PAR! - I
mE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT.
An Introduct:1.on to the area under stud,. and review o~ the attributes, or the ph';ysical Environment.
1 1
DlPUDUCtlOU
lhd1a. has essenUall.1' been an ag1'1cultural countr'7 and large proportion ot population depends on land. Geographical area used tor different purposes nty be classitied as agr1cu1- tural, fallow, forest, barren, cu1turable waste etc. Before 195'0. agriculture in Dld1a vas practised in trad1t1cmal ways. It rG na1ned una.ffected. by innovations in :farming. Devel.opment in agzl culture in 1'nd1a with planned efforta started in 1951 , ,.llen the first five years plan, came into existence. Since then agricultu re began to progress resulting in comparatively high product1v1ty f'ro1n land. From tirst to the end or thin f'1 ve year plan, there qas a JrJlrked change and progress 1n this activity. Tet 5CMl area (N .8 .A.) increased I there we decline in the cul tumble waste- land and fallow-land; increase in the intensity of irrigation a.lsQ followed. (- The na1n purpose ot the thesis is to present the agri cultural landuse patterns 1h the area under .tooy. Such stultes nay be useful for motivating modernization in tlgriculturej in finding out agricultural imbal.anees and in ada.pting new policies in agriculture. It is with thisintent10n that the present study has been undertaken. These regional. studies ~are always useful to planners. Data collected at 111ago level are put into different lInp S • For the proper understanding of the distribution or 2
agricu1tural activities quaJ.itative as well as quantitative observations are made. The author has vis! ted taluka places for collecting the data and prepared all the maps, illustra tions and tables. Government authorities were quite coopera tive. In the following pages an at'tempt is. made to show the physical frontiers of agriculture and the variations in agricultural pattern of upper Godavari basin.
INTRODUCTION TO THE AREA UNDER STUDY 1-
The study region is part of Maharashtra drained by the Godavari (Map r 1.1). The Godavari r1ver basin offers ample opportunities tor the utilization of its water, power and agricultural potentialities·. The area under study desig ... nated as upper Godavari basin 1s the area drained by Godavari upto the confluence of Pravara, Mula rivers. Upper Godavari basin lies wholly in the state of Maharashtra (Map: 1 .2) and on the elevated tableland of the Deccan, which has a general slope from west to east. The , basin area under study lies between 190 5" N to 20° 25" N , latitudes; and 730 25' E to 7,a 5' E longitudes. The basin , enjoys continental tropical location. 2 The basin covers an area of 16,080 km and has 25,63,348 people according to 1971 census. Western section of the basin, along the crest of the Sahyadri, is 'mown as the 'Dang or hilly country. This hilly, region receives heavy rainfall giving rise to numerous nallas and rivers. The transition from the hilly to the open or Desh country of Deccan is rapid. 3
UPPER GODAVARI BASI N LOCATION MAP
" \
,_...... "'>-"--"/. '.! '., ;, ..... ' ...... -. -". (,. __ .-' '. / ...... -.- - - ... .-._1 '\ -.
"
c ...... ,. i. '"'II L.""'.I· ..·-·.,J ,. \ "-'"". l-· ... ·f \) I ,-. ".-' ,!'-.,/ to"".... i '-i C'. / i . .,.-. ..:.:-:...... 1- '\ J I " <, , .sCAL~
~ ,2,0, ";0 1 ~o ~o 1 1,00 Miles
i 2, ~ l2 ~4 ~6 Ill! K.n15 Godavari Basin
------It-----._- ______Upper Godavari Basin -'------__-..l MA P I. I 4
UPPER GODAVARI BASIN BASE MAP
-, I MAP 1.2 fhe raintall rapidly decreases towards east and the distribution of rainfall over the region is quite uneven. It is thus interesting to note that the western hilly parts receive over ,000 mm ; only 32 kIns east at Akola, it is only
,00 ~ average. Upper Godavari basin includ.es southern talukas ot Nasik district, northern talukas of Ahmecmagar district, north eastern part of Junnar TaJ.uka of Poona district and western talukas ot Aurangabad district (Table A-1) • Administrative units coming into the basin are shown in Map: 1.3.
RELIEF. -
Western part of the basin is along the Sahyadri range, which forms the continuous natural boundary between Thana to the vest and upper Godavari basin to the east -
(Map I 1 ;4). Western parts of the basin have elevations tram
600 metres to 1,,0 metres above mean sea level (Map I 1 .,) • The rest of the basin slopes towards the east, where elevations dre about 460 metres above mean sea level. The western and the south-western borderlands of this region are furrowed by many streams and most of them develop board valleys. A little east of Nasik and Sangamner, the landscape offers a undulating appearance. The low lying valley-land has deep black soils while the remaining parts ,of the basin have medium black soils. The main Sahyadrt range has several eastward spurs. n The Satmala-Ajanta hills form the northern bouaary of the A upper Godavari basin, and seperate it from the Tapi basin. 6 xABLE A-1 UPPER GODAVARI BASIN , ~~~~~------~-----~------~------~-~~Part Number ot V111ages ~r. TAL U K A . or included in the __ ~~ ___ .~ ______~ ______2!!~_~12§11 ______
AijHEDNAGAR DIS1.'RIeT 1 • Koperg aon Full 102 2. !kola Full 1,3 3 • Sang amne r Full 138 4. Shr1rampur Full ?r; 5. Rabun Full 82 6. Newasa Part 66 7. Pamer Part 38 8. Ahmednagar Part 13 WASIK DIS:r.arq:r 9. Dindori Part 119 10. Chan do r Part 86 11 • Nas1k Part 129 12. N1phad Full 120 13. Yeola Part 111 14. Igatpuri Part 122 15. Sinnar Full 103
iOOlIA DISWC~ 16. Junnar Part 2 AURANGABAD DISTRICT 17 • Gangapur Part 19 18. Vaijapur Part 69
------~--~--~------______~~~~_~~~~~_~~~______l~~Z ______
lIf'! '... " , 8
___ •• ______.••.....•.•___ .1 ..._._. ___ ~ __ ~ ______.••..•..
t. lope son - - 6Jto 2. Akola - - 9.1; 3. amer - - 10J3 .... Jl8lJpUr - - 4.96 s. llahal'1 - - 6.itO 6. lfewaaa - - 4.47 ? Pamer - - ~.38 8. Abmednagar - - 1.~
9. Dtndor1 - • 7lJ9 10 ,. <1wIdor - ... ".36 11. laailt - - 1.;0 12. !J1pbad - 6J17 13. :feola - - '5.69 ,.... Igatpur1 - - ~.99 1;. S1nDar - - .24 lOQliA pmm;tc:r 16. ~ - - 0.22 11. - - 18. ------~-~~~------.-~~~ ... ~.. ~------UPPER Q(I)AVAllI III - 100.00 UPPER G ODAVAR' BASIN ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS
...... " ., ..... "-". .~ .. \ .., ...... _./ .. .3 , ~ ··s INN A R , ___ I \ G.A. T P UR'j),_- ___ : .. _.-.-_,/\;.KOPERGAO
,./ '\ J ,.:.) ~ ;.-' / ---_ ... _--- .. _-" , '-r' "'T ...... :.__ .... ,:- .-- ......
t 30369 I l • I , 1I ______-KMS- _ --. ------~ MAP '·3 10
UPPER GODAVARI BASIN- PHYSIOGRAPHY
o 21N
o 20
N _ ABOVE 900 MTS. m.; 600 TO 900 MTS. UHf/A 300 TO 600 MTS. I I LESS THAN 300 MTS ...... - ...... ~ , [ "\ SUB-BASIN OF GODAVAR I FMn iii i , ,/ 10 5 0 10 20 30 40 KMS ...... --~'"
MA P r·4 UPPER GODAVARI BASIN
, .,. ~/ t' CONTOUR M AP ,.1 , ..... i i \ ~ " I i \ i (. -'_": '.., '.. \
\ '.\ \. \ \ ,
.J f \ \ 1, ; ; -...... A ~ ! '-.-:("-~., '"".-.-.-~ ( 1750 .-.~ ., i -'- ; " , //' , ./ "' --
Scale
.s 0 5 '0 ~r:*:!:=;: :;:::: ==*: ===-m:: Mile.:s 8 0 S ., J< ms
MAP '·5 12
Peaks of this form prominent land mark, Dhodap(1460 m.) 1s the highest; others reaeh1ng this height are Saptashring, Achala., Ahivant, Kanh1ra, Indrai, KoJ.edhair, Kachana and Ravlya-Javly'a. To the north east are the twin forts of Ankai-Tanka1 which torm the north-eastern boundary of the upper Godavari basin. In the southem part, there are the Kalasllba1, the Harischandragad and the Balaghat ridges. 1be Kalasubai range (1668 m) acts as a watershed between Darna and Pravara rivers, tributaries of Godavari. South of KaJ asubai is the Harischandragad range which is the watershed between Pravara and Mula rivers. South of Harischandragad range is the Balaghat range; 1 t is the l ongest
and continues as a plateau lmown as Kanhur pathar. Balaghat range acts as a watershed between Godavari and Bhima basins (Dig. 1 and 2) •
GEOLOGY:-
The study area is part ot the trap region ot the Deccan. The formation of Deccan trap took place at the close of Mesozoic ara. Liquid lava welled out intermittently until it had attained horizontal thickness of some thousands ot teet. Geological fea tures of this part are simplest having alternate beds of basalt and amygdaloid. Volcanic outliers consist mainly ot compact stratified basalts. 1be maximum thiclmess attained by the Deccan traps is a matter ot conj ecture • It might have been as much as
10,000 t along the coast of Bombay & n. ( Wad1a J 19,3). The thickness ot trap varies much at different places decreasing to warda the east. Lava b.ds appear hor1~ntal but surveys have shown that the flows have a slight dip to the east. In the S-N SECTIO ~~S ACRCSS THE UPPER GODAVARI BASIN
BEALE LAKE GODAVAAI ~
~S~ ______N~O ~S~ ______~N
fY1ULA ~ GO DAVARI 4000 I ~ P:.A_V__..AR_A _____ ----.! ______1
20~~'- T______. __ __ N
40 O f) M ~ LA PRAVARA GODAVARI
' )r' ~,'-- t .___ __- ____---....:l~_-----~ ?~ \ \...' o S N 4000l MULA PRAVARA GODAVARI ~ ~ 20')0 J 1_ 0 S N
~JrJU MULA. PRAVARA GODAVARI ...-- 2r),)J +------...... , ~~~ n S N
40no MULA PRAVARA GOD AVARI YEOLA 200C J t 1 l N 0 S 4000 MULA PRAVARA GC8AVARI 20O .. ~ (C t ! t J «r I . 8 0 g 16 N ...... - --.. sections at a distance of 16 kms from W-E DIG. I 14
GODAVARI 400 PfAVARA 2000 ~ o s N PR AVA RA /Ir M~LA rODAVARI .
S N 14000 GODAVAR I YEOLA .!-
2000~ n-~ W E o ~------~~ 4000 GODAVARI N1.SIK GODAVARI 12JOO 1---_------~~ ~-- f O~W------__----~------~ E 40JO bOJO GOD4IARI KOPARGAON ~ ~ I W ; 0 ~------______~ ______~ E
~OOO IGATPURI 12000 GODAVARI w ------______l l ~ o ~------~liE
MULA RAH~RI
o ~------~ o PRAVARA PRAVARA SAttGAMNER ,.--. 000 L ~ o ~W______~~ S-N&W-E SECTIONS ACROSS THE UPPER ;'~'~rnsi-,. '6 GODA\/ARI BASIN
.' DIG. 2 15
Satmal.a ranges and in Sahyadr1es basaltic flows are columnar. The basalt earthy formations of traps are chiefly amygdaloidal conta1n1ng quartz in vert1cal ve1ns, crystals and zeo1ith1e minerals, mainly apophy'llitea, which after denudation tums into greyiah so11. Basaltic rocks d1ffer greatly in their 11thological characters from place to place. There 1s complete absence of later1te formations in the region, but to the south, summits of the hills are covered with laterite caps. Two wells in Nasik, one near Bhadrakal1 'a temple and another near Nas1k jail are unique in their nitrate conte ... nts. SU1phurous spring, at Trimbak, nea.r the origin of the Godavari 1s noteworthy. Columnar basalt, boulders, dykes and pot-holes have been noted in the area.
DRAINAGE:
The who~e area is drained by Godavari, and its tribu taries(Map I 1.6). ihe Godavari originates on the high slopes of the Sahy'adries at an altitude of about 1066.8 metres above me an sea level at Bra.hmagiri near Trimbak Spur of the Sahyadries (19 0 ;6' N; 7;0 31' E), 1.e. only about 80 ms from the Arabian sea. At a distance of about 18.2 kms from its source a huge earthem dam has been bu11 t at Gangapur for storage and irriga tion . Above Nas1k 1 t nows through a narrow and rock y valley but farther east through a gentle sloping land with rich and fertile . s01ls. Twenty four kms below Nasik it receives on the lett the waters of' Kadva, 27 Ions farther down. Near Newasa j·t . gets on the right bank the combined waters ot Pravara and Mula. ,'\ 17 I , DARNAI- Dama is the chief tributary of Godavari and origi nates from the Sabyadr1es, about two kilometers south of Igat purl. 1be river is little used for irrigation. Aundha and Va1devi are the two perennial tributaries of. Dama. Both of these have their origin in the Anjanir1 range. KAPVA:- Kadva takes iis- origin in the Sahyadries, north-west of Dindori. The river is considerably used for irrigation. Near N1phad, it gets the waters of the Vadali, which origi nates in Satmala range near Dhodap. fRAVMAI The Pravara originates on the eastem slopes of Sahya dries. It nows in an easterly direction and passes through a rocky chasm and a deep narrow glen. ~t Altola it receives on the left, the ' APULA:- The Adula originates in the north of Alcola. It nows in a easterly direction, through a rocky and rugged surface; it debouches into the plains of Sangamner and joins the Pravara. Adula is only 40 Kms in length, it is subjected to sudden and rapid noods. f.., ' 18 MAHALUNGI :. The Mahalungi, originating on the southem and eastem. slopes of Patta and Aundha nows parallel to the Mula. It jafns the Pravara at Sangamner. Like Adula, Maha1ung1 is a1so 40 kms in length. Iit1leA:- Mula takes her origin in Sahydries between Ratangad and Harischandragad. In the first 40 kms, it nows parallal to Pravara. At Kotul it takes a bend to the south. The river takes north~east tum and enters the plains of Raburi. ~a hav.f.ng 144 ~ of length, little used for :trrigation, jOins the Pravara a t the Village of Pravara-Sang am • CLIMAm:- The region has monsoonal climate, with well marked hot rainy and cool seasons. North-south 5ahyadries cause orographic precipitation. In the westem part of the basin rainfall is high while it decreases towards the east. 1be tran~!tion tract 1s 1n rain shadow area and is veIl marked with semi-arid conditions. Towards eastern part of the basin, there is increase in annua1 precipitation. The variability in distribution of rainfall is high and helps in demar(~t1ng three hyetal regions, the wet, mode rate and low rainfall zones of the basin. The economic characteristics of a region bear the i~ print of its climate. The commencement and the con'tinu! ty ot monsoon ( Table A-4 and Table A- ,) is unpredictable and sometimes result in economic distress and human sufferings. ·, ".' . 19 TABLE A-h. MEAN MONTHLY AND ANNUAL RAINFALL em.m.} FOR THE GODAVARI BASIN UPTO PAITBAN. ------~-~---~---~----~------~--~--~~--~- Sr. MONTHS Mean ra1n.fall Percentage or No. in annual. millimetre ra1nfaJ.1 ------~------~------1 • January ,.2, 0.70 2. February 2.5'0 0.30 3. March . 2.7, O.ito l+. April 6.00 0.80 ,. May 1, .,0 2.20 6. June 121.00 16.90 7. . Jul.y 182.00 2, .ito 8. August 137.7, 19.20 9· September 15'9.2, 22.20 10. October 49 .2, 6.90 11 • November 31 .00 It..30 12. December 5' .75' 0.80 13. Annual. 718.2, 100.00 14. Januar,y to September 600.2, 83.70 1,. January to October 649.,0 90.60 ------~------~------~------~- SOUrce:- Meteorological Department, Sb1vaj1nagar, Poona - ,. 1' ., . , 20 TABLE A-5' HIGHEST RAINFALL AMOUNTS (CEMTIMETRES) IN f.lt HOURS AT RAIUGAUGE STATIONS IN THE UPPER GODAVARI BASIN ------Sr. Station Highest Date ------No. Rainfall (cms) 1 • Kopergaon 32.35' 1J-10-195'1 2. Akola 13.25' 25'- 7-195'2 3 • Sangamner 12.25' 15'- 9-1889 4. Rahuri 15.25 21-11-1946 5· Newasa 21 .5'0 9- 9-1'-5'0 6. Parner 14.75 14- 9-1902 7 • Dindori 18.75 2- 7-1941 8. Chandor 20.75' 3-11-1931 9. Nasik 17.22 21- 9-1923 10. Niphad 12.75' 2- 7-1941 11 • Yeola 26.5'0 15'-10-195'1 12. Igatpuri ~.25' 21- 7-1894 13. Sinnar 16.50 23- 9-1901 14. Pimpalgaon 23.5'0 25'- 7-195'2 15'. Trimbak 40 .50 2- 7-1941 ------ Source:- Meteorological Department, Shivajinagar, Poona - 5'. 1.;. 21 The following are the main seasons: (A) Cold season I December to the end of February. (B) Hot season : March to May. (C) South-west monsoon I JUne to September (D) Post monsoon season or: October to November . Retreating south-west monsoon season. RAIJWAIJ.I- In the area records of rainfall are available for 19 raingauge stations i.e. Newasa, Raburi, Kopergaon, !kola, Sangamner, Nasik, Tr1mbak, Iagtpuri, S1nnar, N1phad, Yeola, Chandor, D1ndori, Ahmednagar, Pamer, JUnnar, Gangapur, Vaijapur and Shr1rampur (Dig. 3 to 12 and 14-, 1, and 16). 1be average annual rainfall of the basin 1s 718.2, mm. About 8,% of the annual. rainfall is received during the south-west monsoon season (June to september). Igatpuri (3341.6 mm), Trimbak(24,6.9 mm), and Van1(1118.2 mm) have recorded high annual totals(Table A-6). 1'EMPERATU.EU!i :- There is one meteorological observatory in the basin. The records of this observatory may be taken as representative at the climatic conditions over the basin. In the Saby-adnes, temperature may be lower depending upon the elevations. From latter half or February temperatures start increasing and May is the hottest month with the mean daily maximum temper~ture 37 .4° C at Nasik. In the easte~ part of the basin maximum . , ·1' , 22 tABLE A-6 RAINFALl. AND TEHPERATPRES (ANNUAL MEANS) 1971. -~---~---~--~~------~-~------~-~------Sr. Altitude Annual.. Temperature------00 No. station in metres Rainfall Maximum Minimum __ .. ______· .. ______.. _.... _____ .. ____ ~9!_!1 _____ .. ______ 1 • Kopargaon ,02.6 ,12.0 41 .0 26.6 2. Sangamner ,,2.0 1f.96.' 41 .0 36.0 3. Shrirampur ;35' .0 ;'70.0 41.9 7.0 4. Ahmednagar 65'7.0 677 .. 7 41 .9 7.0 ,. Igatpuri 606.0 3341 .6 46 .1 36.6 6. Sinnar 667.0 ,'57.0 32.2 21.7 7. Yeola '~.7 ;;'5.3 41 .1 15' .5' 8. Chandor 724.0 64,.2 40.0 . 30.0 9. Van! 671.0 1118.2 40 ., 4 . ~ 10. Tr1mbak 711.0 2lt-;6.9 39.0 10.0 11 • Deolal1 ,90.0 791.6 39.8 13., Cantonment 12. Nasik-road ,64.0 696.9 - 31 .1 17.3 Deolali 13. Nasik city ,98.0 696.9 31 .1 17.3 14. Gangapur 479.0 692.1 43.3 2:1.0 1,. Vaijapur ,33.00 '572.8 4,.0 30.0 -----~------.. ------ Sgurce t- Meteorological Department, Sh1vajinagar, Poona - 5'. 23 180 18 !60 -16 I I \140 >- 14 E 120 12 I E 100 10 (j') c ~ L.L 80 8""0 ~ . c 0:: 60 6 .;a a: i 401 4 I 20 2 I O~~-r~--~~~~~·~~~~~ 0 J F :v1 /~" ;\ 1 J J A SON 0 JUNNEr~ IR1 ~9 16°1 8 140 ~ 7 I 120 ~ 6 I E I EIOO c LL 8e . a: 60 40 t 2~L~ .+~ 0. P,F. j'f) m ~ , J FMAMJJ A SO ND ~ K~'ltlY do.}> S f -I R I R ~\ ~v I P LJ R ( 24 - - - 250 AKOLA 10 225 9 200 8 17 7 150 b E t/') >- E 125 5 ro c "0 .- 10 ~ 4 c::: LL. ro 0:::: 75 3 a: ::0 2 25 0 - t-- 0 J F M A M J J A S 0 N D SANGAMNER ISO 8 .~ ~ 7 12(' 6 c:- E 1)0 .J E >- '"rcl c: 80 '-1 -0 - >. L...L c: 60 3 t"C1 a: cr 40 ) 28 • L_ I I 1-. t r') nJ')() , C -r-- ..,.- , , CJ R - ~ , I f\ ;'v1 J J A- S 0 N 0 J F L.2l ~ ~ " f) Y d C-' r~ ------_. D IG.4 ------,; .\ Y E C _,~ II 2C,}t 10 180 3 1I 160 8 I 140 7 , ·120 6 E (f) E IJO 5 ~ rc1 '"'CJ Z 80 <4 ~ I c I ~ .~ LL 6 _..) 'V a:: I ·2 t I 1../1 _, o ~ -+- +-+ .t--+ ....L-L-A i - t 1 2-h)fJ F 1~ 1 A 1\1 J J A, S 0 N D 12 J II 22U NIPHAD 200 - n Il Q l80~ I 16Jl e I I 1-1Jr E E I"c. ~ 6 c .- I j )~ u...: . a:: eo 60 40 CJ ;.2.1=' in fll.m , 20 ~ ~Z[},"l1 y clo,'ft 0 J F IIYl .A M J J A S C ,\) :) DIG.S 26 160 8 140 7 . E • 6 5 z V') 8 4 ~ ~ 60 LL 3 ~ . c:: 0::: 40 2 a:~ 20 0 0 J F M A M J J A S 0 N D KOPERGAON 350 300 12 E 25 10 E B U") 200 ?;? z "'D 1::0 b >. L...L c • 100 a: 4~ 50 2 C- J ,k. r-. : I) fY) • M . 0 ~~~~~~-L~~~-L~-L~-+_~O J F ,\1 A i'vl J J A S 0 .~ 0 2i kcA'/r)! do (~ RAHURI D' G. 6 ------NEWASA 23) J I 200 I ~ 1801 9 160 ~ 8 I I 1 7 140 I E J E 120 I (/) .c ~ J 00 i rU -0 U- [: S ~ JJ c a: rj 60' 3 ex: I 40' 2 I 2 0 o J F M A rvl J J A SON 0 400j 0 I N 0 0 R I ~16 35Cf 14 I 300' L. 12 ~ I E 25C~ 10 (/) .::: 200· ~ ""C' LL >. 0::: 150+ [: c ro- 100 + 4 a:: I 50 2 0 r::r ·F· if) M. It) OJ F M A i'r1 J J AS O ;'J D [ZJ.. R"';r); cltJ.~ • ~------~D~JG.7 ... 28 y------.------I------ 200 10 180 9 160 B 140 7 E 120 6 E 100 ?ARNER .c:- 80 L..L:' 0:: 60 40 2 20 I 0 ~------~~~~~~~-~~-~O 240 J F M A M J J D 12 220 II 200 10 180! I 160 ,8 I E j El401 c: J 20t I ~IOOr 80 6 0 40 2 0 ~------'~-.----r -+-,-- I I , 1-+ J F j\1 A M J JIG.8 29 20-' f --SIN- -N A-R [\0 ICO~ 9 160 8 14C 7 12cf 5 E lOOt E 80t c: .- 60-'- 1 ~ 40 2 20 O~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~O J Frvl AM J J AS 0 NO 1100 55 IGATPUR/ 1000 50 900 45 800 0 700 135 ~ 600 r30 c 500 .~25 m~ ~ ~ 400 ,20 .~ 300 t 15 d! 200 ~ 10 , 100 ls o tJ-.~. ,~ f'11 ~ , o ~--+---+--+ ~ I 0 t?Zl ~a'lr ci~7~ J FMAMJJASOND DIG. 9 iiU 320 280 r-V 240 ,/ v ,/ v 2 00 v -" Vl, 160 v -" B ~ v ~ ""0 120 v 6 ~ v c -" 80 V V -" - 4 t"j -" ex:: v 40 .,. v- ~ v 2 ~ I."" ,/ ~ VAIJAPUR \ \ \ I SO-EVAPQRATI ON LI NES I "\ \ \ \ " \ \ Cr\~jNUALS) ! \J \ , \ \ \ \ 1\'11 LLI; 11 t. T RES (J ~H ES) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ , \ \ I \ \ , \ \ \ \ \ \ \ I \ \ \ \ I \ \ I \ \ \ \ \ \ 38/0 I I ( 150") P~QNA \\ I \ \ I I \ \ ,, \ )\2.') '\ , J \ ()?~ J I , \ I \ -KMS , \ I / \ f===f= "f \ \ \ I \ I 19q5 251C , , o 64 124 ...... - - - '------(t~ (lCO» DIG. 10 2.~o 1 260 13 240 12 220 II ~200 Iv E o 180 9 (/) z !60 b >- 7 « ..J 14C o ....J G « 120 LL 5 > ZI{)O Z ..:~ 0 2(J 1 0 ~ ,F t'0 fY),rt). ( £Zl i~ 0 YJ'I d(Ar~ ..J F M A rvJ J J A S 0 r J 0 N A S I K CLIMOGRAPH----- 30 USUALLY UNCOM FORT ABLE OFTEN It SOf\1ET 1M ES 1/ RARELY " CD ..J IDEAL CLIMATE :::>en I v" RARELY UNCOM FORTABLE ~ w 3: o ~-r---r-_~-r---r--r--.---r_-r--'-'I o lC 2r; 30 4C 50 (-( 7C Be 9C leo P.. HUMlDITY "1 /6.. S I K 32 30 29 28 LL.. o °27 o o z AH BY ~20 AURA NGA. BAD o ~25 o OAG ~25 PN ~24 o 0 ::> NK ft: NAGAR ~ 23 o I ~22 o POONA 9C HYmER Gq APH M 1-- - ~ --~80 I M __-J F r----~:::::.....-o::::::::.:;:======--- S I... N 6C 5C FRAME LL.. 4C o L 30 w ~ 20 10 °c . _I ~ _ ~..:-f.:4IN_1h 6 7. '6 c( ,0 if 12-- L_ _---J . I G. I 2 {\( 'r' 33 40 38 ~ MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 26)1 240l 24 1 r 22()~ u 28-' 20 (Y °0 ~~ z 26 180~ ~ 18 I w 24 ex: ~IOO IE.] ~ 16 I f ~22 r ' 14 8 r---,---,---t__--.----t-I---- r - r - I r -- r -,~ 20 J FMAMJJASOND L NASIK (aZAR) DIG. 14 34 ------.------., COEFFICIENT OF VARIABILITY OF MONSOON 7 7 75 (JUNE TO OCT) 20 20 19 -r- -1-19 I ~% 7r 7~_ - -f----.- NORMAL Ar~~JUAL ISOHYET ININcHEs(1901-1950) -____ if 7 _. 71~~ __ _ !JdJ;2 2 0 -t- .120 19 I 27 +19 90 70 ?f----- 7f 75 ---- ~ -KMS -+ o 64 128 DIG. I 5 35 ------SEASONAL NORM AL RA I N FALL _( _'N_C_mS_)_---1 L-~~· --I-~----J-U-N-E~T~O-~O~C~T~O~B=ER~~~C~C~T~.~T~O~D~E~C-.y ;1; / \ \ 1 ' .... ) 1 / 7~~// J~~ ~- 5 / ,.. -- - .... --- -75 ._------, I / I --- , J / ... -, I , J I I J I -.- " I I 150 I I ------. I t \ ~ ...... I I \ ",- I \, --..-.;--...--- ' ...... _J , I '- ..... " , - -..... \ \ 1 / \ \ \ I I I \ \ I \ , I I \ , \ \ I \ I \ \ , \ \ I \ .... I , \ \ I "- I I I I 5'0 \ \ \ I I I! I ,-', \ \ I I I I } I \ \ \ \ '\ I \ I I J I \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ I J II J r.. \ 1 hO \ l? 1--_'._ ' I _ I _~ _I '!U ;\ wi I ~ - ,- -.-+--~<,.--- '" " " ~RCH TO MAY / JUNE T() OCTOBER Z OF ANNUAL ( I 9p I \ / \ \ \ .-2-5' \ " ....., \ / ....., -- -" ---- \ '\ - - \ \ \ \ \I \ \~ \ \ \ / / \ -" " I I \ / \ \ I '\ \ I '\. ./ \ ( / / \ I ! -- KMS-- r-' I , I ·~ I ( / 95 I 7.5 '5- I 90 80 o 64 128 - -.I.. ____~_'__ __ L ~ _I__ ~",, __------~ DIG , 16 36 temperatures may go above 4,a C. Nights are warmer during JUne thrm during May. Monsoon generally sets in during June when d a.'y temperatures decrease appreciably and pleasant weather spread over the region. Early in October monsoon wi thdraws, :from November temperatures taD. rapidly. January is the coldest month having mean dailY minimum temperature 10.1 0 C and maximum or 28.40 C at Nasik. The highest maximum temperature at Nasik was recorded 42.40 c on 12th May 1960 while minimum recorded is 0.60 C on 7th January 194,. HW1IPITYI- Humidity increases in the south-west monsoon period; but in the cold and summer seasons dry air prevails over the area. In the summer season relative humidity is between 20 to 2, per cent only in the afternoons. WINDS 1- Winds are south-westerly or westerly from June to September. In the retreating south-west monsoon season winds are light and variable in direction in the morning period but easterly and north-easterly in the afternoons. In the month or December wind direction 1s between south-west and north-west in the ' morning period and between north and east in the afternoons. In the month of l.fa.rch to May wind directions are between south west and north-west. 37 lMTN'FA1•T• ClIARAC!lERISTICS 1- the AnnuM RaintaJ.l V¢at1ons: The rainfall varies every year and Dig .13 shows the deviation of annual rainfall from the average annual for each year from 1941-1972, expressed as percentage deviation from normal rainfall. From the graph it is clear that rainfall vas below the average for 15 years. It further reveaJ.s that the lowest rainfall was in 1952(309.9 mm) and highest rainfall in 1969 (11~5.00 mm). The years 1952, 19,7, 1960, 1966 and 1972 can be termed as highly excentr1c with respect to distribution of rainfall. REGIME OF RAIlWALL:- In Dig.17 the interquartile range of monthly rainfall has been shown for the periods 196O-1971.(Tab1e A-II). The upper midCUe and lower lines denote the upper, median and lower qUaT- ,qS3 tiles respectively_ Using the method of P.R. Crovef( the major break is observed in J'Une whic.l:l is remarkably high compared to the month of May. The major discontinuity is observed in JUly - due to abrupt and high rain:fall. A minor d1scontinui ty in sept- ember against July and a major graded break in October against JUne is found. The table A-8 will clarify the :finding made above. WiAmR AND CROPS 1- Cultivation starts with the commencement of rainy season. Crops that are planted in this season are called as Khart! crops. Vagaries in the weather conditions result in heavy loss in agriculture and lead to economic distress. Heavy 38 (1* - 1911) -~------Sr...... ----~------.--~~~--~Upper MItd1an Lower '"QtIaftUe PeNeDme No • Mon.tb QUaftUe quartlle quartUe dn:I.aUoD 'ftl'lab .. .---~----~---~-.-----~------~-~-~~~-~~~~~~------1. JanuU7 - - - - - 2. hbmary - - - - - 3· Xarch ,.as 2;0 1.6,. 1.eo 12 1 .... Apl'1l 22.9'1 1"- ~ 8.00 7.it9 Sb 1 ,. HaT '1.00 19.00 11 ... .20 IBM 96JJ 6. ~ 1ltO 68.60 10.00 6~.20 9;.oIt- 1. M.7 239.1tO 112.20 1)".60 S2.1tO 30."- 8. Aupat 200.20 139.00 73 63.20 It-S W 9. ptteJlber ~.90 1~1 .90 5'2.00 , .. .a.o ,.6 ....1 10. October 81.90 21.60 12.60 34.6; 160.-.0 11. Ilovamber 26.20 1~." 6 9.70 62."9 12. Dece ...... 60 16.00 . S.10 19.80 123.80 ~---~~-~-~~~~~------~~-~~----~---~~--~------~... 39 PERCENTAGE DEVIATION FROM NORMAL RAINFALL 1941 - 1972 70------__ 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 20 10 o -4'----+-+--- 1 0 2 0 30 40 5 0 6 0 -+-+-+--+-+-t-+-t-+---~ t-·I 1 I + , I I I IIH--+-+-+-+-+-t-t-t-t-- 1940 1950 1960 1970 N A S I K DIG. I 3 r I REGIME OF RAIN FALL " 240L :~~~ 'ol 16( E. 14 " F 7" 120 1(;0 -) ----! E3 I ~lTERQU~RTI LE RANGE ~------.---.--___ ------..I DI G. 17 i . Tlj 10538 ... • ...I 41 rainfall. atter sowing results 1h loss in agriculture. Continuous rains and strong winds in the month of September and October affect jawar and bajra. So also rain in the month of November and December will affect adversely as they are the months of harvesting, threshing and winnowing of khari! crops and sowing of rab1 crops. A light rainfall in January 1s benatic1a1 resul ting in high nelds of rab1 crops. Dry winds with high tempera ture in the month of March help in ripening and harvesting of rabi crops. strong westerlies after third week of March accele rate harvesting, thre"shing and winnowing of rab1 aops(D1g. 18, 19,20,21 and 22). HAlliEALL ZONES OF THE BASI1''lr- A broad division of the basin can be made on the basis of rainfall into three rainfall zones as follows: (l.fa.p J 1 .7) I) ~e heavY rainfall zonel The heavy rainfall zone runs parallel to the Sahyadrie s vi th a width of 2? to 32 kms. This zone is almost on the leeside of Sanyadr1es and hence rainfall abruptly decreases towards east, about 350 cms near Igatpur1 to about 125' cms in the plain area. II) !he Centr§l zone at low rainfall: In the immediate vicinity ot heavy rainfall zone is located the lowest rainfall zone within the basin area; it is encJ.osed by the ,0 cms isohyet. III) The Interm!diate zone of moderate rainfall. In rema1n1ng portion of the basin, rain-fall varies 42 ------CROP WEATHER CALENDAR CROP - SUGARCANE (ADSALI) DIST - r\HMEDNAGAR, NASJK) POONA. 1----~------______fi--_.------~~~~ P - PLANTING , 400 G GERM INATION r-/6 iG TI LLERING I , EG EARLY GROWTH I 35CJ I E ELONGATION , ~ )-1 FM FLOWERING 300· & l? I MATURITY 2'D- H HARVEST t'0 1 ABBREVIATIONS l 8 c.::,('. I __n ..1 100· SO ~ n I~ o illlill.. ---L-L->'--" M J J A SON D J F M A M J J A S ------.------~ .-,- 1jl"lJnIll, I ,tfi I I 'I !F' ~ !~ J1 I I I ! I! I I I I DIG. 1:3 43 CROP WEATHER CALENDAR I'" +H__ ----+--+---4 T H GF M . - -,. F E I QlST - NASIK DIG. 19 !,' 44 CROP WEA-I HER CALENDAR DIS T. NASIK, POONA. CROP. PADDY LATE RAINFED r------~I--~------~ - ----~I ------~~ 20~ rtj 'U 10 e .. F E DIG.20 45 ~------.------~ CROP WEATHER CALENDAR DIG. 2 I ,.------46 CROP WEA TH ER CALEN DAR 600 CROP - PADDY 20 (RAINFED) 1 500 (/) 16015T.- POONA ~ 400 NASJ K .~ 300 ll.: ci 200 I~O o F M A I' (f) Z ::r: t- ~J- $ ~Z <{ 0 t- o:: 0:: <.9 0 0 Z 0... ~T H ~ <.( ::E: a.. - 0 t~ cr: >- ~ a.: LL U KJF 0 0 F I-- LL .. I (/) 0 ~ E I (j) -, W (/) IrG l- :::r: f' w (.) LL « S ~ 0 ---I ~ W STANOA~WEE~$ 211-22,23 24 2?_2? ~712 .~~ 30 31 32 33i3"tI3~'3~37.C)8139140 41 42 43444546 MONTHS MAY\ JUNE 1 JULY jAUGU~T I SEPT OCT INov_ OIG.22 TABLE A-Z 48 l!OIDW! RAINfALl! 'A~&GE Ql 5: -~ I - - - -- / ------~------~------~-----~------~--~--~~------St-.I'b. "§~~~!2~___ ~E *_{~~ _E~~~ _~£~_ _~P!!!_ __~__ _{~~__ _{~!l__ __ .gy!~ _~~E~~_ __Q9~~ __ ~9!~__ _~~E~ _ _~g~~! __ 1 • Kopergaon a 4.8 2.5 2.5 3.6 15.0 98.0 97.3 .8 129.8 51 .6 32.8 5.3 512.0 b 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4 1 .1 6.0 8.1 5.4 7.3 3.0 1 .7 0.5 34.4 2. Akola a 3.3 0.3 1 .5 10.2 20.3 98.3 15'6.3 124.2 59.9 35.6 2.8 5,6.7 b 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.8 1.4 6.3 11 .9 6.8 3.6 1 .7 0.3 1 .5 3~ Sanganmer a 5.3 0.8 1 .5 6.3 17.0 89.1 89.7 136.7 54.6 36.1 . 3.3 496.5 b 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.6 1 .2 5.7 6.7 9.8 3.6 1 .6 0.4 31.4 4. Rahuri a 5.1 1 .8 3.1 ').I'" 3 15 _, 100.6 92.7 143.0 53.3 35.1 6.3 519.9 b 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 1 • 5.8 5.8 7.4 2.8 1 .6 0.5 30.8 5. Newasa a 8.1 2.3 5.1 3.8 11 .4 111 .3 105.6 162.6 70.5 32.0 7.9 588.7 b 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.9 6.4 6.9 7.9 3.1 1 .4 OS 34.7 6. Parn~r a 6.3 2.0 2.0 . 9 ·9 21,8 110.0 94.7 158.2 59.4 31 .2 4.3 574.2 b 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.7 1 .5 6.6 8.2 8.2 3.8 1 .7 0.3 37 ·9 7. Ahmednagar a 7.1 1 .5 4.1 10.7 20.8 128.3 97.5 3.7 175 57.6 36.1 8.9 621 .8 b 0.5 0.2 0.3 1 .0 1 .6 7.2 6.8 4.6 8.'4 3.5 1 .7 0.5' 36.3 8. Dindori a 3.1 0.8 2.0 7.9 20.1 116.8 241.5 1+8.3 130.3 5'2.8 25' .4 4.1 753.1 b 0.3 () .1 0.2 0.6 1 .1 7.3 17.3 . f3'!? ? ,·9 3.4 1 .3 0.4 ,3.6 9. Chandor a 4.3 1 ., 3.6 4.1 24.1 118.4 150.6 98.0 149 .6 52.6 33.3 5.1 2 b 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.4 1 .5 7 ~1 12.8 9.1 8.1 3.0 1 .5 0.4 6tt·.5 10. Nasik a 2.8 0.8 2.0 7.1 21 .8 118.6 201 .9 27.0 127.0 62.0 20.8 5' .1 6,6.9 b 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.6 1 .2 7.1 14.1 10.0 7.2 3.4 1 .4 0.4 5.9 11 . N1phad a 4.1 0.8 1 .5 4- .1 21 .1 99.6 119.4 83.8 131 .3 51 .1 26.7. 5.3 548 .8 b 0.4 o .1 0.2 0.4 1 .4 6.0 10.0 6·9 7.4 3.2 1 .3 0.3 37.6 12. Yeola a 5.1 2.0 3.3 3.6 18.3 1211-.7 103·9 77.0 135.4 45.2 32.0 4.8 555.3 b 0., 0.2 0.2 J., 1 .2 6., 8.6 ,.8 7·5 2·9 1 ., 0.4 35.8 13. Igatpuri a 2.S 1 .0 0.8 ,g .9 21.3 463.8 1334.3 1;41 .7 118 .1 25' .1 2.8 3341 .6 b 0·3 0.1 0.1 .5 1 .3 16.5 28.9 19.4 5' .0 1 .4 0.3 101 .7 14. Sinnar a 3·1 1 .0 1 ., 7.4 16.3 86.6 128.8 137.4 56.1 30.2 3.3 557.0 b 0.2 o .1 0.2 J .6 1 .3 ,.8 10.6 7.2 3.5 1.5 0.4 39.5 15. Trimbak a 4.3 2.3 1 .0 a .6 23.1 294.6 1016.3 313.2 100.3 20·3 4.1 2456.9 b 0.3 0,2 0.2 0.5 1 .4 13.2 'Zl..6 16.5 4.8 1 .3 0.4 93 .1 16. Junnar a 2.5 1 .5 2.0 1'0.7 19.1 113.5 231 .4- 118.2 66.0 39.6 4.1 742.6 b 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.8 1 .5 7.5 16.2 7.7 4.1 1 .7 0.4 52.7 ------. --~------~-~------* a: Normal Rainfall in millimetres. . b: Average no • of rainy days(day with rain of 2.5 rnm) . Source :- Meteorological Department, Shivaj1nagar, pora - ,. , , '. , between ,0 and 12, cms annuallY. ihe month-wise distribution in the upper Godavari bas1n of rainfall based on the rainfall data of the period from 1901 to 1950 1s shown in table A-9. §OILSI- S01ls ot the reg10n are dar!ved from the basaltic rock and are influenced by undulating topography, climatic con ditions and vegetation cover (Map. 1 .8) • .Among the important types ot soUs that are found in this region, shallower s01ls are tound in hilly tract. Lateri 'Uc caps are seen on the westem zone ot high rainfall in the vicini ty ot Igatpuri. Soils along the banks ot Pravara, Godavarl, Mula are extremely rich and fertile but they become poor :way trom the banks. In the Talukas at sang amne r , llasik, N1phad. , Yeola, Kopergaon, Shr1rampur, Rabun and lTewasa, in the dc1ni ty ot the rivers, soils are generally black, deep and tertile. But the undulating part with meagre rainfall ha.s shallow and med1um deep soils suitable only ~or millets. SoUs developed on undulating topography show varying degree at erosion, depth and texture. Soils of the region are grouped as tollowSI 1) Lateritic caps I 2) Shallow BOU. I 7., to 20., ems 3) Medium deep soils s 22.5 to 90.0 ems It-) Deep soUs I more than 90 cms 1 )I_ter! tic gaps I Developed under humid cond.1 tions in the velum part at Igatpur1. taluka ot the basin • .. 50 TABLE A-9 COMPOBITIOl'l OF +HE TRopICAL SOILS IN UPPl@ GODAVARI BASIN -~~~~---~~~----~--~-----~--~--~---~----~------~--- 1 • pH 8.0, 8.30 2. Total Soluble salts 0.29 °.31 3. aut 14.2, 18.50 4. Clay 28.,0 47.00 ,. Calcium Ca.rbonate(Oac03) ,.00 9.09 6. Ex.Ca(m.e.100g.) 3, .00 46.0, 7. Ex .Mg(m.e. 100g.) ,.,0 9.,0 8. Ex.Na + K (m.e. 100g .) 1 .0, 2.00 9. Total Nitrogen 0.0, 0.06 10. Ava.11able K20 Potash (mgm. 100g.) 2, .90 30.40 ---~---~------ Surface samples collected during the survey were analysed for different physical and chemical constituent. Source 1- Department of Agriculture, Maharashtra state, Poona. 51 TABLE A-10 A. ZOl~ I A.1 Hgdiwlt geep • o - 15 7.4 0.1 39 34 2.4 18 11 2.0 0.101 1, -30 ?3 0 .20 24 ~ 1,..8 23 'J 2.0 ... .. A.2 Veu.deep; o .. 17., 8.1 0.20 2!l 3.0 2, 3.0 0.03 - 17.$- 9>.0 8.2 0.24 3, 3., 31 0., ... .. ; .0-120.0 8.2 0.36 .. 3.4 36 0.5' - B. ~a. II .1 l~g1U1n sleep: - 22., 7.8 21 4.1 31 1 o .O~ 2 22.1- 40 /J 7. 28 4.1 36 B.2 ~: o - ~4 8.2 0 .23 18 2 - .. 2t,. - lJ9 B.O .25 19 2.0 B.3 Vel'l ggpp: o - 25 8.2 0.19 ... 2~ - 47.5 8.3 0.21 1,;.,-62 .. , .4 0.20 c. ZQ+ ;' III C.l 110diurn de p: o - 14 .3 0 .~ 40. 42 :3 2 .0 -- ... - ______:~_:_~ ______a~~____ ~_~:____ ::____ ~ ____ ~_ ------~:~---,t- _____ ~~~______-:-______: ______~ ______ • Covering D1ndori, Nas1k, Igatpur1, Sinn r, liphad, Qlandor, ola talukas or the basin. Sourcel- Depa.rtment ot AgriC"Jltu , ~arashtr Sta.te, Poona 52 TABLE A-11 COMPOSITION OF THE TROPICAL SOILS n~ UPPER GODAVARI BASIN~ ---~~-~--~----~------~~.------~-----~------~----~~------~----~~-~--Available Sr. Phase and depth . P ercent m.e.100g. . Total ------__ _ pH ---~------~~~---~---~---. ------~--- Nitrogen K 0 No • in centimetres T. .S. Sile Cla.y CaC0 Ex .ea Ex.Ng Ex .Na+K percent p"~05' 2 3 ~~ ___ -_-__ ------_------~ ___ ~-~ ______~ ___ ~~~ __ ~ __ lQQg~ __ A. ZONE I A.1 Shallow: o - 17., 8.; 0.2; 11 ,6 5.2 53 6 1.0 0.060 14 A.2 Deep: o - 2;.0 8.8 0.32 14 ;2 6.0 7 2.0 0.023 2; - ;0.0 8.7 0.34 14 ;1 6.0 6 2.0 A.3 Verz deelt: o - 20.0 6.7 0.30 14 55 7.0 36 9 2.0 20 - 50.0 8.0 0-3; 6 69 7.5 47 8 ;0 - 75.0 8.1 0.40 7 62 7.; 35 7 75 -100.0 8.2 0.36 13 59 7.5 44 12 1 .0 100 - 130 8.4 0.35 7 62 7.0 34 13 3.0 ------~------~------~------~------~------~------~~ • Covering Akola, Sangamner, Pamer, Ahmednagar, Newasa, Rahuri, Shrirampur, Kopergaon talukas of the basin. Source :- Department of Agriculture, 1·1aharashtra state, Poona. 53 UPPER GODAVARI BASIN SOILS ~ I ~ , I V'~~, I ; II I 'Ir-~ '-----''''~' I I I1II r"'r-- r- -=--_- -~.... I I hi\. '" ____- - - ~ - ' , ' , : : 1 j\ ,1 ~------==-=-~~"'~ J' ,'Ji i ,II I ':ltf' I ' 'j::: ------.... l U I ~ I ~-==--= -=_ ::: ::~ -::- -::--=-=-=-..:-~ ~ _-_= _=_- _~= _.:" _J I I ,I ; i r> 1\ IL-----:.::: ~ ~ --- ___ ------~....II I ~I, ~ I\------'-J....~ I 'f,;;--=- ~ :.. ---~~ ::: ::: ----:: ::: ::---.:: ::: .:::.:: ~-- .::--- - ~ ~ ==.:: ------=- ~ ~ =:.:-= - ~ 1"' ..------: ..:::' = ------.... 1\------....;'" ~ ------.....;, ~ ------"':l ~f'r:----~ -=-______.:- ::.::--.:: ::------=- -=- =- : ~ ~ .:: -=--~ .:!l"!JI 1'-,.... I~ _____ ------~ I~ _____ ------I~ ~~------ ~~------~, ~r-- ..... _ ------...... I I~""" -r" ;;;.------"'" ------______~ I -~" -~-~~~~~;=~=~~=~~~-~ !.t- )."..... ------t- -=--=--_-_ _=_ -_ -=--_ -_-:: ..:::: --",-,",,-______------_ " ~~------,.... F------=- -=--_ -=- -=- :. =- :. :. =:...:- ..: ..:-...: .=-: ..: .:-.: ~ r,-~ ------.., -1od_::±-+-++rt...N r-,-rc:y::.. ------"\ ~ If' r-r-[)J::f ---- ~-~ ~-_=_- SHALLOW SOILS \"'~~ ~ -~:: ~~------=- -==~ -=-:.:--- - eIm ...... , r- -:....-...... :- -=- == = = -:... -_-_ - _-_-_ -=- =_-_--...... ::-,,---- t , ------[[[IIJ MEDIUM BLACK SOILS ------=-.:::::: .::: :::. :::. :::. -==- r=-=--=l ------=::. - l::..=-.:j DEEP BLACK SOILS ------8, 0 8, I6 -- I , - - KMS - 54 2) The shallow soUs: This type along the hill slopes subject to heavy erostonal losses and are dark brown in colour. 3) '!'he Medium deep ·so11s: The medium deep soils on the lower slopes are darker in colour and finer in tex ture • The soils are also well drained • . 4) The deeu black soils; These are formed due to transportation of silt from the upper regions. These are clayey in texture and more than a metre in depth. The river valleys have d~ep black soils. SOIL :rYFES :- 1 ) SHALLOW SOILS (Dig .23, 24 and 25) • Place Chas Phase Shallow pH Morphological deSCription: Ms type is also a shallow soils of about 45 cms depth ,,11th three well defined horizons. The upper horizon has a reddish brown colour, loamy texture and a granular structure. ;Roots penetrate upto this horizon. The third horizon is slightly c .mpact with the s aMe colour. This hori zon is mixed with lime pieces and murum bits. The murum has I a greenish yellow colour and is disintegrated. The thoroughly disintegrated murum contains heavy incrustations of lime. 55 .' ------~ SOIL PROFILES GF UPPER <:; ODAVARI BASIN REDDISH B· GREYISH BR- I. GREYIS H Bl ROWN CLAY O.vN CLAY AO< CLAY BL- VERY DAR/' n BROWN ClAY MIXED Wl}lt CLODY CLOq: A OCKY CLOD~ A PEBBLES ~ A BREAKING IN BREAKING BLOCK HAFI: MURUM TO CRUM8~ IN TO CRU- A QUARTZ DARK BROW· MSS CONCRE PRESENT N CLAY SUG TIONS - PRESENT B HTLY MOIS B B COMPACT ,+BLACK CLA CLODS BREA· Y MASSIVE PARTIALLY DISINTEG KING IN TO COMPACT RATED NODULES &- DECOMPOE CRUMBS WH- QUARTZ ED MURUM . MURUM ITE CONCRE- PIECES B TIONS ARE C BROWN CL~ PRESENT Y MOIST C CuMPACT PROFUSE Q- UARTZ ~ P. H:-S·7 GREYISH 0 LIME PIECES YELLOW D1S P. H .-8·5 INTEGRATEC MURUM E 1- SAME P. H.- S-8 LAYER CONTINUE!~ I- E P. H:-8'7 """'- SOIL SERIES NO.1 SOl L SER IES \0, 2 SOIL SERl FS NL 3 sal L S E.RIES NO.4 l VttRT~AL ~C~E f DIG. 23 0 10 3) 30 40 50 ems 56 - --,------. ~--~ SOIL PROF! LES OF UPPER GODAVi Rl BASIN "I ~ YELLOWISH 8RO YE LLO\vISH BRa DARK BROWN L ' \'N SILTY CLAY A vvN CLAY LOAtvl CLAY WITH A leAr", SLIG HTLY COMPACT BLAC~ A I R.E CDISH TIN ~6CIS~ 8'tftCK NCRETI ttS I ~ WHITE GE CLODDY CONCRETIONS B '... DARK YELL~~ I ~ARKER IN 'BRCM'N CLAYEY ... GREYI SH BRO~ I COLOUR CLA SLiG HTLY MG!S; B I WN CLAY LuAM B I EY CLODDY MORE BLACK \SLlGHTLY "~OIS~ MIXED WITH CuNCRETIONS I 8c r"'ASS\VE PLA i MURUM c YfLLCWISH ~I\U Rj j WHI TE ~ BLA.CK UM PEBBLES ,CONCRETIONS PRESENT I C C I DARK GRAYISH ' DISINTEGRA I YELLOWISH ,MURUM CLAY LOArv1 MORE MOIST REDDISH ~ MASS IVE C Ofv1 PA C T P. H.-7·S MURUM PROFUSE BLACK ~WHITEI CO NCRET IONS PRESENT P. H.- 7-4 P. H.- 8·1 D I' J '- SOl L S ER I ES NO 5 SOIL SERIES \!06 ------1..---- _____ c; llJ L SERI ES NO.7 L ' I: RTlyA [' 1 SC1 LE I DIG.24 o I 2 ]0 40 50 ems 57 ~------. - .------1 SOIL PROFILES OF UPPER GODA.VAR! BASIN --- -- REC01SH ~R()WN , DARK 8 R' ,.I WN YELLOWISH CLAY, C LC)[; S I CLAY C ~ l uSA 8R~'I"N SA N~ A B RE AK I N GIN 8KEhr j --- --. ,. 58 PhD1cp c..ltem.1.caJ. choractef§: In this s011 type, the clay content .inc as s from "'1;;-' to 5'3% with epth percentage of c ciu carbonate is low in the upper layers but 0 S on 1ncreasin wi th pth • LiMe contento is fairly high in t1le bctto 1 y r , with uniform base exchange cap city. Percent 'n of calc1 satur tion is bout as' I. Exch e hI mn:?nes1u v r1~s fro 5:J to ? • 2) Pl c - Rabun Ph se ep pH .. 8.7 to • MQrpbol~al d!§Cr1pt1on: '!he first hor1 zan ( 0 to 25 c · s) .1s greyish back in colour a"ld cloddy in structure. isinte rtion of c ods in to cru hs is due to p saure '" Th text r 1s clay' oaM • The pp r two horizons TO 81 11 r xcept that th stroct re g ts 1 n t Tnc lo~1 r· ost horizon ri t'h sho.ly or ne 1d structure is d r er in colour, with pr sence of 11 nodules ~1co eh mj1al ell ~ter§.: The clay content is·hi ,0" to 0 • p rcentage ot calciu carbo~ate 1s f lrly hi·h 1, to 10"'. e s ts con- tent are low anccu 1 ted ~ones a not dist11Ct. e per- c lciu t 19 r"lt 3) ase Very pH .7 to .4 59 Morphological description: lhis type of soils is fairly deep with three well defined horizons. The upper horison is grayish black in colour cloddy structure and clayey texture. The clods break into crumbs under pressure. The second horizon is slightly dark in colour and interspersed with roots. Black clay wi th m~ssi ve and compact nature is full with lime nodules and quarts pieces. The third layer is brownish in colour, clay loam in texture. The compact layer is massive with profuse quartz and lime pieces. Physico chemical che~acters: , This type bas a uniform and high clay content, 50% to 52%. The percentage of calcium carbonate is very high i.e. ' 9.3% and increased with depth. Percentage of total soluble salts low in the upper layers but go on increastng with depth. 'pH t value indicate alkaline sO,il reaction but slowly decreases below. Percentage of exchangeable calcium is low while ex changeable sodium shmTs a reverse trend. , 4) Place Ghoti (Igatpuri) Phase l-1edium deep pH .. 7.4 - 7.3 Morphological description: This type of soils is of medium depth with three ~.,ell defined horisons. The upper layer is yellOHish bro,"m with silty clay loa~. The layers are structureless, friable slight ly moist, mixed with black concretions. The second horizon is slightly darker in colour with clayey texture and black con cretions. Disintegrated yellowish nrurum with pebbles are present. The third horizon is slightly darker in colour with disintegrated murum. Physico chemical characters: This type of soil has high clay content 55% to 58% wi th high calcium content. The percentage of soluble salts is fairly low, Base saturation capacity is high and exchangea ble calcium decreases with depth. Place Ghoti(Igatpur!) Phase Very deep pH 8.2 - 8.5 Mo~phological description: This type is characterised by three horizons. The upper horizon is about 0 to 17.5 ems in thickness, yellowish brown 1n colour with high clay contents. This layer is com pact in nature with presence of black and brown, with high percentage of clay, slightly moist and massive with increased quantity of ,.,bite and black concretions. The lower layer is similar to the above except it is more moist in nature. Physico chemical characters: This type has high percentage of clay throughout the profl!Le. Gypsum and salts accumulate in the lower horf zon • Humus content is fairly high in the upper layers and get decreased in the lower layers. Percentage of calciur.l carbonate 61 is very high. The pre ni::.age of exchangeab10 calcium, magnesium an d sorliu 11 is fairly hig • 6) Place Dindori Phase Medium deep pH 7 .8 Horphological d~ri1)t10n: This type ha s a well marked horizons. The surface horizon h a s a dark brown clay with reddi sh tinge with cloddy in structure. The second layer is darker in colour, clayoy in • texture ,\>1i th cloddy structure ''...'1 ( . ixed with murur.1. ,elow this layer lies the disintegrated muru ~. PhYsico chemical characters: This type has uniformly high clay content through out the profile. The remarkable feature of this soil is tbf-l.t it contain high calcium content which increases In th depth. The total soluble salts are low. 7) Place Dindori Phase Deep pH 8 .2 - 8.0 MQ.rphological description: This type is a deep soil of 0 to 50 cms deep t?nc1 consi.sts of well defined horizons. The surface horizon is reddish brown in colour with clayey texture. The clods break into gran-ules under pressure. Loose murum present here and there. The second layer 1s dark brown in colour slightly C 62 coepsct in na.ture With granular l!lUrum bits present. The Vi third layer 1s ¥911qish with disintegrated murum. Physico cbem1ca.1 champte"' !!be soil type has a 'loll defined horizon wbere clay content 1s high. '!be percentage of oalc1lm carbonate is low and ranging from 1 : to ;%. The pH values are com pa.ra.tively uniform and 10\1. The base saturation capac1ty i.8 high. The exehangoable oalciurJ const1 tute ninety percent of the total replaecable bases. 8) Place - Dindor.1 Phase - Very deep pH - 9.0 - 8.6 t&Orpbological de§Sr1utiqp: . '!he soil is fairly deep and occurs on sloping or low lying s1 tuations. It consists or well defined layers, the first layer is 0 to 2, ems, is durl~ brown \lith clayey texture. !he Clods breal{ into orttrlbs under pressure. It shows presence or white lime nodules. i'he second horizon consists of' dark gray in colour v.t th olayey toxture. It shovs presence of' ml'Um bits and Ume nodules. TIle th.lrd layer 1s slightly darker 1n colour with profound murum bit•• Physico chemical chara8ter§: nus s011 type 1s characterised by 0. fairly un1- tom meehanica.l compos! tion owr the entire profile. ib.e ·'" 63 clay content is high. The contents. of calcium carbonate remain m.ore or less uniform. The percentage of total ex- changeable bases is high. The contents of exchangeable magnesium are high and show an increase with depth. Pl.ace Chandwad Phase Medium deep pH 8.3 - 8., MOrpholggicil description: This type is a medium deep soil of 0 to 29 ems deep and consists of ,,,ell defined horizons. The surface layer is yellowish bro't'm in colour with s3nd;rl loam tex ture. The second layer is whitish brown in colour with loose gre.ined particles. Below this layer lies the disin tegrated murum. Physicc chemical characters: This type has uniformly high clay content, high calcium content and high pH values. The total solUble sal ts are low. The base saturation capacity is hiGh. The exchangeable calcium progressiv~ly decreases with depth . 10) Place Aghur-Vaij apur Phase Medium deep pH 8.7 .. Morppological description: This type is medium deep soil of 0 to 30 cms depth and consists of two well marked horizons. Tho upper horizon is of a darlt brown in colour With clayey in texture 64 i'his ~a.yer is blocky, hard in nature and profusely mixed with qUartz. The lower' layer is partially decomposed murum. PhYsico chemical characters: This type has uniformly high clay content through out the profi ~e . The high calcium carbonate content and high pH values both of which increase with depth are typi cal i'eatures of this soil. The total soluable salts are fairly low. The base saturation capacity is high. The exchangeable calcium decreases with depth.