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CQ V14n2.Qxp Ches Quart-2004 CHESAPEAKE QUARTERLYMARYLAND SEA GRANT COLLEGE • VOLUME 14, NUMBER 2 Where Science Meets Policy contents Volume 14, Number 2 Ball Games, Boat Trips, 2 Ball Games, Boat Trips & Wade-Ins Some of the common and curious ways scientists and politicians connect. and Wade-Ins 3 Crisis, Crescendo, Consensus There is no simple or short route from ernie Fowler has been running making. They review the scientific litera- research results to policy decisions. his annual Patuxent River Wade- ture, try to reach consensus, and then BIn since 1988, and scientists and offer the best, science-based options for 8 Game Days along the Patuxent politicians have been showing up every dealing with oysters or blue crabs or How summer softball games put year to go wading with him. Pfiesteria fish kills or the sediments behind together a team for restoring a river. They come for several reasons: to Conowingo Dam. Sometimes their find- keep alive their commitment to cleaning ings become policy, sometimes not. 13 Chesapeake Crossings up the Patuxent River and to monitor Serving as government advisers is How “Mac” Mathias became “father the progress of the cleanup. They use the another technique. Don Boesch, president of the Chesapeake Bay Program.” most basic of instruments: their eyes and of the University of Maryland Center for their feet and a tape measure. How far Environmental Science, now serves on out can they wade and still see their feet? the Governor’s Bay Cabinet, along with CHESAPEAKE When Bernie Fowler grew up on the the heads of the Departments of Natural QUARTERLY July 2015 river, he could wade out to shoulder Resources, the Environment, Agriculture, depth and still watch blue crabs scram- and Planning. He’s working in a Chesapeake Quarterly explores scientific, environ- mental, and cultural issues relevant to the Chesapeake bling through the underwater grasses. Maryland science tradition that dates Bay and its watershed. The magazine is produced and When he saw the water grow cloudy, back to 1925 when Reginald Truitt funded by the Maryland Sea Grant College. Fowler became a politician on a mission. founded the Chesapeake Biological The Maryland Sea Grant College program is led by And they come to the Wade-In for Laboratory. “My role is to tell the truth as Director Fredrika Moser and receives support from another reason: to reconnect. The cleanup I know it as a scientist,” says Boesch. the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin is - campaign Fowler launched as a rookie “And I will.” Sometimes policymakers lis- tration and the state of Maryland. Editors, Michael W. Fincham and Jeffrey Brainard; Production Editor and politician drew support from scientists he ten, sometimes not. Art Director, Sandy Rodgers. Send items for the met through softball games against the In this issue of Chesapeake Quarterly, magazine to: Chesapeake Biological Laboratory (CBL), however, we are looking at some of the Maryland Sea Grant College the research center at the mouth of the less formal ways in which scientists and 4321 Hartwick Road, Suite 300 river. And his wade-in has kept that con- policymakers have built personal connec- University System of Maryland nection alive. Among the scientists on tions and worked together. In recent Bay College Park, Maryland 20740 hand this year for the speeches and the history, relationships between scientists 301.405.7500, fax 301.314.5780 e-mail: [email protected] music and the wading were Tom Miller and policymakers, connections built on www.mdsg.umd.edu and Walter Boynton from CBL. competence and character, have become www.chesapeakequarterly.net Wading alongside the scientists were important forces for environmental politicians committed to the cleanup progress. “I have seen it frequently,” says cause. U.S. Congressman Steny Hoyer Ann Swanson, executive director of the and Mike Miller, president of the Chesapeake Bay Commission. “To trans- Maryland Senate, both made speeches, late science into policy, there has to be Cover photo: Reading the tale of the tape and Hoyer, as he often does, made the somewhere in there a deep relationship measure are Maryland politicians Bernie Fowler, official measurement (see cover photo- of trust.” a former state senator, and Steny Hoyer, graph).This year’s water clarity mark, he Where does trust begin? Sometimes current U.S. congressman. The water clarity mark for June 14 at the 2015 Patuxent River said, came in at 44.5 inches. during ball games and boat trips and Wade-In measured 44.5 inches of light penetra- How can scientists connect with community wade-ins. They have been tion. The Wade-In, which focuses attention on politicians and policymakers? It’s an the secret key to creating alliances that the health of the river, has been conducted yearly since 1988. Page 3: Donny Eastridge important question because most of us altered attitudes about environmental pulls in a crab pot somewhere east of Chesa- believe scientists can help policymakers issues and helped create science-based peake Beach. Steering the boat and checking reach the right decisions on complicated policies for attacking the problems the catch is Bobby Abner. New science-based policies restricting harvests have helped blue questions about environmental issues. facing the Chesapeake Bay and its great crab populations recover from historic lows. Serving on government commissions tributaries . PHOTOGRAPH S, MICHAEL W. FINCHAM is one way scientists try to drive policy- — Michael W. Fincham CRISIS, CRESCENDO, CONSENSUS How Bay Science (sometimes) Changes Policy Michael W. Fincham f blue crab numbers start declining again in Chesapeake Bay This fantasy about the easy flow of science into policy has a — and they will at some point — then scientists and policy- name. Boesch calls it “the linear model,” and it works like this: Imakers will re-open some old debates about what policies to The flow of findings begins with researchers who develop what recommend for rebuilding the fishery. Boesch calls the new “and sometimes inconvenient truths of Should they recommend that fisheries managers science .” They hand off their findings to technical advisers who a. reduce the harvest of male crabs, or work with state agencies such as Maryland’s Department of b. reduce the harvest of female crabs? Natural Resources (DNR) or federal agencies such as the EPA. Which option would you choose? If you think the question is The technical staffers forward those findings up the line to complicated, and it is, then you may want to try a yes-or-no department managers. On some issues those resource managers question: can take actions on their own. On other issues the managers lay out policy alternatives for the consideration of elected officials Should science findings play the deciding role in solving problems like like legislators and governors. this and setting policy for preserving the fishery ? “That’s the food chain,” says Boesch, “And that could not be Most people would probably answer yes — there is a widespread farther from the truth.” belief that science can show us the best way to conserve and Try another analogy: try thinking of science findings as a manage the living resources of the Chesapeake. flow rolling down a ruler-straight river channel. At the upper If you answered yes to that question, you might think about end of the channel new research findings start to flow down- this one: stream. At the other end of the channel, those findings pour into the policymaking arena. How do science findings make their way into policy decisions about But the flow doesn’t work that way in America, in part environmental issues? because of the nature of science, in part because of the nature The answer is not as simple as most people think. There is, it of democracy.There is no straight-line, free-flowing channel seems, a widespread fantasy that science findings flow easily and leading from science to policy. “It’s much more complex than quickly into environmental policymaking. But that’s not the case, that,” says Boesch, and a number of other policy observers according to Don Boesch, the president of the University of agree with him. Maryland Center for Environmental Science. For the last 25 Here’s one cause for the complexity: science findings about years he has been serving as science adviser on the Governor’s an issue may not always flow in the same direction and they may Bay Cabinet. not give a clear answer to a policy question — at least not right Volume 14, Number 2 • 3 a new job interview with voters every two or four years. “Can you imagine every four years, if your employment went back to ground zero” says Swanson. “And other candidates were brought in to be interviewed?” Security about new science can be hard to come by. Science findings flow into a policymaking arena that is often cluttered with competing groups: scien- tists who disagree with the findings, com- mercial fishermen or sportfishermen or farmers who dislike the findings, resource managers who can’t see how they can apply the findings, advocacy groups who may want to publicize the findings — or bury them. All that noise can leave politicians cautious about big changes. The result, according to Swanson: “Science-based policy making is incremental, it is about incremental change. It is only rare that you do something massive, like an all-out rockfish ban.” To understand what she means by incremental, consider the “crisis” of the oyster fishery. The great reefs in the mainstem and major river systems of the Chesapeake were allowed to drop to one percent of their historic levels. The decline of oysters and the near disappear- ance of a busy and profitable fishery developed over a century and a half, a away.
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