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Der Fall Organtransplantation Forschungsgruppe Große Technische Systeme des Forschungsschwerpunkts Technik - Arbeit - Umwelt am Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung FS II 90-503 Technische Vernetzung im Gesundheitswesen: Der Fall Organtransplantation Ingo Braun Günter Feuerstein Claudia von Grote-Janz Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialfo rschung gGmbH (WZB) Reichpietschufer 50, DW-1000 Berlin 30 Tel .: 030/25 491-0 TECHNISCHE VERNETZUNG IM GESUNDHEITSWESEN: DER FALL ORGAN­ TRANSPLANTATION Zusammenfassung In dem Beitrag werden die Struktur und Dynamik von techni­ schen Systemen der Organtransplantation untersucht. Im Mit­ telpunkt stehen dabei Prozesse der zwischenklinischen und überregionalen technischen Vernetzung, auf die das Transplan­ tationswesen in besonderer Weise angewiesen ist. Im Anschluß an die Analyse der netztechnischen Strukturen wenden sich die Autoren der Frage zu, welche Mechanismen das bislang unge­ bremste Wachstum der Transplantationssysteme erklären können. Hierfür werden die Bezüge untersucht, die das Transplanta­ tionswesen zur medizinischen Forschung und Wissenschaft und zu alltagsweltlichen Körperpraktiken und Körperbildern auf­ weist. Die Autoren zeigen auf, wie die enge Kopplung der Transplantationsmedizin mit der medizinischen Forschung zur Ausweitung der netztechnischen Strukturen in Organtransplan­ tationssystemen führt. Auch die Versuche der Mediziner, den vielfältigen Akzeptanzproblemen der Organverpflanzung Rech­ nung zu tragen, trägt zum Wachstum der Netzstrukturen bei. TECHNICAL NETWORKS IN PUBLIC HEALTH: THE CASE OF ORGAN TRANS­ PLANTATION Summary The paper contributes to an understanding of the structure and dynamics of the technical systems of organ transplanta­ tion. The focus is on the development of supraregional tech­ nical networks linking relevant clinical and other organiza­ tions on which organ transplantation is dependent. After analyzing the structures of technical networks themselves, the authors identify certain mechanisms accounting for the rapid growth of transplantation systems. It is demonstrated, on the one hand, how the links between transplantation and scientific research result in system expansion. On the other hand, attempts of medical and other experts to deal with "acceptance issues" and cultural changes of body-related practices likewise contribute to system growth. Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite Einleitung................................................................................................. 1 1. Technische Strukturen des Transplantationssystems............................3 - Interorganisatorische Vernetzung........................................................ 5 - Interorganische Vernetzung............................................................... 10 2. Wissenschaftskontexte des Transplantationssystems...........................14 - Optimierung durch Immunforschung................................................ 16 - Diversifizierung durch Genforschung................................................ 22 - Absicherung durch Betroffenenforschung..........................................26 - Vernetzung durch Wissensschleifen.................................................. 33 3. Alltagskontexte des Transplantationssystems...................................... 33 - Organverpflanzung und Körperpraxis................................................35 - Organverpflanzung und Körpersymbolik............................................39 - Pluralisierung des Körperumgangs.................................................... 45 - Vernetzung durch Sinnschleifen........................................................47 4. Wissens- und Sinnbeschaffung in technisch vernetzten Systemen . .50 Literaturverzeichnis................................................................................ 53 -1 - * Einleitung Organtransplantationen sind interessant, spektakulär, regen die Phantasie an und provozieren nahezu automatisch ausschweifende Diskussionen mit Freunden und Kollegen, die sich sehr schnell im Reich des Grundsätzlichen oder der science-fiction bewegen. Fast täglich kann man auf Zeitungsmel­ dungen stoßen, die über erstmals geglückte Verpflanzungen von Organen berichten, von deren Existenz im eigenen Körper man oft kaum etwas ahnte, über dramatische Transplantationsaktionen unter Zuhilfenahme von militä­ rischen Düsenjägern, über DDR-Herzen, die unter spektakulären Umstän­ den in den Westen gelangten, oder man stößt auf kleine, unscheinbare Noti­ zen, die einen sachlichen Aufruf für eine namentlich genannte Person ent­ halten, sich umgehend bei ihrem Transplantationszentrum zu melden. Um so mehr verwundert es, daß es nur wenig sozialwissenschaftliche Veröffentli­ chungen und praktisch keine Literatur aus der sozialwissenschaftlichen Technikforschung zu diesem Thema gibt. Wir wollen daher im folgenden et­ was mehr Raum als im Rahmen eines Aufsatzes üblich der Beschreibung der vergleichsweise technik-, forschungs- und legitimationsintensiven Transplan­ tationsmedizin widmen. Der folgenden Analyse des Transplantationswesens unterliegt ein dezi­ diert techniksoziologisches Forschungsinteresse, das auf technische Vernet­ zungsprozesse und speziell auf die Wachstumsdynamik technisch vernetzter Systeme zielt. Konzeptionell kann die Untersuchung an einen relativ jungen Zweig der Technikforschung anknüpfen, der sich mit den Struktur- und Wachstumsbesonderheiten sogenannter "großer technischer Systeme" (des Transportwesens, der Energieversorgung, der Datenkommunikation) im Unterschied zu "kleinen technischen Systemen" (maschinelle Anlagen in der Industrie, Verbrauchertechnik) beschäftigt.1 Entsprechend wird im Mittel­ punkt unseres Beitrags die Frage stehen, warum die zentralen Funktions- * Vielen Dank für die medizinische Kritik von Michael Hess und für die techniksoziologi­ schen Ratschläge von Bernward Joerges. Beide haben uns bei dem Entwurf und der Strukturierung dieses Beitrags sehr geholfen. Für ihre freundliche Unterstützung und ihre Kommentare möchten wir uns auch bei Prof. Schoeppe vom Kuratorium für Dialyse und Nierentransplantation sowie bei unseren WZB-Kollegen Angelika Ebrecht-Laermann, Rai­ ner Döbert und Rolf Rosenbrock bedanken. Für die Dummheiten dieses Textes sind allein die drei Autoren verantwortlich. 1 Siehe hierzu die verschiedenen Beiträge in Mayntz/Hughes 1988, in La Porte 1991 sowie Hughes 1987. - 2 - Probleme der Transplantationsmedizin, die Organ- und Zeitknappheit, durch technische Vernetzung beantwortet werden und in aller Regel zur Auswei­ tung ihrer netztechnischen Strukturen geführt haben. Um das techniksoziologisch Interessante am Transplantationswesen deutlich hervorzuheben und um den Text nicht zu überfrachten, haben wir - so weit es ging - vor allem sich aufdrängende gesundheitspolitische und ge­ sundheitsökonomische Aspekte ausgeblendet. Vorweg sei auch darauf hinge­ wiesen, daß in diesem Beitrag die Frage im Vordergrund stehen wird, wie und warum von der Bevölkerung ein Vertrauen in das technische System der Transplantationsmedizin aufgebaut wird. Wir werden also - obwohl im Fall der Transplantationsmedizin nichts näher zu liegen scheint - darauf ver­ zichten, die Analyse mit dem modischen Mäntelchen einer Risikoabschät­ zung zu umgeben. Die Konjunktur der Risikoproblematik verdankt sich nämlich zu einem guten Teil der falschen Hoffnung, von der Analyse der Risiken einer Technik auf ihre Sicherheit, von den Bedingungen des Scheiterns einer Technik auf die ihres Erfolges oder allgemeiner von den Folgen von Technik auf die Vor­ aussetzungen für Technik schließen zu können. Analytisch gibt es keinen Grund, das wachsende Mißtrauen in moderne Technik (Risikobewußtsein) als Kehrwert eines schrumpfenden Vertrauens in Technik (Sicherheitsbe­ wußtsein?) zu lesen, schon gar nicht, betrachtet man die Prognosen vorlie­ gender Risikoanalysen durch die Brille des Prognostizierten. Nicht nur unter mehr oder weniger logischen, sondern auch unter im weiteren Sinne tech­ niktheoretischen Gesichtspunkten scheint uns zudem das Funktionieren von Technik, insbesondere im Falle großer, weiträumig vernetzter Technik, erklärungsbedürftiger als ihr Scheitern. Der erste Teil unseres Beitrags soll einen groben Überblick über die Strukturen und Abläufe von Organtransplantationssystemen bieten und ins­ besondere ihre netztechnischen Strukturen beleuchten. Im zweiten Teil wer­ den die Wissenschaftskontexte von Transplantationssystemen näher unter­ sucht. Es soll hier am Beispiel des bundesdeutschen Transplantationssy­ stems gezeigt werden, wie eine spezifische Rückkopplung von technischer und wissenschaftlicher Entwicklung zum Wachstum des Transplantations­ systems und seiner Probleme beiträgt. Im darauffolgenden dritten Teil sollen - zunächst unter Ausblendung der zentralen Funktionsprobleme - die all­ tagsweltlichen Kontexte des Transplantationsbetriebes im Mittelpunkt ste- - 3 - hen. Wir werden uns hier mit den Irritationen beschäftigen, die das Trans­ plantationssystem und das Wissen über die Möglichkeiten der Transplantati­ onsmedizin für den gesellschaftlichen Körperumgang, für körperbezogene Praktiken und Symboliken mit sich bringen. Dabei versuchen wir zu zeigen, daß sich die Veränderungen des Körperumgangs, zu denen die Transplanta­ tionsmedizin beiträgt, im Rahmen und als Ausdruck von Thesen zu einer Pluralisierung des gesellschaftlichen Lebens interpretieren lassen. Danach werden dann mögliche Rückwirkungen beleuchtet, die ein derart plurali- sierter Körperumgang auf die zentralen Funktionsprobleme und die Ent­ wicklungsrichtung des Transplantationssystems ausüben
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