Art and Honour Contemporary Impressions of World War I

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UCL LIBRARY SRVICES

An exhibition of material from UCL Special Collections and UCL Records Office February – December 2014 Acknowledgements

The exhibition has been curated by the UCL Library Services Exhibitions Group.

This catalogue has been prepared by Debs Furness and Liz Lawes, with additional material from Kate Cheney, Sarah Lawson and Colin Penman.

Exhibition Location

Main Library staircase and 1st floor UCL Library Services Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT http://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/exhibitions Art and Honour Contemporary Impressions of World War I

An exhibition of material from UCL Special Collections and UCL Records Office February – December 2014 2 | Art and Honour Art and Honour | 3

and the UCL Records Office. All provide rich sources of information about the people of UCL since the founding of the University. Introduction The 1914–18 Collection, bequeathed to UCL in 1925, comprises a considerable number of items contemporary to World War I. Among them are some 300 books, 1,500 pamphlets, the Daily Review of the Foreign Express, postcards, posters and maps. The collector was Leonard Arthur Magnus (1879–1924), son of Sir Philip Magnus (UCL graduate, politician and educationist) and a Law student at UCL from 1896–1904. Awarded the Fielden Scholarship, for French and German, he became known as a writer, translator and textual scholar, and was the author of Pros and cons in the Great War, a record of foreign opinion, with a register of fact, in 1917. The Barrow Emanuel Bursary, a student hardship fund since 1934, was also founded through his bequest to UCL. A ‘little magazine’ is a non-commercial periodical, usually dedicated to publishing The world is commemorating the start of the ‘Great War’ in 1914, and experimental art and literature and/or unconventional social ideas and political theories UCL has its own part in the collective memory, reflection and record. which would have been rejected by mainstream or commercial journals. The term ‘little’ refers to the circulation, rather than the physical size, and is a variable measure. UCL has At the Queen Square Library, Archive and Museum (UCL Institute of been comprehensively collecting ‘little magazines’ since the early 1960s and now has one of the most significant collections in the UK. Neurology), from August–December 2014, there will be an exhibition During the early years of the 20th century, independent publishing flourished and print of case notes, photographs and literature. This highlights the treatment culture became central to avant-garde circles. With increasing access to developing of war-related psychogenic disorders at the National Hospital for printing technologies, artists could become their own publishers, editors, writers, Neurology and Neurosurgery. Over 1,200 soldiers were admitted during typographers and designers. The magazines they produced were, for the most part, a means to an end – vehicles for defining artistic agendas and circulating ideas. This was the war suffering from functional disorder, hysteria, neurasthenia, especially so during the 1914–18 period when, despite the wartime shortage of printing neurosis and shell shock; nearly half of all male admissions were materials, the anger of Europe’s artistic elite overflowed into a profusion of small-scale, servicemen. The exhibition will also reveal the impact the war had on anti-establishment publications. Some of these artists, exiled from their own countries National Hospital staff, including Sir Victor Horsley, the world’s first for their dissident beliefs, had a huge impact on the development of modern art across Europe and the United States, no doubt partly achieved through the circulation of printed dedicated brain surgeon. Horsley died in 1916 following field surgery materials such as those shown here. duty in Mesopotamia. While the focus of attention is more intense in 2014, the centenary of the war’s outbreak, interest in this period has never waned. Our collections continue to engage a wide-rang- The exhibition in the Main Library illustrates many individual experiences ing audience of scholars, medical specialists and schoolchildren. Lewis Yealland’s shell of World War I – as combatant, pacifist, poet, propagandist, humourist, shock case notes at the National Hospital have drawn students from as far afield as Wisconsin, USA, researching the history of hysteria in soldiers and gaining considerable satirist – set alongside a vibrant and experimental profusion of art. insight from handling the original records. As one of our outreach activities with schools, items from the 1914–18 Collection have been used to create resource packs for A-level Many of those personal stories are as vivid today as they were 100 years ago. Slade English Literature students. They provide an opportunity to examine original documents, alumnus Isaac Rosenberg wrote a number of ‘Trench poems’ and Break of Day in the understand the background to literature of the period and compare forms of fiction and Trenches, written in 1916, conveys an almost tangible sense of the battlefield. Rosen- non-fiction created during the war. berg was killed in 1918, his life sombrely recorded alongside so many others in the The exhibition in the Main Library is part of the World War I Centenary programme of UCL Roll of Honour. School-leaver Lionel Penrose, a conscientious objector who later events and activities led by Imperial War Museums [http://www.1914.org/]. became an eminent geneticist, narrated the war through sketchbooks and diaries compiled while serving in the Friends’ Ambulance Unit from 1916–18. His drawings are equally evocative. Most of the items on display have been selected from the 1914–18 and Little Magazines collections held by Special Collections, with additional items from the College Archives 4 | Art and Honour Art and Honour | 5

2 Main Display: Library Staircase Propaganda postcards based on Aesop’s fables, published as Aesop’s Fables Up To Date. London: Raphael Tuck & Sons, c. 1915. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS. 1914-18 Collection

Raphael Tuck brought his family to London from Germany and in 1866 he established a business in Spitalfields, specialising in the reproduction of lithographs and similar works of art. The business grew with the production of Christmas cards depicting works of art by famous artists of the day (including UCL’s Edward Poynter) and accompanying text from poets such as Tennyson. After Raphael’s death in 1900 his son Gustave became 1 vice-chairman and his brother Adolph ran the company. Gustave later endowed UCL with Robinson, W Heath, Some Frightful War Pictures. funds for a new Mocatta Library and Museum, while the Gustave Tuck Lecture Theatre Duckworth & Co,1915. was created in honour of his wife Esther. In the meantime, the company had branched SPECIAL COLLECTIONS. 1914–18 Collection. out into the production of other printed artistic matter, for example postcards, which became very popular in the early 20th century. William Heath Robinson was born into Francisco Sancha Y Lengo, who created the artwork for these postcards, was born in a talented family of craftspeople and Spain in 1874. He worked as a caricaturist for several Spanish and French periodicals, and illustrators. After years spent drawing clas- lived in London from 1901. His work featured in exhibitions in Madrid in 1897 and 1924. sical images, he left the Royal Academy Schools with the aim of earning his living • The Hare And The Tortoise Germany, after years of deliberate prepa- by painting landscapes. However, he soon On back: ration for war, had the advantage over the discovered that illustrating books such as ‘A hare and a tortoise ran a race; the hare Allies at first, but now that they are steadily Fairy Tales from Hans Christian Andersen at first despised her contemptible little surpassing her in the supply of munitions, and The Poems of Edgar Allan Poe could opponent, but it was the plodding tortoise it is they who are in sight of victory.’ be far more lucrative, and working for that won the race… magazines even more so. Some of Heath Robinson’s wartime comic material, which originally appeared in The Sketch and the Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News, features in this work. The popular edition published in 1916 ran to six impressions. 6 | Art and Honour Art and Honour | 7

• The Wolf And The Stork • The Hen That Laid The Golden Egg On back: On back: ‘A wolf begged a stork to take out a bone ‘A greedy farmer, hoping for quicker that was stuck in his throat: the stork profit, killed a hen that had laid golden pulled it out with his beak and asked for eggs and cut it open, to find that he had his reward. “Reward enough”, said the merely lost his source of income… wolf, “that I did not bite off your head!…” German overseas commerce which had It seems that Turkey, and the other made Germany so wealthy has been friends of Germany, have to be content utterly destroyed by the mad greed that with very little gratitude for the help they impelled her to force war on Europe.’ have given.’ • The Tortoise And The Eagle • The Fox And The Grapes On back: On back: ‘A tortoise begged an eagle to teach him ‘A hungry fox, finding that he could not to fly; but when the eagle lifted him up reach some tempting bunches of ripe into the air and let him go, he fell to the grapes, declared that they were sour ground and was killed… and that he did not want them… Bulgaria, having let herself be dragged The Germans, after their armies had into the war by Germany, will have to pay vainly attempted to reach Paris, Calais, the penalty for her own rash ambition.’ Petrograd and Verdun, tried to pretend that these were not their objects.’ 8 | Art and Honour Art and Honour | 9

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Morel, Edmund Dene. Truth & the war. Foxwell, Agnes Kate. Munition Lasses: six months as principal London: At the National Labour Press Ltd, 1916. overlooker in danger buildings. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS. 1914-18 Collection. Hodder & Stoughton, 1917. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS. 1914-18 Collection Edmund Dene Morel was born on 10 July 1873. His father was French, but his English mother was from a Quaker background, and he followed in the pacifist footsteps of her This author of this book was a UCL English forebears. Vehemently opposed to the war, he campaigned against it in 1914, leading to graduate. In this vivid narrative she recol- his imprisonment under the Defence of the Realm Act. This affected his health for the rest lects her time spent supervising women of his life. Following his career as a journalist Morel entered politics, and defeated Winston who worked 12-hour shifts in Woolwich Churchill to become MP for Dundee in 1922. At the beginning of his epilogue to this Arsenal, using materials such as TNT and book, published two years after the war commenced, in 1916, he writes the following: mercury to produce cartridges and shells for the armed forces. Powerful and evoca- ‘To the Belligerent Governments tive, one can imagine it as a public information film, with passages like this stressing Wider and wider the spread of your devastations. the very dangerous nature of the work:

Higher and higher the mountains of the dead – ‘The D.P.O. [Danger Building Principal the dead because of you. Overlooker] must keep a vigilant eye on the appearance of the workers during her daily Ever more extensive the boundaries of the rounds, noting especially the eyes and the cemetery you fashion. skin, and inquiring into the state of teeth and gums. Experience has proved that careful All the wars and all the plagues were as nought watching and taking care of contact cases in to the madness of your doings. the early stages has a most beneficial result.’

Like unto the breath of a pestilence this madness Students of today should find this sweeps through the plains and valleys of Europe, passage interesting: destroying in multitudes the children of men. ‘Women who show special ability for machinery – and it is interesting to learn what a number The weeping of women is unceasing; their tears of women have a special aptitude in this direction – are taught the work. Some tool-setters, mingle with the blood which flows continuously again, are university students specialising in science or mathematics.’ at your bidding.’ Describing a tour of the buildings, the author harks back to her literary past by ruminating on Charles Dickens:

‘Our Guide recited passages of his favourite “Martin Chuzzlewit”, which he was in the habit of reading to his wife in moments of leisure. The marshes reminded me of parts of “Great Expectations”; and we noted that many of Dickens’ characters, which appear sometimes over-characterized to the uninitiated, may be found, to the life, in the Arsenal at this moment. One remembered that Dickens, in the early part of his career, had worked in a factory, and many of his characters were doubtless the result of that experience.’ 10 | Art and Honour Art and Honour | 11

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Kennedy, Bart. Soldiers of Labour. Archer, William. The Fight for Right Pocket Book for 1918. Hodder & Stoughton, 1917. Darling & Son, 1918. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS. 1914–18 Collection. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS. 1914–18 Collection.

Bart Kennedy was born in Leeds in 1861. He grew up in Manchester, working in cotton William Archer was a journalist, known primarily for his theatre reviews and publications. mills from the age of six until he obtained a job on a transatlantic steam ship at the age of He lived in Fitzroy Square near his friend George Bernard Shaw, who he met in the 20. He then worked his way around the United States doing various jobs, including gold British Museum. As a fluent Norwegian speaker with relatives in Norway, he was a major prospecting, acting and singing, until he made his way back to Britain by 1897, travelling proponent of bringing Ibsen’s works to the English-speaking stage. During the course of through other countries on the way. Thereafter he took up writing, and in this book he his career he travelled widely, also writing about international social and political issues praises those who work for the war effort in various ways. for The Pall Mall Gazette and other newspapers. Too old to serve in World War I, Archer wrote material for the War Propaganda Bureau instead. He produced a number of works ‘If soldiers are to meet and vanquish the mighty in war, they themselves must be mightier. such as this one, published in the last year of the war. In the Preface to The Fight for Right They must be greater and stronger in enginery. They must be able to deal out immense, Pocket Book, which includes chapters headed ‘What is the war about?’ and ‘The Peace collective blows. Blows of annihilation. They must have the steel, the shot, the shell, the engines, Aims of the Allies’, he writes: the machines. They must be well found. They must have the food, the arms, the apparel, the appurtenances. If they have not these, they are undone.’ ‘The object of this little book is to present in a convenient form the main points in the great case of The World v. Germany for the benefit of those – and we may hope their number is legion – who are interested in spreading the Truth among their fellows.’

The book has a number of illustrations, including the coloured inset depicting the national flags of ‘States at war with Germany’ on pages 44–5. 12 | Art and Honour

Set of propaganda postcards about Britain’s military preparations for the war, in Spanish. Published by Clarke & Sherwell Ltd [date unknown]. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS. 1914–18 Collection.

This set of six postcards depicts the dif- ferent roles contributing to the war effort: women munition workers, pilots, soldiers, sailors, Generals and Admirals. 14 | Art and Honour Art and Honour | 15

9 Adam, H Pearl (ed), International Cartoons of the War. E P Dutton & Co [1916]. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS. 1914–18 Collection.

Helen Pearl Adam was the daughter of Charlotte Eliza Humphry, one of the first women journalists and known as ‘Madge’ to readers of her weekly letter in Truth. Pearl also became a journalist in 1899, at the age of 17. In 1909 she married George Adam, a journalist who worked for Reuter’s, and in 1912 he became Chief Correspondent for The Times in Paris. The couple lived in Paris throughout World War I, where Pearl wrote for various British newspapers, as well as editing International Cartoons of the War in 1916. In her introduction she writes:

‘THE HISTORIAN who, a couple of centuries hence, tries to get at the real kernel of the great War, will find himself overwhelmed with material, buried under evidence, like the great authority on Penguinia…THE VALUE of the contemporary cartoon is very great; for it deals almost entirely with what people are feeling, in distinction to what they are doing.’

Propaganda poster, ‘The Prussian Octopus’, 1916. Artist unknown. Printed by H & C Graham Ltd (Printer). SPECIAL COLLECTIONS. 1914–18 Collection. Before the middle of 20th century many considered the octopus to be a rather ter- rifying creature, featuring as it did in stories such as Victor Hugo’s Les Travailleurs de la Mer. So it was common for maps of the 19th and early 20th centuries to portray a country encroaching on other territories as one of these beastly sea monsters, whose relentlessly grasping tentacles reached far and wide. 16 | Art and Honour Art and Honour | 17

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Bairnsfather, Bruce (Captain). The Bystander’s Fragments from France. Sub Rosa, West Lancashire Division, No.7, 1919. June 1918. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS. 1914–18 Collection. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS. 1914–18 Collection. Bruce Bairnsfather was born in India in 1887. After an education in England, he followed his father into the army before resigning his commission in 1907 to pursue an artistic This is one of two editions of the Maga- career. He enjoyed some success in marketing, then rejoined the military in World War I, zine of the West Lancashire Division of the beginning in quieter moments to draw cartoons. One of these, drawn while he was re- British Expeditionary Force, produced in the covering in hospital from shell shock and damage to his left ear during the second Battle trenches in June 1918. The red rose is the of Ypres, featured in The Bystander magazine in 1915. symbol of Lancashire, having been adopted by the first Earl of Lancaster after the Battle The Bystander was an illustrated weekly founded by George Holt Thomas, which con- of Bosworth Field in 1485. ‘They win or die, tained articles by writers such as Daphne Du Maurier and William Heath Robinson (p.4). who wear the Rose of Lancaster’ was the Its circulation increased enormously following the appearance of further cartoons from motto adopted by the unit, and it appeared Bairnsfather; they proved particularly popular with the troops, despite being frowned on on their uniforms, transport and artillery. by the authorities. Eventually the latter conceded that the cartoons did help morale, and Bairnsfather was enlisted by the intelligence service to draw similar material for allied forces. The original cartoons from The Bystander were compiled into eight collections under the 12 title Fragments from France, of which the penultimate volume is displayed here. Penrose, Claude L. Poems: with a The Editor of The Bystander writes in the preface to this: biographical preface. Harrisons & Sons, 1919. ‘Who is ever the worse for a laugh? Certainly SPECIAL COLLECTIONS. 1914–18 not the soldier in trench or dug-out or shell- Collection. swept billet. Rather may it be said that the Bairnsfather laughter has acted in thousands Major Claude Quayle Lewis Penrose of of cases as an antidote to the bane of depres- the Royal Garrison Artillery died at the age sion. It is the good fortune of the British Army of 24, after being injured at his post, on to possess such an antidote, and the ill-fortune 1 August 1918. He was born in Florida, of the other belligerents that they do not possess although his family were from Ireland. In its equivalent.’ England he was educated at the United Services College and at the Royal Military Caption for drawing reads: ‘How Old Bill Academy in Woolwich. During the war he escaped being shot in August 2014’. was awarded the Military Cross and twice mentioned in dispatches. The biographical preface includes was attended by a Canadian doctor at a Penrose’s diary entries from the front, and Canadian Casualty Clearing Station; when his poetry is descriptive of his experiences he entered it, he was attended by a Cana- in battle. The preface also notes the coinci- dian doctor who had gone down to Florida dence that: for the sake of its wonderful climate, and cared for during the first days of his life by ‘When he passed out of the world, as a a German woman, who was the only nurse result of wounds from a German shell, he the Avon Park settlement afforded.’ 18 | Art and Honour Art and Honour | 19

Selection of Royal Navy propaganda postcards, in French. Published by Photochrom Co, Ltd [date unknown]. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS. 1914–18 Collection.

This series of cards headed: ‘L’Angleterre prête à frapper’ (‘England ready to strike’) states that they were authorised by the Admiralty and approved by King George and Queen Mary. The pictures depict Royal Navy scenes and vessels, including a reconnaissance sea plane, Admiral Jellicoe on board the cruiser Iron Duke, officers, crew and big guns on the Queen Elizabeth and the submarine B6. 20 | Art and Honour Art and Honour | 21 22 | Art and Honour Art and Honour | 23

• Leonard Terry Despicht 14 ‘He was educated at University College School and University of London Officers Training Corps. was at UCL (Arts from 1909–12)…He was awarded Roll of War Service 1914–1919 in locked casket. the Military Cross on March 10th 1915, “For conspic- COLLEGE ARCHIVES. uous gallantry at Givenchy on February 20th 19015, when in command of the Right storming party, he The University of London Officers Training Corps, or OTC was almost buried by a German shell. After being as it is known for short, was created in 1909. It lost many extricated he was immediately shot, but crawled to members in World War I. the enemy’s parapet, and there continued to conduct operations”… After recovering from his wound, he rejoined the 4th Bedfordshire Regiment, and returned to the trenches in June, 1916…In the very early morning of February 12th 1917, during an engagement on the 15 Ancre, he was instantly killed while consolidating the Chambers, R W, Batho, E C, Parker, B N. line close to the enemy trenches.’ University College London Roll of Honour 1914–1919. • George Guy Barry Downing Volume 1: Abbati-Lintott. London: ‘In 1913 he entered the Slade School, UCL….On Donald Macbeth, 1922–24. September 2nd, 1916, he was flying over the German COLLEGE COLLECTION A7. lines when his aircraft was seriously damaged by anti-aircraft fire, and he himself was wounded. He suc- Framed photographs from the Roll of Honour were at ceeded, however, in driving off two German machines one time hung in the South Cloisters of UCL, until the which attacked him, and in landing within the French outbreak of World War II. All but 31 were salvaged after lines. He was invalided home, and while recovering an air raid of 1940 destroyed the Cloisters. These from his wound had a severe attack of diphtheria, but were later removed from their frames, and in 1951 they in March, 1917, he was certified fit for light duty, and were boxed up and put into the College Archives. acted as instructor at aerodromes in England; he was They have recently been rediscovered. then appointed officer in a training school in Scotland. Reproductions of numerous people from the Roll of He had only been a few days there when he was killed Honour are displayed: in a flying accident on September 4th 1917.’

• George Gordon Lauder • Frances Mary Bates ‘From 1912 to 1914 he was at the Slade School at ‘She was educated at St. Nicholas’, U.C.L. … In March, 1916, he was transferred to the Folkestone, and Redhill Technical Institute, and was 1st (Regular) Battalion. He was killed in action in the a student at the Slade School in 1913–14…From battle for Delville Wood. The Germans were hanging September, 1914, until her death, she nursed at on to the North-East corner of the Wood, and Laud- the London Hospital and the Cambridge Military er’s company was ordered to clear it at the point of Hospital, Aldershot, as a Special Probationer in the bayonet. It was during this operation that he was Queen Alexandra’s Imperial Military Nursing Service. shot through the head by a German sniper, on July On April 9th, 1916, she died at the latter Hospital 30th, 1916.’ from pneumonia.’ 24 | Art and Honour Art and Honour | 25

• Harold Davie • Maurice Gray ‘Private, R.A.M.C., was born on June 3rd, 1893, and He…passed to Trinity College, Cambridge, but left was an Arts Student at U.C.L. in 1912–13. He died after one year to study at the Slade School, U.C.L. of dysentery on the hospital ship “Kara-Para”, on (1909–13). He was an artist of great promise, and September 29th, 1915, in the Mediterranean. He was possessed notable musical and literary gifts… On Au- buried at sea, 100 miles SSE. of Rhodes.’ gust 15th, 1914, he was gazetted 2nd Lieutenant, 2nd Dragoon Guards (Queen’s Bays), and went to France • Reginald Charles Francis Dolley in June 1915. Subsequently he was transferred to the ‘He was educated at Watford Grammar School and Machine Gun Corps, Cavalry (7th Squadron). He was came to U.C.L. in 1905…He took his B.A. in 1908 promoted Lieutenant on April 15th, 1916, and Captain (First Class Honours; Modern European History), and shortly before his death. He fell in action at Beaucourt his M.A. (External) in 1911. In 1914 he was elected a en Santerre, on August 8th, 1918, and is buried in the Fellow of the College…In January, 1917, he received Cemetery at Caix…The officers of his squadron wrote: his commission in the 6th Notts and Derby Regiment “At the time of his glorious death he was engaged on (Sherwood Foresters). On July 1st, he was reported a special mission with the danger of which he was missing, near Lens: “He was last seen surrounded by acquainted, and for which he volunteered”.’ the enemy, refusing to surrender, in a German trench, which his company had taken”.’ • Warren Kemp Fenn-Smith ‘He entered U.C.L. in the Faculty of Arts in 1914. He • Reginald Arthur Kerry was gazetted 2nd Lieutenant, R.F.C., and was killed in ‘He came to U.C.L. with a scholarship, and took an action near Bethune on January 8th, 1918. “Attacked Arts Course form 1906 to 1909…He afterwards stud- by a superior number of enemy scouts, he gallantly ied Law in the University of Sydney, and in January, fought until shot down”.’ 1915, joined the Australian infantry. In March of that year he volunteered for active service, and was sent • Cecil Arbuthnot Gould to Gallipoli, where he fought in the battle of Lone ‘…was a member of the Administrative Staff of Pine. He was transferred to the Machine Gun Corps U.C.L. in 1911 and 1912… He served in Gallipoli, on its formation, and on the evacuation of Gallipo- whence he was invalided home after taking part in li went first to Egypt and then to France…Shortly the battle of Suvla Bay; and subsequently in Egypt afterwards he received his stripe, and was Acting and Palestine. He was promoted Captain in May, Corporal at the time of his death in July, 1916. On the 1916. He fell on March 26th, 1917, in the first battle 21st he was helping to carry up ammunition for the of Gaza, leading with great gallantry his men, who battle of Pozieres, when he was struck by a shell and had to advance over a large tract of ground providing severely wounded. He died on the 22nd.’ no cover at all. He reached a point within at least two hundred yards of the enemy wire”.’ 26 | Art and Honour Art and Honour | 27

Roll of Honour and war list, 1914–18, of University College School, Hampstead, compiled by C R Cockman and C L R Thomas. St. Albans: The Campfield Press. COLLEGE COLLECTION A7 UNI

University College School was originally located in the Wilkins building before the South Wing was built to house it. It stayed here until 1907, when it moved to Hampstead. This Roll of Honour and war list contains the records of staff and former pupils who served during the war.

Penrose, Lionel Sharples. Personal sketchbook, 1918. PENROSE 1/4/1/2 Original open at ‘Rouen 7.8.18’. Reproduction of ‘Wet ground & cattle trucks & lurid sunset’, Abbeville 11.7.18.

Lionel Penrose was born into a Quaker family in 1898. After leaving school in June 1916 he went to France to serve in the Society of Friends’ Ambulance Train, run on behalf of the British Red Cross. He stayed with the Train until December 1918, drawing many sketches of places that he travelled through. Landscapes include Amiens, Vecquemont, Doingt, Templeaux, Ypres, Abbeville, Rouen, Coutrai [Kortrijk] and Marcoing.

Penrose, Lionel Sharples. Diary: June–December 1918. PENROSE 1/4/1/1

As well as the sketchbooks, Penrose kept a diary from his time serving with the Ambulance Train. It includes descriptions of enemy action as well as more drawings and maps. The diary is open at entries for October 1918, headed Evacuations South, + North, which detail journeys made to and from the French coast, with a hand-drawn illustration of the routes. 28 | Art and Honour Art and Honour | 29

19 Blast was to be the Vorticists’ greatest achievement: the war spelled both their Blast: Review of The Great English Vortex. No.2 (War Number), July 1915. beginning and end, with initial momentum soon giving way to despair and disillusion. Edited by Wyndham Lewis. Lewis had intended to publish a third edition in 1919 in an attempt to reinvigorate the London: Bodley Head. avant-garde, but by then the movement had run its course. LITTLE MAGAZINES BLA

Percy Wyndham Lewis (1882–1957) was an English artist, critic, novelist and journalist. From 1898 to 1901 he studied painting at the Slade School of Fine Art under the Professorship of Fred Brown, then travelled widely across Europe. In 1909 Lewis met the American writer Ezra Pound, with whom he founded Blast in 1914. Blast was created in response to a series of highly theatrical and confrontational lectures, exhibitions and events in London by the poet Filippo Marinetti and the Italian Futurists. Intially Lewis and the rest of the London avant-garde were inspired by Marinetti’s zeal. However, they soon became irritated by his arrogance and were incensed at his attempts to recruit them into his circle. Lewis, determined not to have his thunder stolen, gathered together a group of artists, including Henri Gaudier-Brzeska, Edward Wadsworth, Jacob Epstein and David Bomberg, to form the short-lived Vorticists – an independent alternative to Futurism, Cubism and Expressionism. Vorticism, considered England’s first real avant-garde art movement, embodied similar ideals and typographic style as the Futurists, embracing dynamism, the machine age and modern life, with all its imperfections. Lewis’s patience with the visiting Futurists ran out when, without his permission, his name was added as a signatory to Marinetti and C R W Nevinson’s English Futurist manifesto. Entitled Vital English Art, this appeared in The Observer on 7 June 1914. The first issue of Blast was published in direct response, on 2 July 1914, 33 days before Britain declared war with Germany. This is now considered a transformative moment in 20 the history of English Modernist art and literature. The first issue of Blast utilised the aggressive visual and verbal style of European Lacerba. Edited by Giovanni Papini and Ardengo Soffici. counterparts such as Lacerba in Italy, adopting the oversized fonts and geometric layouts Milan: G Mazzotta, 1970 (reprint). more reminiscent of advertisements than the text of a literary magazine. Conceived as LITTLE MAGAZINES LAC a ‘battering ram’ for the Vorticists, Blast was primarily a vehicle for their manifesto, written by Lewis. It called for a ‘vivid and violent’ reinvigoration of British culture and included a Published prolifically (a total of 69 issues) between January 1913 and May 1915, Lacerba lengthy list of things which were either ‘blessed’ (hairdressers, seafarers, ‘Shakespeare for was an influential Florentine avant-garde art and literature magazine. It was founded by his bitter northern rhetoric of humour’) or ‘blast’ (journalists, sport, the years 1837–1900). Giovanni Papini, a poet and journalist, and Ardengo Soffici, a painter and writer. Despite The second issue (or War Number) was published on 20 July 1915. It was, naturally, an often uneasy alliance with Filippo Marinetti’s Milanese Futurists, Lacerba became the preoccupied with the events of the war, more sombre in tone and appearance than its movement’s showcase, publishing many manifestos, experimental poems and musical predecessor. No longer a ‘puce monster’ (a reference to the confrontational violent pink scores. For an avant-garde publication, the magazine had a large circulation: up to cover of the first issue), the second issue was of subdued pale brown and black. Its cover is around 18,000 by 1914 (although several thousand copies would regularly be bought dominated by Lewis’ Expressionist woodcut Before Antwerp, and the title text has become and distributed by Marinetti himself). more of a whisper than the previous issue’s scream. The list of ‘blast’ and ‘blessed’ was still The journal was illustrated with work by contemporary Italian artists, among them Boccioni, present, but far less prominent, along with a play by Ezra Pound, new poems by T S Eliot Carrà and Severini. It published important Futurist texts such as Antonio Sant’Elia’s Mani- (Preludes and Rhapsody On A Windy Night) and a text by Henri Gaudier-Brzeska entitled festo of Futurist Architecture and, in July 1914, Vital English Art – co-written by Marinetti and Vortex (Written From The Trenches) – written only a few weeks before he was killed at Neu- Englishman C R W (Richard) Nevinson (p.38), until two years earlier a student at the Slade ville-Saint-Vaast on 5 June 1915. Despite being in the midst of the destructive ‘vortex’ of School of Fine Art. On leaving the Slade, Nevinson befriended both the charismatic Marinetti the battlefields, Gaudier-Brzeska continues to advocate the vital energy of the Vorticist ideal. and Wyndham Lewis, ringleader of the English avant-garde. After falling out with Lewis 30 | Art and Honour Art and Honour | 31 and being excluded from the Vorticist group, Nevinson aligned himself fully with the Italian. Grosz had first met the Herzfeld brothers in 1915. They were enthusiastic supporters of Shortly before the outbreak of World War I, Marinetti and Nevinson published their manifes- his grotesque style and hard-line stance, and he began to illustrate Neue Jugend in 1916. In to widely across Europe; it appeared in The Observer in London and Le Figaro in Paris, as the same year he, like Helmut Herzfeld, anglicised his name out of opposition to the military well as in Lacerba. scare campaign against Britain and intellectual affinity to the USA, where he settled in 1933. From September 1914 Papini and Soffici campaigned for intervention in World War I. By the end of the year they had cut all links with the Milan Futurists, accusing them of being unsupportive of their position against Italy’s neutrality, and Lacerba became primarily a 22 political journal. Despite dwindling circulation and financial difficulties, Papini closed the journal somewhat triumphantly, with a final editorial stating ‘Abbiamo Vinto!’ (‘We Won!’). Neue Jugend, June 1917. Edited by Wieland Herzfelde. The issue was dated 22 May 1915, two days before Italy entered the war. Berlin: Malik (facsimile: Milan: Mazzotta, 1970). LITTLE MAGAZINES NEU

Despite Wieland’s attempts to deceive the authorities, the magazine ran into difficulties. 21 Publication of issue 10 was barred by the authorities while he was away at war for the Neue Jugend, February–March 1917. Edited by Wieland Herzfelde. second time. With Helmut now in control, the next issue (February–March 1917, no.11–12) Berlin: Malik (facsimile: Milan: Mazzotta, 1970). appeared after a space of three months, only for the entire monthly journal to be immedi- LITTLE MAGAZINES NEU ately banned by the censors. The brothers again circumvented regulations by changing the frequency of the journal to weekly, and thus managed to produce a further two issues. Neue Jugend (‘New Youth’) was a left-wing, literary-political arts journal, edited in Berlin These last two issues of Neue Jugend, published in May and June 1917, were striking from 1916 by Wieland Herzfelde (born Wieland Herzfeld in 1896). It was characterised in terms of visual appearance. Aesthetically and ideologically they marked the beginnings of by the experimental typography of his brother, Helmut Herzfeld (who, prompted by his Berlin Dada, with the large, newspaper-style format, geometric layout and bold typography fervent anti-war beliefs, anglicised his name to John Heartfield in the summer of 1917). Both brothers had spent time serving with the German military. Wieland volunteered early on in the war and served as a medical orderly near Ypres. The unrelenting horror of the operating theatres resulted in his rapid disillusionment with the war, followed by a discharge for insubordination. Helmut was drafted in 1914, but was released from service after suffering a breakdown. Neue Jugend came into being in wartime Berlin despite strict military restrictions requir- ing approval for the launch of any new paper or journal. The brothers were so desperate to produce a radical pacifist magazine that to circumvent this censorship Wieland paid a sum of money to the editor of a journal already called Neue Jugend. It had ceased publication in 1914, but Wieland claimed that his publication was the continuation of an existing title. Under their editorial direction the ‘new’ journal sought to encourage popular opposition to the war and to satirise bourgeois society. For the Herzfelds and their circle, the only worthy art was that which addressed social reality. As John Heartfield, Helmut Herzfeld subsequently became a leading figure of Berlin Dada, an anti-war visual art and political propaganda movement, alongside many other contributors to Neue Jugend. Shown here are two illustrations by German artist, George Grosz (born Georg Groß in Berlin in 1893), often referred to as the German Hogarth. Before World War I Grosz was apolitical, but following two spells of military service he learnt to hate German militarism (despite twice being invalided out without having witnessed a single shot fired). As a result Grosz’s work became increasingly obsessed with the ruinous effect of the war on humanity, and his drawings from this time are claustrophobic caricatures of grimacing city dwellers. The civilian population is portrayed as ugly and obese, violent and alcoholic – a symbol of a sick society. 32 | Art and Honour Art and Honour | 33 by ‘John Heartfield’ ensuring that it stood apart from undoubtedly more conservative con- tisements are juxtaposed on the pages in the manner of a collage, blurring conventional temporaries on the newsstands. Boldly confrontational in appearance and content, these divisions. This issue of Dada was published in two versions: French/Italian and German. editions of Neue Jugend did not last long on the newsstands of Berlin in 1917; unsold The two were largely identical except that the French version replaced two pages of copies were confiscated by police within the hour. German texts with alternative material, suggesting that Tzara was keen to mollify the Unusually, the June 1917 issue is printed in four colours and features a dynamic com- French censors and have his journal read in Paris. The fact that he produced a German bination of text and image. The dominating feature of the front cover is a reproduction of edition at all was possibly out of a sense of obligation to his Dadaist associates in Zurich New York’s iconic Flatiron building – a timely reference, given America’s entry into the war and Berlin. After the war Tzara formed an alliance with the Surrealist André Breton and left barely two months prior. The seamless juxtaposition of radically political editorial content Zurich for Paris, taking Dada with him. and artworks alongside advertisements fused commercial intent with a satirical comment on the relationships between art, politics and commerce. The front cover features two uncredited text works by George Grosz in which he attempts to convey the overwhelming energy of the modern city and its potential for political and cultural change. Both works, ‘Man muk Kautschukmann sein!’ and ‘Kannst du radfahren?’, combine poetry and images with dynamic typography and a tone more typical of advertisements: ‘Ladies and gentlemen!! / jeder hat Zutritt!’ (‘Ladies and gentlemen!! / Everyone is welcome!’). By adopting these mass media techniques, the editors of Neue Jugend were clearly attempting to sell their critical art and political ideas to as wide an audience as possible.

Dada. No.3, December 1918. Edited by Tristan Tzara. Zürich: Julius Heuberger (facsimile: Milan: Mazzotta, 1970). LITTLE MAGAZINES DAD

Dada was edited by Tristan Tzara (born Samuel Rosenstock in 1896), a Franco-Roma- nian avant-garde poet and performance artist. It was published for eight issues, initially in Zurich and then in Paris between 1917 and 1921. In the autumn of 1915 the pacifist Tzara left Romania for neutral Switzerland. In Zurich he met anarchist poet Hugo Ball and participated in his Cabaret Voltaire, a series of chaotic soirées where artists experimented with sound and performance, now considered to be the birthplace of Dada in Europe. Dadaism embraced the multi-page, printed format: it allowed the speedy exchange of information and ideas across geographic and political borders, providing an opportunity to foster connections and ‘exhibit’ work at a time of censorship and travel restrictions. Tzara saw the magazine as a way of defining Dada from other Modern movements evolving across Europe at the time, notably Futurism, Expressionism and Cubism. It was inclusive and enabled a dialogue between a diverse assortment of images and texts, while raising questions about the nature of art. Significantly, Dadaism enabled a move away from formal painting and its links with the traditional art academies, shifting emphasis to a democratic, accessible, multi-media form of production. The publication of the first issue of Dada in July 1917 effectively launched the movement. The third issue of Dada was published just after the armistice in December 1918. By this time Tzara had distilled the essence of the movement and published his manifesto only to proclaim: ‘Dada means nothing’. Texts, poems, drawings, woodcut prints and adver- 34 | Art and Honour Art and Honour | 35

24 25 The Ridgefield Gazook. No.0, 31 March 1915. Edited by Man Ray. The Blind Man. No.1, 10 April 1917. Edited by Marcel Duchamp, Ridgefield, New Jersey (facsimile: Milan: Mazzotta, 1970). Henri-Pierre Roché and Beatrice Wood. LITTLE MAGAZINES RID New York: Henri-Pierre Roché (facsimile: Milan: Mazzotta, 1970). LITTLE MAGAZINES BLI Although primarily a European phenom- the three artists formed the nucleus of an enon, a Dadaist movement developed American Dadaist group which, although independently in the United States, formally unnamed, followed the same 26 centred on artists who sought exile there artistic ideals as that which would be during the war. Although short lived (only officially established in Zurich in 1917 The Blind Man. No.2, May 1917. Edited by Marcel Duchamp, Henri-Pierre one issue was published), The Ridgefield with the publication of the first issue of Roché and Beatrice Wood. Gazook is significant as the first American Tristan Tzara’s Dada. Between them, they New York: Henri-Pierre Roché (facsimile: Milan: Mazzotta, 1970). proto-Dada publication. Consisting of a self-published a number of magazines LITTLE MAGAZINES BLI single sheet folded into four hand-drawn which have come to typify the earliest pages of graphics, puns and illustrations, incarnation of this ‘anti-art’ movement, of Originally published in 1917, The Blind tion of the new Society for Independent the newsletter was written and edited by which The Ridgefield Gazook was the first. Man is one of a cluster of publications Artists, more commonly referred to as The the American artist Man Ray (born Em- which originated with the New York Dada Independents show. Duchamp was on the manuel Radnitzky in Philadelphia in 1890). movement. Originating in Zurich, Dadaist Board of the Society, which had a demo- Man Ray, who was working from an artists’ groups emerged across Europe during the cratic approach to exhibition organisation colony in Ridgefield, New Jersey, was op- war years. In New York two of the main based on that of the Parisian Salon des posed to the conflict in Europe. The cover protagonists, Marcel Duchamp and Francis Indépendants, whereby artists could submit of The Ridgefield Gazook emphatically Picabia, had exiled themselves from war- whatever works they chose, unhindered by states ‘we are not neutral’, a comment on torn homelands, seeking refuge in a more jury selection. American indifference to World War I. liberating environment across the Atlantic The first issue, or Independents’ Number, With its deliberately ephemeral appear- where they had a significant impact on the of The Blind Man enthusiastically centres ance, the newsletter was produced by rising consciousness of Modern art. Unlike Man Ray possibly as a parody of 291, a their European counterparts, they did not deluxe arts and literary magazine pub- fill their publications with manifestos or lished by photographer Alfred Steiglitz. A organise confrontational events, although companion publication to Stieglitz’s New the proto-Dada questioning of art and York gallery of the same name, 291 acted rallying against the stagnancy of high as a showcase for the avant-garde art of culture was parallel. They even claimed Europe and the US. It had already pub- ignorance of the word ‘Dada’, not using it lished work by the French artist, Marcel themselves until launching the magazine Duchamp, when Man Ray met him at the New York Dada much later, in 1921. Ridgefield colony in the summer of 1915. By 1916, the two men, along with The meeting resulted in a lifelong friendship. American artist Man Ray, had become the Duchamp had recently arrived in America, centre of radical artistic activities in New but was already something of a celebrity York. Duchamp was described by Parisian following the exhibition of his Nude writer and fellow émigré Henri-Pierre Roché Descending the Staircase at the 1913 New as ‘the toast of all the young avant-garde of York Armory Show, a show which con- New York’ and, along with actress Beatrice tributed to Man Ray’s decision to become Wood, they established The Blind Man in an artist. Together with Francis Picabia, anticipation of the pioneering first exhibi- 36 | Art and Honour Art and Honour | 37 on the build up to the show, and was only Duchamp was both outraged by the 27 available to buy there. In it Roché describes betrayal of the democratic principles, the hanging policy of the exhibition, which resigning from the Society, and satisfied Rongwrong. No.1, July 1917. Edited by Marcel Duchamp, Henri-Pierre was devised by Duchamp himself (alpha- with the furore that he had engineered. Roché and Beatrice Wood. betical, with the first letter to be drawn from In the editorial The Richard Mutt Case, New York (facsimile: Milan: Mazzotta, 1970). a hat) and its contribution to ‘the birth of the co-editor Beatrice Wood discusses possi- LITTLE MAGAZINES RON independence of art in America’. In con- ble grounds for the rejection; it was either trast, the second issue of The Blind Man is immoral or vulgar, or simple plagiarism: In 1917, shortly after the Independents furore, Duchamp published another magazine, best remembered for publishing documents ‘a plain piece of plumbing’. Ultimately, the Rongwrong. He had intended the title to be Wrongwrong, but it was transformed by surrounding the scandal of Duchamp’s own debate surrounding Fountain published a suitably Dadaist chance printing error which was fully appreciated by Duchamp. submission, the 1917 readymade Fountain in The Blind Man has come to signify the Existing for a single issue, this eclectic review appears to have partly been a vehicle for (a white porcelain urinal, signed R Mutt), Dadaist preoccupation with the definition a private joke between Duchamp and his friend Francis Picabia, recently returned to and its rejection by the Hanging Committee of art itself. New York and keen to re-establish his magazine 391, which he had previously been of the exhibition. publishing in Barcelona. The cover of Rongwrong shows a found image of two dogs sniffing each other’s bot- toms, in light-hearted reference to the playful nature of the pair’s friendship. It also details a chess match that had been played between Picabia and Henri-Pierre Roché to decide which of their publications would continue to represent the group. Picabia won, Roché lost; The Blind Man ceased and 391 became the main (and longest running) publication of New York Dada. The match is printed in full in Rongwrong. 38 | Art and Honour Art and Honour | 39

attended an exhibition of Italian Futurist painting at the Sackville Gallery in London, which 28 proved hugely influential; he subsequently fully aligned himself with this avant-garde Student index cards of Percy Wyndham Lewis and Christopher Richard movement. He co-wrote with Fillippo Marinetti the manifesto of English Futurism, entitled Wynne Nevinson. Vital English Art. UCL RECORDS OFFICE After serving with the Red Cross during the war, Nevinson continued to use a Futurist style to portray the realities of the front line. However, he now lacked the enthusiasm for the dynamism of conflict which Marinetti had encouraged. Appointed an official war artist, Nevinson’s paintings of 1915–16, considered the masterpieces of his career, portray the war as a bleak, tragic event. Paintings such as A Burst Shell (1915; London, Tate) and Troops Resting (1916; London, Imperial War Museum) combine the fractured structure and dynamic energy typical of Futurism with an oppressively dark tone and claustrophobic com- position. By 1919, he had completely rejected Futurism and adopted a more traditional, pastoral style.

Student registration form for Christopher Richard Wynne Nevinson. UCL RECORDS OFFICE

The Slade School of Fine Art has experienced two periods of what have become known as ‘crises of brilliance’, a phrase coined by drawing master Henry Tonks. The first period refers to a ‘decisive moment’ of talent which included Augustus John and Percy Wyndham Lewis. Wyndham Lewis (he dropped the ‘Percy’, which he disliked) attended the Slade School of Fine Art from 1898 to 1901 under the Professorship of Fred Brown. An art critic and journalist as well as a prolifically active artist, he founded the Camden Town Group of painters (with Ezra Pound), the London Group, the Rebel Art Centre (created in 1914 to rival Roger Fry’s Omega Workshops) and the radical Vorticist group – a British alternative to the Futurist and Expressionist movements which were developing in Europe. By 1913 Lewis was widely considered the leading British avant-garde artist of his generation. During World War I he served as an artillery officer in France, and was commis- sioned as a war artist by the Canadian Government. Throughout the 1920s and 30s he produced a wide range of work, including a satirical novel, books of criticism and a series of striking portraits of, among others, Edith Sitwell, W H Auden and Ezra Pound. In 1939 Lewis sailed to New York, only returning after the war in 1945. He lost his sight in 1951 due to a tumour on his optic nerve, but continued to write until his death in 1957. The second ‘crisis of brilliance’ at the Slade refers to the generation of students which included some of the most important British artists of the early 20th century, largely because of their artistic response to the Great War: Stanley Spencer, David Bomberg, Dora Carrington, Mark Gertler, Paul Nash, and C R W Nevinson. Christopher Richard Wynne Nevinson (1889–1946) studied painting from 1909 until 1912 and became one of Britain’s most famous artists of World War I, despite the fact that his drawing master, Henry Tonks, had advised him to give up all hope of an artistic career. In March 1912 Nevinson 40 | Art and Honour Art and Honour | 41

Small case 1: Selection of Royal Navy propaganda postcards. and alterations before being accepted and cannot know how his talent might have See information under catalogue item 13. published alongside Marching in Harriet developed. As Sassoon observes, his Monroe’s Poetry magazine later that year. ‘Trench Poems’ ‘…have the controlled Small case 2: Isaac Rosenberg 1890–1918 The collected works, open here at a directness of a man finding his true voice self-portrait of Isaac Rosenberg, contains and achieving mastery of his material; a foreword by Siegfried Sassoon, who words and images obey him, instead of describes him as ‘not consciously a “war leading him into over-elaboration. They are 30 poet”’. However, he will be forever associ- all of them fine poems, but “Break of Day Photograph in Chambers, R W, Batho, E C, Parker, B N, University College ated with the conflict. In a letter to Edward in the Trenches” has for me a poignant and London Roll of Honour 1914–1919. Vol. 2: Lister to Wynne. Marsh in 1915, Rosenberg wrote ‘I never nostalgic quality which eliminates critical London: Donald Macbeth, 1922–24. joined the army from patriotic reasons. analysis. Sensuous front-line existence is COLLEGE COLLECTION A7 Nothing can justify war. I suppose we must there, hateful and repellent, unforgettable all fight to get the trouble over.’ Sadly we and inescapable.’

Student index card and registration form for Isaac Rosenberg.

Rosenberg, Isaac. Break of Day in the Trenches. In Poetry: a magazine of verse. Vol. IX (3), December 1916, pp.128–9. [reprint edition, 1966] STORE Little Magazines

Bottomley, Gordon & Harding, Denys (eds). The collected works of Isaac Rosenberg: poetry, prose, letters and some drawings, with a foreword by Siegfried Sassoon. London: Chatto & Windus, 1937. STORE 02–09748

Although a student at the Slade School of Rosenberg had also started to write Fine Art, Isaac Rosenberg became better poetry and published his first volume, known as a poet in his short life; he was Night and Day, in 1912. He was recuper- killed in action near Arras on 1 April 1918. ating from an illness in South Africa when Rosenberg was born in Bristol and moved World War I broke out, responding to the to London with his Lithuanian parents news by writing the poem On Receiving in 1897. His writing and artistic talents News of the War. On his return to England were recognised at an early age, and he in 1915, Rosenberg enlisted. He was attended evening classes in painting and sent to France with the King’s Own Royal drawing at Birkbeck before entering the Lancaster Regiment in 1916, where he Slade under the patronage of Mrs Herbert continued to write on scraps of paper Cohen. Like his contemporary Nevinson that he sent to his sister and friends. His (29), he belonged to the Slade’s second best-known poem, Break of Day in the ‘crisis of brilliance’. Trenches, went through a number of drafts 42 | Art and Honour Art and Honour | 43

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Picture Credits p.4 © Courtesy of the estate of Mrs J.C.Robinson/Poll- p.34 © Man Ray Trust/ADAGP, Paris and DACS, London inger Ltd. 2014. p.16 © 2014 The Estate of Bruce Bairnsfather. All Rights p.35 © Succession Marcel Duchamp/ADAGP, Paris and Reserved DACS, London 2014. p.29 (Blast): © The Estate of The Artist/The Bridgeman p.36 © Succession Marcel Duchamp/ADAGP, Paris and Art Library DACS, London 2014. p.31 (left) © Estate of George Grosz, Princeton, N.J. / p.37 © Succession Marcel Duchamp/ADAGP, Paris and DACS, 2014 DACS, London 2014. p.31 (right) © The Heartfield Community of Heirs/VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn and DACS, London 2014 and © Estate of George Grosz, Princeton, N.J. / DACS, 2014 Acknowledgements

The exhibition has been curated by the UCL Library Services Exhibitions Group.

This catalogue has been prepared by Debs Furness and Liz Lawes, with additional material from Kate Cheney, Sarah Lawson and Colin Penman.

Exhibition Location

Main Library staircase and 1st floor UCL Library Services Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT http://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/exhibitions UCL LIBRARY SRVICES

Art and Honour Contemporary Impressions of World War I

An exhibition of material from UCL Special Collections and UCL Records Office February – December 2014