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Indian Journal of Hill Farming Socio-Economic Profile of Sheep Rearing Community in Bandipora District of Jammu and Kashmir

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Indian Journal of Hill Farming Socio-Economic Profile of Sheep Rearing Community in Bandipora District of Jammu and Kashmir Content list available at http://epubs.icar.org.in, www.kiran.nic.in; ISSN: 0970-6429 Indian Journal of Hill Farming December 2017, Volume 30, Issue 2, Page 307-312 Socio-Economic Profile of Sheep Rearing Community in Bandipora District of Jammu and Kashmir Anees Ahmad Shah1*. Hilal Musadiq Khan1 . Parwaiz Ahmad Dar1 . Masood Saleem Mir2 1Division of Livestock Production & Management, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology Kashmir-190006, Jammu & Kashmir 2Division of Veterinary Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology Kashmir-190006, Jammu & Kashmir ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: A survey was conducted to study the socio-economic condition of sheep rearing Received 17 November 2016 community in Bandipora district of Kashmir. The district was divided into low-lying Revision Received 23 May 2017 Accepted 6 July 2017 (Sonawari), medium altitude (Bandipora) and High altitude (Gurez) regions. Multi-stage ----------------------------------------------- random sampling was done in which 20% villages were selected from each region in the Key words: Sheep, Bandipora, socio-economic, first stage through proportionate random sampling and 20 respondents from each selected profile village in second stage through simple random sampling. A total of 480 respondents ---------------------------------------------- (Sonawari=200, Bandipora=160, Gurez=120) from 24 villages were considered for the survey. It was observed that majority of the sheep rearers (59.79%) were illiterate with proportion of such respondents being significantly higher (p<0.05) in Gurez (68.33%) than Sonawari (54.0%) region. Majority (65.8%) of sheep rearers in the district were having medium size families (5-8 members) with an average family size of 6.60±0.129 with majority (86.7%) of the families being nuclear type. Overall district figure indicates that agriculture as primary and sheep farming as sub-occupation represents the source of livelihood of majority of sheep rearers in Sonawari region (67% vs 62%) and the district as a whole (36.9% vs 39.17%). Majority (49.38%) of sheep rearers in the district were falling in the income group of 11,000-20,000 Rs/month with proportion of such respondents being significantly higher (p<0.05) in Sonawari (57.5%) and Bandipora (51.88%) than Gurez (32.5%) region. The average land holding per household of sheep rearers in terms of irrigated, non-irrigated (rainfed) and total land was 5.92±0.395, 5.30±0.311 and 11.21±0.572 kanals, respectively. The average land holding/household (irrigated) was significantly higher (p<0.05) in Sonawari (10.28±0.734kanals) than Bandipora (4.56±0.504) and Gurez region (0.44±0.124). There was comparatively higher proportion (30.63%) of sheep rearers with a sheep rearing experience of 10-15 years followed by those with an experience of above 20 years (24.17%). Majority (66.88%) of the sheep rearing households involved participation of atleast one woman in various sheep farming activities. It is concluded that sheep rearing is an important secondary occupation in the district involving significant women participation but is primarily in the hands of poor and illiterate people with low income and marginal land holding. ________________ *Corresponding author: [email protected] 307 1. Introduction Study of the socio-economic profile of sheep farmers will help in identifying the critical points wherein specific interventions Livestock sector is an indispensable component of can be suggested. human living which supports the livelihood of 70% of the rural poor globally (Ali, 2007). About 73% of rural India 2. Materials and Methods owns livestock and this sector provides employment to 22.45million people directly or indirectly. Livestock sector The study was conducted in Bandipora district of alone contributes nearly 25.6% of value of output at current Jammu and Kashmir. The district is located at 34°64’N prices of total value of output in Agriculture, Fisheries & latitude and 74°96’E longitude with a total area of 398 km2 Forestry sector. The overall contribution of Livestock sector and is situated at an average height of 1701 meters above mean during 2012-13 in total GDP was nearly 4.11% (19th sea level (Lone et al., 2013). The district is bounded by livestock census, 2012). The state of Jammu and Kashmir, Kupwara district in the west, Baramulla district in the south situated between 320 17′ N and 360 58′ N latitudes and 730 and Kargil, Srinagar and Ganderbal districts in the east. 26′E and 800 30′ E longitudes, constitutes the northern most Thedistrict has three distinct geographic regions namely extremity of India. The economy of Jammu and Kashmir is Sonawari, Bandipora (town) and Gurez. These three regions agriculture dependent with about 73% of the population differ in terms of the altitude with Sonawari region being at the living in rural areas being associated with agriculture and lowest altitude followed by Bandipora and Gurez. Sonawari allied sectors including livestock (Economic survey, 2014- region is the most populous of the regions with 52 villages and 2015). Small ruminant’s production being less capital- situated at approximately 30 km towards north of the state intensive is an important income generating option because summer capital i.e. Srinagar. It is located at 34°14′N and of its low land requirement, low initial investment and low 74°38′E with an average elevation of 1557 meters (5108 feet). operational costs (Birthal and Ali, 2005). In particular, sheep Bandipora is the second most populous region with 42 villages play an important role in the hilly and other inaccessible and Bandipora town is situated on the banks of Wullar lake areas where it is difficult for other livestock to thrive and approximately 50 km from Srinagar and 20 km from Sonawari contribute to the income of poor communities. Keeping up at an altitude of 1578m above mean sea level. Gurez region is with the constraints in such regions, sheep and goats sustain the least populous of the three regions and situated at the food and economic security (Khan et al., 2013). The state is northern extremity bordering Pakistan. It is a valley located in rich in natural fodder resources in the form of pastures, the Himalayas about 84 km from Bandipora town and 134 km orchards, aquatic vegetation etc. (Tomar and Sharma, 2002). from Srinagar. At about 8000 feet (2,400 m) above sea level, Bandipora district is the second most important district in Gurez valley is surrounded by snow-capped mountains on all Kashmir province in terms of sheep population. The hilly sides and represents the traditional sheep rearing belt of the areas of the district are rich in lush green alpine pastures district. A survey was undertaken by face to face interview of making it ideal for sheep rearing. The Traditional sheep rearers in the district. An overall multi-stage sampling sheep rearers (Gujjars/ Bhakarwals/ Chopans) from approach was followed in which 20% villages from each of the neighbouring areas of the same and other districts migrate three regions were randomly selected in the first stage and their sheep flocks to highland pastures located in forests of from each of the selected villages, 20 respondents (sheep Gurez region from early June and return back before the rearers) were randomly selected in the second stage. Based on winter sets in (mid august). These lush green forests in this sampling design, a total of 480 respondents i.e. 200 from Gurez and elsewhere in the state of Jammu and Kashmir Sonawari, 160 from Bandipora town and 120 from Gurez serve as the most important support land for livestock of the valley were considered for the survey. Information on various state (Wani et al., 2014). Study has shown that certain socio- socio-economic aspects was sought from these respondents on economic variables such as income, years of rearing the basis of a questionnaire. The data obtained was analysed experience and educational level have direct impact on small used standard statistical procedures (Snedecor and Cochran, ruminant production (Fakoya and Oloruntoba, 2009). As 1994). Simple averages and percentages were calculated to suchpoor socio-economic status and low level of literacy interpret the results. However, z-test was utilized to compare among the sheep farmers could be reflected in the proportions. management practices they follow. As a consequence of low income and less land holding, farmers are discouraged to 3. Results and Discussion invest in this sector and rely on subsistence based farming. The results of the survey indicate that majority (86.7%) of the families were nuclear type wherein majority (65.8%) were having medium size families with 5-8 members. 308 Table 1. Details of family, education level and sheep rearing experience Parameter Variant Sonawari Bandipora Gurez Overall (n=200) (n=160) (n=120) (N=480) Small (<5) 35 25 27 87 (17.5) (15.63) (22.5) (18.1) Family Size Medium (5-8) 125 113 78 316 (62.5) (70.63) (65) (65.8) Large (>8) 40 22 15 77 (20) (13.75) (12.5) (16.0) Nuclear 168 142 106 416 Family Type (84) (88.75) (88.3) (86.7) Joint 32 18 14 64 (16) (11.25) (11.7) (13.3) Av. family size* - 7.02 ±0.231a 6.49 ± 0.206ab 6.08 ± 0.198b 6.60±0.129 Education of Illiterate 108b 97ab 82a 287 family head (54) (60.63) (68.33) (59.79) Primary 17 8 11 36 (8.5) (5) (9.17) (7.5) Middle 45a 39a 16b 100 (22.5) (24.38) (13.33) (20.83) High School 25 15 10 50 (12.5) (9.38) (8.33) (10.42) Graduate 5 1 1 7 (2.5) (0.63) (0.83) (1.46) Sheep rearing <5 year 6b 13a 4ab 23 experience (3) (8.13) (3.33) (4.79) (Years) 5-10 Year 35b 53a 12b 100 (17.5) (33.13) (10) (20.83) 10-15 Year 76a 31c 40b 147 (38) (19.38) (33.33) (30.63) 15-20 Year 47a 24b 23a 94 (23.5) (15) (19.17) (19.58) >20 Year 36b 39b 41a 116 (18) (24.38) (34.17) (24.17) Figures in parenthesis are percentages of column totals.
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