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Central Library of Rochester and Monroe County · Historic Serials Collection Central Library of Rochester and Monroe County · Historic Serials Collection Central Library of Rochester and Monroe County · Historic Serials Collection Central Library of Rochester and Monroe County · Historic Serials Collection ROCHESTER PUBLIC LIBRARY THE GIFT OF Rochester Academy of Science Central Library of Rochester and Monroe County · Historic Serials Collection /' 11<! H11IIIIIII .1II 3 9077 03099650 1 Central Library of Rochester and Monroe County · Historic Serials Collection PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE VOLUME 7 OCTOBER 1929, TO AUGUST 1937 ROCHESTER, N. Y. PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY 1941 Central Library of Rochester and Monroe County · Historic Serials Collection OFFICERS OF THE ACADEMY 1929-1940 President W. H. BOARDMAN 1929 FLOYD C. FAIRBANKS 1930-1940 First Vice-President L. E. JEWELL 1929 A. J. RAMAKER 1930-1935 CHARLES MESSERSCHMIDT 1936 DEAN L. GAMBLE 1937-1940 Second Vice-President CHARLES MESSERSCHMIDT 1929-1935 DEAN L. GAMBLE 1936 CHARLES MESSERSCHMIDT 1937-1939 Secretary MILROY N. STEWART 1929-1940 Treasurer GEORGE WENDT 1929-1940 Librarian ALICE H. BROWN 1929-1930 DONALD B. GILCHRIST 1931-1939 COUNCILLORS Elective ARTHUR C. PARKER ... ... 1929-1936 GEORGE L. ENGLISH . 1929-1931, F. W. C. MEYER ... 1929-1940 1935-1937 ... 1930-1939 HERMAN L. FAIRCHILD . 1929-1938 W. L. G. EDSON ... 1929-1940 MELISSA E. BINGEMAN . 1937-1940 R. L. POST 1939-1940 DAVID E. JENSEN . 1938-1940 WILLIAM S. CORNWELL . 1940 . 1940 Central Library of Rochester and Monroe County · Historic Serials Collection 1 k5t>U ! Y.7 OFFICERS OF THE SECTIONS Section of Botany Chairman, FLORENCE BECKWITH 1929 WARREN A. MATHEWS 1930-1931 GRACE A. B. CARTER 1932-1940 Recorder, MILTON S. BAXTER 1929-1938 JOSEPHINE EDSON 1939-1940 Section of Mineralogy (formerly, Geology) Chairman, F. W. C MEYER 1929-1935 R. C VANCE 1936-1940 Recorder, R. C VANCE 1929-1935 MILROY N. STEWART 1936-1940 Section of Microscopy Chairman, R. L. ROUDABUSH !938 Recorder, M. D. ANDREWS 1938 Section of Entomology Chairman, R. L. POST ... 1937 J. B. ZIEGLER 1938-1939 Recorder, JOSEPHINE EDSON 1"37 R. G. YAEGER 1938-1939 1-1 Central Library of Rochester and Monroe County · Historic Serials Collection TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME VII PAGE New York Drumlins; By HERMAN L. FAIRCHILD 1 Arboriculture at Rochester, N. Y.; By MILTON S. BAXTER and THOMAS P. MALOY 39 History and Engineering of Rochester's Water Supply in Its First Century; By EDWIN A. FISHER 59 New York Physiography and Glaciology West of the Genesee Valley; By HERMAN L. FAIRCHILD 97 The Richmond Mastodon; By JOHN T. SANFORD 137 Genesee Valley Hydrography and Drainage; By HERMAN L. FAIRCHILD 157 Petrology of the Niagara Gorge Sediments; By HAROLD L. ALLING 189 New York Geographic Puzzle; By HERMAN L. FAIRCHILD 204 The Bergen Swamp; an Ecological Study; By PAUL ALEXANDER STEWART and WILLIAM DAYTON MERRELL .. 209 Central Library of Rochester and Monroe County · Historic Serials Collection PROC. ROCH. ACAD. ScIE^ CE VOL. 7, PLATE 1 nnty. Looking south of wist. Looking cast of north. Central Library of Rochester and Monroe County · Historic Serials Collection PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE VOL. 7. PP. 1-37 PLATES 1-20 OCTOBER. 1929 NEW YORK DRUMLINS BY HERMAN L. FAIRCHILD CONTENTS. PAGES Foreword 2 General characters; terminology 2 Occurrence in general 4 Display in western-central New York 5 Favoring conditions 5 Distribution; area 5 Numeration 6 Boundaries 6 Erosion features 7 Subdivisions; time relations 9 Attitude; orientation 9 Relation to the land surface 12 Relation to the rock strata 13 Form; dimensions 14 Composition 18 Structure; concentric bedding 20 Relation to moraines 21 Island-like groups 22 Non-drumlin spaces 23 Open channels 24 Rocdrumlins 25 Physical factors in drumlin formation 27 Dynamic factors pertaining to the glacier 27 Factors relating to the drift held in the ice 28 Factors of external- control .' 28 Summary; fact and philosophy 29 Origin of drumlins • • 29 Thrust movement of the ground-contact ice 29 Dynamics • 30 Relative age • • • 31 Form and relations 32 Depth of the drumlin-making ice 33 Drumlins of eastern New York 34 Complexity in the history ^ 1 Central Library of Rochester and Monroe County · Historic Serials Collection 2 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE FOREWORD The singular hills of glacial origin which we now call drumlins were noted by James Hall in his report of 1843 on the geology of the Fourth New York District. Sir James Hall of England had referred to the English forms as early as 1815. They came under active study in Europe in 1864, and in America from about 1878. Previous to 1907 considerable literature on the subject had accu­ mulated, but there had been no comprehensive publication in de­ scription and explanation. And owing to considerable variation in the characters and relations of the hills, as seen by geologists in different regions, the question of their origin or manner of construc­ tion was yet under debate. In the year 1907 the writer published a detailed description of the west-central New York drumlins, richly illustrated, as Bulle­ tin 111 of the New York State Museum. Because the State has the finest group of drumlins in the world, exhibiting the greatest range in all of their features, that paper was the most comprehensive and conclusive on the subject. Moreover it was the only writing which proved from observed features the subglacial construction of the hills, and discussed the complex mechanics of their upbuilding. Unfortunately that Bulletin 111 was in limited edition, and with scanty distribution, and in a short time was "out of print." Because of this condition it appears desirable to publish the present writing, and in the proceedings of a scientific society which has particular interest in the earth features of western and central New York. No apology is made for making large use or even repetition of mat­ ter in the former paper, and with regrets that it is not feasible to reproduce the elegant three-color maps.' GENERAL CHARACTERS; TERMINOLOGY Drumlins are the most massive, singular and interesting of all the varied products of glacial agency. In their occurrence, attitude and relation, form and structure they are not only the most remarkable of ice-sheet deposits but in their size, convex surfaces and graceful outlines they are the most striking of the drift-forms; and perhaps the most beautiful of all earth-forms of moderate size. Previous to the discovery of continental glaciation these hills were the greatest geologic enigma. There composition, like that of mo­ raines and the veneer of till, classed them with the "drift," the mass Central Library of Rochester and Monroe County · Historic Serials Collection PROC. ROCH. ACAD. SCIENC VOL. 7, PLATE 2 DRUMLINS Upper, between Sennett and ikaneatcles Junction. Looking north of east. Lower, west of Sk. ineatfli-s Jvinclion. Looking west. Central Library of Rochester and Monroe County · Historic Serials Collection FAIRCHILD NEW YORK DRUMLINS 3 of heterogeneous earth-stuff then supposed to have been drifted down from arctic regions by overwhelming yet mysterious cata- clysism of polar waters. And when glacial science arose, much less than a century ago, these mounds and ridges were confidently cited as fatal to the glacial theory. They were inconsistent with the as­ sumed leveling and planing effect of a sliding ice-sheet. And even down to the year 1906 the mechanics of their construction was in doubt. The glacial genesis of drumlins is evident. They occur only in glaciated territory and their composition, at least in New York, is compact till or "ground-moraine." The conspicuous superficial characters of drumlins are the smooth surfaces, convex profiles, and their axial direction parallel with the ice-flow direction of the locality. Their topographic expression is so distinctive that they are readily detected on topographic maps having the contours with a vertical interval of 20 feet. (See plates 3, 5-7.) Their molded forms attest the overriding effect of the ice-sheet, while their internal structure proves that they were built up from the bottom by a plastering-on process. Their relation to moraines, described below, indicates that they were built and shaped under the relatively thin border of the continental glacier, in the peripheral zone where the transporting energy of the ice-sheet had become in­ competent to carry any farther its heavy load of rock-rubbish borne in the lower strata of the ice, the "subglacial" drift. Definition of drumlins must be in rather general terms because of their varying characters. They are smoothed-surface hills of till, built and shaped by the overriding action of an ice-sheet, and elon­ gated in the direction of ice movement. More tersely, they are smooth, convex masses of drift, built and shaped beneath an ice- sheet. Terminology. Previous to 1884 various names for the drift hills were used by different geologists, suggestive of the form and rela­ tions. Some of these names were parallel ridges; lenticular, mam- miliary and elliptical hills; parallel drift hills; whalebacks and sow- backs. In 1877 James Geikie used the term "drum," celtic for hill or ridge. The name "drumlin," diminutive for drum, was applied by H. M. Close in 1866 for the units in a large and very interesting Central Library of Rochester and Monroe County · Historic Serials Collection 4 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE group in northern Ireland; and the name was given greater publicity in a paper by Kinahan and Close in 1872. Professor W. M. Davis, who has introduced many very useful names in earth-science, first made use in America, in 1884, of the term drumlin, since which time it has universal usage. OCCURRENCE IN GENERAL AS these masses of drift were accumulated beneath the continen­ tal ice-sheets it might naturally be expected that they would be of universal, or at least of very general, occurrence.
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