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Flight Helmets: How They Work and Why You Should Wear One (Reprint)

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Flight Helmets: How They Work and Why You Should Wear One (Reprint) USAARL Report No. 93-2 Flight Helmets: How They Work and Why You Should Wear One (Reprint) John S. Crowley Biomedical Applications Research Division . and Joseph R. Licina James E. Bruckart Biodynamics Research Division October 1992 United States Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory Fort Rucker, Alabama 36362-0577 Notice Qualified reouesters Qualified requesters may obtain copies from the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC), Cameron Station, Alexandria, Virginia 22314. Orders will be expedited if placed through the librarian or other person designated to request documents from DTIC. Chanse of address Organizations receiving reports from the U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory on automatic mailing lists should confirm correct address when corresponding about laboratory reports. Disposition Destroy this report when it is no longer needed. Do not return to the originator. Disclaimer The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this report are those of the author(s) and should not be construed as an official Department of the Army position, policy, or decision, unless so designated by other official documentation. Citation of trade names in this report does not constitute an official Department of the Army endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial items. Reviewed: CHARLES A. SALTER Director, Biomedical Applications Research Division Rej..qased for publication: \ . DAVID H. KARNEY V Colonel, MC, FS Commanding 4 Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMBNO. 07044188 la. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 1 b. RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS Unclassified 2r. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3 . DISTRIBUTION /AVAILABILITY OF REPORT Approved for public release; distribution 2b.DECWSIFICATION I DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE unlimited 0. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 5. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) USAARL Report No. 93-2 6a.NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b. OFFICE SYMBOL 7r. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION U.S. Army Aeromedical Research (If l pplkable) U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Laboratory Command SCADDRESS (Uty, State, and ZIPCook) 7b. ADDRESS (City, stdtd, dd ZIP CO&) P.O. Box 577 Fort Detrick . Fort Rucker, AL 36362-5292 Frederick, MD 21701-5012' k. NAME OF FUNDING/SPONSORING Bb. OFFICE SYMBOL 9. PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER ORGANIZATION f/f dpPkd&?) k ADDRESS (City, stdtd, dfld ZIP Co&) 10. SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS PROGRAM PROJECT WORK UNIT ELEMENT NO. NO. 3M1627 SK . ACCESSION NO. 06027878 878875 Al? 382 I 1. TITLE (he/u& Suufity ~dSSifiCdtiOfl) Flight Helmets: How They Work and Why You Should Wear One _. 12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S) Final 16. SUPPLEMENTARYNOTATION Reprinted with permission from WordPerfect Publishing Corporation, Published in Journal of Air Medical Transport, Vol II, pp 19-26, 1992. c 17. COSATI CODES 18. SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse if necessary dd khtiti bY blotk mmk) FIELD GROUP SUB-GROUP Helmets, flight safety, head injury, aviation medicine 23104 06/05 19. ABSTRACT (Conthe on reverse if necessary dnd McfItifY by block fWmkr) Flight helmets have been in use since the early days of aviation, yet, debate continues regarding their benefit. The most common cause of death in aircraft accidents is head injury, and several studies have concluded that helmets can provide significant protection. This review chronicles the development of the modern helicopter crew helmet, and presents arguments and data supporting their use. Throughout histo?y, man has worn head protection in response to the threat of head injury. Such a w has limitations and drawbacks, but in helicopter aviation, it is effective and worthwhile. , 20. DISTRIBUTION /AVAILABILITY OF ABSTRACT 2 1. ABSTRACT SECURITY CIASSIF ICATION Chief, Scientific Information Center )D Form 1473, JUN 86 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE UNCLASSIFIRD CLINICAL &PORT Flight Helmets:-How ~ They Work and Why is You ShOuldWear One I John S. Cqwley, MD, MPH; Joseph R. Licln8, MSS; Jamss E. Brucksrt, MD, MPH Introduction ?kE MOST COMMON CAUSEOF DEATH IN aircrdt accidentsof all typesis head injury.‘” Over the years, several strategies have been employed to reducethe incidenceof head injury. These includethe use of lap belt and shoulderharness restraint systems, and makingthe cockpitless lethal by eliminating sharp knobs and other protrusions,increasing the amount of spacearound the occupant,and padding surfaces likely to cause injury.4~5This paperreviews another classicbut surprisinglycontroversial approach-the flight helmet. Helmet History Protective helmets have been around as long as armed conflict. Figure 1. World War I experimental Figure 2. The APHQ Helmet (official Originally,their main purposewas to helmet, circa 1918. (Reprinted from U.S. Army photograph). protect the head from blows from Dean B: Helmets and Body Armor in primitive weapons; later, helmets Modern Warfare. 2nd ed, Tuckahoe, During World War I, allied helpedstop crossbow bolts and mus- MY., Carl J. Pugliese, 1977.) instructorsand studentscontinued to ket balls.These early helmetsdidn ’t wear theserigid-style helmets, while permit much mobility of the head namedThomas Selfridge became the most operationalpilots opted for soft and neck-one medievalarmor hel- first poweredairplane fatality when leather flying helmets that afforded . met worn by CharlesV weighedover he sufferedlethal head injuries in the betterhead movement and somepro- 40 lb.6 crash of a Wright Flyer.7 tectionfrom wind and cold, but pre- .In’1908, while flying with Orville Subsequently,a few American avia- ciouslittle crash protection.Late in Wright, an unhelmeted Army pilot tors, including Lt. Henry “Hap” the war, it was recognizedthat avia- Arnold (laterGeneral Arnold), began torsneeded more ballistic protection, The authors above work at the U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory wearing leather football helmets to .and a 2 lb steel flight helmet was at Fort Rucker, Ala. John S. Crowley and protectthe skull from injury in case designed(Figure 1js6 James E. Bruckartare majors in the U.S. of a crash.8In Great Britain, many Flight helmetsfor bombercrews Army Medical Corps and senior flight early aviators wore modified hard in World War II were similarly surgeons; Joseph R. Licina is the safety motorcycleracing helmets to avoid intendedfor ballisticprotection @ri- and occupationalhealth manager. injury.g marily from flak), and many lives The Journalof Air Medical Transport l August 1992 1 19 Figure 3. The SW-4 Hslfnst (offkid Figure 4. British inventor W.T. Warren in 1912 demonstrating a rprlng- U.S. Army photograph). __ c&u&y of Quadrant/Flight Inbmational). were savedby thesesteel-plated hel- skull fractureor concussion.Helmet ing locally procured helmets, it mets.6Toward the end of World War designersendeavor both to insulate becameevident that head protection II, helmets were also designed for the headfrom penetratinginjury and waseffective and necessary. impactprotection, mainly for use in alsoto reduceglobal head decelera- Table 1 depictsan evolutionof the new jet aircraft. Test pilots were tion forcesto the 300grange. helicopterflight helmetover the past r encounteringsevere buffeting when The ideal flight helmet should 35 years. New, specializedhelmets fly@ at high speedsin turbulence, weighless than 4.4 lb, and the center with integratedvisual displays (used incurringhead injuriesfrom contact of gravityof the helmet-headcombi- by Apachepilots) are not includedin with the aircraftcan~py.~ FMecting nation should match that of the this discussion. the headduring an ejectionsequence unhelmetedhead as closelyas possi- 7JaeAF H-5’ Helmet.With headpro- alsowas a growingconcern. ble. A heavy or unbalancedhelmet tection as the primary driver, the Thus, a p@losophyof headprotec- will rapidly cause fatigue or neck Army adopted the Navy’s Aircrew tion for fixed-wingaviators evolved pain and could affect performance. ProtectiveHelmet (APH-5)for wear (and enduresto this day) that relied The helmetshould be as smoothand in 1959 (Figure 2), although some on in-flight escape to protect the streamlined as possible, to avoid Army pilots had beep wearing this fixed-wingaviator loom crashforces. cockpit entanglementsand reduce helmetsince 1954 .liar For the rotary-wingpilot, who must the effectof tangentialimpacts. The APH-5 providedimpact pro- “ride out” the entire crashsequence Apartfrom distributingthe impact tectionby combininga compressible inside the aircraft, head protection force and providingenergy-absorb- liner with a hard shellconstructed of requirements. are much more ing substance,a good helmet fulfills resin-stiffenedlayers of fiberglass. demanding. a variety of other functions. Understandard test conditions, a hel- Helicopters are notoriously noisy, meted headform experienced less Head Injury Protection and a helmet can protecthearing as than 25Og.l* Separate foam sizing Deceleration is expressed in well as facilitatecommunication. It pads were provided in three thick- meters per second,2or “g,” where also may serveas a platformfor an nessesto facilitatecustom fitting. one g is equalto the force of gravity oxygen mask or specialized night The retentionsystem consisted of on the earth’s surface.The g forceof visionequipment. a padded nylon chin strap screw- an impactdepends on initialvelocity secured to the shell on both sides andavailable stopping distance. Modern Flight Helmets andfastenedviaasnap.Duetoliml- Head tolerance to a focused In the decade following World t&ions of this single-snapfastener impact(bone break strength) ranges War II, headprotection was
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