DOCSLIB.ORG

Uplift and Incision of the Yakima River Canyon From

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Uplift and Incision of the Yakima River Canyon From 6/15/2018 Abstract: UPLIFT AND INCISION OF THE YAKIMA RIVER CANYON FROM CHANNEL PLANFORM MAPPING AND COSMOGENIC <… Start |Author Index | View Uploaded Presentations | Meeting Information Rocky Mountain (66th Annual) and Cordilleran (110th Annual) Joint Meeting (19–21 May 2014) Paper No. 9 Presentation Time: 11:00 AM UPLIFT AND INCISION OF THE YAKIMA RIVER CANYON FROM CHANNEL PLANFORM MAPPING AND COSMOGENIC 26AL/10BE ISOCHRON DATING SORSBY, Skyler1, AMOS, Colin B.1, BIERMAN, Paul2, HANSON, Kathryn3, ROOD, Dylan H.4, FISHER III, G. Burch5 and KELSEY III, Harvey M.6, (1)Geology Department, Western Washington University, 516 High St. MS 9080, Bellingham, WA 98225, (2)Department of Geology, University of Vermont, Delehanty Hall, 180 Colchester Ave, Burlington, VT 05405, (3)AMEC Geomatrix, Inc, 180 Grand Avenue, Suite 1100, Oakland, CA 94612, (4)AMS Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC), East Kilbride, G75 0QF, United Kingdom, (5)Department of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, (6)Department of Geology, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA 95521, [email protected] The Yakima Fold and Thrust Belt (YFTB) comprises a series of northwest-southeast and east-west trending anticlinal ridges and associated reverse faults deforming Columbia River Basalt flows immediately east of the Washington Cascades. Despite decades of geologic study, the relative contribution of Late-Quaternary deformation to the topographic and structural development of the YFTB remains largely unknown. Here, we characterize the geomorphology of the Yakima River between Kittitas Valley and Yakima, WA to evaluate the potential for uplift-driven incision across several major YFTB structures. Our dataset consists of 1) high-resolution channel planform measurements derived from GeoEarthScope lidar and Google Earth imagery, 2) detailed 1:5000-scale fluvial terrace mapping, and 3) 26Al and 10Be cosmogenic isochron dates for alluvium directly overlying three strath terraces within the canyon. Mapping of the river planform reveals anomalous narrowing across the Manastash Ridge, Umtanum Ridge, and Selah Butte anticlines, despite relatively constant channel slopes and uniform substrate. The discontinuous nature of terrace remnants inhibits precise correlation, although tread elevations extracted from lidar data for lowest surfaces are roughly consistent with broad, low-amplitude warping centered near Umtanum Ridge. 26Al and 10Be cosmogenic isochron dating of quartz-rich, Cascade-sourced terrace cover gravels suggests a young age, indistinguishable from modern, for the lowest surface. However, early-to-mid Quaternary ages (1.08 ± 0.29 Ma and 1.59 ± 0.25 Ma, 1σ) are suggested for a terrace ~50 m above the river within the Manastash Ridge anticline and downstream for a lower surface (~16 m) within a syncline north of Umtanum Ridge. While the uncertainty in these ages reflects both the low content and narrow range of 10Be concentrations for analyzed samples, the presence of similar-age clasts at notably different elevations is consistent with Quaternary uplift of the Manastash and Umtanum anticlines relative to interfold channel reaches. Taken together, our results support the notion that anticlinal growth locally controls incision of the Yakima River, and that at least a portion of the total canyon relief represents the product of Quaternary uplift and continued structural development of the YFTB. Handouts sorsby_yakima_fluv_geomorph.pdf (3.0 MB) sorsby_ppt_v3.pptx (10.4 MB) Session No. 15 T17. Tectonic and Climatic Drivers in Geomorphology and Landscape Evolution Tuesday, 20 May 2014: 8:00 AM-12:00 PM SUB 233/235 (Montana State University) Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. Vol. 46, No. 5, p.28 © Copyright 2014 The Geological Society of America (GSA), all rights reserved. Permission is hereby granted to the author(s) of this abstract to reproduce and distribute it freely, for noncommercial purposes. Permission is hereby granted to any individual scientist to download a single copy of this electronic file and reproduce up to 20 paper copies for noncommercial purposes advancing science and education, including classroom use, providing all reproductions include the complete content shown here, including the author information. All other forms of reproduction and/or transmittal are prohibited without written permission from GSA Copyright Permissions. Back to: T17. Tectonic and Climatic Drivers in Geomorphology and Landscape Evolution << Previous Abstract | Next Abstract https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2014RM/webprogram/Paper238291.html 1/2 6/15/2018 Abstract: UPLIFT AND INCISION OF THE YAKIMA RIVER CANYON FROM CHANNEL PLANFORM MAPPING AND COSMOGENIC <… https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2014RM/webprogram/Paper238291.html 2/2.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Periodically Spaced Anticlines of the Columbia Plateau
    Geological Society of America Special Paper 239 1989 Periodically spaced anticlines of the Columbia Plateau Thomas R. Watters Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 20560 ABSTRACT Deformation of the continental flood-basalt in the westernmost portion of the Columbia Plateau has resulted in regularly spaced anticlinal ridges. The periodic nature of the anticlines is characterized by dividing the Yakima fold belt into three domains on the basis of spacings and orientations: (1) the northern domain, made up of the eastern segments of Umtanum Ridge, the Saddle Mountains, and the Frenchman Hills; (2) the central domain, made up of segments of Rattlesnake Ridge, the eastern segments of Horse Heaven Hills, Yakima Ridge, the western segments of Umtanum Ridge, Cleman Mountain, Bethel Ridge, and Manastash Ridge; and (3) the southern domain, made up of Gordon Ridge, the Columbia Hills, the western segment of Horse Heaven Hills, Toppenish Ridge, and Ahtanum Ridge. The northern, central, and southern domains have mean spacings of 19.6,11.6, and 27.6 km, respectively, with a total range of 4 to 36 km and a mean of 20.4 km (n = 203). The basalts are modeled as a multilayer of thin linear elastic plates with frictionless contacts, resting on a mechanically weak elastic substrate of finite thickness, that has buckled at a critical wavelength of folding. Free slip between layers is assumed, based on the presence of thin sedimentary interbeds in the Grande Ronde Basalt separating groups of flows with an average thickness of roughly 280 m.
    [Show full text]
  • Splay-Fault Origin for the Yakima Fold-And-Thrust Belt, Washington State 2 3 Thomas L
    1 Splay-fault origin for the Yakima fold-and-thrust belt, Washington State 2 3 Thomas L. Pratt, United States Geological Survey, School of Oceanography, Box 357940, 4 University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115 5 6 ABSTRACT 7 The Yakima fold-and-thrust belt (YFTB) is a set of anticlines above reverse faults in the 8 Miocene Columbia River Basalt (CRB) flows of Washington State. The YFTB is bisected by the 9 ~1100-km-long Olympic-Wallowa geomorphic lineament (OWL). There is considerable debate 10 about the origin and earthquake potential of the YFTB and OWL, which lie near six major dams 11 and a large nuclear waste storage site. Here I show that the trends of the YFTB anticlines relative 12 to the OWL match remarkably well the trends of the principal stresses determined from Linear 13 Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) modeling of the end of a vertical strike-slip fault. From this 14 comparison and the termination of some YFTB anticlines at the OWL, I argue that the YFTB 15 formed as splay faults caused by an abrupt decrease in the amount of strike-slip motion along the 16 OWL. If this hypothesis is correct, the OWL and YFTB are likely interconnected, deeply-rooted 17 structures capable of large earthquakes. 18 19 20 INTRODUCTION 21 The Yakima fold and thrust belt (YFTB) of central Washington State is a set of 22 prominent anticlines in the Miocene Columbia River Basalt flows (CRB; figure 1). The YFTB 23 anticlines form three distinct sets (Riedel et al., 1989 and 1994; Watters, 1989).
    [Show full text]
  • Field-Trip Guide to the Vents, Dikes, Stratigraphy, and Structure of the Columbia River Basalt Group, Eastern Oregon and Southeastern Washington
    Field-Trip Guide to the Vents, Dikes, Stratigraphy, and Structure of the Columbia River Basalt Group, Eastern Oregon and Southeastern Washington Scientific Investigations Report 2017–5022–N U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover. Palouse Falls, Washington. The Palouse River originates in Idaho and flows westward before it enters the Snake River near Lyons Ferry, Washington. About 10 kilometers north of this confluence, the river has eroded through the Wanapum Basalt and upper portion of the Grande Ronde Basalt to produce Palouse Falls, where the river drops 60 meters (198 feet) into the plunge pool below. The river’s course was created during the cataclysmic Missoula floods of the Pleistocene as ice dams along the Clark Fork River in Idaho periodically broke and reformed. These events released water from Glacial Lake Missoula, with the resulting floods into Washington creating the Channeled Scablands and Glacial Lake Lewis. Palouse Falls was created by headward erosion of these floodwaters as they spilled over the basalt into the Snake River. After the last of the floodwaters receded, the Palouse River began to follow the scabland channel it resides in today. Photograph by Stephen P. Reidel. Field-Trip Guide to the Vents, Dikes, Stratigraphy, and Structure of the Columbia River Basalt Group, Eastern Oregon and Southeastern Washington By Victor E. Camp, Stephen P. Reidel, Martin E. Ross, Richard J. Brown, and Stephen Self Scientific Investigations Report 2017–5022–N U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior RYAN K. ZINKE, Secretary U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Wagon Roads Map Download
    SEATTLE WALLA WALLA Union Gap Pioneer Cemetery: An early settler in the Red Mountain Wine Region: Though its 4,040 acres Pasco: Located at the confluence of the Snake and L’Ecole No. 41: Founded by Baker and Jean Seattle 13 Yakima Valley, Dr. Lewis H. Goodwin, lost his wife 16 of scrubby desert-dry sandy loam slopes may not 20 Columbia rivers and at the junction of the Northern 23 Ferguson in 1983, L’Ecole No. 41 is the third- Lake Sammamish State Park Priscilla in 1865. He donated the land, at the end of East constitute what some consider an actual “mountain,” the Red Pacific and Oregon Railway & Navigation Company rail oldest winery in the Walla Walla Valley and is known Ahtanum Road, around her burial site near the Yakima River Mountain appellation looms large in the world of North- lines, Pasco has long been a transportation hub. It replaced for sustainably produced wines with an international to the city for use as a cemetery. Many early Yakima Valley west wine. Even before the Yakima River-bordered area was Ainsworth, established two miles down the Columbia in 1879, reputation. Originally built in 1915 as part of the Fall City settlers are buried here. granted official AVA status in 2001, the exceptional grapes as a construction camp for the Northern Pacific Railway. The Frenchtown settlement along the Walla Walla River, Issaquah 1 grown in its windy vineyards had earned a towering reputa- town grew as freight and passengers connected there with the historic schoolhouse that houses the tasting room Battle of Two Buttes: On November 9, 1855, U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Yakima Fold Belt Text
    w u 0 by Robert D. Bentley, Newell P. Campbell, and John E. Powell Open File Report 93·3 August 1993 WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENTOF Natural Resources Jennifer M. Belcher- Commissioner of Public Lands Kaleen Cottingham - Supervisor Division of Geology and Earth Resources LIBRARY DEPT. OF ~JATURAL RESOURCES GEOLOGY & EARTH RESOURCES DIVISION OL Yi'J!PIA, WA. 98504-7007 GEOLOGIC MAPS OF PART OF THE YAKIMA FOLD BELT, NORTHEASTERN YAKIMA COUNTY, WASHINGTON by Robert D. Bentley, Newell P. Campbell, and John E. Powell WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF Natural Resources Jennifer M Belcher-Commissioner of Public Lands Kaleen Cottingham -Supervisor Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Open File Report 93-3 August 1993 WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Jennifer M. Belcher - Commissioner of Public Lands Kaleen Cottingham - Supervisor DIVISION OF GEOLOGY AND EARTH RESOURCES Ray Lasmanis, State Geologist This publication is available from: Publications Washington Department of Natural Resources Division of Geology and Earth Resources PO Box 47007 Olympia WA 98504-7007 For more information or a list of publications, call (206) 902-1450. GEOLOGIC MAPS OF PART OF THE YAKIMA FOLD BELT, NORTHEASTERN YAKIMA COUNTY, WASHINGTON Robert D. Bentley, Newell P. Campbell, and John E. Powell INTRODUCTION The maps that make up this report cover four adjoining 15-minute quadrangles (Fig. 1), three in the Toppenish basin on the south and one in the Moxee basin to the north. Detailed discussions of the major geologic structural features of the Yakima Fold Belt, which encompasses these basins, are available in Reidel and Hooper (1989), Campbell and Bentley (1981), and Brown and Ellis (1977).
    [Show full text]
  • Differential Uplift and Incision of the Yakima River Terraces, Central
    PUBLICATIONS Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth RESEARCH ARTICLE Differential uplift and incision of the Yakima River 10.1002/2015JB012303 terraces, central Washington State Key Points: Adrian M. Bender1, Colin B. Amos1, Paul Bierman2, Dylan H. Rood3,4, Lydia Staisch5, • 26 10 Al- Be isochron burial ages and lidar 6 5 data constrain bedrock incision rates Harvey Kelsey , and Brian Sherrod • Incision rates spanning ~2.9 Myr imply 1 2 differential rock uplift over two folds Geology Department, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA, Department of Geology and 3 • Modest uplift and shortening imply Rubenstein School of the Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA, Department that other regional structures are of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK, 4Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, also active East Kilbride, UK, 5U.S. Geological Survey Earthquake Science Center, Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA, 6Geology Department, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, USA Supporting Information: • Texts S1–S3, Tables S1 and S2, and Figures S1–S12 Abstract The fault-related Yakima folds deform Miocene basalts and younger deposits of the Columbia Plateau in central Washington State. Geodesy implies ~2 mm/yr of NNE directed shortening across the folds, Correspondence to: but until now the distribution and rates of Quaternary deformation among individual structures has been A. M. Bender, [email protected] unclear. South of Ellensburg, Washington, the Yakima River cuts a ~600 m deep canyon across several Yakima folds, preserving gravel-mantled strath terraces that record progressive bedrock incision and related rock uplift.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Gas Storage in Basalt Aquifers of the Columbia Basin, Pacific Northwest USA: a Guide to Site Characterization
    PNNL-13962 Natural Gas Storage in Basalt Aquifers of the Columbia Basin, Pacific Northwest USA: A Guide to Site Characterization prepared for United States Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory 626 Cochrans Mill Road Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236 August 2002 DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. Available to the public from the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161; phone orders accepted at (703) 487-4650. This document was printed on recycled paper. (8/00) PNNL-13962 Natural Gas Storage in Basalt Aquifers of the Columbia Basin, Pacific Northwest USA: A Guide to Site Characterization S. P. Reidel V. G. Johnson F. A. Spane August 2002 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC06-76RL01830 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington 99352 Executive Summary Increasing domestic and commercial demand for natural gas in the Pacific Northwest requires development of adequate storage facilities.
    [Show full text]
  • Hanford Reach National Monument Rattlesnake Mountain Unit Public Access Scoping Report
    Hanford Reach National Monument Rattlesnake Mountain Unit Public Access Scoping Report April 18, 2016 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Hanford Reach National Monument Rattlesnake Mountain Unit Public Access Scoping Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Purpose and Need ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Description of Planning Area ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2.1 Hanford Reach National Monument Background.................................................................. 1 1.2.2 Administration as a National Wildlife Refuge ....................................................................... 3 1.2.3 Monument Purposes ............................................................................................................... 3 1.2.4 Area under Consideration ...................................................................................................... 4 2. Description of Scoping Process ......................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Outreach ....................................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Rattlesnake Mountain Unit Access Tribal Working Group ........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • RHO-BWI-C-21: Preliminary Geology of Eastern Umtanum Ridge, South-Central Washington
    RHO-BWI-C-21 Li . f .: CE?t... nTr '1 ... GE1.. 0 ,.. Preliminary Geology Of Eastern Umtanum Ridge, South-Central Washington Fraser E. Goff Prepared for the United States Department of Energy Under Contract DE-AC06-77RL01030 QE176 84 Rockwell International G612p 1981 Rockwell Hanford Operations copy 2 Energy Systems Group Richland, WA 99352 Rockwell International Rockwell Hanford Operations Energy Systems Group Rich land, WA 99352 DISC LAIMER This report was prepared as sn sccount of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsi­ bility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any n~orn,ation apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infr nge privately owned rights. Refer­ ence rierein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessar Iv const,tut~ or imply •ts endorsement, recom­ m<'ndat,on, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and op1n1ons of authors expressed here n do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. )0( BD-930 0-09 0 .2 ( R -1 -80) RHO-BWI-C-21 PRELIMINARY GEOLOGY OF EASTERN UMTANUM RIDGE, SOUTH-CENTRAL WASHINGTON Fraser E. Goff Consulting Geologist 2837 Ni eke 1 St. Los Alamos, NM 87544 January 1981 Prepared for Rockwell Hanford Operations, A Prime Contractor to U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • 1St INLAND NORTHWEST JURIED LANDSCAPE ART EXHIBITION
    CLOSE IN: 1st INLAND NORTHWEST JURIED LANDSCAPE ART EXHIBITION JUNDT ART MUSEUM MAY 26 THROUGH AUGUST 11, 2018 COVER: AARON JOHNSON (MOSCOW, ID) PALOUSE FARM (DETAIL), 2016 GOUACHE ON ILLUSTRATION BOARD RIGHT: DAVID MARTIN (CLEARWATER, IDAHO) SMOTHERED (DETAIL), 2017 PIGMENT BASED PRINT ON ARCHIVAL PAPER CLOSE IN: 1st INLAND NORTHWEST JURIED LANDSCAPE ART EXHIBITION JUNDT ART MUSEUM RAY ESPARSEN (LEWISTON, IDAHO) PRAYER FOR THE PALOUSE, 2016 OIL, METAL, AND WOOD NORA EGGER (SPOKANE, WASHINGTON) SPRING GRAZING LAND, 2014 OIL ON CANVAS DEL LUSK (SPOKANE, WASHINGTON) SPRING ON THE COEUR D’ALENE RIVER , 2006 PHOTOGRAPH ON PAPER DENNIS DEHART (PULLMAN, WASHINGTON) THE SALMON RUN: REMIXED, 2016 ARCHIVAL PIGMENT PRINT JEN ERICKSON (HAYDEN, IDAHO) SILENT HILL, 2018 WATERCOLOR AND GRAPHITE ON PANEL MEGHAN FLYNN (YAKIMA, WASHINGTON) TRUTH OR CONSEQUENCES, 2016 EGG TEMPERA ON PAPER JEN ERICKSON (HAYDEN, IDAHO) SILENT HILL, 2018 WATERCOLOR AND GRAPHITE ON PANEL MAJA SHAW (RICHLAND, WASHINGTON) YAKIMA RIVER CANYON, 2016 WATERCOLOR/ CUT PAPER ON PAPER MELISSA COLE (SPOKANE, WASHINGTON) , 2018 FLIGHT OVER WOODLAND ACRYLIC ON WOOD PANEL WITH FUSED GLASS ACCENTS SHEILA GRUBB (SPOKANE, WASHINGTON) PASSING STORM, 2018 OIL ON WOOD PANEL MICHAEL LEWIS (OTHELLO, WASHINGTON) UMTANUM RIDGE STORM, 2016 OIL ON LINEN CHRIS HEARD (ELLENSBURG, WASHINGTON) ALONG THE YAKIMA #3, 2017 ARCHIVAL PIGMENT PRINT ON PAPER WITH ACRYLIC VARNISH JACQUELINE TRUJILLO (ELLENSBURG, WASHINGTON) CONNECTION, 2017 OIL ON MASONITE ERIC JENSEN (ROSLYN, WASHINGTON) CLEALUM, 2017 OIL ON
    [Show full text]
  • Structure and Evolution of the Horse Heaven Hills in South-Central Washington
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1985 Structure and evolution of the Horse Heaven Hills in south-central Washington Michael Curtis Hagood Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Geology Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Hagood, Michael Curtis, "Structure and evolution of the Horse Heaven Hills in south-central Washington" (1985). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 3600. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.5484 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Michael Curtis Hagood for the Master of Science in Geology presented February 21, 1985. Title: Structure and Evolution of the Horse Heaven Hills in South-Central Washington. APPROVED BY MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COMMITTEE: M~. Mkhae l L. Cummings ··~ · · i1 llfert p e P. Reidel The Horse Heaven Hills uplift in south-central Washington con­ sists of distinct northwest and northeast trends which merge in the lower Yakima Valley. The northwest trend is adjacent to and parallels the Rattlesnake-Wallula alignment (RAW; a part of the Olympic-Wallowa lineament). The northwest trend and northeast trend consist of aligned or en echelon anticlines and monoclines whose axes are gener- ally oriented in the direction of the trend. At the intersection, 2 folds in the northeast trend plunge onto and are terminated by folds of the northwest trend.
    [Show full text]
  • Stratigraphy of South-Central Washington
    t l WHC-SA-1764-FP _OV09 199_ Late Cenozoic Structure and o s T/ Stratigraphy of South-Central Washington S. P. Reidel N. P. Campbell K. R. Fecht K. A. Lindsey To bepublishedin SecondSymposiumonthe GeologyofWasaington Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Environmental Restoration and Waste Management WHanfon;IestinlCompany[llouse RP,O,lchlandBox, _W.97oashington 99352 HanfordOpera0onsand EngmeenngCono'aclorfor _e U.S. 0epartmentot EnergyunclerContractOE.AC06.87RL10930 i i . - CopyrightLloen_e9ya==_mceo_In,=an=e.¢_emX=ih_ariaor, t=_po___ cneU.S.Gov_rvnent'r,gr,= to retaina non=clul_,, royUy-_reet=enl4 _narmto anyooPyngm¢ovettngmmI_. Approved for Public Release _l__lt_ DIIS!RtBU]'ION OF ]HIS DOCUMP-.N]" IS UNLIMITE_ J LEGALDISCLAIMER Thisreportwaspreparedas an accountof worksponsoredby an agencyof theUnitedStatesGovernment,Neitherthe UnitedStatesGovernmentnorany agencythereof,noranyof theiremployees,nor anyof theircontractors,subcontractors ortheiremployees,makesanywarranty,expressorimplied, orassumesanylegalliabilityorresponsibilityfor the accuracy,completeness,or anythirdparty'suseor theresults ofsuch useof anyinformation,apparatus,product,orprocess disclosed,orrepresentsthatits usewouldnotinfringe privatelyownedrights. Referencehereintoanyspecific commercialproduct,process,orserviceby tradename, trademark,manufacturer,orotherwise,doesnotnecessarily constituteor implyils endorsement,recommendationo,r favoringbytheUnitedStatesGovernmentorany agency thereoforits contractorsorsubcontractors.Theviewsand opinionsof authorsexpressedhereindo
    [Show full text]