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Influence of Equine Conformation on Rider Oscillation and Evaluation of Horses for Therapeutic Riding

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Influence of Equine Conformation on Rider Oscillation and Evaluation of Horses for Therapeutic Riding —ORIGINAL— Influence of Equine Conformation on Rider Oscillation and Evaluation of Horses for Therapeutic Riding Akihiro MATSUURA1*, Emiko OHTA2, Koichiro UEDA1, Hiroki NAKATSUJI1 and Seiji KONDO1 1Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, 2 Riding for the Disabled Association Japan, Otsuka 3–5–2–301, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-0012, Japan To obtain basic knowledge about selecting horses for therapeutic riding, the influence of J. Equine Sci. equine conformation on rider oscillation and relationships between these factors and the Vol. 19, No. 1 evaluation on horses as the therapeutic riding were studied. Thirty-five riding horses were pp. 9–18, 2008 used. Equine conformation was estimated by 24 indices. Rider oscillation was measured by an accelerometer fixed at the rider’s waist. The spatial position of the oscillation was estimated by a double integration of the acceleration. Horses were evaluated for therapeutic riding by a Riding for the Disabled Association instructor as a rider. Evaluations were on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest score for 27 items. Horses were classified into 4 groups: the short and narrow (SN), short and wide (SW), tall and narrow (TN), and tall and wide (TW). The frequencies of rider oscillation both at walk and trot were higher (P<0.01), and the vertical (P<0.01) and longitudinal (P<0.05) amplitudes at trot were smaller, on short horses than on tall horses. The vertical amplitude at walk was smaller (P<0.05) and the lateral amplitude at trot was larger (P<0.01) on wide horses than on narrow horses. Short horses could be used for the rider who requires side walkers. Wide horses could be used for relieving muscular tension and for the rider who could not maintain good balance on the horse. Short and wide horses should be suitable for therapeutic riding. Key words: horses, rider oscillation, therapeutic riding, width, withers height Recently, interest in therapeutic horseback riding, were 129 ± 2.3 cm characterized as higher frequency such as riding for the disabled and hippotherapy, has and smaller amplitude than that of Thoroughbred increased. According to Bertoti, the 3-dimensional (3- horses whose withers heights were 159 ± 6.1 cm [8]. D) movements that transmitted by the horse to the Cano et al. compared the kinematic trot characteristics rider have been considered the source of the physical of three different breeds of horses (Andalusian, effects of therapeutic riding [3]. Because these 3-D Arabian, and Anglo-Arabian) and showed that the most movements come from the equine gait, they change outstanding feature was the greater forelimb flexion periodically, and are therefore transmitted as recorded in Andalusian than in the other breeds, which oscillations. Accordingly, scientific analysis of the was consistent with the elevated movements in this rider’s oscillation is important to obtain basic breed [4]. Barrey et al. showed that German horses knowledge of horses for therapeutic riding. (Hanoverian, Oldenburger, and Westphalian), whose Matsuura et al. showed that the oscillation of the withers height, back length, fore- and hind-limb length rider on Hokkaido native horses whose withers heights were longer, and angle of each joint was larger, than those of Andalusian, had gait characteristics more adapted for dressage competition, while Andalusian This article was accepted October 15, 2007 could be suited for collected gaits used for farm work *Corresponding author. Present address: Department of Animal and old academic dressage [2]. Johnston et al. pointed Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35– 1, Higashi 23, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan out that the differences in equine oscillation among e-mail: [email protected] breeds would originate from differences in equine 10 A. MATSUURA, E. OHTA, K. UEDA ET AL. conformation [7]. Little of this research, however, has Farm 21 in 2004. A total of 35 horses (withers height: studied the relationship between equine oscillation and 124.7–172.5 cm) were used: 8 American Quarter conformation. Horses, 6 Thoroughbreds, 3 Anglo-Arabians, 1 Trotter, There are a few reports about the relationship 3 Hokkaido natives, 2 Kiso natives, 1 New Zealand Pony, between equine ability for dressage and conformation. and 11 crossbreds (8 Japanese native descents, 1 Holmström et al. showed that elite dressage horses and Appaloosa descents, 1 Arab descent, and 1 Japanese showjumpers had larger hock angles and more sloping draft horse). Seven were specifically for disabled scapulas than other Swedish Warmblood horses [5]. persons, 4 were for Western riding, 2 were for dressage, Holmström and Philipson showed that horses with high 10 were for trekking, and the others were for general scores for jumping had a narrow front cannon at the riding. The rider was an instructor accredited by RDA. mid point, a short hind phalanx, and large angles of the stifle and hock joints [6]. Measurement of equine conformation According to the official manual of the Riding for Equine conformation was measured according to the the Disabled Association (RDA), a good, calm, kind modified method of Holmström et al. [5]. The horses temperament is the first essential for horses for were stood without the rider in a standard position. disabled people [10]. A survey of horse temperament Fourteen markers 1.5 cm in diameter were put on the for therapeutic riding has been published by Anderson reference points of the horse (Fig. 1). The horses were et al. [1]. If a horse’s temperament is suitable, the photographed with a digital camera (RICOH, RR30) conformation—wide or narrow, short or long stride, from the left side of the horse at 20 m distance and at much or little back movement—becomes an important 1.5 m above the ground. The lengths between markers selection criterion [10]. RDA instructors have overall (Digital Curve Tracer 1.0, Kotaro) and joint angles charge of the horses and the teaching of the whole (Nanamemonosashi 1.11, Daigo) were measured on a group in a lesson, and are therefore responsible for PC. The lengths of the radius or the metacarpus were allocating suitable horses to the riders. From their own used as reference lengths when comparing experience, the instructor selects a horse by photographs with the live horse. The withers height, considering the rider and the objectives of the lesson. the girth circumference, the cannon circumference, However, no scientific grounds are available to help the radius, and the metacarpus were measured directly instructors select horses. on the horse. The horses with the rider were also The influence of equine conformation on the rider’s photographed from the front. The distance between oscillation needs to be understood to aid selection of the rider’s knees was also measured as an index of the horses for therapeutic riding. The relationships width of the horse’s trunk. The distance was measured between equine conformation and the oscillation that in a same way on a PC using the scale of the the horse transmits to the rider need to be investigated photographed ruler which the person standing beside to be able to evaluate a horse for this purpose. a rider had. Twenty-five indices (16 length Especially, in order to select the horse in the actual measurements and 9 angle measurements) comprised situation on the ground of therapeutic riding, equine the conformation indices. conformation should be easy to measure. Therefore, the withers height and the trunk width were used to Rider oscillation estimate equine conformation. The aim of this study Rider oscillation was estimated by a method similar was to determine the influence of equine conformation to that described by Matsuura et al. [9]. An on rider oscillation and to use the relationships accelerometer (W3GT, ATF, Ebetsu, Japan) was fixed between these factors to evaluate horses for therapeutic at the waist of the rider. The rider moved along a riding according to RDA standards. straight course (Fig. 2). To keep the speed at 1.5 m/sec for walking and 3.0 m/sec for trotting, the rider passed pylons set at even intervals following the time keeper’s Materials and Methods calls. The acceleration of the rider at a walk and a sitting trot was recorded at intervals of 1/200 sec. The research was carried out at Avalon hillside Farm, For vertical, lateral, and longitudinal axes, the time Yokohama Riding Club, Eldorado Ranch, Sawashiroko series of the acceleration recorded during 10.24 sec was Heartland Farm, Koyodai Kisouma Ranch, and Jinnai filtered by a high-pass filter (cut-off frequency: 0.5 Hz; EQUINE CONFORMATION AND RIDER OSCILLATION 11 Fig. 1. Reference points for measurement of equine conformation. a: The proximal end of the spine of the scapula; b: the posterior part of the tuberculum majus of the humerus; c: the transition between the proximal and the middle thirds of the lateral collateral ligament of the elbow joint; d: the lateral tuberosity of the distal end of the radius; e: the space between the fourth carpal, the third metacarpal, and the fourth metacarpal bones; f: the proximal attachment of the lateral collateral ligament of the fetlock joint to the distal end of the third metacarpal bone; g: the proximal attachment of the lateral collateral ligament of the pasterm joint to the distal end of the first phalanx; h: the proximal end of the lateral angle of the ilium; i: the centre of the anterior part of the greater trochanter of the femur; j: the proximal attachment of the lateral collateral ligament of the stifle joint to the femur; k: the attachment of the long lateral ligament of the hock joint to the plantar border of the calcaneus bone; l: the space between the fourth tarsal, the third metatarsal, and the fourth metatarsal bones; m: the proximal attachment of the lateral collateral ligament of the fetlock joint to the distal end of the third metatarsal bone; n: the proximal attachment of the lateral collateral ligament of the pastern joint to the distal end of the first phalanx.
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