s, between East Centre Street in the original site. north to East Lexington Street to the south, by • 1885 – the City Circuit Courthouse of 1896–1900 as the city’s first large “urban renewal” project. • Future Goucher College established as This is the later site of Mercy Hospital. Co- Women’s College of Baltimore on Saint Paul incidentally, this was across the street and fifty Street in Peabody Heights neighborhood years later from the founding location of rival – later Charles Village led by Rev. John high school Baltimore City College (then “The Goucher of historic Lovely Lane Methodist High School”) in 1839, in a rented townhouse Church with some classes taught by Hopkins on the same street. B.M.T.S. later becomes faculty (successor to older Baltimore Female Baltimore’s premier public high school for en- College – also with Methodist sponsorship). gineering, mathematics and technology. Re- • Reform League of Baltimore City founded to named in 1893 as “the Baltimore Polytechnic spearhead efforts to improve city and fight Institute” with an all-male student body (co- old-time local Democratic Party municipal educates with girls in 1974), and remains here “political machine” with civic leaders Judge on Courtland Street at East Saratoga Street John C. Rose, and local/national Republican until moved in 1912 to East North Avenue Party leader Charles Bonaparte, (grandson of and North Calvert Street at the former man- Prince Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte by his ill- sion of the Maryland School for the Blind fated 1801 marriage with Elizabeth (“Betsy”) (which then moves out to Overlea in north- Patterson Bonaparte of Baltimore, younger eastern Baltimore County). Poly moves again brother of French Emperor Napoleon Bona- in 1967 to Falls Road and Cold Spring Lane parte. Continues and expands on programs in shared campus with all-girls Western High and campaigns by earlier Civil Service Reform School. Association of 1881. • Also the start later of one of the longest public • Bryn Mawr School opens under leadership of high school athletic rivalries in America with M. Carey Thomas (1857–1935), and Mary 44 3 19TH CENTURY

Elizabeth Garrett (1857–1915], daughter of Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Rail- Baltimore and Ohio Railroad president John road, and J. Edgar Thomson, president of Work Garrett, and social, educational activist the Northern Central Railroad, a part of the in her own right. First building at 193 Eu- Pennsylvania Railroad with the chief engineer taw Street, several days before namesake Bryn on site Frederick Wood who lays out the steel Mawr College opens in Pennsylvania which mill and brother Rufus Wood, who lays out Thomas and Garrett were also associated. By the adjoining workers and supervisors’ town 1890, School moves into one of the most well- of Sparrows Point, Maryland, with street grids appointed schools constructed then at Cathe- for houses, stores, shops, churches and other dral and West Preston Streets (later site of necessaries. Meyerhoff Symphony Hall for the Baltimore • Symphony Orchestra in the 1980s). 1888 – Second Major Annexation of land from sur- rounding Baltimore County, known as “The Belt”, • 1886 – Opening ceremonies held at Academy of adds 23 square miles and 38,000 new residents. Music grand luxurious theatre auditorium on North Referendum is divided into three sections: West, Howard Street with many notables, honored guests North and East, two of which approve but the East- and citizens/patrons in attendance for the new Cen- ern side with the towns of Canton and Higlandtown tral Building and four neighborhood branches (fifth with their heavy industrial businesses vote against added later) of Enoch Pratt's new Enoch Pratt Free the bill and are not taken into the City until the next Library, a few blocks southeast at West Mulberry Third Major Annexation of 1918–1919. near Cathedral Streets, which began construction • “The Daily Record” legal, real estate and five years early in Fall 1881. Different type of li- business affairs newspaper reorganized and brary than the earlier bequest of the George Peabody founded. Library of 1857/1878, Pratt is a circulating public library system, first in America. • 1889 – Johns Hopkins Hospital opened on Broad- way in East Baltimore, former site of old Mary- • 1887 – land Hospital, as instructed by will of Johns Hop- • New city map laid out with grids of streets, av- kins (1795–1873), thirteen years after University enues, boulevards and alleys designated with opens on city campus along North Howard Street a regular systematic logical numbering sys- near West Centre Street. tem done, causing several addresses and loca- • New United States Post Office and Fed- tions of real estate to change their house num- eral Courthouse built on Battle Monument bers/addresses before AND after 1887. Num- Square’s east side at North Calvert Street bering counting outwards from center of city between East Lexington and Fayette Streets at intersection of Charles Street with North of Italian Renaissance architecture with eight and South labels divided by Baltimore Street small towers and one large clock tower op- which is also divided into east and west by posite old 1805/09 [second] Baltimore City Charles Street, along with parallel downtown Courthouse (at Calvert and Lexington). Re- city streets. placed earlier 1862–65 U.S. Courthouse at • Pennsylvania Steel Company of Philadelphia northwest corner of East Fayette and North having recently acquired a new source of iron (later Guilford Avenue) Streets (which lasted ore in the Spanish colony island of Cuba in until 1907 when razed for construction of east- 1882, seeks a tidewater-based steel manu- ern addition to 1889 Courthouse).[2] facturing plant site for shorter transport dis- • Pennsylvania Steel Company of Philadelphia tances to supplement its older mill in Steelton, completes construction of its new waterfront Pennsylvania on the Susquehanna River near access steel mill on several thousand acres of Harrisburg and also closer for shipments of land from five local landowners with several coal and coke from western Pennsylvania old farms on the “Patapsco Neck” peninsula at mines. Acquires several farms from five lo- Sparrows Point and begins producing steel. cal land-owners at a cost of $57,900 with thousands of acres of land on the end of • 1890 – the “Patapsco Neck” peninsula at Sparrows • Point and nearby North Point to the east City’s population: 434,439 people, according in southeastern Baltimore County and be- to the Eleventh Dicennial United States Census [2] gins building a waterfront-access steel mill. of 1890. President Luther S. Bent leads the project • Riverview Park opens as one of the first along with Samuel Morse Felton, also of the “streetcar parks” established by a street rail- Company and the President of the associated way company, (taken over after April 1899 3.2 1850s–1890s 45

consolidation and merger by the United Rail- John Murphy, who later that year, buys the paper), ways and Electric Company) at the end of var- for “Colored/Negro” Afro-American citizens. ious lines at scenic or waterside locations for • amusements, picnicking and exercise, bring- Construction begins of new massive build- ing in additional revenues to the streetcar com- ing project to dig third major railroad tunnel pany as its electrified lines spread throughout project under the city with the mile-long rail- the town replacing the earlier horse-cars and road tunnel north and south beneath Howard omnibuses. Street of downtown from Camden Street Sta- tion to the new Mount Royal Station, further • In March 1890, Scottish-born steel indus- north at Mount Royal Avenue at Cathedral trialist and future philanthropist, Andrew Street/Maryland Avenue for the Baltimore Carnegie (1835–1919), of Pittsburgh, Penn- and Ohio Railroad. Supplements the previ- sylvania who later is the founder of U.S. Steel ously dug 1872–1873 “Baltimore Belt Line” Corporation, largest business in the world, tunnel for the old Baltimore and Potomac stops in Baltimore for a few days after at- Railroad around northwestern Baltimore City, tending a Pan-American Conference in Wash- with construction several blocks away of old ington, to visit Mr. Enoch Pratt (1808– Union Station between North Charles Street 1896), founder of his and St. Paul Street above Mount Royal Av- four years earlier. Carnegie stays at Pratt’s enue and curving bend of Jones Falls stream. townhouse mansion at Park Avenue and West Additional tunnel dug under northeastern city Monument Street (future Maryland Histori- outskirts in 1874–75 to connect with north- cal Society buildings) and tours the old Cen- eastern railroad line of Philadelphia, Wilm- tral Pratt Library and meets first Chief Li- ington and Baltimore Railroad. Eliminates brarian, Dr. Lewis Henry Steiner, librarians, old practice since 1829 of hauling locomo- staff workers and patrons of common citizens. tives and train cars through downtown surface Carnegie is inspired to promote and provide streets by horse connecting between various millions of dollars over the next few decades to rail lines stations for passengers to complete build "Carnegie Libraries" throughout Amer- their through travel. ica at the invitation of cities, towns and coun- ties which promise to continue their support. • 1893 – Johns Hopkins Medical School opens ac- Carnegie later always says “Pratt was my pi- cepting male and female students upon receiving oneer” and forty years later (and thirty after Mary Elizabeth Garrett (1857–1915), (only daugh- Pratt’s death), Carnegie’s larger bequest builds ter of Civil War-era President of the Baltimore a number of additional Pratt Library neighbor- and Ohio Railroad, John Work Garrett) be- hood branches and greatly expands the EPFL quest requiring equal-sex admission opportunities system into the late 1920s. as a co-educational medical college. The school of medicine joins the earlier institutions of the • 1891 – baseball field opens for the University of 1876, and the Hospital in 1889, es- who now are playing in the tablished under the will of the late Johns Hopkins National League of newly organized professional (1795–1873). major league baseball. • Opening of new “Central Building”, for • Pennsylvania Steel Company of Philadelphia the Young Womens Christian Association organizes a subsidiary of “Maryland Steel (YMCA) at the northeast corner of Park Av- Company of Baltimore County” to operate its enue and West Franklin Street, in the Mount new two-year-old steel mill at its waterfront Vernon-Belvedere neighborhood. site, purchased 1887 at the end of the “Pat- apsco Neck” peninsula at Sparrows Point. • 1894 – Lyric Opera House opens on Mount Royal • Chinese-style pagoda with colorful Avenue by Cathedral Street and Maryland Avenue. painted/decorated scheme with balconies Later becomes home for Baltimore Symphony Or- constructed on the western side of Patterson chestra, founded 1916, and the Baltimore Civic Park, on the former “Loudenschlager’s Hill”, Opera Company. Auditorium constructed with now “Hampstead Hill”, near the remains of exquisite acoustics and lauded by musicians. How- the former earthen fortifications and trenches ever funds run short and no appropriate front façade from “Rodger’s Bastion”, to defend the city or lobby is completed until the 1970s with a mod- during the Battle of Baltimore of the War of ernistic plain brown brick front. Later in the 2010s, 1812 from September 1814. a bequest from Art and Patricia Model, owners of the NFL pro football team, the , • 1892 – Baltimore Afro-American newspaper begins who moved the former Browns team here publication. Founded by several citizens (including in 1994, provides for a renovation/reconstruction 46 4 20TH CENTURY

and renaming hall as “Art and Patricia Model Per- with Garrett as head/commissioner in 1939– forming Arts Center at the Lyric”. 1940 appointed by Mayor Howard W. Jack- son. By 1958, there are 63 “Reks” (recreation • 1895 – Clifton Park opens on the late magnate and centers) in Baltimore with about 200 workers. philanthropist Johns Hopkins', (1795−1873) coun- try estate of “Clifton” off of Harford Road near • 1898 – New Building for Sharp Street Methodist the northeast villages of Coldstream-Homestead- Episcopal Church, (now Sharp Street Memo- Montebello. Originally envisioned by Hopkins be- rial United Methodist Church and Community fore his death as the location of his future great House) built. One of the leading “Negro/Colored” university, but his appointed trustees board, after Methodist and Protestant churches in the city. his passing for financial reasons, decided to tem- • porarily locate the “campus” on the downtown en- First children’s playground constructed in the virons of North Howard, Little Ross, West Centre city by newly organized Children’s Playground and West Monument Streets in 1876, on the sugges- Association at Carroll Park in southwest city, tion of first new president , (for- off Washington Boulevard under encourge- merly of the University of California at Berkeley), ment of Parks Commissioner Charles Torsch. near the Baltimore City College as a “prep school” • 1899 and the literary resources of the George Peabody Li- brary of the Peabody Institute. Many years later, by • Reorganization of various electric streetcar 1910, Hopkins moves and begins construction of a companies and lines into the United Railways new campus to the north at the old Charles Carroll, and Electric Company in April. Later new Jr. (Charles Carroll of Homewood)'s 1800 estate of unified electric streetcar company recruits in "Homewood" along North Charles Street. “Clifton” 1902 as president John Mifflin Hood, (1843- Mansion becomes future headquarters for a time of 1906), formerly of the Western Maryland the Baltimore City Bureau of Parks.[2] Railway, who was then undertaking develop- ment of the WMRY construction and devel- • 1896 – opment of waterfront piers and terminals at • Electric Park opens as another “streetcar park” Port Covington on the Middle Branch of the at the terminus of the line of an electric street- harbor. Later construction begins by U.R.& car line which later merges in April 1899 into E.C. of new massive brick structure of boilers, the United Railways and Electric Company) in and mechanical equipment with coal-fired fur- the northwest area of the city near Belvedere naces with four smoke stacks power plant on Avenue and Reisterstown Road. Pier 4 along the East Pratt Street waterfront by “The Basin” of the Patapsco River (in today’s • Colored Young Women’s Christian Associa- Inner Harbor). tion founded. • Municipal Art Society founded by members • 1897 – Baltimore celebrates 100th Anniversary of earlier Reform League of Baltimore City Centennial of incorporation as a city in 1796/1797. (1885) as part of continuing effort to beautify the city and continuing a program of public • Inspired by Children’s Aid Society of New improvements under the influences of the Pro- York by Charles Boring Lace, founded 1853, gressive Era. which began some work in Baltimore’s Druid Hill Park in the 1860s with the establishment of playgrounds and organized recreation, Miss Mary B. Steuart organizes Children’s Play- 4 20th century ground Association with Eliza Ridgely and Eleanor Freeland, with first playground in that 4.1 1900s–1940s Park, later incorporated by 1908. Later as- sisted by many volunteers and staff with her • 1900 – sister Frances Steuart, Mary Claire O'Brien, • and Miss Helen H. Carey. Later merges Population: 508,957 people residing in the in 1922 with the Public Athletic League City (within old limits of 1888) and 97,755 (formed 1907 by financier, civic leader and in the surrounding Baltimore County in the 1896 Modern Olympic athlete Robert Garrett Twelfth Diennial United States Census of [2] (1875−1961)) and becomes the Playground 1900. Athletic League (PAL) which conducts recre- • Third City Courthouse construction com- ational and athletic activities and programs pleted on entire block of North Calvert Street, in the City until absorbed by a newly orga- East Lexington Street, St. Paul Street, and nized Department of Recreation and Parks East Fayette Street, on the western side of the 4.1 1900s–1940s 47

Battle Monument Square and dedicated. Later tion of the public spaces/marble lobby/grand renamed in 1985 after national civil rights ballroom/restaurants/nightclubs. leader, Baltimorean Clarence M. Mitchell, Jr. (1911–1984), Washington office director of • Around the corner and a few blocks away, the the National Association for the Advancement Hotel Kernan, built by James Kernan (1838– of Colored People (NAACP). 1912), opened in this same year, later known several decades later as the Congress Hotel. • Baltimore Morning Herald newspaper begins Facing West Franklin Street, between North publication on northwest corner, St. Paul Paca and west of North Howard Streets of and East Fayette Streets with reporter H. L. Beaux Arts architecture Classical style. In the Mencken and later editor. Building destroyed basement, was a "rathskeller" where the town’s in Great Downtown Fire of four years later and first "jazz band" music was led by a John Rid- closes. Mencken goes to “The Sun” where he gley. Later it became known as the “mar- later becomes legendary as editor, (on the later ble bar” and continued as a cutting edge mu- established afternoon paper, “The Evening sical venue into the 1980s. Attached on the Sun”, which had a different format – more west side was the similarly elaborate Beaux graphics and more local orientation in 1910), Arts/Classical styled Maryland Theater, where plus columnist, and as an author continuing many Hollywood stars appeared, which was his published volumes on linguistic history of later razed. the American language and usage, memoirs of growing up and working with city life in Bal- • United Railways and Electric Company com- timore. pletes constructing Power Plant in several phases after four years with coal ore furnaces • 1901 – Continental Trust Company Building, (now and four large roof-top smoke-stacks on newly One South Calvert Building at 201 East Baltimore built Pier 4 (one of reconstruction of seven Street), skyscraper of new style “fire-proof” ma- modern steel municipal cargo piers facing East sonry, exterior panels hung on a steel framework Pratt Street after Great Fire devastation) pro- designed by famed Chicago architect Daniel H. viding power for electric streetcar system in Burnham (1846–1912), of the “Chicago School” the city under leadership of President John of skyscraper architecture constructed at south- Mifflin Hood (1843–1906), (late president of east corner of North Calvert and East Baltimore the Western Maryland Railway and respon- Streets, becoming city’s tallest skyscraper for a time. sible also for envisioning and planning fu- “Burned like a torch” during later 1904 Great Fire of ture construction of its Port Covington har- its interior furnishings and walls, but following post- bor facilities then underway on the Patapsco fire examination, Burnham found exterior walls and River's Middle Branch). Massive Power Plant steel framework still sound and so the building was later converted in the 1960s for regular elec- restored in following years. tric power distribution for the Baltimore Gas • 1903 – City’s largest and most luxurious hostelry and Electric Company when the streetcar sys- Hotel Belvedere opens, facing West Chase Street tem by the U.R.E.C.'s successor public util- at North Charles Street in the Mount Vernon- ity firm, the Baltimore Transit Company of Belvedere neighborhood, north of downtown. 1935, is phased out beginning in the late 1940s Named after colonial and Federal-era estate of and finally ended by 1963. Gutted and reno- “Belvidere” (site two blocks east at North Calvert vated in the mid-1980s as an indoor Victorian- Street in “Howard’s Woods” of Col. John Ea- style amusement park by entertainment firm ger Howard (1752−1827), Revolutionary War “Six Flags Over America”, and again by David commander of "Maryland Line" regiment in the Cordish Company in the 1990s during the re- Continental Army. Overnight home for visiting development project of the "Inner Harbor" and American Presidents, Hollywood stars and anybody "Harbor East" waterfront areas beginning in really important. One of the most grandest, most 1970. luxurious establishments ever built in the city, • Memorial completed to the Baltimorean hero known for its “John Eager Howard Room” with in the Mexican–American War battle at decorated murals for exquisite dining, “The Owl Monterrey in 1846, Lt. Col. William H. Bar”, with its hand-carved owls atop a mahogany- Watson (1808/1815?−1846), commander of carved bar, and later in the 1970s, a modernistic the “Baltimore Brigade” and the “District of “13th Floor” roof-top night club with views of Columbia Volunteers” who traveled to the the Washington Monument and downtown to Gulf of Mexico coastal port of Vera Cruz, the south. Later renovated and restored in the Mexico with commanding Gen. Winfield early 1980s by philanthropist businessman Victor Scott (1786–1866). With a bronze statue and Frenkil as apartments/condos with a restora- stone pedestal dedicated, the Watson Monu- 48 4 20TH CENTURY

ment was located first at the square in Mount borhood at Mount Royal Avenue and West Lanvale Royal Avenue and West Lanvale Street (across Street, south of landmark Corpus Christi Roman from the future site of the Maryland Institute Catholic Church on property donated by parishioner College of Art's new Main Building of three Michael Jenkins (of family of banking/railroad mag- years later [1906]). Col. Watson’s statue was nate Thomas Courtney Jenkins). Lt. Col. William moved later in the early 1930s in anticipa- F. Watson statue – Mexican War Memorial dedi- tion for possible extension of North Howard cated earlier in 1903 is located in the square across Street several blocks further north to Mount the street (moved later in early 1930’s, several blocks Royal Terrace at the West North Avenue en- north to Mount Royal Terrace at West North Avenue trance driveway to Druid Hill Park, unfortu- entrance to Druid Hill Park). City of Baltimore later nately now adjacent to an entrance ramp for donates two floors above the northern structure of the Jones Falls Expressway,(Interstate 83), the three new parallel market buildings constructed built in the early 1960s. on the east side facing Jones Falls at the old Market Place (Harrison Street) site for continuing its me- • 1904 – Great Fire erupts early Sunday, February 7 chanical, drawing and technical courses, supervised to Monday, February 8, burning most of the down- by the new Centre Market Commission, headed by town business district from South Howard Street Gen. Felix Agnus, publisher of the Baltimore Amer- in the west to Jones Falls in the east, continuing ican. New Centre Market buildings used until the north to Fayette Street and Battle Monument Square 1980s, with wholesale fish, produce and dry goods in the north and to the waterfront piers along East distributed below on ground levels. Two of the three Pratt Street facing “The Basin” (Inner Harbor) in the buildings (northern and southern) later razed for ex- south. Third worst conflagration to hit an Amer- pressway extension for southern terminus of Jones ican city in history after the Great Chicago Fire Falls Expressway,(Interstate 83) and construction of 1871 and the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake of underground (“Metro”) subway system. Classes and Fire, followed by other weather disasters of and studios of the Maryland Institute College of Art Galveston Hurricane of 1900 and Hurricane Kat- (MICA) consolidated further northwest to an exten- rina at in 2005. Additional help sent sive multi-building campus adjoining original 1906 in from Baltimore County and nearby towns along “Main Building” along Mount Royal Avenue during with by railroad from nearby cities of Washington, the 1980s to 2010s. Fish Market (central market Philadelphia and at the last New York City. Re- building) replaced with "Port Discovery" children’s cent “fire-proof” modern skyscrapers built in the museum and adjacent parking garage. last decade had interiors “burn like a torch”, but most were able to be rebuilt on steel frameworks • laid out and constructed and masonry exteriors. Streets widened and some for athletic contests at northern end of new reconfigured along with new underground utilities campus for Johns Hopkins University (JHU) with added electrical conduits eliminating overhead at southwest corner of University Parkway lines on poles under authority of a newly appointed and North Charles Street. JHU is mov- “Burnt District Commission”. Generally only half ing from its older downtown campus from of the number of previous downtown structures re- 1876 along North Howard Street, between built with newer buildings taller and larger, along West Centre, Little Ross and West Monument with new modern steel municipal piers, (numbers Streets, in southwest area of Mount Vernon- 1 to 6), constructed along Pratt Street waterfront. Belvedere mid-town neighborhood. First aca- Maryland National Guard soldiers stationed down- demic buildings constructed were Gilman Hall town for next several weeks. Because of week-end, and Shriver Hall, occupied in 1914–1915, records/books for years afterwards recorded no lives with distinctive Georgian–Federal style archi- lost although recent research in a local newspaper tecture of red brick and white colonial wood previously overlooked, uncovered that an unidenti- trim with cupolas and steeples on a park-like fied black man’s body was found in the Jones Falls campus between Charles Street and Univer- a week later. XXX buildings destroyed with XX sity Parkway, east of Wyman Park. Besides millions of dollars lost and only XX covered by in- “Blue Jays” collegiate athletic contests here, surance. Reconstruction continues for next several some public and private high school games years. played here such as between City College and Polytechnic Institute for their long-time foot- • 1906 – Maryland Institute, after having its longtime ball rivalry since 1889, which began originally landmark 1851 building built over the old Centre at Clifton Park, also Calvert Hall College ver- Market (“Marsh Market”) burned in the Great 1904 sus Loyola High School, and others in the local Fire, relocates most of its academic activities to a Maryland Scholastic Association. new “Main Building” in the northwest of the mid- town Mount Vernon-Belvedere-Mount Royal neigh- • 1907 – 4.1 1900s–1940s 49

• Reconstruction continues of “Centre Mar- YMCA” opens in northwestern inner city ket” area on Market Place (former old Har- area of Upton on Druid Hill Avenue. One rison Street and colonial site of “Harrison’s block west on Franklin Street at Park Avenue Marsh”) in east downtown after devastation was also central headquarters of companion from Great Fire with three adjacent (east-west agency Young Womens Christian Association, axis) wholesale market buildings for produce, (YWCA). Later in 1984, YMCA of Central fish, dry-goods and some retail with space for Maryland reorganized facilities and closed the Maryland Institute’s College of Art and Design Central Headquarters which were later con- on upper two floors of northern building un- verted into the Mount Vernon Hotel and Café. der leadership of new Centre Market Commis- • New building completed for the all-girls, sion, headed by chairman, Gen. Felix Agnus, academic-business oriented Eastern High owner/publisher of the Baltimore American School at the southeast corner of Broadway newspaper with marble horse-drinking foun- and East North Avenue in the northeast tain in middle of square donated by animal- corner of the city. Unfortunately, one of the lover, Gen. A. E. Booth. Razing of sev- last major high schools built right up to the eral buildings and further re-development later street and sidewalk with no adjoining campus in the mid-1980s by “Six Flags Over Amer- for other activities. Later Eastern moves to ica” as entertainment/restaurant/taverns com- another new building in 1938 at plex named “The Brokerage” at northern end boulevard and Loch Raven Boulevard in the of plaza, and then again in the mid-1990s former Venable Park (which stirs up political by the David Cordish Company renamed as controversy by citizens and nearby residents). "Power Plant Live!" (for old streetcar electri- Saving municipal budget monies during the cal generating plant of 1900–1903 one block Great Depression, new E.H.S. matched the south on Pratt Street). architecture and construction diagrams of • Cornerstone laid for new Central Building of the previously constructed, sister school Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA) Western High at Gwynns Falls Parkway off at northeast corner of East Franklin and Cathe- Reisterstown Road/Park Heights Avenue dral Streets in Mount Vernon-Belvedere neigh- from 1927 in northwest Baltimore. borhodd and “Cathedral Hill” (founded in Bal- • New headquarters building of Classical/Beaux timore in 1852 and previously located in tri- Arts architecture built on the southwest corner angular Victorian styled structure at northwest of South Charles and East Baltimore Streets, corner of West Saratoga and North Charles an intersection which becomes known for the Street, built 1872–1873). New YMCA at for- next half-century as “Sun Square”, and the mer site of George Hoffman’s Greek Revival central geographic point of the city, for the mansion built in the 1820s (one of first con- rebuilt offices and printing plant completed structed in Col. John Eager Howard later de- this year after the Great Baltimore Fire of velopment by heirs of estate of “Belvidere” February 1904, devastated the previous “Sun or “Howard’s Woods”) and later used from Iron Building” of 1851 (at East Baltimore and 1857 to 1894 for the Southern-sympathizing South Streets) for the twice-daily newspaper Maryland Club for male elites (which was The Sun and The Evening Sun (also known col- threatened by Union Army-occupying Gen. loquially as The Sunpapers). Sun’s building Benjamin F. Butler to shot any visible Rebel lasts until the mid-1960s and replaced in the flags off the roof from the newly fortified Fort "Charles Center" downtown redevelopment Federal Hill in May 1861). Across street project of 1958–1970 by the also later land- to the west was the Franklin Street Pres- mark Morris A. Mechanic Theatre of poured- byterian Church and north of old Baltimore concrete Brutalist Modernist style adjoining Cathedral designed by Benjamin Henry La- new Hopkins Plaza in middle of block. trobe (1806–1826). Also cross-corner from future expansion site in 1931–1933 of cen- • Across the street on the southeast corner of tral/main branch of the Enoch Pratt Free Li- East Baltimore and South Charles is the new brary on Cathedral Street from first Central Li- Greco–Roman styled “Temple of Thrift” of brary building of 1882–1886, further south on white marble with massive columns, steps and corner with West Mulberry Street. Opening porticoes is built for the old Savings Bank of in 1909, new Central YMCA functions with Baltimore (SSB), founded 1818, with a dif- many social and athletic activities for nearly ferent structure and mission compared to the 70 years with its indoor pool, gymnasium, ath- city’s other large financial institutions. The letic rooms, dormitories, kitchen/cafeterias, SSB is oriented towards small customers of and classrooms. Later a separate “Colored savers and depositers. The Bank lasts until 50 4 20TH CENTURY

the 1990s bank merger and out-of-town take- green wall tiles built for the use of several pas- over mania, building a newer skyscraper two senger rail lines including the Pennsylvania Rail- blocks further east at North Calvert and East road, the Western Maryland Railway and later the Baltimore Streets’ iconic northwest corner, re- B. & O. (besides their nearby Mount Royal Sta- names itself, dropping the term “Savings” and tion, a few blocks southwest). Replaced earlier is shortly taken over by "SunTrust". Its old Victorian styled Union Station from 1873, second landmark offices become central to a charity terminal rebuilt 1881, on same site also used by organization. the several railroads after the construction then of the connecting underground Baltimore and Potomac • 1908 – Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Elec- Railroad tunnels under, through and around north- tric Railway (“inter-urban” electric rail cars) be- ern, northwestern and northeastern Baltimore City gins operating on a triangular route through Anne (known as the “Belt Line”), so as not to have steam, Arundel County from the State Capital to “The smoke-blowing locomotives pulling through down- Monumental City” and then to Washington, D.C.. town streets (later shortly replaced by electric then Line opens February 7, 1908 from its Baltimore diesel locomotives) or the system since the 1830s of station on Liberty Street (between West Lexington horse-drawn railcars between stations. Connected and West Fayette Streets) to Washington’s 15th and with the B. & O.'s Howard Street Tunnel of 1890– 'H' Streets, N.E. and then to Annapolis. In 1921, 1895, going north and south under downtown. Sited City terminal is relocated to southwest corner of between North Charles Street and Calvert Street, South Howard and West Lombard Streets (later site north of Mount Royal Avenue and the community of of Holiday Inn hotel). Sold at auction in 1935, Mount Vernon-Belvedere-Mount Royal, along curv- later owners form Baltimore and Annapolis Rail- ing bend of north bank of the Jones Falls. Later road Company operating commuter diesel buses up used also by other regional and national passenger to the early 1970s from the state capital to Brooklyn rail lines until major bankruptcies with reorganiza- in South Baltimore. tion of national railroads in 1970 with pas- senger system. Cleaned, refurbished and restored in • 1909 – Art Gallery building constructed by fi- the early 1980s. Neighborhood north of the Station nancier and philanthropist Henry Walters (1848– along North Avenue, previously generally known as 1931), built and opened at northwest corner of “Mid-Town”, given neighborhood name of “Penn- North Charles and East Centre Streets, facing the North-Charles”, and later renamed in the 2010s as south square of Washington Place, to house and ex- “Station North” with creation of supporting “com- hibit his personal extensive collection of art amassed munity benefits district” zone organization. by him over decades along with previous acqui- sitions of his father, William Thompson Walters • 1912 – (1820–1894). Structure built across the back alley from their brownstone mansion facing north towards • founded. West Mount Vernon Place in the Mount Vernon- Belvedere neighborhood, facing the Washington • 1912 Democratic National Convention meets Monument to the north and east. Occasionally in Baltimore for first national political party gallery since original 1909 construction is opened convention since 1860 at new Fifth Regiment for viewing by the Baltimore public. After Wal- Armory on North Howard Street (along future ters’ 1931 death, the Gallery with its collection of renamed “29th Division Street” for famous paintings, statuary, tapestries, jewels, and thousands “Blue-Gray Division” of Maryland/Virginia of items, one of America’s greatest collections, is soldiers, that attacked Omaha Beach on D- willed to the City of Baltimore and a museum es- Day, June 6, 1944). Democrats nominates tablished, along with the family mansion and an en- (1856–1924), incumbent dowment. An additional modernistic annex is con- Governor of , (and also former structed to the west along West Centre Street to Park President of Princeton University and grad- Avenue at rear in 1974, and addition of the former uate of Baltimore’s Johns Hopkins Univer- Thomas-Jencks-Gladding Mansion to the north, fac- sity) for President, running against incumbent ing the Monument at its southwest corner, to house Republican 27th President William Howard Asian art in 1982, with the new name of “Hacker- Taft (1857–1930), and former Republican man House”, named for donor Willard Hackerman. 26th President Theodore Roosevelt (1858– 1919), running on a third-party ticket of the • 1911 – Pennsylvania Station (Baltimore) (originally newly organized Progressive Party platform. known as “Union Station” until 1928) constructed Wilson is joined by his Vice Presidential nom- of elaborate imposing Beaux Arts/Classical style ar- inee Thomas R. Marshall (1854–1925), of chitecture with beautiful marble interior atrium sur- Indiana and was elected as 28th President, mounted by a stained glass skylight and rookwood (serving 1913–1921), over Taft and Roosevelt. 4.1 1900s–1940s 51

• Construction begins on additional buildings residential communities. Serving as a by-pass of (“Aldersaal” [parish house/social hall], bell for industrial and port facilities truck traffic in tower, parsonage, and enclosed gardens) at the future automotive age along with directing Old Zion Lutheran Church, downtown across anticipated historical tourism traffic towards from City Hall along East Lexington Street historic Fort McHenry at end of peninsula, re- west from North Gay Street (facing later 1920s cently leased to the City from the U.S. War War Memorial Building and City Hall Plaza to Department of the now decommissioned an- commemorate all war dead). tique and obsolete military reservation, which • City’s public math-science and technical establishes a city park in the following year, school, Baltimore Polytechnic Institute re- as part of the National Star Spangled Banner locates from old building on east side of Centennial Celebration. Courtland Street near East Saratoga Street • Major public works construction project of (future redeveloped St. Paul Place/Street building new “Fallsway” highway over former and “Preston Gardens” constructed in 1920s stream of Jones Falls which is directed be- – older building later used by new Balti- neath in two concrete conduit tunnels from more City Department of Public Welfare and Mount Royal Avenue and Pennsylvania Sta- razed by 1963 for westward expansion for tion to the north flowing south to Fayette Street Mercy Hospital from Calvert Street) to the for- where once again flows between two stone mer campus and mansion from 1866 of the canal walls further south to Patapsco River Maryland School for the Blind at East North Northwest Branch. Avenue and North Calvert Street. “Old Poly” • 1914 – has two additional wings are added to the east and west in the Beaux Arts/Classical style of • founded and opens architecture. Additional central wing replaces at old mansion of Mary Elizabeth Garrett old M.S.B. mansion by 1931 with additional (1854–1915), only daughter of B. & O. Rail- auditorium/gynasium wing further east. Blind road Civil War-era president, John Work Gar- School relocates 1911–1913 to park-like cam- rett (1820–1884), (later replaced by apart- pus in Overlea section of northeast Baltimore ment house, which later becomes Peabody County. Polytechnic resides here for five and Court Hotel – operated by Wyndom hotel a half decades before joining all-girls Western chain) at southwest corner of Cathedral and High School in joint campus in north Balti- West Monument Streets, facing West Mount more at West Cold Spring Lane and Falls Road Vernon Place (where her parents’ brownstone in 1967. Renamed later as Calvert Educa- mansion, the Garrett-Jacobs Mansion also tional Center, structure hold variety of edu- faces) and the Washington Monument further cational uses until major gutting, renovation east. B.M.A. later moves to Art Museum and remodeling as central headquarters for the Drive off North Charles Street, near Wyman Baltimore City Public Schools in the 1980s, as Park, south of the new Homewood campus “Alice G. Pinderhughes Administrative Build- of The Johns Hopkins University in simplified ing” for former superintendent, replacing pre- Greek–Roman Revival/Classical-style struc- vious 1930’s-era offices at 25th Street, be- ture by famous American architect John Rus- tween Charles and St. Paul Streets. sell Pope (1874–1937). • • 1913 - Hippodrome Theatre built on Eutaw Street be- tween West Fayette and Redwood Streets and • New routing and construction of the Francis shows early silent movies and burlesque live Scott Key Highway (known as “Key Highway” shows, later after 1927 with “talkies” sound for short) along north and east sides of Federal movies. Closed, run-down and abandoned af- Hill and along northern shore of Whetstone ter the 1970s with several other major down- Point peninsula on south bank of Northwest town movie palaces. Restored, renovated and Branch of Patapsco River to Baltimore Har- re-opened in the 2010s as new performing bor. Highway with narrow median strip con- arts center replacing earlier Morris A. Me- structed of concrete surface with occasional chanic Theatre (at southwest corner of South older cobblestone sections with railroad tracks Charles Street and West Baltimore Street, part imbedded for pier access, continues south- of Charles Center downtown re-development east towards Locust Point port terminals and project of the 1950s and 60s), with live the- residential community and passes under over- atre and Broadway theatre shows. Theatre ren- head bridge for Fort Avenue, curves back to ovation combined with two neighboring bank the west and extends to South Hanover Street, buildings completing larger new theatre com- completely surrounding old South Baltimore plex on entire block. 52 4 20TH CENTURY

• Baltimore Orioles recruit schoolboy prodigy in 1925, with dedication of “Orpheus” musi- George Herman Ruth (“Babe”) from St. cal and poetic Greek god monument by 28th Mary’s Industrial School on Wilkens and President Warren G. Harding, with additional Caton Avenues in southwest (now site since status as national shrine in 1939, administered 1966 of Cardinal Gibbons High School) and by new National Park Service established 1916 trains him to hit and pitch for the International in the U.S. Department of the Interior. League Birds. Later owner/manager Jack Dunn, Sr. (1872–1928), under financial pres- • 1915 – Municipal anthem, “Baltimore, Our Balti- sure from the competition of the new “third more”, written by poet Folger McKinsey, columnist league” with the Federal League, with its for “The Sun”, known as the “Bentztown Bard” from Baltimore Terrapins, playing across the street Frederick, Maryland, with music by Mrs. Emma in their new steel-beamed modern stadium Hemberger, (wife of Theodor)a foremost musical of Terrapin Park on the northwest corner of composer in the city, having won first place in a Greenmount Avenue and 29th Street in the contest during the year 1915, with entries to be northeast city neighborhood of Waverly just presented by December 1, sponsored by Mayor across from the old wooden American League James H. Preston with a prize of $250 in gold, Park/ of 1901 on the southwest one for the best original poem and another for the corner. Dunn is forced to sell his best product best musical setting. Judges for the contest were – “Dunn’s Babe” to the Boston Red Sox at their Harold Randolph – Director of the Peabody Insti- new Fenway Park in the American League. tute-Conservatory of Music, Henrietta Baker Low – Five years later, after using him mostly as a former Supervisor of Music for the Baltimore City pitcher, they in turn trade him to the newly re- Public Schools, and John Itzel – composer and or- named team of the New York Yankees (since chestra conductor. During a concert of various mu- 1913, formerly the “New York Highlanders” sical pieces, both instrumental and vocal presented, which had previously before 1903 had origi- the winning song of four verses was later announced nally been the old Baltimore Orioles charter and performed for the first time with a small group franchise when the American League began in of orchestral pieces, a concert choir “The United 1901. The Yankees at that time had not estab- Singers” assisted by 300 local high school girls at lished a very successful record until the arrival the Lyric Opera House on Mount Royal Avenue, of young “Babe Ruth” from Baltimore. at Cathedral Street, before an audience of notables, "Washington’s Birthday", February 22, 1916. Re- • "Star Spangled Banner Centennial Celebra- quired for a long time afterwards to be taught in tion” observed in Baltimore for the 100th An- all city schools and to be at least familiar to con- niversary of the War of 1812 (1812–1815), ductors and leaders of any city musical groups, or- campaign with the Battle of Baltimore and chestras or bands and sung at any ceremony, ded- Battle of North Point during September 12– ication, parades or official program, on city, state 14, 1914. Parades, decorated buildings, ded- and national holidays events, including regular con- ications of new commemorative monuments certs by the Municipal Park Band with its summer- and statues, along with publication of com- time extraganzas and other events sponsored by the memorative book. Fort McHenry on Whet- City Department of Recreation and Parks (which in- stone Point, adjacent to the nearby rowhouse cluded a Bureau of Music – unusual for most ma- neighborhood of Locust Point turned over to jor U.S. cities). It however, suffered later periods be leased by the City of Baltimore’s newly or- of neglect. By the 1960s, longtime comptroller and ganized Department of Recreation and Parks gadfly Hyman A. Pressman and former Mayor and for use as a public park by the U.S. War De- Governor of Maryland, , partment. Later taken back by the Federal called for it frequently, leading to a renaissance of Government in three years with the advent of familiarity in later decades. Occasionally it joined U.S. entry into World War I in April 1917, for the singing of the state’s controversial but interest- immediate and emergency use as United States ing anthem, "Maryland, My Maryland", by James Army General Hospital Number Two when Ryder Randall, from a tumultuous Civil War era in a large complex of temporary wooden struc- 1861. tures/barracks, concrete/brick medical and surgical facilities and additional army post • Maryland State Normal School, founded buildings are erected surrounding the historic 1866, first located briefly at Red Man’s Hall “star fort” and used until war ends in 1919, on North Paca Street, then former William then later returned to the City again as a park Howard Greek Revival mansion, later by 1863 when post-war medical operations conclude becomes Union/Athenaeum Club at northeast and hospital buildings and driveways are razed corner of North Charles and East Franklin by 1923. Later becomes national monument Streets, then relocated by 1870’s to West Bal- 4.1 1900s–1940s 53

timore at Lafayette Square, at Layfayette and constructed 1812 in Greek Revival architec- Carollton Avenues moves to new campus in ture of stone and brick; re-built 1873–1874 county seat of suburban Baltimore County, after fire, now after 122 venerable years of south of Towson on west side of York Road shows, plays and concerts on the stage, torn (). General Assembly of down with entire block between Holliday, East Maryland passes a $600,000 bond issue in Fayette, North Gay and East Lexington Streets April 1912, making the teachers’ school the across from Baltimore City Hall (of 1867– largest building initiative in the state. Admin- 1875) to begin preparations for construction of istration Building first constructed (later re- City Hall Plaza and War Memorial Plaza and named Stephens Hall), along with Newell Hall later War Memorial Building in the mid-1920s student dormitory, in English Jacobethan style to the east end along South Gay Street. architecture and nearby power plant. Neigh- • Hanover Street Bridge designed and super- boring mansion “Glen Esk” used for pres- vised construction by noted city/state bridge ident’s residence. New campus opens af- engineer John E. Greiner (later led con- ter two-year construction in September 1915. struction and bridge firm) completed in Jan- Additional similarly styled structures facing uary with passage of special electric street- east towards York Road built with Richardson car “Maryland” from United Railways af- Hall and a few others, for a temporarily uni- ter three-year project across the Middle fied appearance. Additional teachers colleges Branch/Ferry Branch of the Patapsco River opened later in other sections of Maryland. In and Baltimore Harbor. Connecting old South later years, "normal,” school is renamed sev- Baltimore/Whetstone Point peninsula from eral times, as Maryland State Teachers College Ferry Bar/Point across to northern Anne at Towson in 1935, then Towson State College Arundel County at Brooklyn with causeway by 1963, later Towson State University and fi- for extended South Hanover Street (and later nally Towson University. Second largest col- parallel Potee Street) on an earthen berm lege/university in the state by 2010s. around the western shore of the branch and • 1916 also across Western Branch flowing east from Elkridge/Ellicott City of the upper Patap- • Baltimore Symphony Orchestra formed. Per- sco. New concrete-arched bridge replaced forms first at Lyric Opera House and Theatre old Light Street Bridge, long wooden trestle on Mount Royal Avenue at Cathedral Street built 1856, (also known as “Long Bridge” or with its auditorium of great acoustics, built on “Brooklyn Bridge”) to Brooklyn and further to Mount Royal Avenue at Cathedral Street in industrial area of Curtis Bay across the river. 1894. Bridge connects further south to Baltimore- • Baltimore Black Sox baseball team formed Annapolis Road (later Gov. Ritchie Highway and plays in the Negro Leagues, in addition after 1936). Modern connection highlights to the local white minor league baseball tem, benefits of future city annexation of south- Baltimore Orioles of the International League. ern suburban areas in Anne Arundel two years Others later are the Baltimore Elite Giants, later. playing at old Westport Stadium in southwest • Early organization during World War I-era of section of city. musical opera lovers formed and named Bal- timore Opera Society by conductor David S. • 1917 Melamet with Barron Berthald of New York as • Fort Holabird (initially named Camp Ho- stage manager. An outgrowth of his Melamet labird) established along southeast city water- Opera Class. Continued on through the 1920s front for World War I effort, joined by Camp putting on productions at the Lyric Opera Meade further south near Annapolis Junction House (1894) on Mount Royal Avenue with in Anne Arundel County. Famous military casts composed of Baltimoreans with an occa- “general purpose” vehicle (nicknamed later as sional New York guest from the “Met”. Af- the "jeep"), tested on dirt tracks during 1941– ter his death, the local company was con- 1942 at Holabird. Meade later becomes center tinued by Eugene Martinet (founder of Mar- of post-war electronic intelligence gathering in tinet School of Opera in 1927) who reorga- the National Security Agency, headquartered nized, directed and conducted. Later suc- here. ceeded by several other companies and then in 1950 with the Baltimore Civic Opera Com- • opens in East Baltimore. pany, organized and inspired by local famous • Famous old Holliday Street Theatre, origi- opera singer who later retired in nally first erected 1794 of lumber, then re- northern Baltimore County. 54 4 20TH CENTURY

• 1918 – Last casualty of World War I on the Western competition between Baltimore City pub- Front in northwestern France is a Baltimorean, Pri- lic high schools and metropolitan area pri- vate Henry Gunther of the 313th Regiment, “Bal- vate and religious (generally Roman Catholic) timore’s Own” at Ville-devant-Chaumont, area of secondary schools with 13 charter member Lorraine on “Armistice” at the “eleventh hour, of schools, which initially met in the old “Barn” eleventh day and eleventh month”. His unit had only structure at The Johns Hopkins University's been in combat for two months and had just been new “Homewood” campus (on North Charles told of the end of the war just fifteen minutes earlier Street, between later Art Museum Drive and because of a foul-up with the couriers. Pvt. Gun- University Parkway, east of Wyman Park ther was shot by burst of machine gun fire from Ger- Dell). In attendance at the league’s forma- mans’ 31st Prussian Army, when he ran at their lines, tion are: Baltimore City College, Baltimore one minute before the 11 a.m. Cease-Fire, Novem- Polytechnic Institute, (both municipal high ber 11, 1918. Was a former supply sergeant who schools), Boys’ Latin School of Maryland, had recently been demoted for violating mail cen- Calvert Hall College, (high school), Donald- sorship rules by writing in a letter home that condi- son School (since extinct), Friends School of tions on the line were intolerable and suggested he Baltimore, The Gilman School of Maryland, not enlist. Was depressed and seemed to try to want Loyola High School, Marston School (since to redeem himself. Gunther was from recent Ger- extinct), McDonogh School, Mount St. Joseph man immigrants in East Baltimore’s Highlandtown, College (high school), Park School of Balti- not wanting to attack former countrymen of his, a more, and the Severn School in Anne Arun- former bank teller and clerk at the National Bank del County. Called together by inspiration of of Baltimore with a fiance and had been drafted Dr. Phillip H. Edwards, athletic coach and in September 1917, not volunteering immediately later noted principal of Baltimore City Col- when war was declared in April 1917. Later U.S. lege (BCC), who had earlier organized a stu- Army restored his sergeant’s rank and awarded him dent athletic council for scheduling and of- the "Distinguished Service Cross" and a unit cita- ficiating, along with Russell Murphy, later tion. Later a local Post #1858 of the Veterans of of Johns Hopkins University's (JHU) Athletic Foreign Wars was named for him, the last Ameri- Department-football program with the “Blue can killed in “the war to end all wars”. Jays”. Dr. J.M.T. Finney elected first Presi- dent of the new M.S.A. and followed by Prof. • 1919 – William F. Broening (1870−1953), a Re- Murphy of JHU in 1921. Other long-time publican, elected mayor and serves to 1923. Un- leaders are Adelay G. Hausmann of Gilman, usual interlude of city political power for the Otto K. Schmied of BCC, and Herb Arm- Republican Party in the predominantly Democratic- strong (BCC), Charles Gamper of Edmondson voting city. After his mayoralty, Broening High- High School, and later William (“Sugar”) Cain way, is named for him where later a large General of Dunbar (after MSA racially integrates). Motors auto/truck assembly plant is constructed fac- MSA is one of first state-wide high school ing the highway in southeast Baltimore and a small athletic associations to voluntarily racially in- waterfront Broening Park named for him and es- tegrate in March 1956, adding Paul Lau- tablished southeast of the now landmark concrete- rence Dunbar Community High School (estab- arched Hanover Street Bridge of 1914–1917 (later lished originally as a new junior high school renamed Vietnam Veterans Memorial Bridge in in the 1920s), Carver Vocational-Technical 1990s) across the Middle and Ferry Branches of the High School, and later Frederick Douglass main Patapsco River and Baltimore Harbor. Par- High School (founded 1883 as the “Colored allel causeways carrying South Hanover and Po- High School and Training School”). By the tee Streets (and ) lead south to 1970s, MSA (which its winning teams in cen- Brooklyn and Curtis Bay industrial and residential tral Maryland generally meant a “state cham- communities. Baltimore and Maryland Yacht Clubs pionship”) membership had considerably ex- and several sculling/rowing teams build their club- panded to include additional outlying city pub- houses here along southwestern shores and hold river lic and suburban private schools. In 1993, races. Later parkland expanded along Western (or Dr. Walter Amprey, new superintendent Ferry Branch) leading from upper Patapsco with of Baltimore City Public Schools (who had narrowing width with filling-in nearby marshes for graduated and begun his teaching career in Cherry Hill/Reedbird Park, south of the Cherry Hill the City but later moved to the surround- neighborhood into larger shoreline “Middle Branch ing county to become a principal, then ad- Park” beginning in the 1980s. ministrator and asst. superintendent), forced the City’s high schools to withdraw from the • Organization of the Maryland Scholastic As- league and join the newer Maryland Pub- sociation for high school student athletic 4.1 1900s–1940s 55

lic Secondary Schools Athletic Association opened December 2 in northern former Ven- (MPSSA)) which included the rest of the 23 able Park along new 33rd Street Boulevard counties of the state and had grown since its with first game for U.S. Army’s Third Corps establishment in the 1950s with the growth of vs. Marine Corps at Camp Quantico, Virginia suburban and rural public secondary schools football game with 50,000 attending, preceded and the new additional co-ed and girls athletic by 12,000 soldiers and Marines parading from programs. The shrunken MSA, once vaunted B. & O. Railroad’s Mount Royal Station. Sta- for its unique public-private competitions for dium with horseshoe shape with open end fac- almost 75 years, rare in the nation, was forced ing south towards 33rd Street with Greco- to re-organize as the “twin private leagues” of Roman columnade and portico. Besides fre- the Maryland Interscholastic Athletic Associ- quent “big-league” collegiate games in the next ation for boys and the Interscholastic Athletic three decades, also used by high schools’ spe- Association of Maryland for girls sports. cial rivalry games such as City-Poly, Calvert Hall-Loyola, and Patterson-Mt. St. Joseph. • 1920 – Citizens National Bank skyscraper tower After July 1944 fire at old 29th Street Oriole erected at southwest corner of Light Street (addi- Park, Municipal Stadium used temporarily by tional postal address at 7 East Redwood [previously International League baseball’s Baltimore Ori- long-time name of German Street before World oles until 1953. Later reconstruction project War I] Streets, succeeding Bromo-Seltzer Tower beginning 1950 and further alterations with and Maryland Casualty Company’s Tower Build- second upper deck by Spring 1954 as renamed ing (both with large landmark clocks on the east Memorial Stadium (World War II memorial and west sides of downtown business district) as the project) for city’s pro football two teams of city’s tallest building until 1929 and construction of the Baltimore Colts of the old All-America Baltimore Trust’s “Art Deco"style tower one block Football Conference and the Baltimore Colts north. Later becomes headquarters of prominent of the NFL plus American League baseball’s First National Bank of Maryland (one of the largest Baltimore Orioles, after 1954. financial institutions in the state), until flurry of bank • mergers and out-of-town take-overs in the 2000s. Royal Theatre opens on Pennsylvania Old Citizens National has the most beautiful, elabo- Avenue in northwestern inner city neigh- rate banking room/lobby in the city. Now occupied borhood of Upton. Becomes center for by the Municipal Employees Credit Union of Balti- Negro/Black/African-American entertain- more City (MECU). ment, concerts and performances and focal point of that cultural district in the 1920s to • First of annual football game played Novem- the 1960s. ber 12 of traditional rivalry between Roman • Fire Department builds new headquarters Catholic high schools – Calvert Hall College building of red brick/stone trim Geor- (Christian Brothers) and Loyola High School gian/Federal style (facing new War Memorial (Jesuits (Society of Jesus) in the public-private Plaza and War Memorial building on South high school sports league Maryland Scholas- Gay Street to the east and City Hall on Holli- tic Association founded the previous year. day Street at west end) along East Lexington Calvert Hall-Loyola joins other long-time lo- Street on south side of Old Zion Lutheran cal rivalries such as City-Poly, McDonogh- Church of 1807−08 and 1912−13 additions. Gilman, Mt. St. Joseph’s-Patterson Park, and Forest Park-Southern, and colleges such • 1923 – Howard W. Jackson becomes mayor suc- as Hopkins-Maryland (College Park) and ceeding William F. Broening until 1927. Hopkins-Navy. Beginning in the 1920s with • large crowds of spectators at local athletic 1924 – Construction begins on new boys high school fields/stadiums and local media coverage for of Baltimore City College of Collegiate Gothic sports fans in a city at a time previous to the or- stone architecture with dominating 150 foot bell ganization of nation-wide professional sports tower on 33rd Street Boulevard. Previously for- teams and leagues. mer hill-top estate near old “Montebello” mansion of old War of 1812 General Samuel Smith, (Gen- • 1922 – eral, U.S. Senator, City Mayor) and hill-top site of “Abbottston”, Victorian mansion of Canton Iron- • Municipal Stadium (or also known as Bal- works industrialist Horace Abbott to replace sec- timore Stadium or Venable Stadium) built ond overcrowded BCC second structure at North at the urging of Mayor William Frederick Howard and West Centre Streets (buildings of 1875 Broening after only seven months construc- and 1895) and aa temporary 25th Street Annex. tion of concrete, steel and wooden benches for $458,000 partially dug-in excavation and • 1925 – founded as private 56 4 20TH CENTURY

independent school, with Law School and later busi- the spawning and upstream migration of shad, ness school, around urban streets-grid campus by herring and others, with added fishing piers Mount Royal and Cathedral Street/Maryland Av- and picnic groves on shoreside. Additional enues in northwest of Mount Vernon-Belvedere- side benefit of construction of narrow two-lane Mount Royal mid-town community. Later pur- highway across top of dam carried across river, chased by state and merges in the 1970s with newly designated U.S. Route 1, older main University System of Maryland, greatly expanding road from between Baltimore to the northeast its campus to additional urban center. to Wilmington and Philadelphia. • 1927 – • 1929 – Baltimore Trust Company tower under con- • William F. Broening (Republican) elected to struction for five years completed at 10 Light Street separate second term as mayor succeeding between East Baltimore and Redwood (previously Jackson, in office until 1931. German) Streets. Distinctive Art Deco architec- • New building and expansive park-like cam- ture becomes downtown landmark for almost 90 pus for Western High School for girls with years and city’s tallest structure until 1970s with the an academic-business curriculum, (founded USF&G Building in 1971 and Merritt Tower in the 1844 with twin sister Eastern High) with 'H' 1980s. Has several names designated in its history: shaped, three-stories English Tudor/Gothic Mathieson Building, O'Sullivan Building, Maryland Revival style architecture of red brick and National Bank Building, NationsBank Building, and linestone trim. Located in northwest Balti- now Bank of America Tower in 2012. Conversion more at new Gwynns Falls Parkway at inter- project in 2014 to residential usage after B of A section with Reisterstown Road/Park Heights moves main Maryland banking headquarters else- Avenue across from old George Brown (noted where downtown. financier of old firm Alex. Brown & Sons) • Baltimore has 200th Bicentennial Celebration estate of “Mondawmin”. Architectural plans this year of founding and laying out of orig- from Western High re-used a decade later inal town in 1729/1730 with various events, to save money during "Great Depression" for parades and publication of anniversary histor- twin-sister school Eastern High, built across ical commemorative book. Other major an- town on 33rd Street Boulevard in 1938 next niversary celebrations observed previously in to City College’s “Castle on the Hill”. 1880 for 150th year of town’s founding and • 1928 – later Centennial observations in 1896–1897 for Centennial of incorporation as a city, and • New public high school building for boys for later in 1997 for similar Biccentennial anniver- the Baltimore City College opened April 10, sary. at 33rd Street and The Alameda in stone Col- legiate Gothic palace with 150-foot tower in • Glenn L. Martin establishes aircraft produc- northeast city on expansive 39 acre park-like, tion company (Glenn L. Martin Company), hill-top campus of old "Abbotston/Gilman- east of the City at Middle River, east of Essex, Cate" Victorian estate of Canton iron foundry in southeastern Baltimore County. Designs industrialist Horace Abbott from the Civil and constructs numerous projects in civilian War era, overlooking city from the northeast. aviation development and later by 1940, con- New City College, one of the most expen- verts to extensive defense work, turning out sive schools ever built in America up to that many bombers, fighters and other warplanes time envisioned also to have inter-connecting during the war effort of World War II begin- 'E'-shaped wings for lower schools on elemen- ning in 1939–1940. tary/junior high levels along with southern- side sports stadium, which were only built • 1930 – decades later. BCC, founded 1839 in down- town as the third oldest public high school in • Baltimore Colored Symphony Orchestra orga- the country, then considered the capstone and nized. flagship school for the Baltimore City Public • Baltimore Black Sox, Negro League baseball Schools. team plays in first baseball game of African- • Conowingo Dam completed crossing on the Americans held at old (built lower Susquehanna River above the Head of 1923), in The Bronx, northern city borough Elk at northern end of Chesapeake Bay. Con- in New York City, home of the American structed for the Philadelphia Electric Com- League’s New York Yankees. pany with power plant, generators and tur- bines. Dam later builds in fish ladder for • 1931 – 4.1 1900s–1940s 57

• Death of philanthropist Henry Walters, (1848- Curtis Creek Bridge of 1931 replaced again 1931), leaving the famous international art col- with higher span in 1977 for Pennington lection amassed by he and his father William Avenue-Hawkins Point Road-Fort Smallwood T. Walters, (1820-1894), and the 1905-1909 Roads with additional high concrete bridges Gallery building he had built at northwest cor- for extension of Baltimore Beltway (Interstate ner of North Charles Street and West Centre 695) leading to new Bridge Street, and an endowment, along with his man- connecting the city-circling Beltway over sion home across the side alley to the north outer Baltimore Harbor/Patapsco River to on West Mount Vernon Place to the citizens southeast Baltimore County and Sollers Point of the City of Baltimore. Later known as the with nearby Sparrows Point and North Point Walters Art Gallery and opened to the public on “Patapsco Neck” peninsula with nearby permanently in 1934. large suburb of Dundalk. • Municipal Office Building of simple "Art • 1932 – Deco" limestone construction on 300 block Holliday Street, between East Saratoga and • Another edifice for the U.S. Post Office and Lexington Streets, north of the 1867−75 Courthouse completed construction on the Baltimore City Hall. Later renamed in the east side of Battle Monument Square, between 1980s for nationally famous and noted city en- East Lexington and Fayette Streets of simpli- gineer, Abel Wolman, (1892-1989), who de- fied/modernistic Beaux Arts/Classical Revival signed most of the urban public drinking water style architecture. Replaced previous elabo- and sewage treatment systems at Back River rate Italian Renaissance Revival designed old and Patapsco treatment plants for the city in U.S. Courthouse/Post Office of 1889, which the early 20th century. had survived Great Baltimore Fire of 1904, • First ordinance of a city zoning code passed noted with large clock tower and smaller tow- by the Baltimore City Council upon earlier en- ers arrayed around mansard roof (and also site abling act passed by the General Assembly of of earlier 1862–65 U. S. Courthouse to the Maryland in 1927, for certain larger cities and east side of the block at northwest corner of towns in the state. Zoning Commission and East Fayette and North Streets (later Guilford Board of Zoning Appeals set up and begins Avenue), former site earlier from 1790s of first attempts at controlling growth, construc- then landmark twin-steepled First Presbyte- tion, demolitions and maintenance of city pub- rian Church visited by 15th President James lic and private properties. Buchanan). Construction expedidited under • Replacement with concrete-arched bridge severe unemployment situation in the City of with steel draw-span constructed across deepening Great Depression under adminis- Cabin Branch and Curtis Creek connecting tration of 31st President . Pennington Avenue, (Maryland Route 173), • 1933 – Devastating hurricane storm lasting almost from the north in the City from Brooklyn a week in August, does substantial damage to Bal- and Curtis Bay to Hawkins Point Road timore and Washington’s budding summer resort leading to Hawkins Point with site of old of the small town of Ocean City, in Worcester Fort Armistead and Fort Smallwood Roads County, driving a "storm surge" through the long in Anne Arundel County and nearby Arundel sandy barrier island and cutting an inlet/passageway Cove (on lower Curtis Creek to Furnace of fifty feet wide and 8 feet deep through between Branch and Marley Creek (Maryland)) and Assateague Island to the south and now Sinepuxent the U.S. Coast Guard shipyard at Curtis Island to the north of the town. Later decades Bay, (established 1899), leading to the Fort sees this natural event affecting the growth and resi- Smallwood Park (Armistead and Smallwood dential/commercial development plus increasing the are City parklands since 1920s with former recreational attractions for swimming, fishing and Spanish-American War-era batteries/military boating with close access between the back bay installation from mid-1890’s) at Rock Point, at and oceanfront. Additional number of Baltimore- mouth of Patapsco River. Nearby waterfront ans visit the ocean now with improved transportation resort development/village Rivera Beach of across the Eastern Shore and leads to a decline of post-World War II development and Pasadena Chesapeake Bay beaches, resorts and towns. Later further west along Gov. Ritchie Highway, Assateague Island across the channel to the south to- along with many other villages along the wards Virginia’s Chincoteague Island is preserved as western Chesapeake Bay county shoreline a national seashore and an additional Maryland state and inlets of Stony Creek, Bodkin Creek, park in its primitive natural state. , and south to Annapolis, county seat and state capital. • 1934 – Walters Art Gallery with collections 58 4 20TH CENTURY

amassed by financiers/philanthropists William Wal- linestone trim in a 30-acre park-like campus. Later ters, (1820-1894) and his son Henry Walters, (1848- civic sports project for new Memorial Stadium re- 1931), who built an “Italian Palazzo” design dur- built in 1950–1954 for major league baseball's team ing 1905-1909, and opened in 1909 to occasional of the new Baltimore Orioles and pro football’s team public visits. Now their later donation and endow- of the Baltimore Colts across street on previous ment under will of recently deceased Henry Wal- site of old Municipal Stadium from 1922, built for ters in 1931, opens as an institution under the City high school/. EHS resides here until of Baltimore, in the gallery museum located on the sad closure and half-way unsuccessful merger with northwest corner of North Charles and West Cen- new Lake Clifton High School several miles away tre Streets, facing south Washington Place around in 1984, destroying 140 years of an all-female tra- the Washington Monument, and also donates to the dition in secondary education, leaving only Western new City museum, their mansion, across the side al- High to continue at new 1967 campus shared with ley to the southern rear which faced north on West Polytechnic Institute at West Cold Spring Lane and Mount Vernon Place/West Monument Street. A Falls Road. substantial 1974 addition of modernistic architec- • ture was later added to the western side along West 1939 – Centre Street to Park Avenue. In the 1980s, an • Construction and opening of "Art Deco" additional townhouse/mansion (the former Jencks- styled, the Senator Theatre in Govans on York Thomas-Gladding Mansion) to the north of the Road commercial district in northern outskirts Gallery, facing the Monument at the southwest at intersection with Belvedere Avenue (and corner of North Charles and West Mount Vernon south of newer parallel 1960s by-pass, North- Place (West Monument Street), was added for the ern Parkway). By late 1970’s becomes one new Asian Art collection and renamed “Hackerman of last neighborhood movie theatres in the House” for later city construction builder and phi- city with large main auditorium, but contin- lanthropist Willard Hackerman. ues to show and premiere new films. Be- comes iconic and landmark due to its archi- • 1935 – United Railways and Electric Company, uni- tecture and “last of its kind”, plus establish- fied streetcar operator since the 1899 merger of ment in early 1980s of front sidewalk gallery streetcar lines and builder and the construction on under marque of pavement blocks with names Pier 4 on East Pratt Street of the Power Plant, com- and logos of movies with hands or feet of star- pleted 1903, enters bankruptcy and business reor- ring actors and actresses (similar to famous ganization proceedings. Reemerges and renamed as Grauman’s Chinese Theatre in Hollywood, the Baltimore Transit Company (BTC), emphasing motion picture-making district in Los Ange- increasing use of diesel motor busses and beginning les). Similar architecture of larger even more repaving city streets to eliminate streetcar tracks elaborate Art Deco features at old Ambas- and overhead power lines. BTC company stock sador Theatre on Liberty Heights Avenue near owned by National City Lines, a later conglomer- Howard Park neighborhood in northwest area ate with ownership by General Motors Corporation, which later has an interior-gutting fire and later Firestone Tire and Rubber, Standard Oil Company becomes a fundamentalist Protestant church. of California, and Phillips Petroleum with hidden Old Senator celebrates anniversary of open- agenda to gradually eliminate urban rail street trans- ing every year with showing of feature films port and substitute gasoline-powered buses (which from the 1939-era and also charging ticket introduction and usage increases rapidly after great prices of the era (25 cents). After working strain and “wear-and-tear” of heavy usage, with fuel 30 years for long-planned renovation project, rationing during World War II home-front defense two additional smaller adjacent auditoriums efforts) eventually to end streetcar rail network by added using similar tan brick exteriors in 2013 1963 (Number 8 line from Towson to Catonsville) for more financial flexibility and restoration of in Baltimore. interior under new owners from the Charles • 1938 – New structure for Eastern High School Theatre, located on North Charles Street be- (EHS), all-girls traditional academic-business cur- low North Avenue, in newly designated Station riculum school. Located at 33rd Street boulevard North neighborhood in Mid-Town. at Loch Raven Boulevard in former Venable Park • Formation of a Baltimore County Library As- (stirs up political controversy) in northeast section sociation, Inc. (BCLA) to coordinate var- of town next to decade-old City College’s “Castle on ious small community libraries in County the Hill”, all-male high school. Same plans used a towns/suburbs circling around Baltimore City decade earlier for twin sister’s new Western High, (like a “horseshoe”) established by various builds similar 'H'-shaped, three stories of English women’s clubs and civic associations in last Tudor/Gothic Revival architecture of red brick and two decades. New BCLA also to lobby 4.1 1900s–1940s 59

Baltimore County’s Board of County Com- launched that special “Liberty Fleet Day”. missioners (then small local governing struc- Henry’s ship’s keel was earlier laid April 30th ture) for an official county public library and and was later commissioned to the merchant constructions of buildings similar to the ex- marine fleet on December 30. By the end of pansive Enoch Pratt Free Library system in the war, with maximum effort, the shipyard the City, which county residents had also been was turning out dozens per week (one every 35 using and taking advantage of since its ear- hours). Later the Henry would serve through- lier establishment in 1882-1886, with a new out the war, helping to win the crucial "Battle central library rebuilt downtown in 1931-1933 of the Atlantic" against marauding U-boats of with many neighborhood branches, later con- the Nazi German Navy, but after the victory structions near city-county border. Politi- in 1945, get scrapped over seventeen years cal and civic pressure builds until post-World later in 1958. Additional production facilities War II period in 1948 with establishment of were established in nearby Curtis Bay at the Baltimore County Public Library system with old Pullman-Standard Car Company factory existing branches and many additional im- (which built railroad car wheels) along Cur- provements in later decades to almost equalize tis Avenue where major ship parts were fab- ancestor/neighbor Enoch Pratt. ricated and pulled by railroad flat-cars several miles to the waterfront for assembly and weld- • 1940 - Entire mill village with factory, houses, stores ing. and school situated on upper Patapsco River's West- ern Branch between Baltimore County and Carroll • 1944 – June 6th, "D-Day" invasion of Normandy County, originally known as Elysville and previously in German-occupied France of western Europe dur- known as Alberton for several decades, sold at auc- ing World War II landed at Omaha Beach (one of tion in November to C.R. Daniels Company which six landing areas – “beaches”) under authority of reopens industry and renames town as Daniels. Op- commanding General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Led erations and town endure until disastrous flood and by old “Blue and Gray Division” of 29th Division, storm damage from Tropical Storm Agnes in June originally formed for the First World War, made 1972 which does incredibly heavy damage to Pat- up of soldiers, Regular Army and National Guard apsco River Valley, adjacent Baltimore and Ohio troops, from Maryland, Virginia, Delaware states in Railroad main western line and throughout state and the Middle Atlantic. Headquarters at Baltimore’s Mid-Atlantic region. Daniels town is later razed Fifth Regiment Armory on North Howard Street with most of residential and commercial structures where a military museum endures into the 2010s with only small industrial and recycling business in of actions and also training base at Fort George G. vicinity afterwards. Meade in northern Anne Arundel County.

• 1941 – • 1945 – Lt. Jacob Beser, (1921-1992), a Balti- morean and graduate of noted local magnet high • Liberty ship S.S. Patrick Henry is the first school Baltimore City College, is the only Amer- of 2,700 such ships (one-sixth of the to- ican Army Air Corps officer to accompany both tal built by America) launched September crews on the two atomic bombing missions at 27 from newly outfitted Bethlehem-Fairfield the end of the Second World War to Hiroshima shipyards in Fairfield area of South Balti- in Japan on (August 6th) on board the famous more on Middle Branch of Patapsco River "Enola Gay", a B-29,"Super Fortress", a Boeing- of Baltimore Harbor, established under lead- built long-distance, heavy-bomber airplane with pi- ership of aluminum, steel and auto indus- lot Col. Paul Tibbets and 12-man crew, carrying trialist Henry Kaiser, and the Bethlehem the revolutionary new uranium explosive device and Steel Corporation (who owned and operated also on the other B-29, "Bockscar" commanded by nearby steel mill at Sparrows Point across the Maj. Charles Sweeney, also with 12 crewmem- river near Dundalk), with construction rev- bers, carrying the second bomb of plutonium to olutionary mass-produced cargo ships on an Nagasaki, several days later (August 9th). Beser automobile-style assembly line that are welded serves as the radar counter-measures officer en- together rather than using rivets for speed. suring that Japanese cannot effect any measures Serenaded by the Baltimore Civic Band, with against the dropped bomb. Bomb drop autho- a special radio address by 32nd President rized by new 33rd President Harry S Truman af- Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Patrick Henry was ter six-year long top-secret "Manhattan Project". christened by the wife of Vice President Henry Later Beser returns to Maryland and works for Wallace, Ilo, with Rear Adm. Emory Land, Westinghouse near the Friendship International Air- head of the Maritime Commission giving the port (later Baltimore-Washington/Thurgood Mar- keynote address. One of 14 ships that were shall International Airport) in northern Anne Arun- 60 4 20TH CENTURY

del County by Linthicum, Maryland. horse-shoe shape now with the open end fac- ing north towards 36th Street the surround- • 1948 – Baltimore County Public Library system es- ing parking lots and the rowhouse commu- tablished. County Commissioners appoint 6 citizens nity of Ednor Gardens-Lakeside. The new to an Advisory Committee which in a few months renovated stadium, constructed with a large makes recommendations in February 1948 to fol- prominent front brick façade with huge alu- low previous Maryland General Assembly law from minum "Art Deco" styled lettering with words 1945 mandating county public libraries. Merging of dedication to the soldiers of the recent previous various 12 community libraries, beginning World War II inscribed facing 33rd Street (un- with Reisterstown, which was first founded in the like old Municipal’s open end with a Greco- county in 1929 and located in the Franklin High Roman columnade on the contrasting south- School, others existed with local funds and occa- side facing 33rd Street). Later construction sional grants from County Commissioners. Ap- of an upper deck with small mezzanine level proved by the Board of County Commissioners and in-between begins in a rush-job project dur- requests Gov. William Preston Lane, (1892-1967, ing later winter of 1953 and spring 1954, served 1947-1951) to appoint a County Board of Li- when the transfer and movement of the former brary Trustees, which later hires its first Chief Li- St. Louis Browns team of major league base- brarian, Richard D. Minnich in January 1949. Sys- ball to the Chesapeake Bay region is later fi- tem grows to present 19 branches with four book- nally approved by the owners in the American mobiles. League during a meeting in the Commodore Hotel in New York City, during September • 1949 – Edgar Allan Poe House on Amity Street 1953, with business leader Clarence Miles property purchased by the city and opens and op- who led a local investment group, the City erates small historical museum, which later after its Soliciter, and Mayor Thomas J. D'Alesandro, organization in 1964, comes under the sponsorship Jr., (1903-1987), [served 1947-1959], after of the city’s new Commission for Historical and Ar- an earlier disappointing “no” vote during the chitectural Preservation. American League spring meeting in Miami because of owners distaste for controversial 4.2 1950s–1990s maverick Browns’ recent owner Bill Veeck still holding an ownership stake in Baltimore. • 1950 – When the Baltimore ownership group agrees later to buy out Veeck’s majority stock, the • Population of city at the highest level in its his- A.L. owners approve the purchase and move tory of 959,000 at the half-century mark of of the half-century old St. Louis franchise. the 20th Century according to the Seventeenth The relocated team is immediately renamed Decennial United States Census of 1950. Ad- the Baltimore Orioles in honor of the local ditional figures added here now for growing favorite ball team name in the City since the Baltimore metropolitan area of six suburban 1880s. counties now making a mark as a large urban • New pro football team and franchise awarded area including Baltimore County, Anne Arun- to the city in the major National Football del County, Carroll County, Howard County, League, which had been founded earlier in Harford County and Frederick County in cen- 1920 as the American Professional Football tral and northern Maryland. Association (and renamed N.F.L. in 1922). • A new multi-use sports stadium in mem- Returns the name of the Baltimore Colts (con- ory of the casualties and losses of mili- tinuing the name of the previous Colts team tary service-members during the recent World in the newly founded competing All-America War II and renamed "Memorial Stadium" be- Football Conference (AAFC) (1946–1949), gins a major reconstruction project on 33rd which had a Colts team from the Conference’s Street Boulevard, northeast of Waverly neigh- second season (replacing the old Miami Sea- borhood, (and adjacent future Coldstream- hawks), 1947 to 1949 when the Conference Homestead-Montebello neighborhood) over merged with the old NFL and three AAFC the old football-bowl of Municipal Stadium, teams entered the newly merged NFL, in- constructed from 1922 (also sometimes known cluding the San Francisco 49ers, Cleveland as the “Baltimore Stadium” or “Venable Sta- Browns and the Colts. New Colts play in the dium”). Constructed in a few months under League briefly for one year of 1950 before fi- the pushing of former Mayor Howard W. Jack- nancial reasons and ownership collapses. Pro son in seven months, controversially in the football team Colts of the AAFC with later former Venable Park, the old stadium with a famous quarterback Y.A. Tittle, (who later 4.2 1950s–1990s 61

plays for New York Giants) plays at old big- Kernan’s death in 1912), along with adja- bowled Municipal Stadium on 33rd Street as cent/connected Maryland Theatre and around reconstruction project begins 1950 to rebuild the corner, the elaborate façaded Auditorium old facility adding an upper deck into later Theatre (now closed/decrepit Mayfair Theatre Memorial Stadium (completed March 1954). for motion pictures facing Howard Street) on northwest corner of North Howard and West • Baltimore Civic Opera Company which had Franklin Streets, his “triple million dollar en- earlier put on productions during the 1930s terprises”). Reorganized third Baltimore Civic despite the financial decline and unemploy- Opera (“Civic” dropped from title in 1970) ment during the "Great Depression" at the begins 1950 season with Verdi's “” pro- Maryland, Auditorium Theatres and Lyric duction at auditorium at old Maryland Casu- Opera House, reorganized after closing fol- alty Company's “Rotunda” office building on lowing earlier 1947 death of Eugene Martinet, West 40th Street and Keswick Road, (between (Peabody Institute grad and founder of Mar- Roland Park and Hampden neighborhoods), tinet Opera School in 1927) who had car- the next year moves to largest city public high ried on Company from earlier 1917 estab- school auditorium at old Baltimore Polytech- lishment during World War I-era and con- nic Institute on East North Avenue and North tinuing into 1920s under conductor David S. Calvert Streets, then returns 1952 to largest Melamet, (known for German "Sangerfest" seating at old Lyric. Many productions of ex- cultural musical festivals), founded Baltimore pense and large casts of over a hundred in pre- Opera Society. New version of Baltimore vious half-century at landmark Lyric Opera Civic Opera Company (BCOC) continuing House (1894) on Mount Royal Avenue. Ob- with some similar leaders and members, or- served 50th Silver Anniversary in 2000, but ganized in 1931 with first production of “The unfortunately later hit by unusually devastating Mikado” in October 1932 under Martinet. financial troubles during “Great Recession” of Third version of BCOC re-organized Novem- 2008 and Company is closed in bankruptcy, ber 1948, (with some small productions appar- joining earlier Maryland Ballet or Baltimore ently put on before 1950), incorporated 1950, Ballet. with support of Mary M. Martinet, former conductor’s widow continuing as director, son • New larger international airport laid out and Leigh Martinet as music director, and Grant constructed by the City of Baltimore in north- U. Stiner – business manager, and now influ- ern Anne Arundel County at site of small ence of former famous 1930’s Metropolitan village of “Friendship”, (southwest of Glen Opera Company of New York’s opera singer Burnie, south of Linthicum) giving the air ter- Rosa Ponselle, who had retired to exclusive minal its new name: “Friendship International wealthy estate “Villa Pace” in the Greenspring Airport”, (later renamed in the early 1970s as Valley of northern rural Baltimore County, “Baltimore-Washington International Airport” later serving as artistic director for several (BWI) when taken over by the larger resources decades. A City of musical and dramatic of the State of Maryland’s new Department of live plays and productions since the first the- Transportation. Dedicated by city and state atre constructed in the 1780s with later 19th officials joined by 33rd President Harry S. Century productions in downtown of opera Truman, replaces old previous Logan Field and musicale plays organized under famous from the 1920s, and nearby Harbor Field in local civic leader and famous theater owner the early 1940s and adjacent larger Baltimore John T. Ford, Sr. (of infamous Ford’s The- Municipal Airport in the late 1940s, along ater in Washington, D.C. where 16th Pres- north shore of Patapsco River, near old Col- ident Abraham Lincoln was shot in April gate Creek (paved over and partially filled- 1865, and was later owner/manager/producer in), now present site of two shipping termi- of several playhouses in Baltimore, including nal facilities: Dundalk Marine Terminal and landmark 1871 Ford’s Grand Opera House the later adjacent Sea Girt Marine Terminal on West Fayette Street - between Howard for the Port of Baltimore. Airport has large and Eutaw Streets, endured to 1964), and tan brick terminal building with iconic popular also possibly the late 1800s and early 1900s observation platform on the roof of one of the owner of several local theaters, builder and wings/concourses used by many curious Mary- impresserio, James L. Kernan, builder of the land citizens “watching the planes”. Ties city apex of hospitality and hostelery with an art into world air travel and commerce for next gallery and live theater entertainment by con- half-century and sees tremendous growth with struction of his landmark Kernan’s Hotel, in compete re-building and expansion of facili- 1903 (later renamed Congress Hotel after ties, joining regional airports of Washington 62 4 20TH CENTURY

National Airport and Dulles International Air- Star State”. Ownership given to local Carroll port for national capital. Rosenbloom and team has several losing but • New headquarters banking building con- building seasons until Coach Weeb Eubank structed for Baltimore Federal Savings and until 1958 and 1959 with then winning NFL Loan Association, largest S. & L. in the region championships in iconic games versus the New in a distinctive Georgian architecture-styled York Giants aided by famous players such as building at southwest corner of East Fayette quarterback John Unitas. Team plays in the Street and St. Paul Street, a block north finally reconstructed and completed Memorial of junction with Light Street. Nicknamed Stadium on 33rd Street near Waverly in north- “Colonial Corner” of red brick and white trim east Baltimore, and builds practice facility with cupola, structure stands out amidst early in northwest Baltimore County near Owings 20th Century (post-1904 Great Baltimore Fire Mills. downtown office buildings, banks and com- mercial structures. • 1954 – • 1951 - • St. Louis Browns baseball team in the American League completes business deal • 1952 – previous November 1953 and relocates to Bal- timore and is renamed the new Baltimore First Negro (now Black/African American male students Orioles, returning the city to the ranks of integrate the Baltimore City Public Schools system, en- major league baseball, since 1903. Old tering the Baltimore Polytechnic Institute in the fall of Baltimore Orioles team of the minor-league 1952, after long consideration by moderate and progres- International League here since 1903–1911, sive members of the city’s Board of School Commission- 1916–1953, relocates to Havana, in Cuba. En- ers. Polytechnic is a “magnet”, specialized mathematics, tire city in delirium with Opening Day parade science, engineering and technology public high school, in April through downtown with new/old team and the case is made not to try and duplicate a simi- members and ceremonies with Vice President lar institution just for Negro students. Predates by two Richard M. Nixon throwing out the first ball in years later, the U.S. Supreme Court landmark decision in first game versus Chicago White Sox. “Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas” and • other cases, by May 1954.[17] Cylburn Wildflower Preserve and Garden Center formed to preserve and advance the gardens around the former “Cylburn” mansion • • Negotiations concluded in October between of stone Victorian-style architecture and home group of Baltimore businessmen led by of industrialist and Quaker stalwart Elisha Clarence Miles with baseball team owner Bill Tyson on , north of Druid Veeck to bring the American League baseball Hill Park, later renamed "Cylburn Arbore- franchise of the old St. Louis Browns to Bal- tum". timore for the following 1954–1955 season, marking the return to major league baseball • Final and full Desegregation of the Balti- after fifty-one years. more City Public School System, put into practice with Fall opening of public schools • 1953 – by moderate and progressive members of the city’s Board of School Commissioners in B&O Transportation Museum, under the sponsorship of September, after previous May 1954’s U.S. the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company opens at the Supreme Court unanimous decision. Pro- former Mount Clare Station and Shops, along West Pratt cess goes peacefully through most of the city Street with the old 1884 Roundhouse and workshops with exception of demonstrations and crowds in the Poppleton/Union Square/Mount Clare section of of resisters outside Southern High School in southwest Baltimore. Later renamed as the “B&O Rail- Federal Hill/Old South Baltimore, and old Pat- road Museum” and established as a private agency to pre- terson Park High School (on Ellwood Street) serve the legacy of the old famous Baltimore and Ohio in southeastern part of town. Railroad under the original sponsorship of the Baltimore • Baltimore-Washington Parkway opens be- and Ohio Railroad, later CSX Transportation. tween two major cities in central Maryland. • • Third incarnation of a pro football franchise • 1955 – Growing national civil rights protests across and team with a new Baltimore Colts awarded The South and the nation comes to Baltimore with to the city in the National Football League demonstration led by the local affiliate Congress of (NFL) from the former franchise Dallas Tex- Racial Equality (CORE), at largest of local chain- ans from one unsuccessful year in the “Lone store merchant Read’s Drug Store (known by the 4.2 1950s–1990s 63

1970s as “Rite-Aid”), with their iconic lunch coun- tition, rare in the U.S.A., Baltimore is also one of the ters at downtown store’s location at southeastern cor- first school systems in the nation to peacefully inte- ner of North Howard and West Lexington Streets, grate its high school athletic programs and led to a amidst many large department stores and movie the- great advance in racial harmony in the City in the atre district. next two decades unlike some Southern and border states which endured hostility and protests into the • 1956 – Admittance of the Frederick Douglass High 1980s. School (formerly “Colored” High School and Train- ing School before 1925, when founded in 1883), • 1957 – the Paul Laurence Dunbar Community High School, • and the Carver Vocational-Technical High School, Rapidly growing outer suburbs in Harford from the formerly racially segregated Baltimore County in the northeast Baltimore metro City Public Schools system (since the 1860s to area establishes a junior college (later called the May 1954 “Brown vs. Board of Education community college), with the opening in of Topeka, Kansas” decision by the United States September of the Harford Junior College with Supreme Court) into the Maryland Scholastic Asso- 116 students on the campus of the Bel Air ciation (MSA) which had been founded in 1919 (by High School in the county seat of Bel Air. Dr. Phillip H. Edwards – athletic coach and later Growth to 354 students four years later and noted Principal of the Baltimore City College in the later relocating several miles east in 1964 to 1930s and 1940s along with some other coaches Churchville on Thomas Run Road to a large and principals) for central Maryland area pri- tract for a park-like campus with construc- vate/parochial/independent secondary schools and tion of several academic and ancilary build- the high schools of Baltimore City (only a few ings. Name changed to Harford Community high schools then existed in other suburban coun- College in 1971. ties such as Baltimore, Harford, Carroll, Howard • Extinguishing on August 14 of last gas street- and Frederick Counties and the distance/expense light in the city which was the first in America with streetcars, inter-urban electric commuter trains to have gas lighting outside in 1817. Modern- or highway buses then used for weekly competi- ization process began earlier in decade with tions was prohibitive. The MSA was one of the replacement with mercury vapor lights. Old first public-private high school athletic leagues in lamps sent to Cape May, New Jersey and the country and its championships long constituted Disneyland in California. a “state championship”. The later Maryland Public • Secondary Schools Athletic Association (MPSSA) 1960 - In January, employees of the Social Secu- was not established until the latter 1950s as a rity Administration, first established in 1935 under burst of high schools opened in surrounding Bal- the "Social Security Act" of programs of the "New timore County with beginning athletic programs Deal" administration of 32nd President Franklin D. for boys only, and spread to a state-wide system Roosevelt, begin moving from their three-decades- which competed with the older senior league un- old headquarters at the Candler Building on Market til the early 1990s, when a new Baltimore City su- Place and East Pratt Street, across from the water- perintendent of schools, Walter Amprey, who grad- front “Basin” (later the famed "Inner Harbor") of the uated and began his teaching career in the city, Baltimore Harbor. New suburban campus of sev- spent most of his supervising/administrative career eral modern office buildings is constructed in the in the suburbs system, forced the withdrawal of the Woodlawn area (formerly known as Powhatan) of city schools (especially including athletic, all-male western Baltimore County, just off the route of the powerhouses City, Poly, and the co-ed neighbor- under-construction "Baltimore Beltway"(Interstate hood schools: Douglass, Dunbar, (previously “col- 695). Central access route through the area is desig- ored schools”) Forest Park, Patterson, Southern, nated Security Boulevard. Social Security becomes Edmondson, Northern, Northwestern, Southwest- one of the major employers of the county and metro ern, Lake Clifton, Walbrook, plus co-ed vocational- region. Old Candler Building had originally been technical institutions at Merganthaler and Carver the regional headquarters of the Coca Cola Bottling and all-girls Western High School and Eastern High Company centered in , Georgia, of which School) became part of the now larger “state league” Asa Griggs Candler, (1851-1929), whom the build- with its wider membership and reach now into all 23 ing was named for, was the prime mover, founder counties of Maryland with play-offs scheduled annu- and industrialist. Candler Building still exists and ally at the University of Maryland at College Park. renovated by 2010s. The old shrunken MSA now re-organized as two pri- vate school leagues with one for boys and another for • 1961 - girls sports. Although unfortunately losing its exem- plary private-public athletic partnership and compe- • 1962 - 64 4 20TH CENTURY

• 1963 – Schools near end of school year, in Spring 1967. Teachers arrested outside schools on picket lines, • (theater) opens on East North with formation of rival “Baltimore Teachers Union” Avenue, (in future renamed Station North of more radical American Federation of Teachers community by 2010s), in converted commer- and the older, 120 years old, "Public School Teach- cial buildings between townhouses between ers Association", (associated with old-line National North Charles and St. Paul Streets. Second Education Association). major theatre in downtown/mid-town city be- sides the new 1967 Morris A. Mechanic The- • 1968 atre at Charles Center on southwest corner of • Charles and Baltimore. Baltimore riot of 1968 • • Last running of electric streetcars in Balti- Baltimore American Indian Center is estab- more on 14 August when #8 car to Catonsville lished. turns into Irvington car barn of Baltimore • 1970 – Milton B. Allen elected as State’s Attorney Transit Company in southwestern city at 6:30 for Baltimore City and becomes the first African am. Groups of streetcar and railroad enthusi- American elected to a citywide office.[18] asts/historians ride special car taking photos, recording sounds and interviewing conductors • 1971 – William Donald Schaefer becomes mayor. with surrounding news media. By early 1990’s urban rail transit returns in modernized fash- • 1973 – Sister city relationship established with [19] ion known as "light rail", with a metro area Gbarnga, Liberia. central line from Glen Burnie to Hunt Valley, • 1974 – Baltimore municipal strike of 1974 using larger more complex cars, on streets and separate tracks. • 1976 – opens at Balti- more’s inner harbor. 11 Tall ships visit inner harbor • 1964 – as part of America’s Bicentennial Celebration. • The News American newspaper reorganized • 1979 and merged begins publication, by own- ers Hearst Corporation of previous Monday- • Baltimore Convention Center opens. Saturday daily Baltimore News-Post and old • Baltimore School for the Arts founded. Sunday weekly of Baltimore American whose antecedents go back to first daily newspaper • Celebration of 250th Anniversary of founding published in the city in 1773 by William God- of Baltimore Town in 1729/1730. dard. • 1980 • New Holiday Inn chain/syndicate of ho- tels/motels constructed at the southwest corner • Harborplace opens, under leadership of James of South Howard and West Lombard Streets, Rouse. opposite Baltimore Civic Center/1st Mariner • Baltimore Area Convention & Visitors Asso- Arena. It is the first structure to have a perma- ciation formed, later known as “Visit Balti- nent revolving, roof-top restaurant in Amer- more”. ica, with views of Inner Harbor and downtown • business district, plus new Charles Center to Population: 787,000 people (approximate) the northeast. in figures from Twentieth Dicennial United States Census of 1980. • 1965 – First major suspension in city’s history of • all daily newspapers publications in city against the 1981 Baltimore Sun and Baltimore News-American" dur- • National Aquarium in Baltimore opens on for- ing Spring – March – June, with striking reporters mer Pier 3 on East Pratt Street facing Inner and editors later publishing their own “strike papers” Harbor Museum has 5,600 animals to exhibit – “Baltimore Banner” and “Baltimore Herald” tem- which grows to about 17,000 by25 years later. porarily. Famous incident with Mayor William Donald • 1966 – Baltimore Orioles win their first American Schaefer swimming in outside dolphin pool if League championship and go on to win the first the museum was not opened by a certain orig- four games of the World Series against the National inal “construction complete” deadline. Me- League and the Dodgers. dia and photographers cluster about for great iconic scene as Schaefer comes out with rub- • 1967 – First major job action with several weeks ber duckie wearing old 19th Century style long labor strike against Baltimore City Public bathing suit and straw-boater hat. 65

• Baltimore Museum of Industry opens off Key obtained from government art and humanities pro- Highway of north side of old South Bal- grams through state senator Perry Sfikas and U.S. timore/Locust Point/Whetstone Point penin- Senator , in addition to contin- sula on shoreline of North West Branch of ued private fund-raising with matching grants. Old Patapsco River and Baltimore Harbor. Patterson movie theatre built 1910 as silent movies gallery and dance hall, razed 1929 and replaced by • 1982 – Joseph Meyerhoff Symphony Hall opens off current building, closes for regular second-run flics Cathedral Street and Maryland Avenue in northwest in 1995. New Creative Alliance space opens May corner of Mount Vernon-Belvedere-Mount Royal 16, 2003, with 2 art galleries, 2 performing spaces, mid-town neighborhood. New home for Baltimore 200 seat theatre, classrooms, media lab, living/work Symphony Orchestra. studios, offices, sidewalk café, becomes revitalizer to Highlandtown commercial/business district. • 1983 – • 1996 – Cleveland Browns professional football team • Baltimore Metro Subway begins operating. from the old All-America Football Conference of • Great Blacks in Wax Museum established. 1946–1949, and the National Football League move • Baltimore Business Journal established as a their team by long-time owner Art Modell and are weekly tabloid in March. renamed the Baltimore Ravens, playing their first two seasons at old Colts Palace, the Memorial Sta- • 1986 – National Association for the Advance- dium on 33rd Street. Later moves into new field off ment of Colored People headquarters relocates to Russell Street and Baltimore-Washington Parkway Baltimore.[20] near Camden Yards, at "P.S.I.-Net Stadium". • • 1987 – January, Clarence H. (“Du”) Burns, Pres- 1998 – Ravens Stadium opens with name of com- ident of the Baltimore City Council, becomes the pany of “P.S.I.-Net”. first African American mayor of Baltimore City, succeeding William Donald Schaefer when he is inaugurated Governor of Maryland in December. 5 21st century In NovemberKurt Schmoke defeats burns and be- comes first African American elected as mayor of • 2000 – Baltimore. • National Katyń Memorial is cast and con- • 1989 – Contemporary Museum Baltimore founded. structed of bronze on stone base in newly re-developed Harbor East area, (southeast of • 1990 – Muslim Community Cultural Center Inner Harbor) at the foot of President Street established.[21][22] boulevard in International Circle to commem- orate Polish Army officers murdered en masse • 1992 by Soviet Russians under dictator Joseph Stalin after invading eastern part of country • Baltimore Light Rail modern streetcar system following original invasion of Nazi Germany begins operating. under Adolf Hitler from the west, beginning • Oriole Park at Camden Yards baseball stadium World War II in September 1939. Bodies southwest of Inner Harbor off Russell Street buried in the forest in mass graves found 1941 (leading to Baltimore-Washington Parkway), by Germans, (after their further invasion of South Howard Street and Camden Streets the Soviet Union following later), who were opens after 2 year construction project.[23] originally blamed. Massacre caused by at- tempt of Soviets to decimate effective anti- • 1995 – Fells Point Creative Alliance, a coalition of Communist leaders and intelligentsia for fu- artists and supporters, established by volunteers in ture post-war occupation. Statue artwork and Fells Point as a hybrid gallery, performance spaces, memorial plaques sponsored by local Balti- artists studios and guild. First located temporar- more community of Polish-Americans. ily in a neighborhood rowhouse, later moves to an old Loyal Order of Moose lodge building/hall • 2001 – January 28, 2001, Baltimore Ravens, the in Highlandtown, then to old trolley car barn on transferred franchise from former Cleveland Browns Thames Street facing waterfront and old Recre- in 1994 with owner Art Modell win first champi- ation/City/Broadway Pier. Temporarily at old “Pep onship for 2000 season (Superbowl XXXV) in the Boys” auto parts store in Highlandtown again, finally National Football League, at new M&T Bank Sta- begins $4.5 million campaign for converting old dium (“Ravens Stadium”). First pro football trophy Patterson Theatre on Eastern Avenue, at East Av- since old Baltimore Colts in 1958, 1959, 1968, 1970 enue, which will cost $3.6 million. Helped by grants (Superbowl III). 66 7 REFERENCES

• 2002 – organizations and eventual bankruptcy for the local long-time . • The Portal (community center) opens. • fictional cable television program se- • 2010 – ries set in Baltimore about city police fighting • Stephanie Rawlings-Blake, (born 1970), also local drug dealers with monitored, recorded previously Vice President, then President phone conversations begins national broadcast of Baltimore City Council (and previously on HBO (Home Box Office). youngest when first elected as Council- • 2005 – Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Mary- member) becomes Mayor.[24] land African-American History & Culture opens on • 2010 Baltimore beating northeast corner of President Street boulevard and • Population: 620,961, recorded for the total East Pratt Street, just west of the historic Star Span- residents in the City from the United States Di- gled Banner Flag House of Mary Pickersgill, in cennial Census of 2010. Jonestown/"Old Town” community, north of Little Italy, east of Inner Harbor. Benefitted from use • 2011 of state and city funds plus bequest from estate of noted local black industrialist, financier and philan- • "" campaign begins, set- thropist, Reginald F. Lewis (1942–1993). ting up downtown demonstrations and squatter camps at various locations protesting for em- • 2006 – The Baltimore Examiner begins publication ployment, against large financial institutions as a group of independent tabloid newspapers begin- and lack of economic equality in America. ning with a begun by the new • proprietors of Clarity Media Group Officer James Fowler ticket incident of the which they bought • Lyric Opera Baltimore further endowed with earlier from the Hearst Corporation, (flagship paper large bequest from Art and wife Patricia Mod- founded by late magnate William Randolph Hearst), ell, owners of pro football team Baltimore which in turn had purchased the more economi- Ravens since move from Ohio with Cleveland cally viable competing paper San Francisco Chroni- Browns in 1994 to renovate and expand old cle. Examiner paper continues publication and pro- 1894 Lyric Theatre on Mount Royal Avenue vides alternative and more politically conservative in northern part of Mount Vernon-Belvedere- editorial views in the city for about two years and re- Mount Royal mid-town neighborhood. addi- cruits many new reporters/columnists/editors from tional title and renamed as “Art and Patricia old Baltimore Sun of media chain syndicate Chicago Modell Performing Arts Center at the Lyric Tribune Company. Has offices on East Pratt Street Opera House” facing Inner Harbor with name of paper emblazoned • on top of office building. 2012 – 2012 St. Patrick’s Day beating • [25] • 2007 – , (born 1953), President of the 2013 – BaltimoreCode.org released. Baltimore City Council succeeds to and becomes city’s first female Mayor, with election and inaugu- ration of two-term incumbent Martin O'Malley as 6 See also Governor of Maryland in Annapolis. • • 2008 – Hilton Baltimore, a designated “conven- tion hotel” built across Camden Street (and between • List of mayors of Baltimore South Howard and Paca Streets) from Camden Street Station (of old Baltimore and Ohio Railroad), • National Register of Historic Places listings in Bal- now the Sports Legends Museum, and adjacent to timore, Maryland Oriole Park at Camden Yards baseball stadium and • List of museums in Baltimore sports complex to the south and the Baltimore Con- vention Center to the north. • 2009 – Sheila Dixon trial for corruption and misus- 7 References ing retail gift cards donated for charitable cases for her personal use. She is convicted and is later re- [1] John Calvin Colson (Winter 1986). “The Fire Company moved from office as mayor. Library Associations of Baltimore, 1838–1858”. Journal of Library History 21. • "Great Recession of 2009” causes major un- employment in Baltimore and caused eco- [2] “Baltimore”, Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), New nomic problems for various arts and cultural York, 1910, OCLC 14782424 67

[3] “US Newspaper Directory”. Chronicling America. Wash- [22] Pluralism Project. “Baltimore, Maryland”. Directory of ington, D.C.: Library of Congress. Retrieved September Religious Centers. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard 15, 2012. University. Retrieved October 14, 2013.

[4] Jedidiah Morse (1797), “Baltimore”, The American [23] Alan Greenblatt (2006), “Downtown Renaissance”, CQ gazetteer, Boston: At the presses of S. Hall, and Thomas Researcher 16 (24)(subscription required) & Andrews [24] “Meet the Mayors”. Washington, D.C.: United States [5] Charles Varle (1833), A complete view of Baltimore, Bal- Conference of Mayors. Retrieved March 30, 2013. timore: S. Young

[6] Charles Coffin Jewett (1851), Notices of public libraries in [25] “Sunlight Cities”. Washington, D.C.: Sunlight Founda- the United States of America, Washington, D.C.: Smithso- tion. July 17, 2013. Retrieved October 14, 2013. nian

[7] William Fry (1812), Fry’s Baltimore directory, for the year 1812, Baltimore: Printed by B.W. Sower, & Co. for the 8 Further reading publisher

[8] “History of Fort McHenry”. U.S. National Park Service. 8.1 Published in the 19th century Retrieved September 15, 2012. • David Brewster, ed. (1830). “Baltimore”. [9] C. Keenan (1822), The Baltimore directory for 1822 & Edinburgh Encyclopædia. Edinburgh: William '23, Baltimore: Printed by R.J. Matchett Blackwood. [10] Davies Project. “American Libraries before 1876”. Princeton University. Retrieved September 15, 2012. • “Baltimore, Md.”, American Advertising Directory, for Manufacturers and Dealers in American Goods, [11] Joseph Lawrence Yeatman (Fall 1985). “Literary Culture New York: Jocelyn, Darling & Co., 1831, OCLC and the Role of Libraries in Democratic America: Balti- 1018684 more, 1815–1840”. Journal of Library History 20. • [12] J. Thomas Scharf (1881), History of Baltimore city and Henry Schenck Tanner (1837), “Map of Baltimore”, county, from the earliest period to the present day: in- The American Traveller (3rd ed.), Philadelphia: The cluding biographical sketches of their representative men, author Philadelphia: L.H. Everts • Henry Schenck Tanner (1841), “Baltimore”, A geo- [13] Eugene Fauntleroy Cordell (1903), “Chronology”, The graphical, historical and statistical view of the cen- medical annals of Maryland, 1799–1899, Baltimore: tral or middle United States, Philadelphia: H. Tan- [Press of Williams & Wilkins company] ner, Jr., OCLC 1525712 [14] Michel S. Laguerre (2005). “Hatians in the United States”. In Melvin Ember, et al. Encyclopedia of Dias- • Woods’s Baltimore City Directory. Baltimore: John poras. Springer. p. 828+. ISBN 978-0-306-48321-9. W. Woods.

[15] The Baltimore city directory, for 1858–59, Baltimore, Md: • 1867–68, 1868–69 John W. Woods, 1858 • 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, [16] Baltimore (1881), 1730–1880: Celebration of the 150th 1877, 1878, 1879 Anniversary of the Settlement of Baltimore Town, Balti- • more: Printed by order of the Mayor and City Council 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1886

[17] “Integration of Baltimore Polytechnic High School”. • J. Thomas Scharf (1874), The chronicles of Balti- Maryland Civil Rights.org. Archived from the original on more: being a complete history of “Baltimore town” October 6, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-11. and Baltimore city from the earliest period to the present time, Baltimore: Turnbull Bros., OCLC [18] http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2003-02-13/news/ 0302130334_1_allen-state-attorney-baltimore 11971847

[19] “Explaining Baltimore’s Complicated Relationship With • “Baltimore”, Appleton’s Illustrated Hand-Book of Its Sister Cities”. Atlantic Cities. April 21, 2014. American Cities, New York: D. Appleton and Com- pany, 1876 [20] Paul T Hellmann (2004). Historical Gazetteer of the United States. Taylor & Francis. • Carroll D. Wright (1894), Slums of Baltimore, [21] “Muslim Community Cultural Center of Baltimore”. Chicago, New York, and Philadelphia, Special Re- Muslim Community of Baltimore. Retrieved October 14, port of the Commissioner of Labor, Washington, 2013. D.C.: Government Printing Office 68 9 EXTERNAL LINKS

8.2 Published in the 20th century

• Robert C. Brooks (1901), “Baltimore”, Bibliography of Municipal Problems and City Conditions, Munic- ipal Affairs 5 (2nd ed.), New York: Reform Club, OCLC 1855351 • Edward Hungerford (1913), “Monumental City”, The Personality of American Cities, New York: McBride, Nast & Company • Andrew Cunningham McLaughlin and Albert Bush- nell Hart, ed. (1914). “Baltimore”. Cyclopedia of American Government 1. D. Appleton and Com- pany. • Polk’s Baltimore City Directory. Baltimore: R.L. Polk & Co. • 1922, 1923 • Federal Writers’ Project (1940). “Baltimore”. Maryland: a Guide to the Old Line State. American Guide Series. NY: Oxford University Press. • Robert I. Vexler (1975), Howard B. Furer, ed., Bal- timore: a Chronological & Documentary History, 1632–1970, American Cities Chronology Series, Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, ISBN 0- 379-00602-2 • “Baltimore: The Hidden City”, National Geographic Magazine (Washington, D.C.) 147, 1975 – via Gale (subscription required) • Ory Mazar Nergal, ed. (1980), “Baltimore”, Encyclopedia of American Cities, New York: E.P. Dutton, OL 4120668M • George Thomas Kurian (1994), “Baltimore”, World Encyclopedia of Cities, 1: North America, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO (fulltext via Open Library)

8.3 Published in the 21st century

• Oren M. Levin-Waldman (2004). The Political Economy of the Living Wage: A Study of Four Cities. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-3705-5. (Balti- more, Detroit, Los Angeles, New Orleans)

9 External links

• Digital Public Library of America. Works related to Baltimore, various dates • Europeana. Items related to Baltimore, Maryland, various dates.

Coordinates: 39°17′00″N 76°37′00″W / 39.283333°N 76.616667°W 69

10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

10.1 Text

• Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20Baltimore?oldid=642972325 Contributors: Whisper- ToMe, Topbanana, Woohookitty, Tabletop, Mandarax, Tim!, Lockley, Vegaswikian, Naraht, Ground Zero, Bgwhite, RussBot, Grafen, Welsh, Chris the speller, Jprg1966, Colonies Chris, BillFlis, PRRfan, ChrisCork, ShelfSkewed, Cydebot, JustAGal, Nick Number, Ma- gioladitis, KConWiki, R'n'B, Squids and Chips, Yintan, Marylandstater, Sfan00 IMG, Niceguyedc, Solar-Wind, SchreiberBike, TwoPair- sOfBoots, TutterMouse, Tassedethe, Yobot, Ulric1313, Citation bot, LilHelpa, The Banner, GenQuest, FrescoBot, M2545, Moonraker, Cnwilliams, Cowlibob, John of Reading, Dewritech, Bollyjeff, Thouny, Ego White Tray, BG19bot, Gorthian, DPL bot, Hamish59, Batty- Bot, Mogism, Epicgenius, Jamesmcmahon0, Jodosma, DavidLeighEllis, Duane E. Tressler, YosefKuperman, Kahtar, GinAndChronically, LukasMatt, Skippypeanuts and Anonymous: 35

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10.3 Content license

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