Emma Hamilton, a Model of Agency in Late Eighteenth-Century Europe

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Emma Hamilton, a Model of Agency in Late Eighteenth-Century Europe Université de Montréal Emma Hamilton, a Model of Agency in Late Eighteenth-Century Europe Ersy Contogouris Département d’histoire de l’art et d’études cinématographiques Faculté des arts et des sciences Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales en vue de l’obtention d’un grade de doctorat en histoire de l’art juin 2014 © Ersy Contogouris, 2014 Résumé français et mots clés français Emma Hamilton (1765-1815) eut un impact considérable à un moment charnière de l’histoire et de l’art européens. Faisant preuve d’une énorme résilience, elle trouva un moyen efficace d’affirmer son agentivité et fut une source d’inspiration puissante pour des générations de femmes et d’artistes dans leur propre quête d’expression et de réalisation de soi. Cette thèse démontre qu’Emma tira sa puissance particulière de sa capacité à négocier des identités différentes et parfois même contradictoires – objet et sujet ; modèle et portraiturée ; artiste, muse et œuvre d’art ; épouse, maîtresse et prostituée ; roturière et aristocrate ; mondaine et ambassadrice : et interprète d’une myriade de caractères historiques, bibliques, littéraires et mythologiques, tant masculins que féminins. Épouse de l’ambassadeur anglais à Naples, favorite de la reine de Naples et amante de l’amiral Horatio Nelson, elle fut un agent sur la scène politique pendant l’époque révolutionnaire et napoléonienne. Dans son ascension sociale vertigineuse qui la mena de la plus abjecte misère aux plus hauts échelons de l’aristocratie anglaise, elle sut s’adapter, s’ajuster et se réinventer. Elle reçut et divertit d’innombrables écrivains, artistes, scientifiques, nobles, diplomates et membres de la royauté. Elle participa au développement et à la dissémination du néoclassicisme au moment même de son efflorescence. Elle créa ses Attitudes, une performance répondant au goût de son époque pour le classicisme, qui fut admirée et imitée à travers l’Europe et qui inspira des générations d’interprètes féminines. Elle apprit à danser la tarentelle et l’introduisit dans les salons aristocratiques. Elle influença un réseau de femmes s’étendant de Paris à Saint- i Pétersbourg et incluant Élisabeth Vigée-Le Brun, Germaine de Staël et Juliette Récamier. Modèle hors pair, elle inspira plusieurs artistes pour la production d’œuvres qu’ils reconnurent comme parmi leurs meilleures. Elle fut représentée par les plus grands artistes de son temps, dont Angelica Kauffman, Benjamin West, Élisabeth Vigée-Le Brun, George Romney, James Gillray, Joseph Nollekens, Joshua Reynolds, Thomas Lawrence et Thomas Rowlandson. Elle bouscula, de façon répétée, les limites et mœurs sociales. Néanmoins, Emma ne tentait pas de présenter une identité cohérente, unifiée, polie. Au contraire, elle était un kaléidoscope de multiples « sois » qu’elle gardait actifs et en dialogue les uns avec les autres, réarrangeant continuellement ses facettes afin de pouvoir simultanément s’exprimer pleinement et présenter aux autres ce qu’ils voulaient voir. Mots clefs : Emma Hamilton, agentivité, Attitudes, classicisme, modèle, muse, néoclassicisme, portrait, George Romney, Élisabeth Vigée-Le Brun ii Résumé anglais et mots clés anglais Emma Hamilton (1765-1815) had a marked impact at a pivotal moment in European history and art. This dissertation shows that Emma drew her particular potency from her ability to negotiate these different and at times contradictory identities—object and subject; model and sitter; artist, muse, and work of art; wife, mistress, and prostitute; commoner and aristocrat; socialite and ambassadress; and performer of myriad historical, biblical, literary, and mythological male and female characters. Emma displayed astonishing resilience, found an effective way to assert her agency, and was a powerful inspiration for generations of artists and of women in their own search for expression and self-actualization. The wife of England’s ambassador to Naples, the favourite of the queen of Naples, and the lover of Admiral Horatio Nelson, she was an agent on the political stage during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic era. She adapted, adjusted, and reinvented herself in her dizzying rise from rags to riches. She entertained and beguiled countless writers, artists, scientists, aristocrats, politicians, and royalty. She participated in the dissemination of Neoclassicism in Europe at the very moment of its efflorescence. She created her Attitudes, a performance that tapped into her epoch’s taste for classicism, was admired and imitated throughout Europe, and inspired generations of female performers. She learnt to dance the tarantella and introduced it into aristocratic drawing rooms. She influenced an early nineteenth-century network of women that spanned Paris to St Petersburg and included Élisabeth Vigée-Le Brun, Germaine de Staël, and Juliette Récamier. An unmatched model and sitter, she inspired artists to produce what they iii acknowledged to be some of their best work. She appeared in works produced by the major artists of her time, among whom Angelica Kauffman, Benjamin West, Élisabeth Vigée-Le Brun, George Romney, James Gillray, Joseph Nollekens, Joshua Reynolds, Thomas Lawrence, and Thomas Rowlandson. And she repeatedly pushed against the limits of social mores. Nevertheless, Emma did not attempt to present a coherent, unified, polished identity. Instead, she was a kaleidoscope of different selves that she kept active and in dialogue with each other, constantly reconfiguring the pieces so that she could simultaneously express herself fully and present to others what they wanted to see. Keywords: Emma Hamilton, agency, Attitudes, classicism, model, muse, Neoclassicism, portrait, George Romney, Élisabeth Vigée-Le Brun iv Table of Contents Résumé français et mots clés français .................................................................................. i Résumé anglais et mots clés anglais .................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................. v List of Illustrations ............................................................................................................ vii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ ix Introduction: Emma Hamilton, “the most extraordinary compound ever beheld” ............. 1 Literature review and historiography .............................................................................. 3 Methodological framework ............................................................................................. 5 Dissertation structure ....................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 1: La vie de Lady Hamilton est un roman ............................................................ 15 “My virtue was vanquished” ......................................................................................... 16 “You have made me good” ............................................................................................ 23 “I am the happiest woman in the world” ....................................................................... 29 “A Legacy to my King and country” ............................................................................. 47 Chapter 2: Desire and Display in Sir William Hamilton’s Naples .................................... 53 Vesuvius, Herculaneum, and Pompeii ........................................................................... 60 The Collector ................................................................................................................. 67 Neapolitan fisherboys .................................................................................................... 82 Emma, the “acme of Sir William’s delights” ................................................................ 90 v Chapter 3: Emma’s Attitudes: “Movements and surprising transformations” ............... 103 Movement and Stasis ................................................................................................... 107 Surprising Transformations ......................................................................................... 128 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 146 Chapter 4: Emma’s Tarantella ......................................................................................... 149 The painting ................................................................................................................. 150 The tarantella ............................................................................................................... 159 Transfers ...................................................................................................................... 169 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 176 Chapter 5: Model, Muse, and Artist ................................................................................ 179 Vigée-Le Brun: An artist at odds with her model ....................................................... 182 Romney: The artist and his muse, revisited ................................................................. 198 Conclusion: Regendering the muse ............................................................................
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