Dokter Jankowsky Alias Sigmund Rascher

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Dokter Jankowsky Alias Sigmund Rascher Dokter Jankowsky alias Sigmund Rascher Nogmaals over referentialiteit in Louis Ferrons DE KEISNIJDER VAN FICHTENWALD (1976) Jan Konst (Freie Universität Berlin) Abstract This article shows how Nazi doctor Sigmund Rascher (1909-1945) was the model for Doctor Jankowsky, the protagonist of Louis Ferron’s De keisnijder van Fichtenwald [The stone-cutter of Fichtenwald] (1976). This has interesting implications for the way in which the novel can be read. If you look at the last part of Ferron’s ‘Teutonic trilogy’ as a roman à clé, it is possible to discover a core meaning in this work – something which existing interpretations generally reject. The novel can be understood as the fic- titious report of a notorious war criminal who tries to portray his own actions during the war years in as positive a light as possible. With an appeal to so-called Modest Actual Intentionalism, this reading of De keisnijder van Fichtenwald is seen in the light of statements which Ferron himself made on his novel. The article printed here is a direct continuation of an earlier article of mine on De keisnijder van Fichtenwald which was published in this magazine one and a half years ago. Er is sprake van een opmerkelijke discrepantie tussen uitspraken van Louis Ferron over De keisnijder van Fichtenwald en de visies die literatuurwetenschappers op deze roman ontwikkeld hebben. Laatstgenoemden bezien het werk over het algemeen tegen de achtergrond van het postmodernisme. Zij oordelen dat men de roman niet kan lezen als een uitbeelding van de empirische werkelijkheid, zoals die door het traditionele, ‘realistische’ proza beoogd wordt. Ferron zou op die manier niet alleen het referentiële karakter van de literatuur problematiseren, maar bovendien vraagtekens plaatsen bij het wezen en de kenbaarheid van de realiteit.1 Dit laat- 19 Guest (guest) IP: 170.106.40.139 Jan Konst ste heeft Ferron in interviews over De keisnijder van Fichtenwald zelf evenwel nooit gedaan. Hij geeft zijn ondervragers gelijk dat de constructie met twee vertellers gecompliceerd is en ook de verhouding tussen Friedolien en Jankowsky is allesbe- halve eenvoudig, maar: ‘Het klopt wel. Ik heb er erg over zitten broeden. Het klopt echt.’2 De verschillen tussen Ferron en de literatuurwetenschappers die zijn werk in het licht van de theorievorming rond het postmodernisme bezien, kunnnen toe- gespitst worden op de vraag of De keisnijder van Fichtenwald een betekeniskern heeft. Op grond van de verregaande fragmentatie en de talrijke inconsistenties hebben veel onderzoekers geconcludeerd dat de roman niet gefixeerd kan worden in een centrale gedachte, een thema dat de afzonderlijke verhaalelementen in een zinvol verband plaatst. Ferron daarentegen lijkt wel degelijk een kern, een essentie in zijn boek te onderkennen. ‘Er zit een sleutel in,’ vertrouwt hij in 1978 bijvoorbeeld Johan Diepstraten en Sjoerd Kuyper toe.3 En daarvan gaat een intrigerende sugges- tie uit, want wie die sleutel gevonden heeft, weet waar De keisnijder van Fichtenwald over gaat – althans, in de ogen van Ferron... Modest Actual Intentionalism Sinds de beschouwingen van William K. Wimsatt en Monroe C. Beardsley over de zogenaamde Intentional Fallacy tillen literatuuronderzoekers er doorgaans niet zwaar aan wanneer de uitingen van een literair auteur in tegenspraak zijn met de eigen bevindingen. ‘The design or intention of the author,’ heet het bij Wimsatt en Beardsley immers, ‘is neither available nor desirable as a standard for judging the succes of a work of literary art.’4 Daar komt bij dat er in de laatste decennia steeds meer onderzoeksmethodes in zwang gekomen zijn die literatuur niet langer beschouwen vanuit een primair communicatief kader dat op het bekende model zender – boodschap – ontvanger gebaseerd is. Dat leidde ertoe dat de auteur, die Roland Barthes zelfs letterlijk dood verklaarde, als factor in het literatuurweten- schappelijk onderzoek aan betekenis verloor. Karakteristiek zijn in dit verband de vraagstellingen en de werkwijze van bijvoorbeeld het deconstructivisme en de discoursanalyse, die de mogelijke bedoelingen van een auteur als irrelevant terzijde schuiven. Maar tijdens de laatste vijftien jaar lijkt er iets te veranderen en wordt de figuur van de auteur weer explicieter op de wetenschappelijke agenda geplaatst. In de Angelsaksische wereld is inmiddels veel onderzoek gedaan naar het zoge- naamde Intentionalism en ook in het recente Duitse onderzoek wordt er versterkt aandacht gevraagd voor het concept van de Intentionalität.5 Daarbij gaat het niet alleen om het probleem of de intenties van een auteur gereconstrueerd kunnen worden, maar ook om de vraag wat die intenties betekenen voor de interpretatie van een literair werk. In dat verband wordt er een onderscheid gemaakt tussen een Actual Intentionalism en een Hypothetical Intentionalism. De eerste van deze twee, het feitelijke intentionalisme, wordt door Noël Carroll als volgt gedefinieerd: 20 Guest (guest) IP: 170.106.40.139 Dokter Jankowsky alias Sigmund Rascher Actual intentionalism holds the conviction that interpretation with respect to artworks is on a continuum with interpretation of intentional action in daily life. Just as in ordinary affairs we interpret with the goal of identifying the actual intentions of the words and deeds of others, so with respect to art the actual intentions of artists are relevant to our interpretations of their products. 6 We hebben, zo redeneert Carroll, bepaalde bedoelingen met de dingen die we doen en zeggen. Daarbij gaan we er niet alleen van uit dat wij onze bedoelingen op andere mensen kunnen overbrengen, maar ook dat die er in beginsel naar zullen streven onze bedoelingen te doorgronden. Het Actual Intentionalism transponeert deze principes naar de kunsten en stelt dat die net als andere vormen van menselijk handelen communicatief en intentioneel gestructureerd zijn. Het verschil met het Hypothetical Intentionalism is daarbij tot op zekere hoogte gradueel, want in beide gevallen staan de intenties die in een kunstwerk besloten liggen centraal. Waar evenwel het feitelijke intentionalisme zich op de historische auteur richt en diens bedoelingen beoogt te achterhalen, abstraheert het hypothetisch intentionalisme van de empirische persoon van de schrijver. Men probeert primair op grond van de tekst hypothesen te ontwikkelen over de bedoelingen die eraan ten grondslag liggen en distantieert zich van de feitelijke maker van een werk. Dit impliceert, in de woorden van Carroll, dat ‘the hypothetical intentionalist claims that the mea- ning of the text correlates with the hypothesized intention, not the real intention of the author, and that interpreters are concerned with postulated authors, not real authors.’ 7 Het verschil tussen de ‘postulated authors’ van het hypothetisch intentionalisme en de ‘real authors’ van het feitelijk intentionalisme lijkt woordspel, maar dat is het niet. Het verschil tussen de twee vormen van intentionalisme ligt namelijk óók in de bronnen waarop onderzoekers zich menen te mogen beroepen. Hypothetical Intentionalists betrekken in hun onderzoek in principe geen documenten die direct op de historische maker van een literair werk teruggevoerd moeten worden. Daarbij kan onder meer gedacht worden aan dagboekaantekeningen, interviews en brieven. Actual intentionalists, die zich immers op de ‘real author’ oriënteren, kennen aan deze en vergelijkbare werkexterne bronnen nadrukkelijk een plaats in hun onderzoek toe. Ze hebben in hun ogen relevantie omdat het hun om de intenties van de historische maker van een literaire tekst te doen is. Wél moet men erop bedacht zijn dat een auteur er door middel van uitspraken over zijn literaire werk bewust naar streeft de receptie en interpretatie ervan te beïnvloeden. Daarom is een omzichtige omgang met werkextern materiaal geboden en wordt een onderscheid gemaakt tussen een Strong Actual Intentionalism en een Modest Actual Intentionalism. De eerste van deze twee varianten kent betrekkelijk weinig aanhangers en dat is gezien de verregaande implicaties van deze theorie ook niet verwonderlijk. Het sterke feitelijke intentionalisme stelt namelijk dat de betekenis van een literair werk volledig gedetermineerd wordt door de intenties van een auteur.8 Uiteindelijk telt alleen wat 21 Guest (guest) IP: 170.106.40.139 Jan Konst hij zegt over zijn bedoelingen en in theorie kan er dus een betekenis aan een werk opgelegd worden die in de ogen van de lezers op geen enkele manier strookt met de tekst. Dit lijkt een uit de lucht gegrepen voorbeeld, maar wie zegt dat een auteur er altijd in slaagt zijn intenties te verwezenlijken? Het gematigd feitelijk intentionalisme ontzegt de auteur daarom het alleenrecht op de betekenis van een tekst, maar doet dat zonder diens – ook buiten het literaire werk verwoorde – intenties te miskennen. De Modest Actual Intentionalist zal op grond van de tekst bezien of er conclusies gefor- muleerd kunnen worden ten aanzien van de potentiële bedoelingen van een auteur. Daarnaast zal hij beoordelen of die bedoelingen in overeenstemming zijn met de uitspraken die deze elders met betrekking tot diezelfde tekst gedaan heeft. Literaire analyse vormt op die manier het uitgangspunt van het Modest Actual Intentionalism dat zich op die manier niet eenzijdig verlaat op hetgeen een feitelijk auteur over zijn intenties gezegd heeft. In dit verband merkt Carroll op: ‘The point of actual inten- tionalism of the modest variety is the recovery of the intentions [...] of utterers and artists, but this is consistent with close attention to the text. In
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