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External Carotid Artery, Subclavian Artery, Internal Jugular Vein and Its Tributaries, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Glands

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External Carotid Artery, Subclavian Artery, Internal Jugular Vein and Its Tributaries, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Glands External carotid artery, subclavian artery, internal jugular vein and its tributaries, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands By Ivo Klepáček Three vascular systems are finally formed: Intraembryonic (cardinal); aortic sac (later gives VJI ACErise aortic arches) Vitelline (aa. + vv.) THYROIDDevelopment of the vascular Placental system (umbilical Day 27 aa. + vv.) 1st –VJImaxillary artery ACE 2nd – hyoid, stapedial aa. 3rd – common carotid a. and first part of the internal carotid a., external carotid a. 4th – part of the subclavian aa. THYROIDsome of intersegmental arteries Main arteries Common carotid artery (left) Brachiocephalic trunk (right) Internal carotid artery VJI ACEExternal carotid artery THYROID Variations of the aortic arch branches VJI ACE THYROID Fascia pretrachealis a ACC VJI ACEPretracheal fascia and ACC THYROID Sympathetic nerve trunks VJI ACE THYROID Common carotid artery Anterolaterally – skin, fascia, sternocleidomastoid muscle, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, superior belly of the omohyoid Posteriorly – transverse process of the C4VJI vertebrae, prevertebral muscles,ACE sympathetic trunk Medially – wall of the pharynx and larynx, trachea, esophagus, the lobe of the thyroid gland THYROIDLaterally – the internal jugular vein, vagus nerve (posterolaterally) branches: Arteria carotis Temporalis superficialis, maxillaris, externa ACE thyroidea sup., lingualis, pharyngea ascendens, auricularis posterior, occipitalis a. pharyngea VJIascendens ACE a. STCLM THYROIDFor full head External carotid instead of orbit, inner artery ECA ear and brain VJI ACE THYROID VJI ACE Variety THYROIDVarieties External carotid artery ECA Anterolaterally – sternocleidomastoid muscle, XII. nerve, within parotid gland is crossed by VII.VJI nerve, fascia, skin ACE Medially – wall of the pharynx, internal carotid artery, stylopharyngeus, THYROIDpharyngeal branch of the vagus For head without orbit, inner ear and brain Superficial temporal artery Arteria temporalis superficialis For gl. parotis, TMJ, m. orbicularis oculi, m. temporalis; • glandular branches VJI ACEtransversa faciei (for mimic muscles) • rr. auriculares anteriores (capsule of TMJ) • a. zygomaticoorbitalis • a. temporalis media • frontal branches THYROID• parietal branches Superior thyroid a., Arteria thyroidea VJI ACEsuperior For thyroid gland,; Ventral branch anastomoses with the same contralateral opposite artery ; Dorsal branch anastomoses with inferior thyroid a., THYROID• glandular branches • superior laryngeal a., muscular branches Superior pharyngeal a., Arteria pharyngea VJI ACEascendens The very thin artery, supplies pharynx pharyngeal branches (for truncus sympathicus, vagus, n. hypoglossus and pharynx) • Meningeal branches (for dura mater) THYROID• inferior tympanic artery (for tympanic cavity) For tongue; • Suprahyoid branch • Sublingual a. (for sublingual gland) • Dorsal lingual branches (from tongue root to VJI ACEepiglottis) • a. profunda linguae (deep lingual a. – for intraglossal muscles; it proceeds to THYROIDfrenulum linguae) Arteria lingualis - inside paralingual canal (canalis paralingualis) Trigonum Pirogovi (Pirogoff ´triangle) Angulus Béclardi (Béclard´ angle) Pierre Augustin Béclard, French anatomist VJI ACE(*1785- †1825) THYROID Nikolaj Ivanovič, Pirogov Russian surgeon (*1810 - †1881) Facial artery Arteria facialis VJI ACEFor neck and face; • Ascending palatine a. (for soft palate and palatine tonsil) • Glandular branches (for submandibular gland) • Submental a. (for mylohyoid a., anterior belly of digastric m.) • Superior and inferior labial aa. THYROID(they form circle around rima oris) • alaris nasi m. • angularis m. Arteria maxillaris – VJI ACEbranches THYROID Arteria maxillaris – retromandibular branches VJI ACE THYROID Arteria maxillaris – retromandibular part • a. auricularis profunda • a. tympanica anterior VJI ACE• a. meningea media • a. alveolaris THYROIDinferior • Superior posterior alveolar a. • Infraorbital a. • Palatine descendens a.: a. palatina major et minores a. canalis pterygoidei • a. sphenopalatina: a. nasales posteriores laterales et VJI ACEnasales posteriores septales Arteria maxillaris THYROID– branches from pterygopalatinous part For soft meningeal membranes; • Occipital branches • Sternocleidomastoid brr. (sternocleidomastoid a. – crosses arcus nervi hypoglossi) • Auricular br. • Mastoid ale br. (for dura mater near mastoid canal) • Meningeal brr. (for dura VJI ACEmater near for. jugulare) • Stylomastoid a. (for cavum tympani, canales semicirculares and cellulae mastoideae; • Posterior tympanic a. THYROIDsupplies cavum tympani) Occipital artery + posterior auricular a. Arteriae occipitalis + auricularis posterior Internal carotic artery ICA Carotic sinus (baroreceptor) Cervical part – sinus caroticus, no branches Petrous part – caroticotympanic aa. Cavernous part – meningeal branch, hypophysial br. ganglionic trigeminal inferior brr. CerebralVJI part – ophtalmic ACE a., (right angle), superior hypophysial a., communicans posterior a., choroid anterior a. Terminal branches: Anterior cerebral a. THYROID Medial cerebral a. Carotic siphon Willis circle (circulus arteriosus cerebri Willisi) VJI ACE THYROID Internal carotid artery Arteria carotis interna VJI ACE THYROID Internal carotid artery - intracranial branches Internal carotid artery ICA Anterolaterally – below the digastric lies XII. nerve, sternocleidomastoid muscle, fascia, skin – above the digastric lies the pharyngeal branch of the vagus, IX. nerve, stylohyoid, stylopharyngeus muscles, parotid gland,VJI external carotid artery ACE Posteriorly – sympathetic trunk, longus capitis muscle, transverse vertebral process THYROIDMedially – wall of the pharynx, superior laryngeal nerve Laterally – internal jugular vein, X. nerve VJI ACE THYROID ACI has anastomoses with maxillary artery in nasal septum ophtalmic a. Willis´ arterial cerebral VJIcircle ACE circulus Thomas Willis arteriosu (1621-1673), s cerebri an English physician THYROIDWillisi VJI ACE Ophtalmic artery THYROIDArteria ophtalmica VJI ACE THYROID Development of the venous system Umbilical veins from the chorion Vitelline veins from the yolk sac Cardinal veins from VJIthe ACE embryonic body THYROID Venae capitis et colli Head and neck VJI ACEveins THYROID Superficial veins: external jugular, anterior jugular and branches VJI ACEDeep veins Venae profundae: Pterygoid plexus THYROIDPlexus pterygoideus Internal jugular Facial vein Vena facialis VJI ACE THYROID Vena facialis can be open to from: Vena jugularis externa Vena jugularis interna Vena jugularis anterior VJI ACE THYROID Pterygoid plexus VJI ACE THYROID VJI ACE THYROID Pterygoid venous plexus and its tributaries: n superior ophtalmic p inferior ophtalmic n infraorbital VJI ACEvein to pterygoid plexus (through foramen ovale – rete) r deep facial u buccal THYROIDinferior alveolar vein ... retromandibular vein h maxillary veins VJI ACE THYROID VJI ACE THYROID VJI ACE THYROIDInternal jugular vein Vena jugularis interna Subclavian artery (a. subclavia) – VJI ACE THYROID Subclavian artery Parts and trunci (a. subclavia) – relations and branches sulcus arteria subclaviae pulmonis apertura thoracis superior sulcus arteriae subclaviae costae primae fissura scalenorum branchesVJI exhibit variations ACE (thoracic outlet syndrom) steal phenomenon (a. vertebralis) Arteria subclavia Arteria vertebralis THYROIDTruncus thyrocervicalis Truncus costocervicalis arteria thoracica interna Vertebral artery Prevertebral part Cervical or transverse part (C6-C1) → spinal and muscular branches Atlantic part – sulcus a.v., meVJImbrana ACE atlantooccipitalis post., foramen occipitale magnum Intracranial part Meningeal brr. a. inferior posterior cerebellar brr. (→ a. spinalis post.) THYROID Ant. spinalis branches a. vertebralis Arteries VJI ACE THYROID VJI ACE THYROIDTrigonum scalenovertebrale Scalenovertebral triangle Blood source for brain: Carotis interna 80% Vertebralis 20% VJI ACE THYROID VJI ACE THYROID VJI ACE THYROID VJI ACE Lymph outflow from the head THYROIDtissues VJI ACEjugulodigastric THYROIDjuguloomohyoid Glandula thyroidea Thyroid gland VJI ACE THYROID Thyroid gland – structure and role Parts Lobus dx., sin. (4) isthmus (6) VJIlobus pyramidalis (6) ACE Metabolic role thyroxin T4, trijodtyronin T3 THYROID calcitonin External forms, VJI ACEcovers, varieties Capsula propria Fascia perithyroidea THYROID Thyroid gland - structure capsule septated internal space follicles (50 - 900 um) Ball-like VJIOne-layered epithelium lining ACE follicles Contains colloid - thyreoglobulin Follicular cells - thyreoglobulin, (accelerates metabolic activity and growth) Parafollicular cells - calcitonin THYROID(decreases Ca level in blood and supports Ca accumulation in bones) Thyroid follicles Follicular cells VJI ACE THYROID Colloid Parafollicular cells (clear cells) Thyroid gland - development Develops from the epithelialVJI ACE proliferation in the point between copula and THYROIDtuberculum impar Thyroid gland - development From day 24 Endodermal pouch to primitive pharynx Descent to the VJI ACEsuprasternal area (thyroglossal duct, foramen caecum Formation of the lobes (even pyramidal lobe) THYROIDAppearance of the parathyroid glands VJI ACE THYROID Ductus thyroglossus VJI ACE THYROID Thyroglossal duct VJICysta ACE thyreoglossea Thyroglossal THYROIDcyst Thyroid gland Arterial supply VJI ACE A. thyroidea sup. (from a. carotis ext.) A. thyroidea inf. (from truncus thyrocervicalis); is crossing THYROIDn. laryngeus recurrens A. thyroidea ima (2% - from arcus aortae) VJI ACE
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