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Identification of Speech Acts Performed by a 25-26 Months Old

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Identification of Speech Acts Performed by a 25-26 Months Old Identification of Speech Acts Performed by a 25-26 Months Old Kholosi-Persian Bilingual Child [PP: 12-18] Salah Addin Rahimi Department of Foreign Languages & Linguistics, Shiraz University Iran ABSTRACT Language acquisition is the process whereby child being exposed to hearing how language is employed within its environment. (Vygotsky, 1986). Nino and Snow (1988) stated that the prominent aspect for communicative speech is when the individual has particular purposes of conducting various social communicative act which speaker performs through verbal means. This study aims to give description on the types of the speech acts. To this end, the corpus data is taken from kholosi child. The family was living in village, Kholos is located in kookherd district of Bastak region in the western part of Hormozgan province, southern Iran. This research was single cases study, when he was between 25 and 26 months. The researcher selected case study method due to achieve in – depth understanding of single aspect of the subject under investigation, because the aims of an investigation are understanding, extension of experience and rise the knowledge regarding the research (Stake, 1978). Data was collected with method of observation and note taking. The researcher tried to gather the data through the stimulating technique. Data gathering was done for 1 month from June-July 2017. Data collecting processes carried out regularly that is every day. The analysis of data indicates that the child had verbalized 34 speech acts when he was between the ages of 25-26 months. Moreover, the child verbalized two languages of Kholosi and Bastaki either singly or as mixed utterances. The classification of the 9 speech acts represents that of child’s 34 speech acts recorded when he was between 25-26 months, the child mainly employed the speech acts for the purpose of request, imitation, naming referent, complaints, rejection, identification of place or position, question, claim and drawing attention. Keywords: Speech Acts, Language Acquisition, Bilingual, Kholosi, Bastaki ARTICLE The paper received on Reviewed on Accepted after revisions on INFO 20/01/2020 22/02/2020 08/04/2020 Suggested citation: Cite this article as: Rahimi, S. (2020). Identification of Speech Acts Performed by a 25-26 Months Old Kholosi- Persian Bilingual Child. International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies. 8(1). 12-18. 1. Introduction is this consistency that enables the child to In the domain of language acquisition, learn to differentiate the various sounds we know that infants are born somehow from each other and as he grows up, he also helpless and unequipped, but within two or develops the ability to make sense of those three years of age, we are surprised by their language sounds and how to use them ability to use language almost in the same appropriately. Generally, children are able manner and the same quality an adult to acquire language, without being speaker does. Most theories of language specifically taught by their two years of age. acquisition try to find out the various Regarding linguistic theory development, possible and potential reasons which could Owens (1992:15) believed that language is be seen as an explanation of such an not only built from form and meaning but achievement. Among various theories also pragmatic aspect, i.e. language use. His proposed, one of them argues that the child’s insight is related to Morris’ linguistic ability to use language is due to exposure to subdivision that language is seen as a hearing how language is used within its symbol system comprised of syntactical, environment (see Vygotsky 1986). This semantic, and pragmatic aspects. Syntactical theory or argument, undoubtedly, refers to component examines relations between the context where the child consistently symbols; semantic aspect refers to hears language being spoken and used by the interaction between symbols and their adults and siblings in the environment where meaning. Finally, pragmatic aspect he is developing. The same theory also examines relation between symbols and their maintains that the sounds of language are use (Nababan, 1987:4). Children heard over and over again by the child and it conversation comprised of semantic feature Identification of Speech Acts Performed by a 25-26 Months Old Kholosi-Persian ….. Salah Addin Rahimi ‘here and now’ and they are able to acquire was collected in an intimate family setting language through interaction with individual through interaction between child-parent around them. (Owen, 1992; Dardjowidjojo, conversations in intimate environment. Data 2003) and child with age of 2, children was collected through method of observation would have had ability to respond to short and note taking. The researcher tried to conversation. Chaer (2003:228) explained at gather the data through the stimulating the of sensory motor period children would technique. The study included detailed be able to think about world to state their transcription of the child’s conversation with experience and simple action that in this his parent, specifically with the mother. The phase, children are assumed to be able to age intentionally was selected in order to comprehend and produce indirect speech capture early language development with pre acts. The research was conducted to linguistic communicative forms such as investigate and give empirical explanation to gesture and vocalization. the hypothesis on children speech acts Thus, based on the above objectives, development. Thus, the study aims to the tries to address the following question: discover beyond grammatical and semantic How are speech acts performed in the that children language generally can be utterances of a Kholosi child? comprehended through and based on 2. Literature Review empirical data. 2.1 Speech Acts and Pragmatics 1.1 Significance of the Study Pragmatics deals with how language is Generally speaking, there is a finite used in context and the relationship between number of scientific information on the language use and language form. It is to do languages of western Hormozgan province with various aspects of non-literal meaning, and none of languages and dialects aspects of meaning which are not taken into documented in Hormozgan province. account by the code/conduit model of Recently, the number of documentations of communication. These aspects of non-literal work on language in the western area of meaning are dealt with under designations Hormozgan has revealed especially on the such as: speech acts; conversational dialects of Bastak and Buchir (Rashidi, implicature; the Cooperative Principle, 2008). However, little documentation politeness and relevance. This paper focuses conducted for the Kholosi language. It only on speech acts. should be noted that Kholosi language is one 2.2 Definition of Speech Acts variety that is separated from all the dialects Yuniarti (2010) reported of western area of Hormozgan. Accordingly, comprehension of directive speech act at Anonby (2011) suggested that Kholosi is pre-school ages. It was found that when known as an Indo-Aryan language that has refusing or accepting, children used verbal some similar properties of dominant Iranian and nonverbal methods followed by languages through intense contact.Indo- minimizing negative face threat strategies. Aryan branch of Indo-Iranian language has Prayitno (2011) reported on technique and not examined and investigated especially strategies of directive politeness acts of regarding linguistic landscape of Iran such elementary school students with a Javanese as Kholosi language. Thus, in acquiring culture. The research found that (1) directive language, there are various limitation to politeness acts tended to be realized through generate words and senences in every stage acts of ordering and requesting; and that (2) in Kholosi language. Therefore, significance directive politeness act realization tended to of this study stems from the issues how to be expressed with direct and indirect method use of language can be employed as a basis and non-literal modus better than direct for comprehending Kholosi child’s cognitive method or literal modus; and also (3) that and social development, where both directive politeness acts was made up of loss components generally produced through and benefit scale and direct and indirect characteristic of language used by children scale so that it could not cover scale of 1.2 Objective of the Study choice and option; and (4) social harmony as The current case study has examined a cultural principle used by elementary the different speech acts produced by school students with Javanese culture had Kholosi child through observation. Due to shortage of interaction on politeness all limitations the researcher had in data strategies of Javanese culture. Handayani collection, this study is narrowed down to (2012) found that elementary school give description on the types of speech acts. students made refusal acts by verbal . The child was living in bilingual setting of language and gesture. Refusals were done by Bastaki and Kholosi languages. The data International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies (www.eltsjournal.org) ISSN:2308-5460 Volume: 08 Issue: 01 January-March, 2020 Page | 13 International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies (www.eltsjournal.org) ISSN:2308-5460 Volume: 08 Issue: 01 January-March, 2020 direct and indirect speech acts both literally investigated the acquisition of Indonesian at and non-literally. five years of
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