First Ladies Get Their Turn in Spotlight in New C-Span Historical Series
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Defining the Role of First Lady
- Defining the Role of First Lady An Honors College Thesis (Honors 499) By Denise Jutte - Thesis Advisor Larry Markle Ball State University Muncie, IN Graduation Date: May 3, 2008 ;' l/,~· ,~, • .L-',:: J,I Table of Contents Abstract 2 Acknowledgements 3 Introduction: Defining the Role of First Lady 4 First Ladies Ranking 11 Individual Analysis of First Ladies 12 Chronological Order Observations on Leadership and Comparisons to Previous Presidential Rankings 177 Conclusion: The Role ofthe Future First Spouse 180 Works Cited 182 Appendix A: Ranking of Presidents 183 Appendix B: Presidential Analysis 184 Appendix C: Other Polls and Rankings of the First Ladies 232 1 Abstract In the Fall Semester of 2006, I took an honors colloquium taught by Larry Markle on the presidents of the United States. Throughout the semester we studied all of the past presidents and compiled a ranked list of these men based on our personal opinion of their greatness. My thesis is a similar study of their wives. The knowledge I have gained through researching presidential spouses has been very complementary to the information I learned previously in Mr. Markle's class and has expanded my understanding of one ofthe most important political positions in the United States. The opportunity to see what parallels developed between my ran kings of the preSidents and the women that stood behind them has led me to a deeper understanding ofthe traits and characteristics that are embodied by those viewed as great leaders. 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my dad for helping me to participate in and understand the importance of history and education at a young age. -
Niall Palmer
EnterText 1.1 NIALL PALMER “Muckfests and Revelries”: President Warren G. Harding in Fact and Fiction This article will assess the development of the posthumous reputation of President Warren Gamaliel Harding (1921-23) through an examination of key historical and literary texts in Harding historiography. The article will argue that the president’s image has been influenced by an unusual confluence of factors which have both warped history’s assessment of his administration and retarded efforts at revisionism. As a direct consequence, the stereotypical, deeply negative, portrait of Harding remains rooted in the nation’s consciousness and the “rehabilitation” afforded to many presidents by revisionist writers continues to be denied to the man still widely-regarded as the worst president of the twentieth century. “Historians,” Eugene Trani and David Wilson observed in 1977, “have not been gentle with Warren G. Harding.”1 In successive surveys of American political scientists, historians and journalists, undertaken to rank presidents by achievement, vision and leadership skills, the twenty-ninth president consistently comes last.2 The Chicago Sun- Times, publishing the findings of fifty-eight presidential historians and political scientists in November 1995, placed Warren Harding at the head of the list of “The Ten Worst” Niall Palmer: Muckfests and Revelries 155 EnterText 1.1 Presidents.3 A 1996 New York Times poll branded Harding an outright “failure,” alongside two presidents who presided over the pre-Civil War crisis, Franklin Pierce and James Buchanan. The academic merit and methodological underpinnings of such surveys are inevitably flawed. Nonetheless, in most cases, presidential status assessments are fluid, reflecting the fluctuations of contemporary opinion and occasional waves of academic revisionism. -
Dead Last: the Public Memory of Warren G. Harding's Scandalous
Payne.1-19 11/13/08 3:02 PM Page 1 Questions Asked Democracy has no monuments. It strikes no medals. It bears the head of no man on a coin. —John Quincy Adams To enter into any serious historical criticism of these stories [regarding George Washington’s childhood] would be to break a butterfly. 1 —Henry Cabot Lodge Harding and the Log Cabin Myth Warren G. Harding’s story is an American myth gone wrong. As our twenty-ninth president, Harding occupied the office that stands at the symbolic center of American national identity.1 Harding’s biography should have easily slipped into American history and mythology when he died in office, on August 2, 1923. Having been born to a humble midwestern farm family, what better ending could there be to his story than death in the service of his nation? What stronger image could stand as a lasting tribute than grieving citizens lining the railroad tracks, as they had for Lincoln, Garfield, and McKinley, to view Har- ding’s body? The public grief that accompanied the passing of Harding’s burial train would seem to have foreshadowed a positive place in the national memory. Warren and Florence Harding were laid to rest in a classically designed marble mau- soleum in their hometown of Marion, Ohio, a mausoleum that was the last great memorial in the older style popular before the rise of presidential libraries. However, the near perfection Payne.1-19 11/13/08 3:02 PM Page 2 Dead Last of his political biography and his contemporary popularity did not follow him into history. -
23 Caroline Lavinia Scott Harrison
First Ladies of America Showing a dignified, even solemn Continuing to put her house countenance, the portraits of Caroline in order, she also cataloged “Carrie” Harrison belie her spirit and personality. the White House china, Warm, sentimental and artistic by nature, she designed a cabinet to hold the was fun loving, easily amused and quick to historical collection, and added to it by forgive. designing her own china for the White House. The daughter of parents who were both educators, she taught school in Kentucky for a year before Mrs. Harrison also changed the atmosphere inside the returning home at age 21 to marry Benjamin mansion. She put up the first White House Christmas Harrison, the grandson of President William Henry tree, and for the first time since 1845, a first lady’s Harrison. guests were invited to dance. As her husband’s law career advanced and he Mrs. Harrison’s interests were not all domestic. The became increasingly more focused on politics, Mrs. first President General of the Daughters of the American Harrison cared for their children, often alone, and Revolution, she kept the organization intact during its missed his presence in their family’s life. Tension founding, and she worked to advance the rights of developed in the marriage. American women. Ironically perhaps, it was Harrison’s extended When asked to support the construction of a absence during the Civil War that brought new wing at Johns Hopkins Hospital, she them back together. When Harrison Benjamin agreed — but not until hospital officials returned home safely after commanding agreed to admit women to their medical Union forces in some of the worst Harrison school. -
22 and 24 Frances Folsom Cleveland
First Ladies of America When Grover Cleveland married Actively involved in local Frances Folsom in 1886, he was 27 years charities for African-American her senior and old enough to be her father. children, Mrs. Cleveland was also a firm supporter of education A friend of her family and partner in her father’s for women. She served on the board law firm, Cleveland had known Frances since the of trustees for her alma mater, Wells day she was born. He was a presence in her life as College, and was instrumental in a campaign that led she grew up; upon her father’s death, when she was to the establishment of the New Jersey College for 11-years-old, Cleveland took over the administration Women. of her father’s estate and become her unofficial guardian. At the White House, she was a gracious hostess who planned regular receptions on Saturdays so that Affectionately known as “Frankie” during her working-class women could attend. Wherever she childhood, Mrs. Cleveland was born in Buffalo, N.Y., went, her youth, charm and charisma drew crowds of as the Civil War was drawing to a close. enthusiastic and devoted admirers. She received a well-rounded education, topping off So popular was Mrs. Cleveland, in fact, that the her grammar and high school years with unauthorized use of her image to sell products enrollment at Wells College, one of the first became the target of legislation aimed at liberal arts schools for women in the country. Grover preventing such unscrupulous business practices. The measure never passed, but While there, she studied astronomy, Cleveland it did foreshadow problems future first botany, and political science, and Administration, ladies would experience from an overly enjoyed activities including debate 1855-1889 & enthusiastic public. -
Team Players: Triumph and Tribulation on the Campaign Trail
residential campaigns that celebrate our freedom to choose a leader by election of the people are events P unique to our country. It is an expectant, exciting time – a promise kept by the Constitution for a better future. Rituals developed over time and became traditions of presidential hopefuls – the campaign slogans and songs, hundreds of speeches, thousands of handshakes, the countless miles of travel across the country to meet voters - all reported by the ever-present media. The candidate must do a balancing act as leader and entertainer to influence the American voters. Today the potential first spouse is expected to be involved in campaign issues, and her activities are as closely scrutinized as the candidate’s. However, these women haven’t always been an official part of the ritual contest. Campaigning for her husband’s run for the presidency is one of the biggest self-sacrifices a First Lady want-to-be can make. The commitment to the campaign and the road to election night are simultaneously exhilarating and exhausting. In the early social norms of this country, the political activities of a candidate’s wife were limited. Nineteenth-century wives could host public parties and accept social invitations. She might wave a handkerchief from a window during a “hurrah parade” or quietly listen to a campaign speech behind a closed door. She could delight the crowd by sending them a winsome smile from the front porch campaign of her own home. But she could not openly show knowledge of politics and she could not vote. As the wife of a newly-elected president, her media coverage consisted of the description of the lovely gown she wore to the Inaugural Ball. -
The President Woodrow Wilson House Is a National Historic Landmark and House Museum
Autumn Newsletter 2013 The President Woodrow Wilson House is a national historic landmark and house museum. The museum promotes a greater awareness of President Wilson’s public life and ideals for future generations through guided tours, exhibitions and educational programs. Above photo: Back garden evening party at The President Woodrow Wilson House. The museum also serves as a community CELEBRATING THE PRESIDENT’S Woodrow Wilson’s legacy, preservation model and resource, dedicated to one hundred years later the stewardship and CENTENNIAL presentation of an Why should anyone care about the President Wilson revived the practice, authentic collection and President Woodrow Wilson House? abandoned for more than a century, of the property. That is a fair question to consider in President delivering the State of the Union 2013, the first of eight years marking the message in person before Congress. He centennial of President Wilson’s term in regularly appeared at the Capitol to The President office, 1913–1921. promote his legislative initiatives. In a Woodrow Wilson “President Wilson imagined the world recent interview, WILSON biographer A. House is a property of at peace and proposed a plan to achieve Scott Berg noted, “There's a room in the National Trust that vision,” answers Robert A. Enholm, Congress called the President's Room. No for Historic executive director of the Woodrow Wilson president has used it since Woodrow Preservation, a House in Washington, D.C. “The Wilson. No president used it before privately funded, non- challenge he issued almost a century ago Woodrow Wilson. He used it regularly.” profit corporation, remains largely unanswered today.” Before President Wilson the national helping people protect, During this centennial period, the government played a smaller role in the enhance and enjoy the Woodrow Wilson House will be developing everyday lives of Americans than is true places that matter to exhibitions and programs to explore the today. -
Modern First Ladies: Their Documentary Legacy. INSTITUTION National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 412 562 CS 216 046 AUTHOR Smith, Nancy Kegan, Comp.; Ryan, Mary C., Comp. TITLE Modern First Ladies: Their Documentary Legacy. INSTITUTION National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC. ISBN ISBN-0-911333-73-8 PUB DATE 1989-00-00 NOTE 189p.; Foreword by Don W. Wilson (Archivist of the United States). Introduction and Afterword by Lewis L. Gould. Published for the National Archives Trust Fund Board. PUB TYPE Collected Works General (020) -- Historical Materials (060) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC08 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Archives; *Authors; *Females; Modern History; Presidents of the United States; Primary Sources; Resource Materials; Social History; *United States History IDENTIFIERS *First Ladies (United States); *Personal Writing; Public Records; Social Power; Twentieth Century; Womens History ABSTRACT This collection of essays about the Presidential wives of the 20th century through Nancy Reagan. An exploration of the records of first ladies will elicit diverse insights about the historical impact of these women in their times. Interpretive theories that explain modern first ladies are still tentative and exploratory. The contention in the essays, however, is that whatever direction historical writing on presidential wives may follow, there is little question that the future role of first ladies is more likely to expand than to recede to the days of relatively silent and passive helpmates. Following a foreword and an introduction, essays in the collection and their authors are, as follows: "Meeting a New Century: The Papers of Four Twentieth-Century First Ladies" (Mary M. Wolf skill); "Not One to Stay at Home: The Papers of Lou Henry Hoover" (Dale C. -
Vvestern MARYLAND COLLEGE
30TJI CATALOGUE OF vV ESTERN MARYLAND COLLEGE, For Students of Both Sexes, In Separate Departments. 1896-'97. · sotb . ~~·Rnnual Catalogue·+-- ---OF- W¢st¢rn JVlaryland College -AT- Westminster, JVId. BALTIMORE: PRESS OF WILLIAM J. c. DULANY COMPANY. @ALENDA~, 18~Yl-8. 1897. FIRST TERM. September 14, Tuesday First Term Begins. September 14, Tuesday, 10 A.M Examinations for admission. October 4, Monday, 3 P.M Meeting of Sophomore Class to elect officers. November 25; Thursday Thanksgiving Day. Nov. 29-Dec. 3, Monday-Friday First Term Examinations. SECOND TERM. December 6, Monday Second Term Begins. December 17, Friday Irving and Browning Anniversary. December 18, Satnrday Christmas Holidays Begin. 1898. January 4, Tuesday, 8.40 A.M Classes Resume. February 22, Tuesday Webster and Philomathean Anniversary. March 14-·18, Monday-Friday Second Term Examinations. THIRD TERM. March 21, Monday Third Term Begins. April 8-11, Friday-Monday Easter Recess. May 2, Monday, 3 P.M Essays and Orations for Society Contest submitted. May 2, Monday, 3 P.M Graduating Essays and Orations submitted. May 2, Monday, 3 P.M Theses for A.M. in cursu submitted. May 23-27, Monday-Friday Final Examinations for Senior Class. June 3, Friday, 4 P.M Closing Exercises of Levine Hall School. Jnne 3, Friday, 8 P.M Freshman Elocutionary Contest for Nor- ment Prizes. June 6-10, Monday-Friday Third Term Examinations. COMMENCEMENT WEEK. June 12, Sunday, 10.30 A.M Baccalaureate Sermon. Juue 12, Sunday, 8 P.M Annual Sermon before the Christian Asso- ciations. June 13, Monday, 3 P.M Sophomore Elocutionary Contest for Nor- ment Prizes. -
The Prez Quiz Answers
PREZ TRIVIAL QUIZ AND ANSWERS Below is a Presidential Trivia Quiz and Answers. GRADING CRITERIA: 33 questions, 3 points each, and 1 free point. If the answer is a list which has L elements and you get x correct, you get x=L points. If any are wrong you get 0 points. You can take the quiz one of three ways. 1) Take it WITHOUT using the web and see how many you can get right. Take 3 hours. 2) Take it and use the web and try to do it fast. Stop when you want, but your score will be determined as follows: If R is the number of points and T 180R is the number of minutes then your score is T + 1: If you get all 33 right in 60 minutes then you get a 100. You could get more than 100 if you do it faster. 3) The answer key has more information and is interesting. Do not bother to take the quiz and just read the answer key when I post it. Much of this material is from the books Hail to the chiefs: Political mis- chief, Morals, and Malarky from George W to George W by Barbara Holland and Bland Ambition: From Adams to Quayle- the Cranks, Criminals, Tax Cheats, and Golfers who made it to Vice President by Steve Tally. I also use Wikipedia. There is a table at the end of this document that has lots of information about presidents. THE QUIZ BEGINS! 1. How many people have been president without having ever held prior elected office? Name each one and, if they had former experience in government, what it was. -
Andrew Jackson Collection, 1788-1942
State of Tennessee Department of State Tennessee State Library and Archives 403 Seventh Avenue North Nashville, Tennessee 37243-0312 ANDREW JACKSON COLLECTION, 1788-1942 Accession numbers: 3, 37, 38, 41, 297, 574, 582, 624, 640, 646, 691, 692, 845, 861, 968, 971, 995, 1103, 1125, 1126, 1128, 1170 1243, 1301, 1392, 69-160, and 78-048 Processed by Harriet C. Owsley and Linda J. Drake Date completed: June 1, 1959 Revised: 1964 Microfilm Accession Number: Mf. 809 Location: VI-A-4-6 The collected papers of and materials about Andrew Jackson (1767-1845), Judge Advocate of Davidson County, Tennessee, Militia Regiment, 1791; member of Congress, 1796-1798, 1823- 1824; Major General, United States Army, 1814; Governor of Florida Territory, 1821; and President of the United States, 1828-1836, were collected by Mr. And Mrs. John Trotwood Moore on behalf of the Tennessee State Library and Archives during their respective terms as State Librarian and Archivist. The documents were acquired from various sources. Linear feet of shelf space occupied: 6.0 Approximate number of items: 1.500 Single photocopies of unpublished writings may be made for purposes of scholarly research. Microfilm Container List Reel 1: Box 1 to Box 3, Folder 13 Reel 2: Box 3, Folder 13 to Box 6, Folder 2 Reel 3: Box 6, Folder 3 to Box 9 On Reel 3 of the microfilm, targets labeled box 5 should be labeled Box 6. SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE The Andrew Jackson Papers, approximately 1,500 items (originals, photostats, and Xerox copies) dating from 1788 to 1942, are composed of correspondence: legal documents; clippings; documents about the Dickinson duel; articles about Andrew Jackson; biographical data concerning Andrew Jackson; biographical data concerning Ralph Earl (portrait painter); John H. -
Preserving, Displaying, and Insisting on the Dress: Icons, Female Agencies, Institutions, and the Twentieth Century First Lady
W&M ScholarWorks Undergraduate Honors Theses Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 5-2009 Preserving, Displaying, and Insisting on the Dress: Icons, Female Agencies, Institutions, and the Twentieth Century First Lady Rachel Morris College of William and Mary Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses Part of the American Studies Commons Recommended Citation Morris, Rachel, "Preserving, Displaying, and Insisting on the Dress: Icons, Female Agencies, Institutions, and the Twentieth Century First Lady" (2009). Undergraduate Honors Theses. Paper 289. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/289 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Preserving, Displaying, and Insisting on the Dress: Icons, Female Agencies, Institutions, and the Twentieth Century First Lady A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors in American Studies from the College of William and Mary in Virginia. Rachel Diane Morris Accepted for ________________________________ _________________________________________ Timothy Barnard, Director _________________________________________ Chandos Brown _________________________________________ Susan Kern _________________________________________ Charles McGovern 2 Table of