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Phytosociology and Dendrochronological Investigation of Shangla Pine Forests of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

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Phytosociology and Dendrochronological Investigation of Shangla Pine Forests of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Phytosociology and Dendrochronological investigation of Shangla Pine Forests of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan JAVED IQBAL Dr. Moinuddin Ahmed Research Laboratory of Dendrochronology and Plant Ecology, Department of Botany Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Gulshan-e- Iqbal Campus, Karachi 75300, Pakistan. Phytosociology and Dendrochronological investigation of Shangla Pine Forests of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan By JAVED IQBAL Under the Supervision of Dr. Moinuddin Ahmed (Foreign Professor) Co-Supervisor Dr. Muhammad Faheem Siddiqui A Thesis submitted to Graduate Research Management Council in partial fulfillment for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2017 Dr.Moinuddin Ahmed Research Laboratory of Dendrochronology and Plant Ecology Department of Botany Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Gulshan-e- Iqbal campus, Karachi 75300, Pakistan. CERTIFICATE Certified that Mr. Javed Iqbal was enrolled for the program M.Phil leading to Ph.D. He has passed the required course work successfully and fulfilled all the criteria of Higher Education Commission (HEC) for the degree of doctorate.The dissertation titled “Phytosociology and dendrochronological investigation of Shangla Pine Forests of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan” submitted by him is satisfactory and confide for the award of Doctor of Philosophy degree. .................................. ..................................... Supervisor Co-Supervisor Dr. Moinuddin Ahmed Dr. Muhammad Faheem Siddiqui (Foreign Professor) (Assistant Professor) FUUAST, Karachi. University of Karachi. Department of Botany Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Gulshan-e-Iqbal Campus, Karachi 75300, Pakistan 1 DEDICATION This thesis is lovingly dedicated to my respective parents, brothers, especially to my late brother, Mr. Umer Muhammad (shaheed), my sisters, relatives and honorable teachers, who have been my constant source of inspiration. They have given me the drive and discipline to tackle any task with enthusiasm and determination. Without their love and support thesis would not have been made possible. 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My enthusiastic work and self-employment along with the task of mine goes to Almighty Allah who gave me the power and ability to complete this assignment. I need his help at every turn and every moment of my life. I offer my humble words of gratitude to the Holy prophet of mercy, Muhammad (S.A.W.W) the most perfect and dignified who light the candle of Islam and removed all darkness of our life. Special compliment and thanks goes to Prof. Dr. Moinuddin Ahmad for his kind supervision,constant encouragement, continuous moral assistance, precious comments, guidance, constructive criticism, encouragement and suggestions throughout the field and laboratory work and thesis writing which mademe able to complete my research on “Phytosociology and Dendrochronological investigation of Shangla Pine Forests of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan” I am heartily grateful to my co-supervisor Dr. Muhammad Faheem Siddiqui Department of Botany, University of Karachi, for his revolution of research in this department and kind behavior throughout this whole period. I would like to express my appreciation and gratitude to Prof. Dr. Syed Shahid Shaukat who guided me very kindly during the different phases of my research work, especially during statistical and multivariate analysis. I am also grateful to Chairman, Dept; of Botany and the other faculty members for their cooperation and support. Sincere thanks are due to all my seniors especially Dr. Muhammad Wahab, Dr. Nasrullah Khan, Dr. Muhib Shah, Dr. Narayan Prasad Gaire (Nepal), Dr. Muhammad Uzair Khan, Dr. Touqeer Ahmed Rao, Dr. Kanwal Nazim,Dr. Azeem, Dr. Muhammad Usama Zafar, Dr. Alamdar Hussain, Dr. Afsheen Zehra and the doctoral students Mr. Adam Khan, Miss Fariha Naz, Miss Zoya Baig, Miss Afsheen Khan, Mr. Arsalan, Waqar Ahmed, Muhammad Javed (Lab Attendant), Miss Paras Shah, Muniza Riaz, Nabeela Mehmood for their cooperation, kindness and moral support during this study. 3 I would like to dedicate my appreciation to Dr. Sahar Zaidi (Botany Department FUUAST), Dr. Haider Ali (University of Swat), Dr. Jan Alam, Mr. Ishtiaq Ahmed Govt; Degree college Alpurai, Shanglaand Dr. Imran University of Karachi for the identification of different plant species. I am also very thankful to Mr. Jahangeer Alam and Mr. Ghulam Murtaza ofIT department for providing great support during my research regarding to computer programs and related software‟s. My deepest gratitude goes to my beloved parents, brothers and family members for their continuous financial support, encouragement, moral support throughout my academic period. Special thanks to Mr. Asif Muhammad, Naveed Ahmed Khattak and Habib-ur-Rehman for providing a great support during my research field and collection of data. It would have been almost impossible to collect data from the high altitudinal remote forested areas without their cooperation and provision. My gratitude knows no bounds to the local Forest Department District Shangla, to provide me GPS and other essential equipment‟s for the fieldwork and useful information about the forest ecosystem. I am also thankful to Conservator of Forest Department of Kyber Pakhtunkhwa for providing a detailed map of study area. I must thankful to the local people and Police department for providing great support during my fieldwork. I will appreciate it more to all my friends specially Mr. Inamullah Khan, Mr. Zafarullah Khan, Mr. Amjad Khan Roghani, Eng. Zabihullah, Asghar Shah, H.M. Nisar, and Qalandar Masood for their constant encouragement and appreciation at each and every step during my study and worthy support. Javed Iqbal 4 TABLE OF CONTENT Certificate I Dedication ii Acknowledgement iii Table of Content v List of Table xi List of Figure xiii List of Appendices xv Abstract in Urdu xvi Abstract xvii CHAPTER 1 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA 1.1 Geography of Shangla District 1 1.2. History of Shangla District 3 1.3 Geography of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 4 1.4 Natural resources of Shangla District. 4 1.5 Climate 7 1.6 Hydrography 7 1.7 Occupations 8 1.8 Agriculture 8 1.9 Forestry 9 1.10 Horticulture 9 1.11 Aims of the Study 14 PART-I PHYTOSOCIOLOGY CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Phytosociological Studies 15 2.3 Multivariate studies 23 CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Sampling 28 3.2 Phytosociological Calculations 28 3.2 Size class structure 30 5 CHAPTER 4 POPULATION DESCRIPTION 4.1 Introduction 32 4.2 Results 34 4.2.1 Stand description of individual forest, floristic composition and density size class structure. 34 4.2 .1.1 Stand 1. Shangla Top. 34 4.2 .1.2 Stand 2 Rehman Abad (Pagorai) 35 4.2 .1.3 Stand 3 Picho Banda Dawlat Kalay. 36 4.2 .1.4. Stand 4-Matta Karin (Dherai). 36 4.2 .1. 5- Stand 5- Wachobi Card (Rahim Abad). 37 4.2 .1.6 -Stand 6. Kwaro (Alpurai) . 37 4.2 .1.7 - Stand 7 Nakhtaro Ghar Machaarr. 38 4.2 .1.8 - Stand 8. Matta Mor Machaarr 2. 39 4.2 .1.9 - Stand 9 Kotkay1 Malak Khail. 39 4.2 .1.10 - Stand 10. Kotkay 2 Near Puran Morr. 40 4.2 .1.11- Stand 11. Kandao 1 (Pir Khana). 40 4.2 .1.12- Stand 12. Kandao 2 (Ajmeer). 41 4.2 .1.13- Stand 13. Bahadar Sar forest. 41 4.2 .1.14-Stand 14.Mann Sar forest. 42 4.2 .1.15-Stand 15. Safaray Karrall 43 4.2 .1.16- Stand 16. Kotkay 3 ( Nakhtar Nao). 43 4.2 .1.17- Stand 17. Board Near Kotkay. 44 4.2 .1.18- Stand 18. Shangla Top 1 Forest. 44 4.2 .1.19 - Stand 19. Shangla Top 2 Forest. 45 4.2 .1.20 - Stand 20. Alpurai Near Dipu Police Line. 45 4.2 .1.21- Stand 21. Lilownai Forest. 46 4.2 .1.22- Stand 22.Yakh Tangay Poran Hill. 46 4.2 .1.23- Stand 23. Yakh Tangay Near Sharono. 47 4.2 .1.24- Stand 24. Chakat Near Karora. 48 4.2 .1.25- Stand 25. Goli Butt Forest. 48 4.2 .1.26- Stand 26.Yakh Tangay 1 Forest. 49 4.2 .1.27- Stand 27. Yakh Tangay-2 Kandao Hill. 49 4.2 .1.28- Stand 28.Yakh Tangay 3 Bazaar Koat. 50 4.2 .1.29- Stand 29.Yakh Tangay-4 Sar Thana. 50 6 4.2 .1.30- Stand 30.Yakh Tangay 5 Acharo. 51 4.2 .1.31- Stand 31. Kandaow Chakesar 52 4.2 .1.32- Stand 32. Bakht Banda Chakesar 52 4.2 .1.33- Stand 33- Poran Towa 53 4.2 .1.34- Stand 34- Sanela Poran 53 4.2 .1.35- Stand 35- Bund Dhaerai 54 4.2 .1.36 - Stand 36- Pitao Dherai 54 4.2 .1.37- Stand 37.Chaat Kandaow. 55 4.2 .1.38- Stand 38- Nala Opal 55 4.2 .1.39- Stand 39- Shalkho Forest. 56 4.2 .1.40- Stand 40 - Jabba forest. 57 4.3-Correlation of overall Stand density ha-1 and total basal area m2 ha-1 with topographic variables 65 4.4 DISCUSSION 70 CHAPTER 5 COMMUNITY ANALYSIS 5.1 Introduction 72 5.2.1 Description of communities 72 5.2.1.1 Pinus wallichiana Monospecific pure stands 73 5.3.1.2 Abies pindrow Monospecific pure stands 74 5.2.1.3 Pinus roxberghii monospecific pure stands 75 5.2.1.4 Cedrus deodara monospecific pure stands 75 5.2.1.5 Abies pindrow – Picea smithiana Community 76 5.2.1.6 Pinus wallichiana – Abies pindrow community 77 5.2.1.7 Pinus wallichiana – Quercus baloot community 77 5.2.1.8 Cedrus deodara - Pinus wallichiana community 78 5.2.1.9 Picea smithiana - Pinus wallichiana community 79 5.3 DISCUSSION 84 MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS CHAPTER 6 MULIVARIATE ANALYSIS 6.1 Introduction 90 6.2-Materials and methods 91 6.2.1-Vegetation sampling 91 7 6.2.2-Soil analysis: 91 Ph, Salinity, TDS and Conductivity 91 Maximum Water Holding Capacity: 91 Phosphorus (P) 92 Soil texture 92 6.2.3-Statistical analysis: 93 6.3-Results 94 6.3.1-Classification 94 6.3.1.1-Ward‟s Cluster analysis of Stands (Tree vegetation data) 94 6.3.1.1.1-Group-I Pinus wallichiana Dominant Group 94 6.3.1.1.2-Group I (a) Pinus wallichiana association: 94 6.3.1.1.3-Group I(b) Pinus wallichiana and Abies pindrow association: 95 6.3.1.1.4-Group-I (c) Pinus wallichiana mix Group: 95 6.3.1.1.5-Group II Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana association: 96 6.3.1.1.6-Group III Mix group of Conifer dominating species: 98 6.3.1.1.7-Group IV Pure Pinus roxberghii association: 99 6.4.
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  • Tourist Guide
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