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Bering Sea Marine Invasive Species Assessment Alaska Center for Conservation Science

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Bering Sea Marine Invasive Species Assessment Alaska Center for Conservation Science Bering Sea Marine Invasive Species Assessment Alaska Center for Conservation Science Scientific Name: Petricolaria pholadiformis Phylum Mollusca Common Name false angelwing Class Bivalvia Order Veneroida Family Petricolidae Z:\GAP\NPRB Marine Invasives\NPRB_DB\SppMaps\PETPHO.pn g 164 Final Rank 44.11 Data Deficiency: 8.75 Category Scores and Data Deficiencies Total Data Deficient Category Score Possible Points Distribution and Habitat: 13.5 26 3.75 Anthropogenic Influence: 4 10 0 Biological Characteristics: 19.5 25 5.00 Impacts: 3.25 30 0 Figure 1. Occurrence records for non-native species, and their geographic proximity to the Bering Sea. Ecoregions are based on the classification system by Spalding et al. (2007). Totals: 40.25 91.25 8.75 Occurrence record data source(s): NEMESIS and NAS databases. General Biological Information Tolerances and Thresholds Minimum Temperature (°C) 1 Minimum Salinity (ppt) 10 Maximum Temperature (°C) 26 Maximum Salinity (ppt) 35 Minimum Reproductive Temperature (°C) NA Minimum Reproductive Salinity (ppt) 31* Maximum Reproductive Temperature (°C) NA Maximum Reproductive Salinity (ppt) 35* Additional Notes Petricolaria pholadiformis is a bivalve with an elongated white shell. Many lines radiate from the umbo, and the first ten of these are rather well-defined. The shell is also marked by concentric growth lines. Adult shells measure ~55 mm. Adults live burrowed in substrates such as mud, soft rock, or clay. P. pholadiformis is native to eastern North America, and has been introduced to Europe and the western coast of North America. The most likely vectors of introduction for this species are accidental transport with the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), and transport via ballast water. Report updated on Wednesday, December 06, 2017 Page 1 of 13 1. Distribution and Habitat 1.1 Survival requirements - Water temperature Choice: Little overlap – A small area (<25%) of the Bering Sea has temperatures suitable for year-round survival Score: C 1.25 of High uncertainty? 3.75 Ranking Rationale: Background Information: Temperatures required for year-round survival occur in a limited This species has been reported from Penobscot Bay, ME where water area (<25%) of the Bering Sea. Thresholds are based on geographic temperatures range from 1.1 to 14.1°C (NERACOOS 2016). In its distribution, which may not represent physiological tolerances; we native range, this species occurs as far south as Padre Island, TX (in the therefore ranked this question with "High uncertainty". Gulf of Mexico), where water temperatures >26°C have been recorded (NOAA 2017). Sources: NERACOOS 2016 NOAA 2017 1.2 Survival requirements - Water salinity Choice: Considerable overlap – A large area (>75%) of the Bering Sea has salinities suitable for year-round survival Score: A 3.75 of 3.75 Ranking Rationale: Background Information: Salinities required for year-round survival occur over a large Based on its geographic distribution, this species can tolerate salinities (>75%) area of the Bering Sea. up to 35 ppt (Fofonoff et al. 2003). Although it is a marine species, it is usually associated with sites that have some freshwater inflow. Experiments by Castagna and Chalney (1973, qtd. in Fofonoff et al. 2003) found high (90%) survival rates in individuals exposed to 10 ppt water for 52 to 92 days. Sources: NEMESIS; Fofonoff et al. 2003 1.3 Establishment requirements - Water temperature Choice: Unknown/Data Deficient Score: U of Ranking Rationale: Background Information: More information is needed to establish reproductive temperature Duval (1963) observed larvae and spawning at water temperatures requirements for this species. between 16 and 19°C. Sources: NEMESIS; Fofonoff et al. 2003 Duval 1963 Report updated on Wednesday, December 06, 2017 Page 2 of 13 1.4 Establishment requirements - Water salinity Choice: Considerable overlap – A large area (>75%) of the Bering Sea has salinities suitable for reproduction Score: A 3.75 of High uncertainty? 3.75 Ranking Rationale: Background Information: Although salinity thresholds are unknown, this species is a marine No information found. organism that does not require freshwater to reproduce. We therefore assume that this species can reproduce in saltwater (31 to 35 ppt). These salinities occur in a large (>75%) portion of the Bering Sea. Sources: NEMESIS; Fofonoff et al. 2003 1.5 Local ecoregional distribution Choice: Present in an ecoregion greater than two regions away from the Bering Sea Score: D 1.25 of 5 Ranking Rationale: Background Information: This species is found in southern BC and in WA. On the west coast of North America, this species occurs in WA and southern BC. Individuals have been found in CA, but it is unknown whether there are established populations. Sources: NEMESIS; Fofonoff et al. 2003 1.6 Global ecoregional distribution Choice: In few ecoregions globally Score: C 1.75 of 5 Ranking Rationale: Background Information: This species has only been reported from a few ecoregions, mostly This species has a broad native range, from PEI to FL, and west to TX. in northern Europe and in limited areas of western North America. On the west coast of North America, populations are established in WA and BC. In Europe, this species has been found in England, and in the North Sea off the coasts of Belgium, Denmark, and Norway. It is also present in western Sweden. Populations have also been found in Greece, where they were likely introduced by ballast water. Sources: NEMESIS; Fofonoff et al. 2003 Report updated on Wednesday, December 06, 2017 Page 3 of 13 1.7 Current distribution trends Choice: Established outside of native range, but no evidence of rapid expansion or long-distance dispersal Score: C 1.75 of 5 Ranking Rationale: Background Information: This species has failed to establish in CA. Introductions have been This species has likely been introduced accidentally with Eastern attributed to transport by anthropogenic vectors, rather than natural oysters, or by ballast water (Fofonoff et al. 2003). Individuals have been dispersal. This species has a restricted worldwide distribution, and found in CA, but do not seem to have established populations there. we have not found evidence of a rapid range expansion for this Zenetos et al. (2009) rejected the possibility that this soecies was species. introduced to the Mediterranean by natural dispersal. Sources: NEMESIS; Fofonoff et al. 2003 Zenetos et al. 2009 Section Total - Scored Points: 13.5 Section Total - Possible Points: 26.25 Section Total -Data Deficient Points: 3.75 Report updated on Wednesday, December 06, 2017 Page 4 of 13 2. Anthropogenic Transportation and Establishment 2.1 Transport requirements: relies on use of shipping lanes (hull fouling, ballast water), fisheries, recreation, mariculture, etc. for transport Choice: Has been observed using anthropogenic vectors for transport and transports independent of any anthropogenic vector once Score: A introduced 4 of 4 Ranking Rationale: Background Information: Believed to be transported by hitchhiking or ballast water. Its Introduced outside of its native range by hitchhiking or by ballast water spread in northern Europe has been attributed to natural, larval (Fofonoff et al. 2003). Rosenthal (1980) claims that this species spread dispersal. through northern Europe naturally. In Greece, however, this species has a very disjunct distribution, occurring there and nowhere else along the Mediterranean. For this reason, Zenetos et al. (2009) believe that P. pholadiformis was introduced in Greece by human vectors. Sources: NEMESIS; Fofonoff et al. 2003 Zenetos et al. 2009 Rosenthal 1980 2.2 Establishment requirements: relies on marine infrastructure, (e.g. harbors, ports) to establish Choice: Does not use anthropogenic disturbance/infrastructure to establish Score: D 0 of 4 Ranking Rationale: Background Information: This species burrows and establishes in natural substrates. Burrows in natural substrates including mud, peat, clay, and wood (Zenetos et al. 2009). Sources: Zenetos et al. 2009 2.3 Is this species currently or potentially farmed or otherwise intentionally cultivated? Choice: No Score: B 0 of 2 Ranking Rationale: Background Information: This species is not farmed or cultivated. Although this species is edible, it is not farmed. Sources: NEMESIS; Fofonoff et al. 2003 Section Total - Scored Points: 4 Section Total - Possible Points: 10 Section Total -Data Deficient Points: 0 Report updated on Wednesday, December 06, 2017 Page 5 of 13 3. Biological Characteristics 3.1 Dietary specialization Choice: Generalist at all life stages and/or foods are readily available in the study area Score: A 5 of 5 Ranking Rationale: Background Information: Food items for this species are readily available in the Bering Sea. This species is a filter feeder that consumes phytoplankton and other particles. Sources: NEMESIS; Fofonoff et al. 2003 3.2 Habitat specialization and water tolerances Does the species use a variety of habitats or tolerate a wide range of temperatures, salinity regimes, dissolved oxygen levels, calcium concentrations, hydrodynamics, pollution, etc? Choice: Generalist; wide range of habitat tolerances at all life stages Score: A 5 of 5 Ranking Rationale: Background Information: This species can tolerate a range of environmental conditions and This species requires a burrows in moderately soft substrates (e.g., clay, substrate types. mud, chalk, wood) (Tillin and Budd 2008; Zenetos et al. 2009). However, this species is not a boring specialist and cannot burrow into very
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