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Our Dynamic Desert Our Dynamic Desert Introduction to the Desert Landforms and Surface Mojave National Processes in the Mojave National Preserve Preserve and Vicinity Physiography 1 Weather By Philip Stoffer Data Open-File Report 2004-1007 General Mojave 2004 Geologic History ABSTRACT: Landscape features in the Mojave National Preserve are a product of ongoing processes involving tectonic Changing forces, weathering, and erosion. Long-term climatic cycles (wet Climates & and dry periods) have left a decipherable record preserved as Ancient landform features and sedimentary deposits. This website provides Lakes and introduction to climate-driven desert processes influencing landscape features including stream channels, alluvial fans, playas Weathering (dry lakebeds), dunes, and mountain landscapes. Bedrock & Erosion characteristics, and the geometry of past and ongoing faulting, fracturing, volcanism, and landscape uplift and subsidence Carbonate influence the character of processes happening at the surface. Rocks & Landforms Use of any traide, firm or product name is for descriptive purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Government. Granitic Rocks & Landforms U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Volcanic Rocks & U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Landforms 1Western Earth Surface Processes Team, Menlo Park, CA Faults & Active Tectonics Pediments & Alluvial Fans Stream Channel Development Stream Terraces & Older http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1007/[2/21/2014 3:44:13 PM] Our Dynamic Desert Surfaces Mojave River Playas Sand Dunes & Dust Human Impacts Selected References 3D Geology Tour Index Page Continue to the Introducation page. USGS Western Region Geology and Geophysics Science Center The URL is http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1007/index.html Page Contact Information: USGS Publications Team Last updated: December 18, 2009 (mfd) http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1007/[2/21/2014 3:44:13 PM] Our Dynamic Desert Introduction to the Desert Landforms and Surface Processes Mojave National in the Mojave National Preserve and Preserve Vicinity Physiography Weather Introduction Data Several hundred thousand people travel along Interstate 15 between Los Angeles and General Las Vegas every week, but typically less than one percent of these travelers venture off Mojave the main highway to spend time to view the desert scenery and to ponder its origin. Geologic However, even a brief stop will enchant visitors with the remarkable desert landscape. History This website is intended to provide basic geologic information about the origin of Changing landscape features throughout the Mojave National Preserve and surrounding region. Climates & The map below (Fig. 1) provides location reference to many of the landscape features Ancient referred to in discussions. Lakes Weathering & Erosion Carbonate Rocks & Landforms Granitic Rocks & Landforms Volcanic Rocks & Landforms Faults & Active Tectonics Pediments & Alluvial Fans Stream Figure 1. Map showing the Mojave National Preserve and surrounding region. View a Channel larger version of this map. Development Many natural factors and processes are responsible for the development of landforms in Stream desert environments, particularly bedrock characteristics, and current and past climatic Terraces conditions and their changing plant communities. The landscape reflects the cumulative & Older effects of geologic forces or events that have transpired over many millions of years. Surfaces However, faulting, volcanism and erosion within the past million years, and particularly changing climatic conditions within the last 20,000 years, have had particularly strong http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1007/intro.html[2/21/2014 3:44:24 PM] Our Dynamic Desert Mojave effects on the physical appearance of the Mojave Desert landscape today. River This website provides basic discussions about the interplay of climatic factors with Playas geologic characteristics and history of the Mojave Desert region primarily focusing on the Mojave National Preserve. Follow the discussion (like a book) by clicking on the Sand Dunes "Continue to" links at the bottom of each page, or go directly to the selected sections by & Dust clicking any of the topical links on the left side of each page. Understanding regional climate history, physiography, and the physical characteristics and processes affecting Human earth materials are fundamental to interpreting the ongoing development of the Mojave Impacts Desert landscape and the ecosystem it supports. Follow the links to learn more about the Selected physical environment of the Mojave National Preserve and surrounding region! References To see a 3-D image tour of the Mojave National 3D Geology Preserve, click here. You will need red-and-cyan view Tour glasses. Most of the photographs within this website appear in 3D on this on-line geology tour at Index Page http://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/moja/. Continue to the Physiography page... USGS Western Region Geology and Geophysics Science Center The URL is http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1007/intro.html Page Contact Information: USGS Publications Team Last updated: December 18, 2009 (mfd) http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1007/intro.html[2/21/2014 3:44:24 PM] Our Dynamic Desert Introduction to the Physiography Mojave National The Mojave Desert comprises the southwestern quadrant of the Basin and Range Preserve physiographic province, a vast region dominated by rugged mountain ranges and alluvium-filled basins that extends from northern Nevada to Mexico and from the Physiography California's Sierra Nevada and southern coastal region eastward to central Arizona and Utah. The Mojave Desert is transitional between the lower, hotter Sororan Weather Desert to the south and the colder high desert of the Great Basin to the north. The Data Mojave Desert is characterized by extreme variations in daily temperatures and General more arid conditions than other American desert regions. Freezing temperatures Mojave occur during the winter, particularly in higher elevation regions. Summers tend to be Geologic hot, dry, and windy. Average precipitation in the region is less than 12 cm, but is History highly variable from one year to the next. Almost all precipitation arrives in the winter, but the region also experiences rare, intense summer thunderstorms. It is Changing during these rare flood events that some of the most dramatic changes take place on Climates & the desert landscape. Ancient Lakes The Mojave National Preserve encompasses an eastern portion of the of the greater Mojave Desert ecosystem region. The Preserve consists of nearly 1.6 million acres Weathering of varied landscapes including rugged mountains, canyons, volcanic fields, alluvial & Erosion fans, dune fields, and dry lake basins. The U.S. Congress established the Mojave National Preserve in 1994 as part of the California Desert Protection Act. Carbonate Rocks & Elevations in the Preserve range from the highest point, Clark Mountain (elevation Landforms 7929 feet; 2417 m), to a lowest elevation at Soda Lake (932 feet; 284 m). Other high upland areas include portions of the Granite, Providence, and New York mountains. Granitic Ecological habitats vary with the landscape and precipitation: pinyon-pine forests Rocks & and frost-tolerant species occur above 5,500 feet (1675 m) where average Landforms precipitation is as much as 25 cm (some of which falls as snow); joshua-tree forests occur in the range of 4,000 to 6,000 feet (1220 to 1828 m); mixed desert shrub Volcanic communities exist in the middle elevation regions and along the mountain range Rocks & fronts, and; creosote bush and other drought-tolerant species survive in the lower Landforms elevation regions where rainfall averages less than 5 cm per year. Faults & Active Mountains and Basins Tectonics Mountains impede travels across the desert, whether by pioneer wagon or sportscar. Pediments & Likewise, the mountain ranges delineate the landscape and serve as barriers to the Alluvial Fans migration of sediments (carried both by water and wind). Adjacent to each range are corresponding valleys that are filled with sediments. The Mojave Desert region is Stream within a great inland (isolated) drainage basin. Not for perhaps 10 million years Channel have rivers consistently drained to the ocean! During the past Ice Ages, great lakes Development filled many of the lower valleys; many of these lake basins overflowed into adjacent valleys, and some eventually spilled into Death Valley. However, as with the Stream current interglacial period, the region has dried up, leaving behind great dry Terraces lakebeds exposed to erosion by the wind. Between the ranges and the lakebeds are & Older regions covered by coalescing alluvial fans (called bajadas) or extensive flat regions Surfaces of barren, weathered bedrock (called pediments) where mountains probably once existed long ago but have long since worn away. The images below illustrate the http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1007/mountain.html[2/21/2014 3:44:35 PM] Our Dynamic Desert Mojave "mountain and basin" character of the Mojave Desert region. River Playas Sand Dunes & Dust Human Impacts Selected References This zoomed-in view is looking southwest along the Interstate 15 3D Geology corridor from the top of Turquoise Mountain (just east of Baker, Tour CA). The view incompasses portions of Silver and Soda dry lakes (near Baker in the foreground), the Soda Mountains across the Index Page middle, and the large, distant Cave Mountain. A high-altitude, oblique-view aerial photograph of the Mojave National Preserve region taken in September
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