Phytosociological Indicators for Pheasant's Habitat Use
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PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL INDICATORS FOR PHEASANT’S HABITAT USE AND OCCURRENCE IN AYUBIA NATIONAL PARK RABIA AFZA 1 DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA 2016 PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL INDICATORS FOR PHEASANT’S HABITAT USE AND OCCURRENCE IN AYUBIA NATIONAL PARK SUBMITTED BY RABIA AFZA PhD Scholar RESEARCH SUPERVISOR PROF. DR. HABIB AHMAD Tamgha-e- Imtiaz Dean Faculty of Sciences Hazara University Mansehra 2 DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA 2016 HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA Department of Botany PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL INDICATORS FOR PHEASANT’S HABITAT USE AND OCCURRENCE IN AYUBIA NATIONAL PARK By Rabia Afza 3 This research study has been conducted and reported as partial fulfillment for the requirement of PhD degree in Botany awarded by Hazara University Mansehra Pakistan Wednesday 10, October 2015 4 Dedicated To My Parents for their persistent support, inspiration and love 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Biodiversity of Pakistan ......................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa .......................................................................................................... 10 1.3 Study Area ........................................................................................................................... 12 1.4 History of the Ayubia National Park .................................................................................... 13 1.5 Geomorphology of the Park ................................................................................................ 13 1.6 Climate and Biogeography................................................................................................... 15 1.7 Associated human communities with ANP .......................................................................... 18 1.8 Land tenure and resource ownership .................................................................................. 20 1.9 Park Management ............................................................................................................... 22 1.10 Biodiversity Threats to the Park ........................................................................................ 22 1.10.1 Timber Harvesting ................................................................................................... 22 1.10.2 Fuelwood Collection ................................................................................................ 23 1.10.3 Grazing and Fodder Collection ............................................................................... 23 1.10.4 Non-timber Forest Products .................................................................................... 24 1.10.5 Hunting and Poaching ............................................................................................. 26 1.10.6 Killing and Poisoning of Common Leopards ........................................................ 27 1.10.7 Forest Fires................................................................................................................ 29 1.11 Literacy and Services ......................................................................................................... 29 1.12 Avian Fauna ....................................................................................................................... 30 1.13 Pheasants .......................................................................................................................... 31 1.14 World Distribution ............................................................................................................. 32 1.14.1 Habitat Preferences .................................................................................................. 33 1.14.2 Conservation status.................................................................................................. 34 1.15 Distribution of Pheasants in Pakistan ................................................................................ 35 1.15.1 The Koklass Pheasant .............................................................................................. 36 1.15.2 The Kalij Pheasant .................................................................................................... 37 1.16 Multivariant statistical tools .............................................................................................. 39 1.16.1 Hierarchical Clustering ............................................................................................ 39 1.16.2 Ordination or gradient Analysis ............................................................................. 40 1.17 Species Diversity Index ...................................................................................................... 40 1.17.1 Shanon-Wiener Index .............................................................................................. 41 1.18 Habitat Suitability Modelling Techniques .......................................................................... 41 1.18.1 Maximum Entropy Model ....................................................................................... 41 1.18.2 Ecological Niche Factor Analysis ............................................................................ 42 1.19 Habitat suitability mapping ............................................................................................... 42 1.20 Objectives of the study ...................................................................................................... 43 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS ............................................................................... 44 2.1 Data collection..................................................................................................................... 44 2.2 Vegetation Analysis ............................................................................................................. 45 2.3 Data Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 47 2.3.1 Hierarchical Cluster Analysis .................................................................................... 47 2.3.2 Ordination ................................................................................................................... 48 2.3.3 Species diversity and plant communities................................................................. 48 2.3.4 Species-Presence only Data ....................................................................................... 49 2.4 Habitat Suitability Modelling Techniques ............................................................................ 50 6 2.4.1 Maximum Entropy Model ......................................................................................... 50 2.4.2 Ecological Niche Factor Analysis .............................................................................. 50 2.4.3 Ecogeographical Data Analysis ................................................................................ 51 2.5 Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) data generation 50 ........ 51 2.5.1 Predictive Habitat distribution map for Kalij and Koklass Pheasant .................... 53 2.5.1.1 Determination of Spatial Relationship of Species by using GIS tool ................... 55 3 RESULTS .................................................................................................................. 55 3.1 Hierarchical clustering .......................................................................................................... 56 3.1.1 Pinus wallichiana – Viola canescens - Vibernum mullaha community ........................ 56 3.1.2 Abies pindrow – Vibernum grandiflorum – Dryopteris ramosa plant .......................... 60 community ........................................................................................................................... 60 3.1.3 Pinus wallichiana – Fragaria nubicola –Indigofera heterantha plant ............................ 61 community ........................................................................................................................... 61 3.1.4 Ecological specificity in plant species ....................................................................... 65 3.1.5 Plant-Species Diversity, Richness and Evenness ..................................................... 65 3.2 Forests Inventory................................................................................................................. 67 3.3 Ordination ........................................................................................................................... 68 3.4 Phytosociological correlation of Pheasants with ecological communities ........................... 70 3.4.1 Nesting sites in plant community I: Pinus wallichiana – Viola canescens - .............. 70 Vibernum mullaha ................................................................................................................. 70 3.4.2 Nesting Places of Kalij Pheasant ............................................................................... 73 3.4.3 Nesting sites of Pheasants in plant community II: .................................................. 76 Abies pindrow – Vibernum grandiflorum – Dryopteris ramosa .............................................. 76 3.4.4 Nesting sites in plant Community III: Pinus wallichiana – Fragaria nubicola ......... 79 –Indigofera