Aggregate Resources Inventory of the Regional Municipality of Waterloo

Aggregate Resources Inventory of the

Regional Municipality of Waterloo Townships of North Dumfries, Wellesley, Wilmot and Woolwich and the Cities of Cambridge, Kitchener, and Waterloo

Ontario Geological Survey Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper 161

1998

Aggregate Resources Inventory of the

Regional Municipality of Waterloo Townships of North Dumfries, Wellesley, Wilmot and Woolwich and the Cities of Cambridge, Kitchener, and Waterloo

Ontario Geological Survey Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper 161

By Ontario Geological Survey and Planning and Engineering Initiatives Limited

1998 E Queen’s Printer for Ontario, 1998 ISSN 0708--2061 ISBN 0--7778--7313--3

All publications of the Ontario Geological Survey and the Ministry of Northern Development and Mines are available for viewing at the following locations:

Mines and Minerals Information Centre Mines Library 900 Bay Street, Room M2-17 933 Ramsey Lake Road, Level A3 Toronto, Ontario M7A 1C3 Sudbury, Ontario P3E 6B5 Telephone: 1-800-665-4480 (within Ontario) Telephone: (705) 670--5614 (416) 314-3800 Fax: (416) 314-3797

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Publication Sales 933 Ramsey Lake Road, Level A--3 Sudbury, Ontario P3E 6B5 Telephone: (705) 670-5691 Fax: (705) 670-5770 1-888-415-9847(toll-free) E-mail: [email protected] Use of Visa or Mastercard ensures the fastest possible service. Cheques or money orders should be made payable to the Minister of Finance. Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under title: Aggregate resources inventory of the Regional Municipality of Waterloo (Ontario Geological Survey aggregate resources inventory paper, ISSN 0708-2061; 161) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-7778-7313-3 1. Aggregates (Building materials) — Ontario — Waterloo (Regional municipality) I. Ontario Geological Survey. II Planning and Engineering Initiatives Limited. III Ontario. Ministry of Northern Development and Mines. IV. Series.

TN939.R68 1998 553.6’2’09713144 C98-964013-2 Every possible effort is made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this report, but the Ministry of Northern Development and Mines does not assume any liability for errors that may occur. Source references are included in the report and users may wish to verify critical information. If you wish to reproduce any of the text, tables or illustrations in this report, please write for permission to the Team Leader, Publication Services, Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, 933 Ramsey Lake Road, Level B4, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 6B5. Cette publication est disponible en anglais seulement. Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit is given. It is recommended that reference be made in the following form: Ontario Geological Survey and Planning and Engineering Initiatives Limited 1998. Aggregate resources inventory of the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, townships of North Dumfries, Wellesley, Wilmot, and Woolwich and the cities of Cambridge, Kitchener, and Waterloo; Ontario Geological Survey, Aggregate Resources In- ventory Paper 161, 64p.

ii Contents

Abstract ...... vii Introduction ...... 3 Part I -- Inventory Methods ...... 4 Field and Office Methods ...... 4 Resource Tonnage Calculation Techniques...... 4 Sand and Gravel Resources...... 4 Bedrock Resources ...... 5 Units and Definitions ...... 5 Part II --Data Presentation and Interpretation...... 6 Map 1: Sand and Gravel Resources...... 6 Deposit Symbol ...... 6 Te x t u r e S y mbo l ...... 6 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas...... 6 Site Specific Criteria ...... 7 Deposit Size ...... 7 Aggregate Quality ...... 7 Location and Setting...... 8 Regional Considerations...... 8 Map 2: Bedrock Resources ...... 8 Selection Criteria ...... 9 Selected Resource Areas ...... 9 Part III --Assessment of Aggregate Resources in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo...... 10 Location and Population ...... 10 Physiography and Surficial Geology...... 10 Quality of Aggregates ...... 11 Extractive Activity ...... 12 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas...... 12 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 1...... 13 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 2...... 13 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 3...... 13 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 4...... 13 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 5...... 14 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 6...... 14 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 7...... 14 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 8...... 14 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 9...... 14 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 10...... 15 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 11...... 15 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 12...... 15 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 13...... 15 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 14...... 16 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 15...... 16 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 16...... 16 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 17...... 16 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 18...... 17 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 19...... 17 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 20...... 17 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 21...... 17

iii Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 22...... 17 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 23...... 18 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 24...... 18 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 25...... 19 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 26...... 19 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 27...... 19 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 28...... 19 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 29...... 20 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 30...... 20 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 31...... 20 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 32...... 21 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 33...... 21 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 34...... 21 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 35...... 21 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 36...... 21 Resource Areas of Secondary Significance...... 22 Bedrock Geology ...... 23 Selected Bedrock Resource Areas...... 26 Selected Bedrock Resource Area 1...... 26 Selected Bedrock Resource Area 2...... 26 Selected Bedrock Resource Area 3...... 26 Summary ...... 26 References ...... 46 Metric Conversion Table ...... 64

Appendix A --Suggested Additional Reading...... 48 Appendix B -- Glossary ...... 49 Appendix C -- Geology of Sand and Gravel Deposits...... 52 Appendix D -- Geology of Bedrock Deposits...... 54 Appendix E --Aggregate Quality Test Specifications...... 62 TABLES 1. Total Sand and Gravel Resources, Regional Municipality of Waterloo...... 28 2. Sand and Gravel Pits, Regional Municipality of Waterloo...... 30 3. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas, R.M. of Waterloo...... 34 4. Total Identified Bedrock Resources, Regional Municipality of Waterloo...... 36 5. Quarries, Regional Municipality of Waterloo...... 37 6. Selected Bedrock Resource Areas, Regional Municipality of Waterloo...... 38 7. Summary of Test Hole Data, Regional Municipality of Waterloo...... 39 8. Summary of Geophysical Data, Regional Municipality of Waterloo...... 44 9. Aggregate Quality Test Data, Regional Municipality of Waterloo...... 45 E1 Selected quality requirements for major aggregate products...... 63 FIGURES 1. Key Map Showing the Location of Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Scale 1:1 800 000...... vii D1. Bedrock Geology of Southern Ontario...... 60 D2. Exposed Paleozoic Stratigraphic Sequences in Southern Ontario...... 61

iv CHARTS A. Area and Population, R.M. of Waterloo...... 10 B. Extractive Activity, R.M. of Waterloo...... 12 C. Bedrock Resources Summary, R.M. of Waterloo...... 25 GEOLOGICAL MAPS 1. Sand and Gravel Resources, Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Scale 1:50 000...... back pocket 2. Bedrock Resources, Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Scale 1:50 000...... back pocket

Abstract

This report includes an inventory and evaluation of Of the rural townships within the region, the Town- sand, gravel and bedrock resources, in the Regional Mu- ship of North Dumfries has a number of major outwash nicipality of Waterloo. deposits and currently, a total of 31 licenced pits. These major sand and gravel resources within the township Within the Regional Municipality of Waterloo a to- provide an important source of road building and tal of 36 sand and gravel resource areas of primary sig- construction materials for the region. nificance have been identified. The resource areas con- Surficial materials in the Regional Municipality of sist of: several large sand and gravel bearing moraines, Waterloo are underlain by bedrock of the Guelph, Sali- including the Waterloo Interlobate Moraine, Breslau na, Bass Islands and Bois Blanc formations. However, and Paris moraines; major outwash deposits; and spill- because of extensive drift cover, marginal quality, and way terraces extending along the Grand River from the ready availability of sand and gravel resources, no Woolwich to North Dumfries townships. The total area quarrying has been done within the Regional Munici- occupied by the 36 primary selected sand and gravel re- pality of Waterloo. There are selected bedrock resource source area is approximately 14 261 ha. The sand and areas within the City of Cambridge and the Township of gravel resources in these areas have the potential to pro- North Dumfries where the overburden is thin over the duce a wide range of aggregate products. When the area Guelph Formation. In these areas, there is a potential occupied by existing licences, cultural and physical set- for new quarries to be developed for chemical or aggre- backs is considered, the actual resource area that could gate uses for which the dolostone of the Guelph Forma- potentially be available is reduced to 9693 ha or about tion is suitable. 68 percent of the total. Selected resource areas are not intended to be permanent, single land use units which must be in- The cities of Kitchener, Waterloo, and Cambridge corporated in an official planning document. They all have major sand and gravel deposits located within represent areas in which a major resource is known their municipal boundaries along the Grand River corri- to exist. Such resource areas may be reserved wholly dor. Many of these resource areas are now nearing or partially for extractive development and/or re- depletion and/or have been sterilized by encroaching source protection within the context of the official urban development. plan.

Figure 1. Key map showing the location of Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Scale 1:800 000.

vii

Aggregate Resources Inventory of The Regional Municipality of Waterloo

By Staff1 of Planning and Engineering Initiatives Ltd. and the Sedimentary Geoscience Section, Ontario Geological Survey 1. Project Supervisors: R.I. Kelly and C.L. Baker; fieldwork and report by D.A. Stewart, Z.L. Katona, P.F. Puopolo, and A.G. McLellan; compilation and drafting by Staff of Planning and Engineering Initiatives Ltd. Assistance with review provided by Cambridge District Office, Ministry of Natural Resources. Manuscript accepted for publication by and published with the permission of C.L. Baker, Senior Manager, Sedi- mentary Geoscience Section, Ontario Geological Survey, 1998.

Introduction

Mineral aggregates, which include bedrock-de- the best aggregate resources are found in or near areas of rived crushed rock as well as naturally formed sand and environmental sensitivity, resulting in the requirement gravel, constitute the major raw material in Ontario’s to balance the need for the different natural resources. road--building and construction industries. Very large Therefore, planning strategies must be based on a sound amounts of these materials are used each year through- knowledge of the total mineral aggregate resource base out the Province. For example, in 1993, the total ton- at both local and regional levels. The purpose of the Ag- nage of mineral aggregatesextracted in Ontario was131 gregate Resources Inventory is to provide the basic geo- million tonnes, greater than that of any other metallic or logical information required to include potential miner- nonmetallic commodity mined in the Province (Ontario al aggregate resource areas in planning strategies. The Ministry of Natural Resources 1995). reports should form the basis for discussion on those Although mineral aggregate deposits are plentiful areas best suited for possible extraction. The aim is to in Ontario, they are fixed--location, non--renewable re- assist decision--makers in protecting the public well be- sources, which can be exploited only in those areas ing by ensuring that adequate resources of mineral ag- where they occur. Mineral aggregates are characterised gregate remain available for future use. by their high bulk and low unit value so that the econom- This report is a technical background document, ic value of a deposit is a function of its proximity to a based for the most part on geological information market area as well as its quality and size. The potential and interpretation. It has been designed as a compo- for extractive development is usually greatest in areas nent of the total planning process and should be used where land use competition is extreme. For these rea- in conjunction with other planning considerations, to sons the availability of adequate resources for future de- ensure the best use of an area’s resources. velopment is now being threatened in many areas, espe- The report includes an assessment of sand and grav- cially in urban areas where demand is the greatest. el resources as well as a discussion on the potential for Comprehensive planning and resource manage- bedrock--derived aggregate. The most recent informa- ment strategies are required to make the best use of tion available has been used to prepare the report. As available resources, especially in those areasexperienc- new information becomes available, revisions may be ing rapid development. Unfortunately, in some cases, necessary.

3 Part I -- Inventory Methods

FIELD AND OFFICE METHODS formed in the laboratories of the Ontario Ministry of Transportation. This report provides a consolidation and update The field data were supplemented by pit informa- ofthepreviously releasedAggregate ResourceInven- tion on file with the Geotechnical Section of the On- tory Reports for the townships of Wellesley, Wool- tario Ministry of Transportation. Data contained in wich, Wilmot and North Dumfries and the cities of these files includes field estimates of the depth, com- Kitchener, Waterloo and Cambridge (Ontario Geo- position and “workability” of deposits, as well aslab- logical Survey 1980, 1981, 1984, 1985a, 1985b). The oratory analyses of the physical properties and suit- contents of existing reports were reviewed in detail. ability of the aggregate. Information concerning the All of the resource areas of primary significance and development history of the pit and acceptable uses of some of the resource areas of secondary significance the aggregate is also recorded. The locations of addi- that had been originally outlined were field checked. tional sources were obtained from records held byRe- As necessary, field samples were collected and were gional, District and Area Offices of the Ontario Min- tested for gradation and petrographically analysed. istry of Natural Resources. In addition, reports on Data was also collected from the Ontario Ministry of geological testing for type, quantity and quality ofag- Transportation (MTO) files and from testing compa- gregates were also obtained from numerous aggre- nies involved in licencing procedures under the Ag- gate licence applications on file with the MNR, and gregate Resources Act, 1989. The collected informa- with specific individuals and companies. The coop- tion was compiled, analysed and incorporated with eration of the above-named groups in the compilation the data found within the existing Aggregate Re- of inventory data is gratefully acknowledged. source Inventory Reports. Aerial photographs at various scales are used to All previously Selected Sand and Gravel Resource determine the continuity of deposits, especially in Areas of primary and secondary significance were ex- areas where information is limited. Water well re- amined considering the following: 1) licencing that has cords, held by the Ontario Ministry of the Environ- occurred since the original inventory was conducted; 2) ment and Energy, were used in some areas to corrobo- discussions with the appropriate staff of the Ministry of rate deposit thickness estimates or to indicate the Natural Resources; 3) review of available public and presence of buried granular material. These records private research reports; 4) reports prepared for licences were used in conjunction with other evidence. under the Aggregate Resources Act, 1989, and other Topographic maps of the National Topographic documents; and 5) personal knowledge of the staff in- System, at a scale of 1:50 000, were usedas acompila- volved in completion of the project. tion base for the field and office data. The informa- Field methods included the examination of natu- tion was then transferred to a base map, also at a scale ral and man-made exposures of granular material. of 1:50 000. These base maps are prepared with infor- Most observations were made at quarries and sand mation taken from maps of the National Topographic and gravel pits located from records held by the On- System by permission of Natural Resources Canada, tario Ministry of Transportation (MTO), the Ontario for presentation in the report. Geological Survey (OGS) and by Regional, District and Area Offices of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR). Observations made at pit sites in- RESOURCE TONNAGE cluded estimates of the total face height and the pro- CALCULATION TECHNIQUES portion of gravel- and sand-sized materials in the deposit. Observationsregarding theshape andlithology SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCES of the particleswere also made. These characteristics Once the interpretative boundaries of the aggre- are important in estimatingthe qualityand quantityof gate units have been established, quantitative esti- the aggregate. In areas of limited exposure, subsur- mates of the possible resources available can be face materials were assessed by hand augering and made. Generally, the volume of a deposit can be cal- test pitting. culated if its areal extent and average thickness are Deposits with potential for further extractive devel- known or can be estimated. The computation meth- opment or those where existing data are scarce, were ods used are as follows. First, the area of the deposit, studied in greater detail. Representative sections in asoutlinedon thefinal basemap, iscalculated inhect- these deposits were evaluated by taking 11 to 45 kg sam- ares (ha). The thickness values used are an approxi- ples from existing pit faces or from test pits. The sam- mation of the deposit thickness, based on the face ples were tested for grain size distribution, and in some heights of pits developed in the deposit or on subsur- cases the Los Angeles abrasion and impact test, absorp- face data such as test holes and water well records. tion, Magnesium Sulphate soundness test and petro- Tonnage valuescan then be calculated bymultiplying graphic analyses were carried out. Analyses were per- the volume of the deposit by 17 700 (the density fac-

4 Regional Municipality of Waterloo tor). This factor is approximately the number of BEDROCK RESOURCES tonnes in a 1 m thick layer of sand and gravel, 1 ha in The method used to calculate resources of bedrock- extent, assuming an average density of 1770 kg/m3. derived aggregate is much the same as that described Tonnage = Area x Thickness x Density Factor above. The areal extent of bedrock formations overlain Tonnage calculated in this manner must be consid- by less than 15 m of unconsolidated overburden is deter- ered only as an estimate. Furthermore, such tonnages mined from bedrock geology maps, drift thickness and represent amounts that existed prior to any extraction of bedrock topography maps, and from the interpretation material (i.e., original tonnage) (Table 1, Column 4). of water well records (Table 4). The measured extent of such areas is then multiplied by the estimated quarriable The Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas in thickness of the formation, based on stratigraphic analy- Table 3 are calculated in the following way. Two ses and on estimates of existing quarry faces in the unit. successive subtractions are made from the total area. In some casesa standardized estimate of 18 m is used for Column 3 accounts for the number of hectares unavail- thickness. Volume estimates are then multiplied by the able because of the presence of permanent cultural fea- density factor (the estimated weight in tonnes of a 1 m tures and their associated setback requirements. Col- thick section of rock, 1 ha in extent). umn 4 accounts for those areas that have previously Resources of limestone and dolostone are calcu- been extracted (e.g., wayside, unlicenced and aban- 3 doned pits are included in this category). The remaining lated using a density factor of 2649 kg/m , sandstone re- figure is the area of the deposit potentially available for sources are calculated using a density estimate of 2344 kg/m3, and shale resources are calculated with a factor extraction (Column 5). The available area is then multi- 3 plied by the estimated deposit thickness and the density of 2408 kg/m (Telford, Geldart, Sheriff and Keys factor(Column5xColumn6x17700), to give an esti- 1980). mate of the sand and gravel tonnage (Column 7) potentially available for extractive development and/or re- UNITS AND DEFINITIONS source protection. It should be noted however, that re- The measurements and other primary data avail- cent studies (Planning Initiatives Limited 1993a) have able for resource tonnage calculations are given in Met- shown that anywhere from 15 to 85% of this last figure ric units in the text and on the tables which accompany in any resource area may be further constrained or not the report. Data are generally rounded off in accordance accessible because of suchthings as environmental con- with the Ontario Metric Practices Guide (Ontario Inter- siderations (e.g., floodplains, environmentally sensitive ministerial Committee on National Standards and Spec- areas), lack of landowner interest, resident opposition or ifications 1975). other matters. The tonnage estimates made for sand and gravel de- Resource estimates are calculated for deposits of posits are termed possible resources (see Glossary, Ap- primary significance. Resource estimates for deposits pendix B) in accordance with terminology of the Ontar- of secondary and tertiary significance are not calculated io Resource Classification Scheme (Robertson 1975, in Table 3, however, the aggregate potential of these de- p.7) and with the Association of Professional Engineers posits is discussed in the report. of Ontario (1976).

5 Part II -- Data Presentation and Interpretation

Two maps, each portraying a different aspect of the makes up less than 35% of the whole deposit. “G” indi- aggregate resources in the report area, accompany the cates that the deposit contains more than 35% gravel. report. Map 1, “Sand and Gravel Resources”, gives a The “thicknessclass” indicates a depth range which comprehensive inventory and evaluation of the sand is related to the potential resource tonnage for each de- and gravel resources in the report area. Map 2, “Bed- posit. Four thickness class divisions have been estab- rock Resources”, shows the distribution of bedrock lished as shown in the legend for Map 1. formations, the thickness of overlying unconsolidated Two smaller sets of letters, divided from each other sediments and identifies the Selected Bedrock Resource by a horizontal line, follow the thickness class number. Areas. The upper series of letters identifies the geologic deposit type (the types are summarized with respect to their MAP 1: SAND AND GRAVEL main geologic and extractive characteristics in Appen- dix C), and the lower series of letters identifies the main RESOURCES quality limitations that may be present in the deposit as Map 1 shows the extent and quality of sand and discussed in the next section. gravel deposits within the study area and an evaluation of the aggregate resources. The map is derived from existing surficial geology maps of the area or from aerial photograph interpretation in areas where surficial mapping is incomplete. The present level of extractive activity is also indicated on Map 1. Those areas which are licenced for extraction under the Aggregate Resources Act are shown by a solid outline and identified by a number which refers to the pit descriptions in Table 2. Each description notes the owner/operator and licenced hectarage of the pit, as well as the estimated face height and percentage For example, the above symbol identifies an out- gravel. A number of unlicenced pits (abandoned pits or wash deposit 3 to 6 m thick containing more than 35% pits operating on demand under authority of a wayside gravel. Excess silt and clay may limit uses of the aggre- permit) are identified by a numbered dot on Map 1 and gate in the deposit described in Table 2. Similarly, test hole locations appear on Map 1 as a point symbol and are described in TEXTURE SYMBOL Table 7. The Texture Symbol provides a more detailed assessment of the grain size distribution of material Map 1 also presents a summary of available infor- sampled during field study. These symbols are derived mation related to the quality of aggregate contained in all the known aggregate deposits in the study area. from the information plotted on the aggregate grading curves found in the report. The relative amounts of Much of this information is contained in the symbols gravel, sand, and silt and clay in the sampled material which are found on the map. The Deposit Symbol ap- are shown graphically in the Texture Symbol by the sub- pears for each mapped deposit and summarizes impor- division of a circle into proportional segments. The fol- tant genetic and textural data. The Texture Symbol is a circular proportional diagram which displays the grain lowing example shows a hypothetical sample consisting size distribution of the aggregate in areas where bulk of 30% gravel, 60% sand and 10% silt and clay. samples were taken.

DEPOSIT SYMBOL The Deposit Symbol is similar to those used in soil mapping and land classification systems commonly in use in North America. The components of the symbol indicate the gravel content, thickness of material, origin Selected Sand and Gravel (type) and quality limitations for every deposit shown Resource Areas on Map 1. All the Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas The “gravel content” and “thickness class” are ba- are first delineated by geological boundaries and then sic criteria for distinguishing different deposits. The classified into 3 levels of significance: primary, secon- “gravel content” symbol is an upper case “S” or “G”. dary and tertiary. Each area of primary significance is The “S” indicates that the deposit is generally “sandy” given a deposit number and all such deposits are shown and that gravel-sized aggregate (greater than 4.75 mm) by dark shading on Map 1.

6 Regional Municipality of Waterloo

Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas of pri- Four indicators of the quality of aggregate may be mary significance are not permanent, single land use included in the deposit symbols. They are: gravel con- units. They represent areas in which a major re- tent (G or S), fines (C), oversize (O) and lithology (L). source is known to exist and may be reserved wholly Three of the quality indicators deal with grain size or partially for extractive development and/or re- distribution. The gravel content (G or S) indicates the source protection. This protection is now included in suitability of aggregate for various uses. Deposits con- many of the recently approved local and Regional/ taining at least 35% gravel in addition to a minimum of County Official Plans wherein primary, and in some 20% material greater than the 26.5 mm sieve are consid- cases resources of secondary significance, are identified ered to be the most favourable extractive sites, since this and protected in the Official Plan. content is the minimum from which crushed products Deposits of secondary significance are indicated by can be economically produced. medium shading on Map 1. Such deposits are believed Excess fines (high silt and clay content) may se- to contain significant amounts of sand and gravel. Al- verely limit the potential use of a deposit. Fines content though deposits of secondary significance are not con- in excess of 10% may impede drainage in road subbase sidered to be the “best” resources in the report area, they aggregate and render it more susceptible to the effects of maycontain large quantities of sand and gravel and frost action. In asphalt aggregate, excess fines hinder should be considered as part of the aggregate supply of the bonding of particles. Deposits known to have a high the area. fines content are indicated by a “C” in the quality por- Areas of tertiary significance are indicated by light tion of the Deposit Symbol. shading. They are not considered to be important re- Deposits containing more than 20% oversize mate- source areas because of their low available resources, or rial (greater than 10 cm in diameter) may also have use because of possible difficulties in extraction. Such limitations. The oversize component is unacceptable areas may be useful for local needs or extraction under a for uncrushed road base, so it must be either crushed or wayside permit but are unlikely to support large-scale removed during processing. Deposits known to have an development. appreciable oversize component are indicated by an The process by which deposits are evaluated and “O” in the quality portion of the Deposit Symbol. selected involves the consideration of 2 sets of criteria. Another indicator of the quality of an aggregate is The main selection criteria are site specific, related to lithology. Just as the unique physical and chemical the characteristics of individual deposits. Factors such properties of bedrock types determine their value for as deposit size, aggregate quality and deposit location use as crushed rock, so do various lithologies of par- and setting are considered in the selection of those de- ticles in a sand and gravel deposit determine its suitabil- posits best suited for extractive development. A second ity for various uses. The presence of objectionable set of criteria involves the assessment of local aggregate lithologies such as chert, siltstone and shale, even in rel- resources in relation to the quality, quantity and dis- atively small amounts, can result in a reduction in the tribution of resources in the region in which the report quality of an aggregate, especially for high quality uses area is located. The intent of such a process of evalua- such as concrete and asphalt. Similarly, highly weath- tion is to ensure the continuing availability of sufficient ered, very porous and friable rock can restrict the quali- resources to meet possible future demands. ty of an aggregate. Deposits known to contain objectionable lithologies are indicated by an “L” in the quali- SITE SPECIFIC CRITERIA ty component of the Deposit Symbol. If the Deposit Symbol shows either “C”, “O” or Deposit Size “L”, or any combination of these indicators, the quality of the deposit is considered to be reduced for some ag- Ideally, selected deposits should contain available gregate uses. No attempt is made to quantify the degree sand and gravel resources large enough to support a of limitation imposed. Assessment of the 4 indicators is commercial pit operation using a stationary or portable made from published data, from data contained in files processing plant. In practice, much smaller deposits of both the Ontario Ministry of Transportation (MTO) may be of significant value depending on the overall re- and the Sedimentary Geoscience Section of the Ontario sources in the rest of the project area. Generally, depos- Geological Survey and from field observations. its in Class 1 (greater than 6 m thick), and containing Quality data may also appear in Table 9, where the more than 35% gravel are considered to be most favour- results of MTO quality tests are listed by test type and able for commercial development. Thinner deposits sample location. The types of tests conducted and the may be valuable in areas with low total resources. test specifications are explained in Appendixes B and E, respectively. Aggregate Quality Analyses of unprocessed samples obtained from The limitations of natural aggregates for various test holes, pits or sample sites are plotted on grain size uses result from variations in the lithology of the par- distribution graphs. On the graphs are the Ontario Min- ticles comprising the deposit and from variations in the istry of Transportation’s gradation specification enve- size distribution of these particles. lopes for aggregate products: Granular A and Granular

7 ARIP 161

B Type 1; Hot-Laid Asphaltic Sand Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8; REGIONAL CONSIDERATIONS and concrete sand. By plotting the gradation curves In selecting sufficient areas for resource develop- with respect to the specification envelopes, it can be de- ment, it is important to assess both the local and the re- termined how well the unprocessed sampled material gional resource base, and to forecast future production meetsthe criteria for each product. These graphs, called and demand patterns. Aggregate Grading Curves, follow the tables in the report. Some appreciation of future aggregate requirements in an area may be gained by assessing its present production levels and by forecasting future production trends. Such an approach is based on the assumptions Location and Setting that production levels in an area closely reflect the demand, and that the present production “market share” of The location and setting of a resource area has a dian area will remain roughly at the same level. In most rect influence on its value for possible extraction. The cases, however, the market demand for aggregate prod- evaluation of a deposit’s setting is made on the basis of ucts, especially in urban areas, is greater than the natural, environmental and man-made features which amount of production found within the local market may limit or prohibit extractive development. area. Consequently, conflicts often arise between the First, the physical context of the deposit is consid- increasing demand for aggregates in such areas and the ered. Deposits with some physical constraint on extrac- frequent pressures to restrict aggregate operations, es- tive development, such as thick overburden or high wa- pecially in the near urban areas. ter table, are less valuable resource areas because of the The aggregate resources in the region surrounding difficulties involved in resource recovery. Second, per- a project area should be assessed in order to properly manent man-made features, such as roads, railways, evaluate specific resource areas and to adopt optimum power lines and housing developments, which are built resource management plans. For example, an area that on a deposit, may prohibit its extraction. The constrain- has large resources in comparison to its surrounding re- ing effect of legally required setbacks surrounding such gion constitutes a regionally significant resource area. features is included in the evaluation. A quantitative as- Areas with high resources in proximity to large demand sessment of these constraints can be made by measure- centres, such as metropolitan areas, are special cases. ment of their areal extent directly from the topographic Although an appreciation of the regional context is maps. The area rendered unavailable by these features required to develop comprehensive resource manage- is shown for each resource area in Table 3 (Column 3). ment techniques, such detailed evaluation is beyond the In addition to man-made and cultural features, cer- scope of this report. The selection of resource areas made in this study is based primarily on geological data tain natural features, such as provincially significant or on considerations outlined in preceding sections. wetlands, may prove to be contraints. In this report such constraints have not been outlined and the reader is ad- vised to consult with municipal planning staff and the MAP 2: BEDROCK RESOURCES local office of the MNR for information on these mat- Map 2 is an interpretative map derived from bed- ters. Depending on the number and type of constraints, rock geology, drift thickness and bedrock topography anywhere from a minimum of 15 to 85% of an individu- maps, water well data from the Ontario Ministry of the al licence or resource area can become inaccessible Environment and Energy (MOEE), oil and gas well data when these or other specific local constraints are con- from the Non-Renewable Resources Section (Ontario sidered (Planning Initiatives Limited 1993a). Ministry of Natural Resources), and from geotechnical The assessment of sand and gravel deposits with re- test hole data from various sources. Map 2 is based on spect to local land use and to private land ownership is concepts similar to those outlined for Map 1. an important component of the general evaluation pro- The geological boundaries of the Paleozoic bed- cess. Since the approval under the Planning Act of the rock units are shown by dashed lines. Isolated Paleozoic Mineral Aggregate Resource Policy Statement outcrops are indicated by an “X”. Three sets of contour (MARPS) in the mid 1980s and the Comprehensive Set linesdelineate areasof lessthan 1 m of drift, areasof 1 to of Policy Statements, including MARPS, in March 8 m of drift, and areas of 8 to 15 m of drift. The extent of 1995, many of the more recently approved local and re- these areas of thin drift are shown by 3 shades of grey. gional Official Plans now contain detailed policies re- The darkest shade indicates where bedrock outcrops or garding the location and operation of aggregate extrac- is within 1 m of the ground surface. These areas consti- tion activity and should be consulted at an early date in tute potential resource areas because of their easy ac- regard to considering the establishment of an aggregate cess. The medium shade indicates areaswhere drift cov- extraction operation. These aspects of the evaluation er is up to 8 m thick. Quarrying is possible in this depth process are not considered further in this report, but of overburden and these zones also represent potential readers are encouraged to discuss them with personnel resource areas. The lightest shade indicates bedrock of the pertinent office of MNR, and regional and local areas overlain by 8 to 15 m of overburden. These latter planning officials. areas constitute resources which have extractive value

8 Regional Municipality of Waterloo only in specific circumstances. Outside of these delin- the bedrock units found in southern Ontario are summa- eated areas, the bedrock can be assumed to be covered rized in Appendix D. by more than 15 m of overburden, a depth generally Deposit “size” is related directly to the areal extent considered to be too great to allow economic extraction of thin drift cover overlying favourable bedrock forma- (unless part of the overburden is composed of economi- tions. Since vertical and lateral variations in bedrock cally attractive deposits). units are much more gradual than in sand and gravel de- Other inventory information presented on Map 2 is posits, the quality and quantity of the resource are usual- designed to give an indication of the present level of ex- ly consistent over large areas. tractive activity in the report area. Those areas which Quality of the aggregate derived from specific bed- are licenced for extraction under the Aggregate Re- rock units is established by the performance standards sources Act are shown by a solid outline and identified previously mentioned. Location and setting criteria and by a number which refers to the quarry descriptions in regional considerations are identical to those for sand Table 5. Each description notes the owner/operator, li- and gravel deposits. cenced hectarage and an estimate of face height. Unli- cenced quarries (abandoned quarries or wayside quar- Selected Resource Areas ries operating on demand under authority of a permit) are also identified and numbered on Map 2 and de- Selection of Bedrock Resource Areas has been re- scribed in Table 5. Two additional symbols may appear stricted to a single level of significance. Three factors on the map. An open dot indicates the location of a se- support this approach. First, quality and quantity varia- lected water well which penetrates bedrock. The over- tions within a specific geological formation are gradual. burden thickness in metres, is shown beside the open Second the areal extent of a given quarry operation is dot. Similarly, test hole locations appear as a point sym- much smaller than that of a sand and gravel pit produc- bol with the depth to bedrock, in metres, shown beside ing an equivalent tonnage of material, and third, since it. The test holes may be further described in Table 7. crushed bedrock has a higher unit value than sand and gravel, longer haul distances can be considered. These factors allow the identification of alternative sites hav- Selection Criteria ing similar development potential. The Selected Areas, if present, are shown on Map 2 by a line pattern and the Criteria equivalent to those used for sand and grav- calculated potential tonnages are given in Table 6. el deposits are used to select bedrock areas most favour- Selected Bedrock Resource Areas shown on Map able for extractive development. 2 are not permanent, single land use units. They rep- The evaluation of bedrock resources is made pri- resent areas in which a major bedrock resource is marily on the basis of performance and suitability data known to exist and may be reserved wholly or par- established by laboratory testing at the Ontario Ministry tially for extractive development and/or resource of Transportation. The main characteristics and uses of protection, within an Official Plan.

9 Part III -- Assessment of Aggregate Resources in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo

LOCATION AND POPULATION PHYSIOGRAPHY AND

The Regional Municipality of Waterloo occupies SURFICIAL GEOLOGY an area of 134 270 ha in southwestern Ontario (Ontario The physiography and distribution of unconsolidat- Ministry of Municipal Affairs 1992). The cities and ed surficial materials within the Regional Municipality townships are represented on the 1:50 000 scale map of Waterloo are largely the result of glacial activity that sheets of the National Topographic System (NTS) num- took place in the late Wisconsinan substage of the Pleis- bered 40P/7, 40P/8, 40P/9 and 40P/10. tocene Epoch, from about 23 000 to 10 000 years befo- represent. This period was marked by the repeated ad- In 1991, the population of the Regional Municipali- vance and melting of continental ice sheets. In general, ty of Waterloo was 370 330 (Chart A) with the area pro- ice fluctuated from minor centres (lobes) in the lake ba- jected to grow to a population of approximately 558 000 sins. The Region of Waterloo was at times affected by in the following 25 years. glacial ice from 3 lobes. The western portion of the region was affected by the Huron lobe, the northern part The Regional Municipality of Waterloo comprises by the Georgian Bay lobe and the southern and eastern both large urban areas consisting of the cities of Kitch- part of the region by the Ontario lobe. At the meeting of ener, Waterloo and Cambridge and other smaller urban these lobes, end moraines and interlobate moraines, areas such as Wellesley, Elmira, NewHamburg and Ayr. such as the Waterloo Interlobate Moraine, the Breslau The townships of North Dumfries, Wellesley, Wilmot Moraine and the Paris Moraine, were formed. Locating and Woolwich are predominantly rural in character with economically viable gravel resources in these areas is numerous small settlement areas and a healthy agricul- often difficult because of the overall sandy character of tural base. the moraines. Road access in the townships and urban areas is As the glacial ice melted, outwash sands and grav- provided by a network of regional and local township els were deposited at the ice marginsand major spillway roads. Major highways, including Highway 401, also systems developed along the present day Speed and traverse the Regional Municipality and provides North Grand river valleys. A number of spillway terraces Dumfries Township and areas along the Grand River formed by successive water levels contain variable ready access to major transportation routes. In addi- thicknesses of sand and gravel. Almost half of the re- tion, Highways 7, 8, 24 and 86 connect the outlying gion’s sand and gravel resource areas of primary signifi- areas to the larger Kitchener--Waterloo--Cambridge ur- cance are located along these river valleys. These de- ban areas. posits represent a major source of high quality aggre-

______Chart A -- Area and Population REGIONAL MUNICIPALITY OF WATERLOO POPULATION ______MUNICIPALITY LAND AREA 1981 1991 (ha) POPULATION POPULATION ______City of Cambridge 11 260 77 170 89 953 City of Kitchener 13 350 142 193 163 923 City of Waterloo 6 605 59 646 72 062 Twp. Of N. Dumfries 18 722 4 965 6 541 Twp. Of Wellesley 27 160 6 770 8 021 Twp. Of Wilmot 25 275 10 925 12 699 Twp. Of Woolwich 31 898 16 490 17 131 TOTAL 134 270 318 159 370 330 ______

10 Regional Municipality of Waterloo gate but because of their proximity to urban areas, some duced to 1 to 3 percent. This trend has been demon- have been sterilized and others are nearly depleted. strated by previous MTO work (Ingham and Dunikows- The western half of the Township of North Dum- ka-Koniuszy 1965). fries is covered predominantly by a pitted outwash plain The coarseness factor is also discussed by Ingham created by meltwater at the ice margin. Extraction of and Dunikowska-Koniuszy (1965). It was noted that the sand and gravel has occurred from this deposit for many majority of chert in gravels is concentrated in the 1.18 years. The deposit continues to provide an important mm and 0.50 mm particle size fraction. Therefore, if the source of material for the region as evidenced by a num- gravel in chert-rich zones contains mainly fine-gravel ber of recent and ongoing applications for new licences. sized particles, the double effect of areal predominance Given its proximity to Highway 401, it is anticipated of chert and the concentration of cherty particles in the that there will be greater pressure for aggregate extrac- fine-gravel sized particles can make the gravel unac- tion within the township. ceptable for hot-mix asphalt paving and Portland ce- The Waterloo Interlobate Moraine covers most of ment concrete uses. While the presence of chert mainly the Township of Wilmot. This moraine contains exten- influence the quality of coarse aggregate, it can also ren- sive ice-contact and glaciofluvial stratified deposits ei- der fine aggregates unsuitable for these uses. This is ther at the surface or buried beneath till units. The west- caused by the high percentage of chert in the coarse par- ern third of the township and the northwestern two- ticle sizes of the fine aggregate. thirds of Wellesley Township are covered by the Strat- The effect of the presence of chert is threefold. ford Till Plain described by Chapman and Putnam Firstly, the white coloured “chalky” leached chert can (1984) as having a gently undulating surface, typical of “pop-out” from Portland cement structural and paving ground moraine. This till plain has very low potential concrete and from surface course hot-mix asphalt pave- for aggregate extraction. ments due to its high water absorption and frost susceptibility. Secondly, the presence of chert, even in small amounts, can make gravel or sand unsuitable for Port- QUALITY OF AGGREGATES land cement concrete due to reactivity with the alkalisin The Regional Municipality of Waterloo has pro- Portland cement. Thirdly, a high percentage of un- vided high quality aggregates for the construction in- leached chert/cherty carbonates (approximately 20 per- dustry for over 50 years. Aggregate use and quality data cent) may require use of anti-stripping additives in as- obtained from MTO and other sources indicate that ag- phalt cement for hot-mix asphalt paving. gregate from most of the deposits within the region has Fortunately, with the exception of a few deposits in been acceptable for the production of Granular A, B and the western part of Wellesley and the southwestern part M and hot laid asphalt paving HL2, HL3, HL4 and HL8 of Wilmot townships chert does not affect the aggregate coarse and fine aggregates. Some of the deposits have of the Regional Municipality of Waterloo for hot-mix also produced Portland cement concrete coarse and fine asphalt and Portland cement concrete uses. In some aggregates. instances, coarse gravels even have the potential to pro- The acceptance for hot-mix paving and concrete duce very high quality aggregate, such as heavy duty aggregates is not, however, totally uniform. While there and medium duty binder hot-mix asphalt pavements and is a minor presence of some soft porous dolostone, most high strength concrete if only the +76.5 mm sizes are likely originating from the Guelph Formation, and some used in the crushing process. Sands for hot-mix asphalt glacially transported brittle gneisses and granites de- paving uses often require blending to correct grain size rived from the Canadian Shield, there are two other distribution deficiencies. This is considered a normal main factors that affect quality. First, the presence of procedure for these uses. There are no quality limita- chert and second, the coarseness of the gravel in the de- tions for Granular A, B and M and sand production used posits. by the construction industry, other than possible grain The presence of chert in surficial materials isgener- size distribution problems. ally attributed to glacial erosion of the Lower Devonian Since the great majority of the region is covered by Bois Blanc Formation. The formation, a chert-rich thick glacial drift, the quality of the bedrock is of lesser limestone, forms a 10 to 20 km wide, northwesterly importance. However, since the Guelph Formation out- trending band that underlies the glacial drift in the west- crops in the City of Cambridge and in the eastern part of ern part of Wellesley and Wilmot townships. Through North Dumfries Township, it contributes significantly various glacial actions of the Georgian Bay lobe many to the aggregate potential of the region. The Guelph chert-rich clasts were derived from this formation and Formation is mainly composed of soft, high purity dolo- incorporated into the local surficial aggregate deposits. stone which may, if pure enough, be used for the produc- Consequently, in the western part of Wellesey and Wil- tion of chemical lime and metallurgical rock. For ag- mot townships chert concentrations of up to 20 percent gregate use the Guelph Formation is generally consid- may be found in some deposits. Elsewhere, chert may ered too soft and is not weather resistant enough to be be present but not in significant quantities. In general, used for high-quality aggregate. However, it is possible the chert content decreases in a southeasterly direction. that in between the reef-like structures of the Guelph In Woolwich and North Dumfries townships, it is re- Formation harder and more competent dolostones may

11 ARIP 161 exist. The Salina Formation has the potential to produce ing coarse aggregates, HL2, HL3, HL4 and HL8 and salt, gypsum and anhydrite from its evaporite beds, but Portland cement concrete coarse and fine aggregates is not likely to produce acceptable aggregates. The Bois with appropriate processing. The possible exception Blanc Formation, due to its chert content, could produce may be the western part of Wellesley Township, where suitable aggregate for Granular A, B and M only. The excessive chert content makes the aggregate unsuitable Bass Islands Formation contains relatively sound dolo- for hot-mix asphalt and Portland cement concrete uses. stone which could have potential for high quality aggre- High quality bedrock is in demand for applications gate uses. In the region the latter 2 formations are cov- such as: 1) hot-mix paving used on heavily travelled ered with thick overburden making quarry operations highways and roads, such as Highway 401, 2) heavy uneconomical. The best quality bedrock present in the duty and medium duty binder courses for municipal ar- region is found in the Amabel Formation. This forma- terial roads and 3) high strength concrete for high rise tion underlies the Guelph Formation and could be ex- office towers and structures. posed in quarries once the Guelph Formation has been removed. SELECTED SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCE AREAS EXTRACTIVE ACTIVITY Map 1 shows all the surficial deposits that contain Currently there are 81 licenced sand and gravel pits sand and gravel in the Regional Municipality of Water- in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, with much of loo. In the region, the total area occupied by the 36 Se- the aggregate activity taking place within the Township lected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas of primary sig- of North Dumfries and along the Grand River. Average nificance is approximately 14 300 ha (Table 3). Howev- aggregate production within the region over the five er, because of constraints including areas previously ex- year period from 1989 to 1993 was approximately 5.5 tracted or areas being extracted, cultural constraints million tonnes annually, with the largest annual produc- such as urban areas, provincial parks and conservation tion coming from the Township of North Dumfries. Ex- areas as well as physical constraints like roads, rail- tractive activity for the region is summarized on Chart ways, rivers, lakes and ponds, the possible area avail- B. able for extraction is reduced to 9693 ha. Within the Township of North Dumfries, the cities It must be noted, however, that further restrictions of Kitchener, Waterloo and Cambridge, and the Town- on the area actually available or accessible for extrac- ship of Woolwich, the majority of extraction has oc- tion may occur because of provincially or regionally curred from the various outwash deposits that are lo- significant wetlands or other sensitive natural heritage cated along the Grand and Nith rivers and their tribu- features that are not taken account of in this report. taries. Aggregate use and quality data obtained from the Most of these resources have considerable value be- MTO and other sources indicate that, in the past, the ag- cause of ample deposit size, thickness and/or quality of gregate from these deposits has been acceptable for the the material. Selected sand and gravel resources that are production of Granular A, B and M, hot laid asphalt pav- considered to be of primary significance are designated

______Chart B -- Extractive Activity REGIONAL MUNICIPALITY OF WATERLOO ______

Township/ Average Annual Number of Total Licenced Municpality Aggregate Licences Area (ha) Production Pits Quarries Pits Quarries 1989--93 (Tonnes) ______

Cities of Kitchener and Waterloo 699 000 9 0 327.46 0 City of Cambridge/ Wellesley Twp. 723 000 10 0 413.25 0 North Dumfries 2 312 000 31 0 1283.44 0 Wilmot 745 000 12 0 439.26 0 Woolwich 983 000 19 0 652.85 0 Total 5 462 000 81 0 3116.26 0 ______

12 Regional Municipality of Waterloo on Map 1. The listing of resource areas is not according Selected Sand and Gravel to size or importance, but rather according to geographi- cal location from northwest to southeast across the re- Resource Area 3 gion. The Hawkesville Moraine is a north trending ridge approximately 2.5 km long that dominates the surrounding landscape of east-central Wellesley Town- Selected Sand and Gravel ship. Its hummocky, kettled nature suggests that it contains ice-contact stratified drift. Several detailed sedi- Resource Area 1 mentological studies of the deposit have been undertaken through examination of the numerous faces exposed A hummocky kame deposit, straddling the western in the gravel operations (Bowes 1976; Kuehl 1975). boundary of Wellesley Township, represents Selected The deposit can be best described as a glaciofluvial-del- Sand and Gravel Resource Area 1. The deposit has been taic complex with a central gravel core that is flanked, selected for possible resource protection in Mornington locally, by sands. The deposit indicates a general south- Township, Perth County. In Wellesley Township no li- ward fining of sediments suggesting that large volumes cencing for sand and gravel extraction has occurred in of meltwater and sediments flowed southward into a this deposit possibly because of distance from markets. body of water. It is presumed that the deposits were Consequently, a more thorough investigation of the de- formed in an interlobate position, in close proximity to 2 posit is required before the quality of the material is ice lobes, one ice front retreating northwestward, the known. other ice front retreating eastward. Judging by its similarity with other deposits in the A large portion of this resource area is currently li- area it is possible that clay and silt seams and objection- cenced to 3 operators (Pit Nos. 3, 4 and 5) so that only an able amounts of chert may be present. Although small estimated 3 ha remains unlicenced. Nevertheless, pos- in area, this deposit is selected for protection because of sible resources of 0.9 million tonnes are estimated to be a lack of other materials available in the northern part of available above the water table in the remaining unli- the township. Because of the lack of information a cenced parts of the deposit. This estimate is based upon minimum deposit thickness of 6 m has been used to esti- an assumed deposit thickness of 16 m, although current mate a possible resource of 3.2 million tonnes in the 30 pit faces range up to 20 m. Water well records and other ha potentially available for extraction (Table 3). evidence suggest that an additional 18 m of aggregate might also exist belowthe water table. All 3 licencesare currently allowed to extract below water, but as of yet Selected Sand and Gravel none have commenced below water extraction. Resource Area 2 An earlier study by Bryant and McLellan (1974) found the gravel content to be between 40 and 60 per- A kame deposit situated northwest of the hamlet of cent. Deleterious materials noted by the authors include Wellesley has provided local supplies of aggregate and chert (2 to 3 percent), brittle granite-gneiss and shale fill for many years. The deposit currently has 3 licenced clasts. Karrow (1963) has suggested a higher percent- operations (Pit Nos. 7, 8 and 9) with pit faces ranging age of chert, probably derived from the Bois Blanc from 8 to 20 m. All properties are also permitted to al- Formation, may be present. Small percentages of dele- low future extraction below the water table. The deposit terious constitutents do not detract from the perfor- trends northwest and lies within the western part of the mance of granular base course and similar materials, Waterloo Interlobate Moraine. The ice-contact strati- however, if the chert content is in fact present in objec- fied materials are poorly exposed as the deposit has tionable quantities then problems may occur. Licenced been partially buried by sediments associated with a lat- sources within the area are capable of producing accept- er advance of glacial ice from the northwest. able Portland cement concrete and hot-mix paving coarse and fine aggregates with suitable processing. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 2 occupies a total of 184 ha, of which 83 ha could be utilized Selected Sand and Gravel for aggregate resource extraction. Assuming a deposit thickness of 14 m,possible aggregate resources are esti- Resource Area 4 mated to be 21 million tonnes (Table 3) Gravel content Situated in the northern corner of Woolwich Town- is estimated to be 35 percent, however, the MTOconsid- ship, Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 4 is an ers this deposit a marginal crushing prospect. The de- outwash gravel deposit of moderate thickness. Several posit exhibits variable grading and the presence of clay unlicenced properties (Pit Nos. 32, 33 and 34) are over- and silt seams are present. In places 1 to 2 m of overbur- grown, but faces expose 2 to 10 m of moderately to well- den stripping is required. Chert content may be high sorted gravelly sand, with poorly graded and silty sec- enough to cause problems in meeting concrete specifi- tions. Quality testing by the MTO has rated sources cations as well as in hot-mix asphalt paving uses. How- within this deposit as moderate to high. Granular mate- ever, because there are few large deposits in this area, it rials may be suitable for producing a wide range of prod- provides an important local source of material. ucts including HL4 and HL8 asphaltic mixes and Gran-

13 ARIP 161 ular A, B and M (Deike 1982). A low chert content (2 to constraints include the presence of objectionable quan- 3 percent in Pit No. 34) has been noted and should not- tities of oversize material and lithologies such as chert detract from the overall performance of the aggregate. and sandstone. The Woolwich portion should be capa- This resource area has no major cultural ble of supplying granular base and surfacing aggregate. constraints, and can be accessed by Regional Road 21. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 7 con- After subtracting cultural setbacks, 52 ha, containing tains 22 ha available for possible resource extraction. possible resources of up to 4.6 million tonnes, could be Assuming a deposit thickness of 6 m possible resources available for extraction (Table 3). are estimated to be 2.4 million tonnes (Table 3). Selected Sand and Gravel Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 5 Resource Area 8 This outwash deposit lies northeast of the commu- Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 8 consists nity of Floradale in Woolwich Township and is thought of 2 terraced outwash deposits. The eastern part of the to have been deposited by meltwaters derived from the resource area contains 2 licenced properties (Pit Nos. 17 Huron and Georgian Bay ice lobes. Test results from and 19) that are situated near the hamlet of West Mon- MTO files show that a now depleted and overgrown pit trose. Pit faces of 4 to 12 m reveal horizontal beds of (Pit No. 35), exposed sand with silty sections; the mate- massive or stratified sandy gravel. Gravel content of up rial was acceptable for only limited number of aggre- to 50 percent allows the material to produce crushed gate products. In contrast, testing of the Township of products although average gravel size is generally Woolwich licenced property (Pit No. 13) has shown that small. In the most southerly pit exposures, stratified granular materials are acceptable for a wide range of fine sands overlie massive sandy gravels. crushed products including HL4 and HL8 asphaltic Testing by the MTOhas only evaluated the suitabil- mixes. ity of the deposit for granular base course products. Cultural setbacks reduce the area available for pos- Judging by the general high quality of other deposits in sible extraction to 83 ha. Assuming an average deposit the township, asphalt and concrete specifications can thickness of 4 m, possible aggregate resources are esti- likely be met, although sand may require blending mated to be a maximum of 5.9 million tonnes (Table 3). (Deike 1982). Testing of a sample from unlicenced Pit No. 42 confirms this, as its petrographic number is 100 Selected Sand and Gravel for both granular and hot-mix concrete uses and the sample contains no chert or cherty carbonates (Table 9). Resource Area 6 The thickness of the deposit gradually decreases to- This segment of the Elmira Moraine has a hum- wards the west. A largely depleted 11.19 ha licenced mocky, undulating character, typical of ice-contact de- property (Pit No. 18) located in the western part of the posits. Pit faces in an active and extensively developed resource area has faces ranging from 3 to 6 m that ex- property (Pit No. 14) reveal irregular interbedding of pose gravelly sand to sandy gravel. Material from this sand and rounded to subrounded gravel. Testing of sev- pit was assigned a moderate use by the MTO and was eral sites by the MTO has shown the deposit capable of considered suitable to supply Granular A, B and M. The producing a wide range of granular road base aggregate material, with selection and sand control, could meet and asphaltic mixes. The sand fraction grades both specifications for asphaltic uses (Deike 1982). coarse and fine, thereby requiring selection and blend- After considering cultural setbacks, 438 ha are ing for some uses. A chert content of 3 to 5 percent has available for possible resource extraction. Assuming an been noted (Deike 1982). overall thickness of 6 m, possible resources are esti- Cultural setbacks leave 62 ha available for possible mated to be 46.5 million tonnes (Table 3). The deposit is resource extraction. Assuming a minimum deposit well situated with respect to transportation routes in be- thickness of 6 m, possible resources are estimated to be ing able to supply local and regional markets. Currently 6.6 million tonnes (Table 3). 2 of the 3 licenced properties are extracting material from below the water. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 7 Selected Sand and Gravel A large gravel ridge of ice-contact stratified drift Resource Area 9 identified in Pilkington Township, Wellington County Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 9 in extends into the northeastern corner of Woolwich Woolwich Township is a terraced outwash deposit lying Township. Although there has been no extractive devel- on the east side of the Grand River. The deposit extends opment in the segment present in Woolwich Township, to the northeast into Pilkington Township. Two small 4 pit operations in adjacent Pilkington Township exhibit unlicenced pits (Pit Nos. 39 and 40), with face heights of highly variable gravel contents and poorly stratified 5 and 2 m, respectively, have supplied local granular sand and gravel with silt and fine sand layers. Quality road base requirements. These pits contain clean, well

14 Regional Municipality of Waterloo graded, sandy gravel with a gravel content of approxi- and HL8 asphaltic mixes and structural concrete but be- mately 60 percent. cause of their variable character may contain fine- to No detailed test information is available for this coarse-sand (Deike 1982). area. Deposit thickness may vary with each terrace. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 11 is well Due to its location, it is expected that the chert content situated to supply local quantities of high quality aggre- within the deposit is low. Consequently, the material gate, as it is located along Regional Road 86. The total may be suitable for HL4 and HL8 coarse and fine aggre- area available for possible extraction is approximately gate specifications. Material testing would be required 49 ha, however, cultural setbacks and depleted sections to confirm this. reduce the potentially available area to 35 ha. Assum- The resource area covers 219 ha, of which 199 ha ing an average deposit thickness of 11 m, possible re- are available for resource protection. Assuming an av- sources are estimated to be 6.8 million tonnes (Table 3). erage deposit thickness of 5 m, approximately 17.6 million tonnes of possible resources may be available Selected Sand and Gravel (Table 3). Resource Area 12 Selected resource area 12 consists of 2 outwash de- Selected Sand and Gravel posits that lie in the eastern part of Woolwich Township, Resource Area 10 along Regional Road 86. Although similar in character, the 2 deposits have different thicknesses and have been Selected resource area 10 consists of an outwash labelled separately as areas 12A and 12B on Map 1. terrace situated on the east side of the Grand River Two licenced operations (Pits Nos. 21 and 22) are valley south of West Montrose. With the exception of found in area 12A, the thicker, southern outwash depos- one small pit (Pit No. 44) there has been no extraction it. Five to 10 m faces expose 2 major textural units. The from the area. Two to 3 m of well sorted, clean gravel is upper 2 m is composed of clean, well sorted, cross- exposed in the upper outwash terrace of this deposit. bedded, fine- to medium-coarse sand. Water well re- This deposit, like other outwash terraces along the cords for siteslocated immediately south of Regional Grand River, can be expected to yield high quality ag- Road 86 show medium sand to a depth of approximately gregate suitable for a variety of uses. 5 m with clay and hardpan at lower depths. Further After allowing for cultural setbacks, 103 ha could west, water well records indicate gravel to a depth of 9 be available for extraction. Assuming a deposit thick- m. The lower, massive unit contains sandy gravel with ness of 5 m possible resources are estimated to be 9.1 silty sections. These pits have been given a moderate million tonnes (Table 3). use rating by the MTO and are considered suitable for supplying Granular A, B and M. Evaluation for higher Selected Sand and Gravel specification uses has not yet been undertaken. Resource Area 11 Although no pits have been opened in area 12B, it is expected that materials and aggregate products similar Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 11 con- to those found in area 12A could be extracted. Water sists of a segment of the Guelph Esker that parallels Re- well records indicate that the deposit has an average gional Road 86, near Zuber Corners. A 3.5 ha licenced depth of 3 m. property (Pit No. 20) having 9 to 15 m facesis situated at After considering cultural setbacks, the total area its western end. Several other abandoned and now available for possible extraction in Selected Sand and largely overgrown extraction sites have also been iden- Gravel Resource Areas 12A and 12B are 62 ha and 158 tified (Pit No. 43). Detailed geological mapping by ha respectively. Assuming an overall thickness of 7 m Bowes (1976) indicated that a core of massive bedded for area 12A and an average of 3 m for area 12B, a total gravel could be extracted. Beds of fine- to medium- of up to 16.1 million tonnes of possible sand and gravel sand on the flanks were not often extracted. At the west- resources could be available for extraction in the 2 de- ern end, the main esker ridge separates into 3 ridges. Al- posits (Table 3). though the massive gravel core is still present, flanking sections are much more variable and contain crossbedded, fine- to medium-sand, massive sand and silt- Selected Sand and Gravel clay units. Bowes (1976) suggested that the main ridge Resource Area 13 of the esker represents a subglacial channel deposited Thislarge terraced outwash deposit, located west of by westward flowing water. Distributary features at the Winterbourne, includes a small indistinct northeast western end represent deposition at an ice margin as the trending esker segment. Limited pit exposures indicate esker stream entered a standing body of water or an out- that thin outwash material in the upper terraces overlies wash channel. ice-contact material. A 3 to 9 m face in the property cur- Detailed testing by the MTO has shown that the rently licenced (Pit No. 23) shows sandy outwash grav- esker material can supply Granular A, B and M. The el. Testing of material for a recent licence expansion massive gravel core presents a suitable crushing source. provided petrographic numbers in the range of 108 to The pits may, with selection, be suitable to supply HL4 125 (Kleinfeldt Group 1992). Recent testing of a sam-

15 ARIP 161 ple from this pit indicates that the aggregate is suitable Selected Sand and Gravel for Granular A, B and M, and with appropriate processing, hot-mix paving and Portland cement concrete Resource Area 15 coarse and fine aggregates. The petrographic number of Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 15 con- the sample is 100 for both granular and hot-mix consists of a moderately dissected outwash terrace situated crete uses. The sample does not contain any chert/ immediately southwest of the community of Conesto- cherty carbonates (Table 9). This pit provides a good go. Recent residential developments have covered the source of crushable material although faces at lower northeastern portion of this resource area. Despite the levels reveal clean, medium- to coarse-sand. If present lack of extractive development, its location and similar- in excess amounts the sand could present operational ity to other spillway-outwash depositssituated along the problems for extractive development. Grand River suggests the presence of high quality aggregate. Information from local water well records sug- The resource area covers approximately 335 ha, gests, however, that the northern half of the resource however, this is reduced by cultural setbacksto an avail- area, especially that area farthest west of the river, is able area of 243 ha. Possible aggregate resources are es- clay-rich and contains little or no commercial aggre- timated to be 25.8 million tonnes assuming an average gate. The resource area originally designated has been deposit thickness of 6 m. The resource area is well situ- reduced to exclude the clay-rich portion and the residen- ated in regard to major transportation routes. tial development area. Cultural setbacks associated with the community Selected Sand and Gravel of Conestogo, and the known clay presence in the northern half of the area, reduce the area available for pos- Resource Area 14 sible resource protection to 70 ha. Assuming an overall deposit thickness of 5 m, estimated possible resources Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 14 con- are 6.2 million tonnes (Table 3). The deposit is well sit- sists of a valley terrace situated along the Conestogo uated with respect to major transportation routes. River. The surface of the deposit is flat to moderately dissected. The community of St. Jacobs partially covers the deposit. This urban area has been delineated by a Selected Sand and Gravel cultural constraint boundary on Map 1 and deleted from Resource Area 16 resource calculations. Selected resource area 16 is an outwash deposit sit- On the west side of St. Jacobs, an unlicenced pit (Pit uated along the Grand River that extends southward No. 47) exposed well graded gravels in a 4 m face. Test from Woolwich Township into the City of Waterloo. Pit results from the MTO indicated the material was suit- faces of 5 m in a licenced gravel pit (Pit No. 26) reveal able for a variety of granular base products, and with sandy coarse gravel. Although detailed test information blending, asphaltic fine aggregate. Recent, local indus- is not available, the pit is suitable for a wide range of trial growth has further reduced the access to aggregate uses, with gravel content of 60 percent. It is expected resources in this area. that the deposit contains gravel suitable for high quality uses. A sample collected for this study (Sample KI-- Testing by MTO in the larger portion of the re- SS--1) provided a petrographic number of 111.3 for source area situated southeast of St. Jacobs (Pit Nos. 48, granular use and 132.1 for hot-mix and concrete uses. 49 and 50) has shown that the material is suitable for The sample contains 8.5 percent chert/cherty carbon- most granular base products. A relatively high percent- ates (Table 9). age of sand in the deposit and pockets of coarse gravel, Within the City of Waterloo, a portion of the depos- necessitates selective extraction methods to produce it is unavailable because of estate residential develop- Granular A. The sand also grades coarse and fine, ne- ment. Although there are no pits opened in the Waterloo cessitating blending for asphaltic uses. Chert, in the 8 to portion of the resource area, a licenced property (Pit No. 15 percent range, has been noted in sections where fin- 26) in the same deposit within the Township ofWool- er-grained material predominates. Certain benefici- wich shows about 5 m of sandy coarse gravel. ation measures such as selective crushing or the inclu- sion of crushed oversize boulders could provide a suit- Resource area 16 occupies a total of 190 ha (exclu- able product for asphalt and structural concrete (Deike sive of licenced properties) of which 125 ha are present- 1982). ly available for extraction. Assuming an average thickness of 6 m, possible resources of sand and gravel are Cultural setbacks, the recent growth of St. Jacobsas estimated to be 13.3 million tonnes (Table 3). a tourist area, industrial growth and previously extracted areas reduce the area available for possible re- Selected Sand and Gravel source extraction to 150 ha. Assuming an overall thickness of 5 m, possible resources are estimated to be 13.3 Resource Area 17 million tonnes (Table 3). The resource area is well situ- Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 17 con- ated with respect to major transportation routes with Re- sists of a terraced outwash deposit situated along the gional Road 86 dissecting the resource area. Grand River valley, east of the Village of Conestogo.

16 Regional Municipality of Waterloo

This deposit has not been tested by MTO. At a depleted 1989). When cultural constraints and previous extrac- licenced property a 4 m face reveals uniformly bedded tion are considered, the resource area covers approxi- sandy gravel with fine- to medium-sand lenses. The mately 154 ha. Assuming an average depth of 5 m pos- gravel is of good crushable size, which should yield sible resources are calculated to be 13.6 million tonnes good quality aggregate suitable for granular base prod- (Table 3). Parts of this resource area may also be ucts. constrained by high water tables due to its location adja- A golf course and an estate residential subdivision cent to the Grand River. have recently been developed over a large portion of this resource area. When combined with additional ru- Selected Sand and Gravel ral residential development along the roadways, the ma- Resource Area 20 jority of this resource area is constrained for extractive development except for the 2 “tails” and a portion of the Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 20 is a ter- centre of resource area. It is expected that the area con- raced outwash deposit located along the Grand River tains high quality aggregates similar to adjacent areas. that stretches through the east part of Bridgeport. This deposit was initially described as an outwash sand (Kar- After accounting for cultural setbacks such as the row 1963) but an existing pit exposure (Pit No. 52) re- golf course, estate residential development and roads, veals a high gravel content (60 percent). No major qual- 233 ha are considered potentially available for possible ity constraints have been noted. In the southern portion resource extraction. Assuming an overall deposit thick- of the resource area a licenced pit (Pit No. 30) shows ness of 5 m, 20.6 million tonnes of possible resources face heights of 5 m and gravel content of approximately are estimated (Table 3). 65 percent. Approximately 158 ha of the total 240 ha are avail- Selected Sand and Gravel able for possible resource development, after account- Resource Area 18 ing for cultural constraints. It is estimated that the area contains 14 million tonnes of possible sand and gravel Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 18 is a resources, assuming an average deposit thickness of 5 m large outwash deposit located near the community of (Table 3). Bloomingdale. In licenced Pit No. 27 a 3 to 6 m face is worked on several terrace levels. The exposure reveals uniformly bedded gravel with a gravel content of Selected Sand and Gravel approximately 70 percent. Material from this source Resource Area 21 has been given a moderate to high use rating from the Selected resource area 21 is an outwash deposit ly- MTO. The material has produced Granular Aand B, and ing along Hopewell Creek south of Maryhill and is well with blending, sand for asphaltic aggregate. While a situated with respect to major transportation routes. In a large portion of the eastern part of the resource area re- previously licenced pit, 5 m faces in the northern part of mains intact, growth and residential development has the deposit revealed sandy coarse gravel. Testing by the significantly restricted the likelihood of extraction in MTO has shown this area to be acceptable for granular the southern part, near Bloomingdale. base course products and hot-laid asphaltic aggregate. After allowing for cultural constraints the original The coarseness of the sand fraction observed at the pit resource area of 349 ha is reduced to approximately 79 may limit its suitability for some uses. Additional ag- ha for possible resource protection. Assuming an aver- gregate has been obtained below the water table. Water age deposit thickness of 4 m, approximately 5.6 million well records north of Highway 7 indicate gravel extend- tonnes of possible resources are present (Table 3). ing in areas to depths of 8 m. After considering cultural setbacks the total area of Selected Sand and Gravel 85 ha is reduced to 60 ha. Assuming an overall thick- Resource Area 19 ness of 5 m, possible resources are estimated to be 5.3 million tonnes (Table 3). North of Bridgeport, part of an outwash deposit has been selected for possible resource protection. En- croaching urban development has sterilized much of the Selected Sand and Gravel deposit situated outside of the selected area. The depos- Resource Area 22 it is terraced and based on water well recordshas an esti- Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 22 lies mated overall average thickness of 5 m. Testing con- immediately northeast of the community of Petersburg ducted by the MTO in 1974 indicated that theaggregate in Wilmot Township. Three areas are actively being in the deposit would be suitable for granular base prod- mined (Pit Nos. 54, 55 and 56) north of Regional Road ucts. 6. Face heights range from 6 to 15 m and generally re- The unlicenced area of this selected resource is 171 veal sandy material with localized pockets of gravel. ha. Private testing completed on the southern portion of Selective extraction may produce sufficient material for this deposit indicates gravel contents of from 50 to 75 Granular A and B, however, this deposit must be consid- percent (Planning Initiatives Ltd. and Geoconcepts Ltd. ered as being mainly a sand source. Water well records

17 ARIP 161 in the area indicate sand to as deep as 20 m with frequent inary evaluation by MTO of the pits suggests that they clay layers. With selection and blending, the fine mate- are doubtful crushing sources but may be suitable for rial may be useful as fine aggregate for concrete, mortar Granular B Type I. and asphalt uses. The existence of 3 active operations Resource area 23 occupies 1057 ha, of which 797 indicates that there is a continuing demand for this ma- ha are presently available for extraction. Assuming an terial. average deposit thickness of 9 m, possible resources of Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 22 occu- sand and gravel are estimated to be 127 million tonnes pies a total area of 527 ha, of which 376 ha are available (Table 3). for possible resource extraction. Assuming an average material depth of 12 m, possible resources (primarily Selected Sand and Gravel sand) are calculated to be 79.9 million tonnes (Table 3). Resource Area 24 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 24 Selected Sand and Gravel straddles the eastern boundary of Wilmot Township Resource Area 23 near the community of Mannheim and represents a major source of aggregate for the City of Kitchener. The This large aggregate resource area lies to the north resource area consists of a section of the Waterloo Inter- and west of the community of New Dundee. Three li- lobate Moraine and is partially buried by substantial cenced properties (Pit Nos. 59, 62 and 63) have face thicknesses of fine sand, silt or Port Stanley Till (Kar- heights ranging from 5 to 12 m. Testing completed by row 1974). Initial identification and mapping of this MTO has indicated that the aggregate is suitable for buried deposit was completed through the use of water Granular Base A, B and M, HL4 and HL8 coarse and well records (Bryant and McLellan 1974). fine aggregates. Sand control and selection may be re- Drilling results indicated the presence of 4.6 to 6.1 quired for hot-laid asphalt use. Licenced property, Pit m of silt to fine-sand (Bryant and McLellan 1974). No. 59, has recently expanded to include an additional Sieve analysis of a grab sample showed that the material 96 ha. Testing done during the licencing process (Plan- was too fine to meet most specifications without proc- ning Initiatives Ltd. 1991) indicates that the site con- essing and contained a gravel content of 20 percent. tains 35 to 50 percent gravel. Gravel thickness exceeds Drill hole WL--TH--2 (Table 7) completed in the Town- 6 m and possibly reaches 25 m. Total aggregate reserves ship of Wilmot, returned 9 m of clean, fine- to medium- are calculated as exceeding 10 million tonnes. With sand. It is concluded that significant coarse aggregate proper processing, this area can produce Portland ce- materials do not extend further south from the outlined ment concrete coarse and fine aggregates. resource area. Detailed testing adjacent to Pit No. 59 indicatesthat Six licenced pits (Pit Nos. 87, 88, 89, 90, 91 and 92) coarser gravelly deposits are encountered at depth be- are located within the Kitchener portion of selected re- low a relatively thin veneer of fine- to coarse-sands source area 24. Aggregate reports used in the licencing (Planning Initiatives 1980). In parts of the deposit, the process for Pit No. 87 indicate material extending to fine- to coarse-sand extends to a considerable depth. depths of 12 to 20 m (MacNaughton, Hermsen, Britton, Sands may also be encountered beneath the gravel. The Clarkson 1990). Petrographic analysis of material at upper sands range in thickness from 2 to 9 m. The maxi- this property provided petrographic numbers of 108 to mum depth of the gravel-rich deposit is between 8 and 119. Pit faces reveal 2 to 15 m of highly contorted beds 15 m with the groundwater table located at an approxi- of sand and gravel. Good crushable gravel is available mate depth of 10 m. Samples collected during the test- in some beds, however, others are extremely sandy and ing program were in general found to meet granular for some uses may contain excess fines. Several of the base specifications. With selection and blending, the pits have been given a moderate to high use rating by sand fractions are suitable for concrete, mortar and as- MTO as good quality crushable gravel products suitable phalt uses. for asphalt paving mixes and Granular A and B may be The southwestern portion of this resource area has obtained from these pits (Deike 1978a). With selection no licenced properties and appears, in general, to con- and blending some sands may be useful as fine products tain sandier materials. A 12 m test hole using a hollow for concrete, mortar and asphalt uses (Peto MacCallum stem auger indicated the existence of a uniform section Ltd. 1981). In some areas, however, excessive overbur- of fine- to coarse-sand with minor gravel. The sand den or sand may limit extractive development. Al- graded silty in some locations and the gravel content of though water table depths of 12 to 15 m are not a major a grab sample was 16 percent. A comparison of grada- constraint to extraction, the Mannheim area is a major tion results with standard MTO product specification source of domestic water for the cities of Kitchener and envelopes showed that the material was acceptable for Waterloo. only Granular B Type I and not suitable for any asphalt Testing and water well information in this deposit paving products without processing. Exposures in ex- has shown a large variation in thickness of granular ma- cess of 5 m in 2 unlicenced pits (Pit Nos. 79 and 81) and terials. Locally up to 30 m of sand and gravel may be in roadcut exposures reveal clean, irregularly bedded found although the material may be buried by upwards materials with a highly variable gravel content. Prelim- of 8 m of sandy and silty materials. Outside of the de-

18 Regional Municipality of Waterloo posit boundaries, granular materials may be present, but Selected Sand and Gravel these are believed to lie at depths where economic recovery is unlikely. From computer mapping, Bryant Resource Area 27 and McLellan (1974) estimated that the total possible This newly identified Selected Sand and Gravel resources ranged from 193 to 335 million tonnes. Resource Area, consisting of approximately 186 ha, For the purposes of this inventory, the total resource straddles the Grand River and the boundaries of the City area within both the City of Kitchener and Wilmot of Cambridge and Township of North Dumfries at the Township is 970 ha. Taking into account the restrictions confluence of the Grand and Speed rivers. The area was likely to be placed regarding protection of the Mann- previously selected at the tertiary level and is mapped as heim Groundwater Recharge Area, the estimated total consisting of stream deposits of gravel, sand, silt and resource area potentially available is limited to 790 ha. clay (Karrow 1983, 1987). Recent testing, Geoconcepts The total possible resources are conservatively esti- (1991), indicates that the alluvial deposits in this area mated at 153.8 million tonnes, assuming an average de- contain approximately 10 million tonnes of sand and posit thickness of 11 m (Table 3). gravel. Thickness of the deposit isestimated at approximately 5 m, and gravel content is thought to exceed 60 percent. After reductions for cultural setbacks, 114 ha Selected Sand and Gravel of land may be potentially available for extraction Resource Area 25 (Table 3). This terraced outwash deposit lies south of Breslau Selected Sand and Gravel on the west side of the Grand River. A small abandoned pit previously exposed sandy, well-sorted gravel in a 5 Resource Area 28 m pit face. Test results in this area indicate that lower Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 28, an and upper terraces have thicknesses of 3 m and 6 m re- outwash terrace (at the western boundary of the City of spectively and contain 30 to 70 percent gravel (Planning Cambridge), is one of the largest and best-quality de- Initiatives and Geoconcepts Ltd 1989). A currently li- posits in the Township of North Dumfries. Although the cenced pit (Pit No. 86) has faces of 5 to 7 m. The coarse land surface is relatively flat, the presence of kettles, aggregate in this deposit is suitable for Granular A, B kettle lakes and other ice-contact features indicate that and M and for hot-mix asphalt paving applications. the sediments were deposited near a melting ice margin. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 25 occu- Such deposits are characterized by considerable textur- pies a total area of 113 ha. After deducting the licenced al variations. area and other constraints approximately 7 ha remain In general, the deposit consists of 8 to 9 m of poor- for extraction. Combined possible resources in the de- ly- to moderately-well sorted gravels with 33 percent posits total approximately 0.7 million tonnes (Table 3). gravel content (Bryant and McLellan 1974; Planning Initiatives 1990a). This material overlies considerably finer-grained material that has little potential for crush- Selected Sand and Gravel ing. Reports prepared by Geoconcepts Ltd. (1991) for Resource Area 26 licencing of Pit No. 121 indicated an average material thicknessof 6 m. A similar report done for Pit No. 119 This thick sandy outwash deposit was originally se- (Planning Initiatives Ltd. 1993b), indicates approxi- lected because of its potential to provide fine sand for mately 7 m of material containing up to 55 percent grav- the manufacture of pressed brick. In the eastern part of el. One borehole in the same area indicated an addition- the deposit Arriscraft Corporation of Cambridge al 9 m of sand below the gravel. screens fine sands at their licenced property for the production of decorative brick. Exposed faces in the depos- According to quality data obtained from MTO, a it (Pit No. 95) average 4 to 5 m of predominantly sand full range of crushed products, including concrete ag- with a stone content of 5 to 10 percent. Gravelly sands gregate, may be produced from the coarse aggregate are recorded at depth from water well records and might (Deike 1978b). Several licenced sources are approved warrant more detailed investigation. for the supply of Portland cement concrete coarse and fine aggregates by MTO. Some selection and sand con- In the late 1980s, construction of an automotive trol may be required in sandy areas and additionally, plant on the western two-thirds of the deposit eliminated some oversized material exists. In some areas, calcite much of the resource area (Regional Municipality of cementation of the gravel occurs at depths of 5 to 6 m Waterloo 1985). In addition, estate residential develop- and may pose extraction problems (Bryant and McLel- ment has constrained a portion of the area. lan 1974). There are currently 12 licenced properties in The total area of this Selected Sand and Gravel Re- the deposit and MTO rating criteria place them in the source Area 26 is 257 ha. When cultural constraints and “moderate to high” category of potential use. previously extracted portions are considered, approxi- Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 28 is very mately 147 ha remain. Assuming an average deposit well situated for extractive development. It is close to depth of 5 m possible resources are calculated as 13 mil- the Cambridge and Kitchener--Waterloo markets. Road lion tonnes (Table 3). access to the area is excellent, particularly via Highway

19 ARIP 161

401. The potential for rail haulage also exists along the Selected Sand and Gravel Canadian Pacific Railway, which runs through the southern portion of the deposit. Resource Area 30 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 30 is a Recent aggregate testing and licencing (Pit No. buried gravel outwash deposit located north of resource 130) in and adjacent to the southern portion of this re- area 29 in the western part of North Dumfries Township. source area indicates that the adjoining areas previously Currently 2 pitsare licenced for extraction in the deposit classified asWentworth Till in fact include considerable (Pit Nos. 123 and 124). Pit faces range in height from 5 gravel resources (Planning Initiatives Ltd. 1992a, to 10 m and expose materials with a 50 to 75 percent 1993c). Accordingly, the resource area of primary sig- gravel content. Data obtained from MTO indicates that nificance has been extended to include those areas im- sand control is required in portions of the deposit for the mediately adjacent to the southwestern municipal production of Granular A. MTO data (Pit No. 151) indi- boundary of the City of Cambridge (Planning Initiatives cates 4.5 m of gravelly sand with gravel content ranging 1992a). Testing done in support of a licence application between 10 to 40 percent. The sand gradings vary, from in this area (Test Hole No. ND--TH--3, Table 7) indi- coarse to excess fines making blending a requirement cated thicknesses of material between 7 and 10 m with for hot-laid asphalt paving products. An additional the gravel content ranging from 60 to 70 percent. quality constraint is provided by the presence of some Resource area 28 occupies a total of 1379 ha, in- oversize clasts. cluding 491 ha that are currently licenced. The popula- Resource area 30 occupies 120 ha. Cultural tion density is low and most of the land has been cleared constraints are minimal and there has been little pre- for agriculture. The area possibly available for extrac- vious extraction from the area. The area potentially tion is calculated to be 759 ha. Assuming an average de- available for extraction is calculated to be 79 ha. As- posit thickness of 6 m, estimated possible resources of suming an average deposit thickness of 7 m, total pos- sand and gravel are estimated to be 80.6 million tonnes sible resources are estimated to be 9.8 million tonnes (Table 3). (Table 3). Selected Sand and Gravel Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 31 Resource Area 29 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 31 consists of an outwash terrace. It is located to the south of Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 29 is lo- Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 28 along Re- cated in the extreme western part of North Dumfries gional Road 97. The deposit is characterized by irregu- Township. It consists of an outwash terrace that is char- lar topography. acterized by irregular topography with many stagnant- ice landforms. The terrace may also be till covered in Six licenced pits (Pit Nos. 125, 131, 132, 135, 136 some areas (Bryant and McLellan 1974). and 137) have been opened in or adjacent to the area (Planning Initiatives Ltd. 1993a, 1993d). At the time of Presently, 2 licenced pits (Pit Nos. 133 and 134) re- writing 3 additional applications were in progress(Plan- main in the high relief area at the southern end of the de- ning Initiatives Ltd. 1993e). Face heights in the pits posit. Pit faces expose 6 to 15 m of moderately sorted vary from 2 to 15 m and expose moderately sorted and gravel-rich material. Excess fines in the deposit may stratified sand and sandy gravel. The distribution of limit use for some aggregate products. crushable gravel is variable, however, field investigation indicates the percentage may reach 40 to 50 per- In other parts of the deposit, data is available for a cent. As in resource area 30, the gravel in resource area number of formerly active pits. MTO test holes (Pit 31 overlies considerably sandier material. Nos. 148 and 149) indicate 3 to 5 m of mainly sandy ma- A recently opened pit (Pit No. 132) that extends be- terial with gravel content ranging from 20 to 50 percent. yond the outwash material into the adjoining ice-con- In the southern part of the deposit, pits tested by MTO tact gravel area includes gravel content of up to 75 per- (Pit Nos. 156, 157 and 158) show 4 to 6 m of aggregate, cent (Planning Initiatives Ltd. 1993e). During site test- having from 25 to 75 percent gravel. ing boreholes were extended to depths of up to 19 m. Resource area 29 consists of 1584 ha, including li- Boreholes completed along the southwestern edge of cenced areas. There are relatively few constraints on this deposit, in the area of Pit Nos. 135, 136 and 137 in- extraction in the eastern part of the deposit, however, dicate sand from 7 to 23 m in thickness with localized roads, railways and residential development pose sig- gravel (M.M. Dillon 1991) (Table 7). nificant constraints in the west. The area possibly avail- Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 31 is one able for extraction is calculated to be 1180 ha. Assum- of the largest resource areas in the township consisting ing an average deposit thickness of 9 m, possible sand of about 1360 ha. Cultural constraints and licenced and gravel resources are estimated to be 188 million areas reduce the areapossibly available for extraction to tonnes (Table 3). approximately 1142 ha. Assuming an average deposit

20 Regional Municipality of Waterloo thickness of 10 m, possible resources are estimated to be Three pits are currently licenced for extraction (Pit 202 million tonnes (Table 3). Nos. 140, 141 and 143). Face heights in the pits range from 3 to 9 m and expose variable, often coarse aggregate (35 to 50 percent) suitable for road-base and sub- Selected Sand and Gravel base aggregate and for hot-laid asphalt paving sand and Resource Area 32 stone. The sand fraction grades coarse and contains excess fines. Coarse aggregate is located in pockets and This resource area of primary significance consists lenses and some selection is required for crushing. of 2 areas situated east and west of Cedar Creek. Lo- Resource area 34 consists of 1572 ha, exclusive of cated within the area, south of Regional Road 97, is a licenced areas. The area is sparsely populated and there previously active pit (Pit No. 147). Pit faces are up to 8 are relatively few physical constraints. Previous extrac- m in height show approximately 50 percent gravel. On tive activity has been minimal. The area potentially the same property, test pits (Cameron Engineering available for extraction is thus calculated to be 1084 ha. 1992) showed sand and gravel thicknesses up to 8 m and Assuming an average deposit thickness of 6 m, possible 60 to 80 percent gravel content. This testing indicates sand and gravel resources are estimated to be 115 mil- that the till occurs asa thin layer over a granular ice-con- lion tonnes (Table 3). tact deposit. The same relationship is evident in the eastern portion of resource area 32 as illustrated by testing Selected Sand and Gravel completed for another licence application (ND--TH--3, Table 7). Some 15 test pits dug on the property at Lots Resource Area 35 15 and 16, Concession 10 showed sand and gravel to a Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 35 is a depth of at least 6 m that locally was covered by surface sandy outwash deposit located immediately east of the overburden of reddish brown clay till. Grand River in North Dumfries Township. Two licenced pits (Pit Nos. 138 and 139) cover much of the The 2 portions of resource area 32 total 299 ha, with about 10 ha currently licenced. With cultural area and extend into a gravel outwash deposit to the constraints, the area potentially available for extraction west. Face heights average 9 m. Previous testing done as part of a licence expansion (Schugg 1991) indicates is approximately 238 ha. Assuming an average thick- the depth of aggregate material is 18 to 20 m, with good ness of 7 m, total possible resources are estimated to be Granular A and B material. Material exposed in the 29.5 million tonnes (Table 3). gravel deposit has a 55 to 75 percent stone content. Al- though data for resource area 35 is scarce, field inves- Selected Sand and Gravel tigation indicated that parts of this deposit may contain a higher percentage of sand. The material is acceptable Resource Area 33 for a number of Granular A and hot-laid asphaltic prod- This narrow area of approximately 230 ha situated ucts. along Cedar Creek is shown on the Quaternary geology Area 35 occupies 327 ha, exclusive of the licenced map of the Cambridge area (Karrow 1983, 1987) as be- area 180 ha. Cultural constraints are minimal although ing glaciolacustrine and outwash sand. Testing for a re- after consideration reduce the area available for extrac- cent licence application in the resource area indicates tion to 116 ha. Assuming an average deposit thickness the presence of deeper sand and gravel outwash deposits of 9 m, total resources are approximately 18.5 million along the watercourse. Due to cultural and physio- tonnes (Table 3). graphic limitations, however, the total area potentially available for extraction is limited to approximately 100 Selected Sand and Gravel ha. Assuming an average thickness of material of 5 m, Resource Area 36 the possible resource is about 8.9 million tonnes (Table 3). This outwash deposit, located southeast of Ayr, has been tested by both MTO and Planning Initiatives Ltd. (Planning Initiatives Ltd., 1994). On-site testing (ND-- Selected Sand and Gravel TH--9, Table 7) near Pit No. 142 indicates a gravel content of 60 to 80 percent, high percentages of coarse grav- Resource Area 34 el and an estimated reserve on the area licenced of Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 34 is an approximately 2 million tonnes. Adjacent lands pre- extensive, irregularly shaped outwash deposit, that lies viously tested by MTO indicate at least 750 000 tonnes along the west bank of the Grand River, south of High- of crushable material. Water well records near the site way 24, in the south-central portion of North Dumfries show gravel to a depth of approximately 12 m. MTO Township. The topography of the area is rolling to hum- testing on the property indicates a gravel content of 45 mocky and marked by numerous local depressions or to 80 percent. The quality of the gravel is suitable for kettles. Marsh deposits now fill the depressions. A Granular A and B, hot-laid asphalt paving coarse and small esker is also located in the central portion of the fine aggregates. deposit. There is significant textural variation in the de- The total area designated as a resource area of pri- posit and coarse aggregate is not continuous. mary significance is 204 ha, however, cultural

21 ARIP 161 constraints reduce the potentially available area to 162 and the remaining 5 to 8 m pit faces expose mostly sand. ha. Assuming an average depth of 6 m, this resource These pits have a low to moderate use rating. With area may contain possible resources of up to 17.0 mil- selection, this deposit may be capable of supplying lion tonnes (Table 3). Granular B aggregate. Two pits (Pit Nos. 24 and 46) have been opened in an ice-contact deposit located west of St. Jacobs. The RESOURCE AREAS OF deposit is very sandy with gravel seams and in most SECONDARY SIGNIFICANCE areas lacks sufficient crushable material to produce Granular A. In places, the sand is too fine for asphaltic Several deposits located in the Regional Munici- sand mixes. Testing completed by the MTO indicates pality of Waterloo have been selected assand and gravel that this area could be a suitable source for Granular B resource areas of secondary significance. These depos- aggregate. its contain materials similar to those selected at the primary level, however, aggregate quality is more varied Portions of the Guelph esker in the eastern part of and the quantity of available material is limited. Also, Woolwich Township have been utilized in the past for the possibility of finding fine-grained material within local needs. The sharply defined ridges have exposed these deposits is greater. Nevertheless, protective mea- faces varying from 1.5 to 6 m. As with adjacent esker sures should be considered for these resource areas segments (e.g. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area since they provide alternate extraction sites. 11), high quality crushable aggregates may be available from gravel cores but flanking sands tend to be fine. Five areas have been designated as secondary resource areas in Wellesley Township. These areas may In Wilmot Township 4 deposits have been selected present operational difficulties due to topography, de- for possible resource protection at the secondary level. posit geometry or deposit quality. Two small depositsin A number of these deposits are strategically located to the northeastern corner of Wellesley Township, north of provide locally needed road sub-base aggregate. Hawkesville, have been selected as deposits of secon- A major part of a small gravel deposit northwest of dary importance. Licenced Pit Nos. 1 and 2 have been Petersburg is under licence (Pit No. 53). While MTO re- developed in the northernmost deposit. cords indicate thisdeposit consistsmainly of silty sand a A kame deposit located in central Wellesley Town- nearby unlicenced pit shows a moderately good content ship has also been selected at the secondary level. Faces of crushable gravel content at depth although some in a licenced operation (Pit No. 6) expose predominant- localized cementation is evident. ly sand material. Little crushable material appears to be A thin kame ridge near Josephsburg has been exten- present. sively extracted but may contain additional quantitiesof Two other kame deposits are situated adjacent to material for local use (Pit No. 67). The Baden Hills Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 2 and are felt south of Baden are primarily a possible sand source. A to be similar in character to that resource area. Extrac- licenced property (Pit No. 57) is located on the south tion from these 2 secondary areas may be limited by to- side of the hills. MTO records indicate that material pography and size. from the pit showed a highly variable sand and gravel content, some of which was too fine for granular base In Woolwich Township several deposits have been and asphalt paving sand uses, but in other parts the grav- selected at the secondary level of significance. Extrac- el content was acceptable for some uses. tion in these deposits may be hindered by operational A moderately thin outwash deposit located south of difficulties imposed by topography, deposit geometry or Haysville has yielded material with a good crushable quality. gravel content but the presence of chert reduces its suit- Two esker segments have been selected in the north ability for asphalt paving and concrete uses. According part of Woolwich Township. These deposits form an ex- to MTO records parts of licenced Pit No. 64 containsex- tension of the esker system identified as a resource area cess fines for some uses. Nevertheless, this deposit pro- of primary significance in Peel Township. Granular vides a useful source of granular base products for local base course aggregate has been produced from an unli- needs. cenced pit, although an existing 8 m exposure shows In the Kitchener--Waterloo--Cambridge area, sev- only sand and silty material. eral resource areas of secondary significance have been Two small outwash deposits located at the north- identified. These areas are classified as secondary rath- eastern boundary of the township are extensions of a er than primary due to the fact that either they are near- larger secondary resource area in Pilkington Township. ing depletion or there are objectionable quantities of Although the deposits contain excess silt and clay (Bry- material that affect quality. ant and McLellan 1974), they are capable of producing A terraced outwash deposit located near Breslau low-specification aggregate such as Granular B Type I. along Victoria Street--Highway 7 has been a source of Extraction has occurred at 2 licenced properties aggregate for the City of Kitchener for many years (Pit Nos. 15 and 16) in an ice-contact ridge situated (Planning Initiatives Ltd. 1981). Industrial subdivisions northwest of Elmira. A gravel core is no longer visible have gradually replaced extractive operations through-

22 Regional Municipality of Waterloo out much of the area. Based on testing of the property In the central part of North Dumfries Township beapproximately 500 000 tonnes of material remains tween resource areas 31 and 34 lies a large area shown (Planning Initiatives Ltd. 1992b). on Quaternary geological maps as Wentworth Till (Kar- row 1987). Field observations in the area (A.G. McLel- A small part of a terraced outwash deposit located lan, personal communication, 1995) indicate that the on the west side of the Grand River south of Highway 401 has been selected at the secondary level. Much of area is in fact a complex area of eskers, ice-contact, and this deposit has either been extracted or made unavail- outwash sands and gravels occasionally containing able because of urbanization. Pit faces exposed 5 to 6 m oversized boulders. It has therefore been upgraded to a of uniform, evenly bedded material that was suitable for deposit of secondary significance. a variety of granular base and asphalt paving products. An outwash deposit located along the east bank of Pit No. 111 reveals some good crushable gravel al- the Grand River has also been selected at the secondary though, sand may require blending for hot-laid asphalt level. This deposit has seen considerable extractive ac- paving use. tivity in the past and presently supports 2 licenced pits (Pit Nos. 144 and 145). Faces in the pits are 3 to 9 m in Immediately southeast of Resource Area 24, which height and expose moderately sorted and stratified grav- contains the Mannheim Recharge Area, is another area el and sand. Crushed aggregate, including Granular A, identified as being of secondary significance. Reports have been produced from all of the pits. The aggregate prepared for a licence in this area (Planning Initiatives is also acceptable for hot-laid asphalt paving sand and Ltd. 1990b) (Pit No. 93) indicate seams of sand and stone. Parts of this outwash deposit are built over and gravel up to 4 to 5 m thick that is suitable for Granular B much of the aggregate is now unavailable for extraction. materials. Portions of the deposit are still available and protection Three esker segments located in the north part of measures should be considered. the City of Cambridge are well situated to supply crushed aggregate for local use. The resource area lies northwest of the community of Hespeler and is believed BEDROCK GEOLOGY to contain about 3 to 6 m of material that is suitable for The Paleozoic rocks underlying the glacial drift of crushing. Construction of Highway 8 and a regional wa- the Regional Municipality of Waterloo were deposited ter tower have constrained the esker along Highway 8 in the eastern part of the Michigan Basin. In this area the (Planning Initiatives Ltd. 1983). As a result of these rocks are of Silurian and Devonian age. They consist various constraints, accessibility to the remaining re- mainly of limestones, dolostones, shales with some sources results in these areas being designated as secon- gypsum, anhydrite, salt and chert, as summarized in dary significance. Chart C. The rock formations, are, with one exception, Part of a large terraced outwash deposit situated conformable and dip gently to the southwest. west of Highway 8 in the Pioneer Tower area contains a The region is underlain by a series of formations potential resource, however, much of it has been steri- ranging from the youngest, Bois Blanc Formation of lized by development. To determine aggregate quality Lower Devonian age, to subsequently older formations, and thickness of the spillway terraces in this area, two including the Upper Silurian Bass Islands and Salina holes were drilled 1981 (KI--TH--2 and KI--TH--3, Table formations and the Middle Silurian Guelph Formation 7). Test Hole KI--TH--2, located in the uppermost ter- to the east (Johnson et al. 1992). The older Middle Silu- race, returned 3 m of gravelly sand. A second test hole rian Amabel Formation underlies the Guelph Formation (KI--TH--3) drilled in a middle terrace showed 9 m of at depth and could be exposed by first removing the sandy cobble-sized gravel. Subsequent testing of a low- Guelph Formation throughquarrying. The areal dis- er terrace by the MTO confirmed the presence of high tribution of the bedrock formations, are shown on Map quality aggregate. The coarse aggregate fraction 2. proved suitable for Granular A and B, hot-laid asphalt paving mixes, structural concrete stone and concrete The bedrock subsurface is relatively flat, with an paving stone base. The thickness of the lower terrace is average relief of about 30 m (Karrow 1976a, 1976b; variable and high water table conditions exist near the Karrow et al. 1979; Miller et al. 1979). In places it is river. incised by pre-glacial valleys that are filled with glacial drift. The bedrock surface in North Dumfries Township A small terraced outwash deposit located on the is flat to gently rolling and its elevation varies from west side of the Grand River has been nearly depleted by more than 274 m above sea level near Orrs Lake to 193 extraction over the last number of years. Testing in m above sea level north of Ayr (Karrow 1963). The 1989 by MTO indicated that approximately 300 000 t of north side of a large pre-glacial valley (now buried un- material remained in this deposit. der 60 m of drift) passes southeastward through the Testing completed in the extreme northeast part of southern portion of the township near Ayr. Karrow the Cambridge municipal boundary (Planning Initia- (1963) has shown it as a tributary of the buried Dundas tives Ltd. and Geoconcepts Ltd. 1989) indicated that the Valley. These valleys were eroded by a large preglacial area is mainly sand with only a trace of gravel. The river. Except for exposures in the southeastern part of maximum deposit thickness is 4 m. North Dumfries Township and in the valleys of the

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Speed and Grand rivers in the City of Cambridge there ships, the western part of Woolwich and North Dumfries are no bedrock outcrops in the region. townships, and the cities of Kitchener and Waterloo. Due to the thick cover of overburden and poor aggregate In general, the overburden is thickest in the western quality, no areasof thisformation have been selected for and northern parts of the region. In the townships of resource protection. Wellesley and Wilmot, the drift thickness ranges from 30 to 90 m. In Woolwich Township the drift thickness The Guelph Formation underlies the eastern part of is, on average, greater than 30 m, but can be as much as Woolwich Township, the cities of Kitchener and Water- 82 m. In general, overburden thins toward the southeast loo, the central and eastern part of North Dumfries in the region and is especially thin in river valleys and Township and the whole of the City of Cambridge. The the eastern part of North Dumfries Township. In other formation in this area has a maximum thickness of 40 m parts of North Dumfries Township, the drift ranges from (Caley 1941; Telford 1976, 1979). At outcrops along 15 to 46 m. the Speed River in Guelph and Cambridge and along the The bedrock formations are described as follows Grand River in Cambridge, the dolostone is usually from the youngest to the oldest. thick-bedded, light brown and fine- to medium-crystalline (Telford 1976). A reefal facies may also be present. The Bois Blanc Formation consists of a brownish Some beds contain abundant fossils that weather irregu- grey, thin- to medium-bedded, fine- to medium-grained larly. cherty limestone, that is locally very fossiliferous (Tel- ford and Tarrant 1975). It has been quarried for crushed In general the formation is soft and not resistant to stone products at several locations in the Niagara Penin- weathering, rendering the rock unacceptable for high sula and is suitable for Granular A, B Type II and M. quality road building and construction aggregates. The high chert content that characterizes the Bois Blanc However, at selected locations it can produce Granular Formation makes the crushed rock unsuitable for hot- A, B Type II and M and in some inter-reefal parts of the mix asphalt paving and Portland cement concrete formation the rock can be more sound and can produce coarse and fine aggregates (Hewitt 1960). The forma- higher quality rock suitable for hot-mix paving coarse tion occurs in the southwest corner of Wellesley and the and fine aggregates. The dolostone is generally of high northwest corner of Wilmot townships. The high chert/ chemical purity and well suited as a raw material for the cherty carbonate content of gravels in these areas were production of lime. The Guelph Formation has been derived from this formation. Due to its poor quality and quarried at several locations above the Speed River at thick overburden cover over the Bois Blanc Formation Glenchristie and Guelph for the manufacture of dolo- no part of this formation is recommended for resource mitic lime used in the production of quicklime and high protection. quality white hydrated lime (Hewitt 1960). Areas of The Bass Islands Formation occurs in a 3 km wide Guelph Formation dolostone have been selected for re- band through the southwestern part of Wellesley and the source protection in the City of Cambridge and the east- northwestern part of Wilmot townships. It consists of up ern part of North Dumfries Township. In the Township to 28 m of brown microcrystalline dolostone (Johnson et of Woolwich and the central and western part of North al. 1992). A major break in deposition (disconformity) Dumfries Township, the overburden exceeds 15 m, occurs between the Bois Blanc and Bass Islands forma- therefore extraction is not economical. In the cities of tions. This has resulted in the development of breccias Kitchener and Waterloo, the only potential resource in the Bass Islands and equivalent rock units. area is unavailable for extraction because of urban development. The formation is extensively quarried on the Niaga- ra Peninsula and is likely to be acceptable for the pro- The Amabel Formation occurs under the Guelph duction of crushed aggregate for Granular A, B Type II, Formation, however it has the potential to be exposed in M, hot-mix paving and Portland cement concrete coarse quarries that choose to remove the Guelph Formation and fine aggregates (Hewitt 1960, 1972). Due to the and extract below it. The formation has been separated thick cover of overburden in the region, however, no into 2 units on the basis of textural differences. The up- part of this formation has been selected for resource per level is named the Eramosa Member and consists of protection. very thin- to medium-bedded, fine-crystalline, brown- The Salina Formation consists of about 100 m (Tel- ish grey to greyish black, bituminous dolostone with ford 1979) of soft, grey to tan shale and dolostone with some minor sandy layers (Telford 1976, 1979). The re- evaporitic deposits of salt, anhydrite and gypsum (He- mainder of the Amabel Formation consists of white, mi- witt 1972). At several places in Ontario, the salt, anhy- crocrystalline to fine-crystalline, fossiliferous dolo- drite and gypsum are mined as industrial mineral re- stone. The formation is approximately 30 to 35 m thick sources (Hewitt 1960). Gypsum is mined at Hagersville, (Telford 1979); it is well suited for the production of Caledonia and Drumbo. Salt is mined at Windsor and high quality construction and road aggregates such as Goderich. The formation is not suitable for road hot-mix paving and Portland cement coarse and fine ag- construction aggregate. The formation underlies the gregates. The formation is a resource of provincial sig- central and eastern parts of Wellesley and Wilmot town- nificance for these uses.

24 Regional Municipality of Waterloo NOTES High chert content makes this formation unacceptable for hot-mix paving and concrete. Chert from this formation is found in gravel in varied amounts Good quality dolostone, usedaggregates for on high Niagara Peninsula. quality Gypsum mined at Hagersville,Drumbo; salt Caledonia is mined at and Windsor and Goderich. Generally has high chemical purityis and very pure. locally Is used as chemical and metallurgical stone. Generally poor aggregate better in in- terreefal areas. OCCURRENCE Southwest part of Wellesley and northwest corner of Wilmot townships under thick overburden Southwest part of Wellesley and northwest corner of Wilmot townshipsder un- thick overburden Most of Wellesley and Wilmotships, town- western part of Woolwich Town- ship, cities of Kitchener and Waterloo and Township of North Dumfries under thick overburden. Eastern part of Woolwich Township and cities of Kitchener andMost Waterloo. of NorthDumfries Township and all of the City of Cambridge. Outcrops along the Grand River. -- -- USES OTHER Gypsum, anhydrite and salt Chemical and metallurgical stone No Yes SUITABILITY AGGREGATE Chart C --Bedrock Resources Summary Yes (Granular base and subbase only) No, in most areas; yes in a few areas (best in inter- refal areas) REGIONAL MUNICIPALITY OF WATERLOO 40 40 100 3--50 APPROXIMATE THICKNESS (m) ROCK TYPE Limestone, cherty, brownish grey, locally fossiliferous Dolostone, brown microcrystalline Shale and dolostone with layers of gypsum, anhydrite and salt Dolostone, fossiliferous, light brown, medium- to massive-bedded FORMATION Bois Blanc Bass Islands Salina Guelph

25 ARIP 161

Selected Bedrock Resource thickness of 18 m, possible resources are estimated to be Areas 314 million tonnes (Table 6). Selected Bedrock Resource Areas consist of those Selected Bedrock Resource areas in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, where Area 3 the Guelph Formation is overlain by lessthan 8 m of glacial sediment. The 3 selected bedrock resource areas in Selected Bedrock Resource Area 3 is situated east the region cover a total of 1130 ha with 919 ha uncon- of Branchton in the southeastern corner of North Dum- strained by cultural restrictions. At present there are no fries Township. The area covers 160 ha. In general the licenced quarries in the region. Assuming an average bedrock is buried by a thin layer of drift, however, occa- workable thickness of 18 m, possible bedrock resources sional outcrops of the Guelph Formation do occur. are estimated to beapproximately 439 million tonnes There has been no extractive activity from this area and (Table 6). cultural constraints are minimal. The area currently available for extraction is calculated to be 135 ha. As- Due to the thick cover of overburden and generally suming a workable thickness of 18 m, possible re- poor quality of the bedrock underlying Wellesley, sources are estimated to be 65 million tonnes (Table 6). Woolwich and Wilmot townships, and in the cities of Kitchener and Waterloo no areas of bedrock have been selected for possible resource protection. One area has SUMMARY been selected in the City of Cambridge and 2 in the The Regional Municipality of Waterloo continues Township of North Dumfries for possible bedrock re- to act as an important sand and gravel producing region. source protection. All of these selected areas are under- Significant resource areas in the region include the lain by the Guelph Formation. southern portions ofWoolwich Township, along the Grand River in Kitchener--Waterloo--Cambridge and Selected Bedrock Resource the northern part of North Dumfries Township. Extrac- tive activity and resource potential investigations have Area 1 been considerable in these areas due to their proximity Selected Bedrock Resource Area 1 consists of 210 to the large regional market within Kitchener, Waterloo ha situated in the northeast part of the City of Cam- and Cambridge, and because of their proximity to major bridge just south of Glenchristie. Outcrops of the highway routes, especially King’s Highway 401. As Guelph Formation are exposed at a railway cut and much as 35 percent of the overall sand and gravel pro- along the Speed River. This resource area lies adjacent duction in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo is be- to the Guelph Dolime Limited, Glenchristie Quarry that ing exported to other market areas including the Greater for many years produced dolomitic lime, hydrated lime Toronto and Hamilton Areas. Exports to these larger and limestone (Hewitt 1960). The lower 22 to 23 m of market areas are likely to continue, especially if envi- the total 30 m section contains reefal structures com- ronmental and cultural constraints are increased in ag- posed of massive, vuggy, grey and blue-grey, very finely gregate resource areas such as the Niagara Escarpment crystalline dolostone. The upper part of the quarry sec- and Oak Ridges Moraine. At the same time, urban and tion contains uniformly thick-bedded, light brown, fine- rural residential development, as well as environmental to medium-crystalline dolostone with alternating bands constraints, in particular groundwater concerns in the of even-textured sucrosic dolostone and vuggy, coral- region are making it more difficult to ensure that these line or coquinoid dolostone (Telford 1979). In addition aggregates are protected for extraction purposes. to chemical lime, construction aggregates have been Most extractive activity has occurred within the produced at this site. large, high quality outwash deposits located along the The area currently available for extraction is major water courses within the municipalities of the re- approximately 125 ha after allowing for cultural set- gion. In the more northerly and westerly parts of the re- backs. Assuming a workable thickness of 18 m, pos- gion (i.e., Wellesley, northern Woolwich and the west- sible resources are estimated to be approximately 60 ern part of Wilmot townships) moraine and kame depos- million tonnes (Table 6). its serve as important local sources. Because of the generally thick cover of glacial drift Selected Bedrock Resource across most of the region, and due to the large supply of high quality sand and gravel resources, there has been Area 2 no bedrock quarrying within the Regional Municipality Selected Bedrock Resource Area 2, situated in the of Waterloo. Three bedrock resource areas have been eastern part of North Dumfries Township, consists of identified in the region where the drift cover is thin 760 ha of outcrop and thinly drift-covered bedrock of enough that quarrying could be practical. To date, how- the Guelph Formation. Cultural constraints are minimal ever, no quarrying is being done within the region. and there hasbeen no previous extraction from thisarea. Within the region, resource areas of primary signif- After considering cultural constraints the area currently icance cover a total of approximately 9700 ha and con- available for extraction is 659 ha. Assuming a workable tain possible sand and gravel resources of 1200 million

26 Regional Municipality of Waterloo tonnes (Table 3). Selected bedrock resource areas cover of regional and provincial need for aggregates. 919 ha and contain possible resources of 439 million tonnes (Table 6). Cultural constraints such as residential Enquiries regarding the Aggregate Resources In- and industrial development have been taken into con- ventory of the Regional Municipality of Waterloo sideration. It should be noted, however, that there are should be directed to the Sedimentary Geoscience Sec- many other possible restrictions on aggregate extraction tion, Ontario Geological Survey, Mines and Minerals such as social considerations, transportation difficul- Division, Ontario Ministry of Northern Development ties, groundwater concerns and environmentally sensi- and Mines, 7th Floor, 933 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, tive areas that have not been included in this study. Nev- Ontario, P3E 6B5 {Tel:(705) 670-5758} or to the Cam- ertheless, the inventory provides an overview of pos- bridge Area Office, Ontario Ministry of Natural Re- sible resources that should be considered in the context sources, Cambridge, Ontario, {Tel: (519) 658-9355}.

27 28 Regional Municipality of Waterloo

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45 References

Association of Professional Engineers of Ontario 1976. Performance Karrow, P.F., Miller, R.F., and Farrell, L. 1979. Guelph area, southern standards for professional engineers advising on and reporting Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Preliminary Map P.2224, on oil, gas, and mineral properties, 11 p. Bedrock Topography Series, scale 1:50 000. Bowes, E. 1976. Sedimentology of the glaciofluvial deposits of Wool- Kleinfeldt Group 1992. Planning and environmental report for class A wich and Pilkington townships; unpublished M.A. thesis,Wilfrid licence, Township of Woolwich, Harvey M. Brubacher; unpub- Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, 216 p. lished report, Ministry of Natural Resources, southwest district, Cambridge, Ontario. Bryant, C.R. and McLellan, A.G. 1974. The aggregate resources of Kuehl, G.A. 1975. Sedimentology of the Hawkesville Kame; unpub- Waterloo/South Wellington counties: towards effective planning lished B.Sc. thesis, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, 56 for the aggregate industry; Ontario Division of Mines, Open File p. Report 5100, 246 p. M.M. Dillon 1991. Planning and environmental report for class A li- Caley, J.F. 1941. Paleozoic geology of the Brantford area, Ontario; cence, conc. 8, part lot 25, 26, 27, Township of North Dumfries Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 226, 176 p. for Fermar Crushing and Recycling Ltd.; unpublished report, Cameron Engineering 1992. Geotechnical Investigation of proposed Ministry of Natural Resources, southwest district, Cambridge, sand and gravel extraction, phase 1 report, Planning Initiatives Ontario. Ltd., 25 p. MacNaughton, Hermsen, Britton, Clarkson 1990. Planning and environmental report for class A licence, Gehl Place Pit for Stamm In- Chapman, L.J. and Putnam, D.F. 1984. The physiography of southern vestments; unpublished report, Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario; Ministry of Natural Resources, Special Volume 2, 270 p. southwest district, Cambridge, Ontario. Deike, W. 1978a. Aggregate evaluation, Kitchener--Waterloo; unpub- Miller, R.F., Farrell, L. and Karrow, P.F. 1979. Bedrock topography of lished report, Aggregate Unit, Engineering Materials Office, On- the Cambridge area, southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Sur- tario Ministry of Transportation and Communications, 2 p. vey, Preliminary Map P.1985, Bedrock Topography Series, scale Deike, W. 1978b. Aggregate suitability evaluation, North Dumfries 1:50 000. Township, Regional Municipality of Waterloo; unpublished re- Ontario Interministerial Committee on NationalStandards and Specifi- port, Aggregate Unit, Engineering Materials Office; Ontario cations (Metric Committee) 1975. Metric Practice Guide; 67 p. Ministry of Transportation and Communications 4 p. Ontario Geological Survey 1980. Aggregate Resources Inventory of Deike, W. 1982. Aggregate suitability evaluation, Township of Wool- Township of North Dumfries, Regional Municipality of Water- wich, Regional Municipality of Waterloo; unpublished report, loo, southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey; Aggregate Aggregate Sources Research, 33 p. Resources Inventory Paper 14; 33 p. Geoconcepts Ltd. 1991. Evaluation of gravel resources, Cruickston Ontario Geological Survey 1981. Aggregate Resources Inventory of Park Estates, report no. 2, floodplain properties, Township of the Township of Wellesley, Regional Municipality of Waterloo, North Dumfries and City of Cambridge, Regional Municipality southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey; Aggregate Re- of Waterloo, unpublished report. sources Inventory Paper 49; 30 p. Ontario Geological Survey 1984. Aggregate Resources Inventory of Hewitt, D.F. 1960. The limestone industries of Ontario; Ontario De- the Township of Wilmot, Regional Municipality of Waterloo, partment of Mines, Industrial Mineral Circular 5, 177 p. southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey; Aggregate Re- Hewitt, D.F. 1972. Paleozoic geology of southern Ontario; Ontario Di- sources Inventory Paper 81; 34 p. vision of Mines, Geological Report 105, 18 p. accompanied by Ontario Geological Survey 1985a. Aggregate Resources Inventory of Map 2254, scale 1:1 013 760. the Kitchener--Waterloo--Cambridge Area, Regional Municipali- Ingham, K. W. and Dunikowska-Koniuszy, Z. 1965. The distribution, ty of Waterloo, southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, character and basic properties of cherts in southwestern Ontario; Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper 102, 35 p. Ont. Department of Highways, Rep.RB106, 35 p. Ontario Geological Survey 1985b. Aggregate Resources Inventory of the Township of Woolwich, Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Johnson, M.D., Armstrong, D.K., Sanford, B.V., Telford, P.G. and Rut- southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Aggregate Re- ka, M.A. 1992. Paleozoic and Mesozoic geology of Ontario; in sources Inventory Paper 103, 32 p. Geology of Ontario, Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 4, p. 907-1008. Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs 1992. Ontario Municipal Direc- tory 1992; Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs, Queen’s Print- Karrow, P.F. 1963. Pleistocene geology of the Hamilton--Galt area, er for Ontario, 120 p. southern Ontario; Ontario Department of Mines, Geological Re- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 1995. Mineral aggregates in port 16, 68 p., accompanied by Maps 2029, 2030, 2033, and Ontario, Overview and statistical update; Ministry of Natural Re- 2034, scale 1:63 360. sources, Queen’s Printer for Ontario, Toronto, 44 p. ______1974. Till stratigraphy in parts of southwestern Ontario; Geo- Peto MacCallum Ltd. 1981. Gravel investigation Bleams road and logical Society of American Bulletin, v.85, p. 761-768. Gehl Place, Kitchener, Ontario; for Dimension Investments Lim- ______1976a. Bedrock topography of the Conestogo area, southern ited; Ref. No. 79F 307A, July 1981; Ministry of Natural Re- Ontario; Ontario Division of Mines, Preliminary Map P.167 (resources, southwest district, Cambridge, Ontario, 11 p; unpub- vised), Bedrock Topography Series, scale 1:50 000. lished report Planning Initiatives Ltd. 1980. Summary report, inventory of aggre- ______1976b. Bedrock topography of the Stratford area, southern gate resources in the Hallman/Weaverproperty (part. lot 8, conc. Ontario; Ontario Division of Mines, Preliminary Map P.168 (re- 1, SBR, Wilmot Township)13 p; unpublished report. vised), Bedrock Topography Series, scale 1:50 000. ______1981. Summary report: inventory of aggregate resources on ______1983. Quaternary geology of the Hamilton--Cambridge area, the Bickle property, part of lot 123, German Company Tract, City southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report of Kitchener; 8 p; unpublished report. 5429, 147 p. accompanied by Map P.2604, scale 1:50 000. ______1983. Development potential study for Ontario Land Corpo- ______1987. Quaternary geology of the Cambridge area, southern ration, City of Kitchener, September 1983; 45 p; unpublished re- Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Map 2508, scale 1:50 000. port.

46 Regional Municipality of Waterloo

______1989. Anaggregate resourceinventory investigation,Snyder ______1993e. Planning report (report for a class “A” licence under property, City of Cambridge; 9 p; unpublished report. the Aggregate Resources Act, 1990) Canada Building Materials ______1990a. Revised 1991. Planning report for a class A licence Co. (CBM), regional road 97 pit; 22 p.; unpublished report. under the Aggregate Resources Act, 1989, Whistle Bare pit; 22 p; ______1994. Planning report for a class A licence under the Aggre- unpublished report. gate Resources Act, 1990, Tom Hall pit; 25 p.; unpublished re- ______1990b.Revised 1992.Planning report for RockwayHoldings port. Ltd., lots 10-14 and 24-26 and part of lots 9 and 23, registered Planning Initiatives Ltd. and Geoconcepts Ltd. 1989. Aggregate re- plan 585, and part of lot 149 German Company Tract, City of source inventory, Trunor and Grand River Conservation Author- Kitchener, Regional Municipality of Waterloo, proposed Cober ity properties, City of Kitchener, 29 p.; unpublished report. pit no. 2; 15 p.; unpublished report. ______1991.Planning report (report for aclass “A”licence underthe Regional Municipality of Waterloo 1985.Toyota -- north Cambridge Aggregate Resources Act, 1989) Warren Cattleland pit; 25 p.;un- development impact report; 94 p. published report. Robertson, J.A. 1975. Mineral deposit studies, mineral potential evalu- Planning Initiatives Ltd. 1992a. Revised 1993. Planning report (report ation, and regional planning in Ontario; Ontario Division of for a class “A” licence under the Aggregate Resources Act, Mines, Miscellaneous Paper 61, 42 p. 1990), Forwell Gravel Inc., Dance property; 21 p; unpublished report. Schugg, G. 1991. Planning and environmental report for class A licence, part lot 2 and 3 and lot 8, concession 8, township of North ______1992b. Revised 1994. Planning report (report for a class “A” Dumfries, Waynco Ltd.; unpublished report, Ministry of Natural licence under the Aggregate Resources Act, 1990), Corporation Resources, southwest district, Cambridge, Ontario. of the City of Kitchener, Victoria Street pit; 22 p.; unpublished report. Telford,P.G.1976.Paleozoic geology of the Guelpharea,southernOn- tario; Ontario Division of Mines, Map 2342, scale 1:50 000. ______1993a. Aggregate resources of southern Ontario: a state of the resources study, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 341 ______1979. Paleozoic geology of the Cambridge area, southern p. Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Preliminary Map P.1983, ______1993b. Planning report (report for a class “A” licence under scale 1:50 000. the Aggregate Resources Act, 1990) Forwell Limited, Brown pit; Telford, P.G. and Tarrant, G.A. 1975. Paleozoic geology of Dunnville 22 p.; unpublished report. area, southern Ontario; Ontario Division of Mines, Preliminary ______1993c. Planning report (report for a class “A” licence under Map P.988, scale 1:50 000. the Aggregate Resources Act, 1990) Fastrock Ltd., Oliver pit; 23 p.; unpublished report. Telford, W.M., Geldart, L.P., Sherriff, R.E. and Keys, D.A. 1980. Ap- plied geophysics; Cambridge University Press, London, En- ______1993d. Planning report (report for a class “A” licence under gland, 860 p. the Aggregate Resources Act, 1990) Bedrock Resources Inc., North Dumfries pit; 30 p.; unpublished report.

47 Appendix A -- Suggested Additional Reading

Antevs, E. 1928. The last glaciation, with special reference to the ice Hewitt, D.F. and Vos, M.A. 1970. Urbanization and rehabilitation of retreat in northeastern North America; American Geography So- pits and quarries; Ontario Department of Mines, Industrial Min- ciety, Research Series No. 17, 292p. eral Report 34, 21p. Banerjee, I. and McDonald, B.C. 1975. Nature of esker sedimentation; Karrow, P.F. 1968. Pleistocene geology of the Guelph area; Ontario in Glaciofluvial and Glaciolacustrine Sedimentation, Society of Department of Mines, Geological Report 61, 38p. accompanied Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Paper No. by Map 2153, scale 1:63 360. 23, p.132-154. Karrow, P.F. 1971. Quaternary geology of the Stratford--Conestogo Barnett, P.J. 1992. Quaternary geology of Ontario; in Geology of On- area, Ontario; Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 70-34, 11p., tario, Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 4, Part 2, accompanied by Maps 26-1970, 27-1970,28-1970 and 29-1970, p.1011-1088. scale 1:50 000. Bates, R.L. and Jackson, J.A. 1987. Glossary of geology, 3rd ed.; Lowe, S.B. 1980. Trees and shrubs for the improvement and rehabilita- American Geological Institute, Alexandria, 788p. tion of pits and quarries in Ontario; Ontario Ministry of Natural Bauer, A.M. 1970. A guide to site development and rehabilitation of Resources, 71p. pits and quarries; Ontario Department of Mines, Industrial Min- McLellan,A.G.,Yundt,S.E.and Dorfman,M.L.1979. Abandonedpits eral Report 33, 62p. and quarries in Ontario: A Program for their Rehabilitation; On- Bezys, R.K. and Johnson, M.D. 1988. The geology of the Paleozoic tario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Paper 79, 36p. formations utilized by the limestone industry of Ontario; Cana- dian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum Bulletin, McLellan, A.G. 1987. The Sequence of Deglaciation & Massive v.81, no.912, p.49-58. Drainage Diversions in an Area South of Kitchener, Ontario. The Monograph. Vol. 38, No. 4. p 22-28. Burwasser, G.J. 1975. Recommendations for sand and gravel extractive areas, Wilmot Township, southern Ontario; Ontario Division Michalski, M.F.P., Gregory, D.R. and Usher, A.J. 1987. Rehabilitation of Mines, unpublished report, 5p. of pits and quarries for fish and wildlife; Ontario Ministry of Nat- ural Resources, Land Management Branch, 59 p. Cowan, W.R. 1972. Pleistocene geology of the Brantford area, southern Ontario; Ontario Department of Mines and Northern Affairs, Ontario 1989. Aggregate Resources Act; Statutes of Ontario, 1989, Industrial Mineral Report 37, 66p. Chapter 23 and Ontario Regulation 702/89, Queen’s Printer for Ontario. Cowan, W.R. 1976. Recommendations for sand and gravel extractive areas, North Dumfries Township, Regional Municipality of Wa- Ontario 1992. The Mining Act; Revised Statutes of Ontario, 1990, terloo, Southern Ontario; Ontario Division of Mines, Open File Chapter M.14, Queen’s Printer for Ontario. Report 5207, 4p. Ontario Mineral Aggregate Working Party 1977. A policy for mineral Cowan, W.R. 1977. Toward the inventory of Ontario’s mineral aggre- aggregate resource management in Ontario; Ontario Ministry of gates; Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Paper 73, 19p. Natural Resources, 232 p. Deike, W.1981. Aggregate suitability evaluation, Township of Guelph Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 1975. Vegetation for the rehabi- including the City of Guelph; unpublished report, Aggregate litation of pits and quarries; Forest Management Branch, Divi- Sources Research, 28p. sion of Forests, 38p. Derry, Michener, Booth and Wahl and Ontario Geological Survey Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 1977. Ontario mineral review 1989a. Limestone industries of Ontario, volume I--geology, 1976-1977; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 95p. properties and economics; Ontario Ministry of Natural Re- sources, Land Management Branch, 158p. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 1980. Statistics 1980; Ontario Derry, Michener, Booth and Wahl and Ontario Geological Survey Ministry of Natural Resources, 122p. 1989b. Limestone industries of Ontario,volume II--limestone in- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 1983. Statistics 1983; Ontario dustries and resources of eastern and northern Ontario; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 123p. Ministry of Natural Resources, Land Management Branch, 196p. Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines 1989. 1988 On- Fairbridge, R.W. ed. 1968. The encyclopedia of geomorphology; En- tario mineral score; OntarioMinistry of Northern Development cyclopedia of Earth Sciences, v.3, Reinhold Book Corp., New and Mines, 194p. York, 1295p. Rogers, C.A. 1985. Evaluation of the potential for expansion and Flint, R.F.1971. Glacial and Quaternarygeology; JohnWiley andSons cracking due to the alkali-carbonate reaction; in Cement, Con- Inc., New York, 892p. crete and Aggregates, CCAGDP, v.8, no.1, p.13-23. Guillet, G.R. 1967. The clay products industry of Ontario; Ontario De- partment of Mines, IndustrialMineral Report22, 206p.accompa- Sanford, B.V. 1969. Geology of the Toronto--Windsor area, Ontario; nied by maps 2130 and 2131, scale 1:1 013 760. Geological Survey of Canada, Map 1263A, scale 1:250 000. Guillet, G.R. 1977. Clay and shale deposits of Ontario; Ontario Geo- Sanford, B.V. and Baer, A.J. 1981. Map 1335A -- southern Ontario logical Survey, Mineral Deposits Circular 15, 117p. accompa- sheet 30S; Geological Survey of Canada, Map 1335A; sheet 30S, nied by Map 2358, scale 1:2 000 000. Geological Atlas, scale 1:1 000 000. Guillet, G.R. 1983. Mineral resources of south-central Ontario; Ontar- Township of Woolwich 1980. The official plan for the Woolwich plan- io Geological Survey, Open File Report 5431, 155p. ning area; Township of Woolwich, unpublished report. Hewitt, D.F.and Karrow, P.F. 1963. Sand and gravel in southern Ontar- Wolf, R.R. 1993. An inventory of inactive quarries in the Paleozoic io; Ontario Department of Mines, Industrial Mineral Report 11, limestone and dolostone strata of Ontario; Ontario Geological 151p. Survey, Open File Report 5863, 272p.

48 Appendix B -- Glossary

Abrasion resistance: Tests such as the Los Angeles as routine crushing, screening, washing, or abrasion test are used to measure the ability of aggregate classification. Heavy media separation, jigging, or to resist crushing and pulverizing under conditions application of special crushers (e.g., “cage mill”) are similar to those encountered in processing and use. usually considered processes of beneficiation. Measuring resistance is an important component in the evaluation of the quality and prospective uses of Blending: Required in cases of extreme coarseness, aggregate. Hard, durable material is preferred for road fineness, or other irregularities in the gradation of building. unprocessed aggregate. Blending is done with approved sand-sized aggregate in order to satisfy the Absorption capacity: Related to the porosity of the rock gradation requirements of the material. types of which an aggregate is composed. Porous rocks are subject to disintegration when absorbed liquids Bulk Relative Density: The density of a material related freeze and thaw, thus decreasing the strength of the to water at 4oC and atmospheric pressure at sea level. aggregate. An aggregate with low relative density is lighter in weight than one with a high relative density. Low Acid-Soluble Chloride Ion Content: This test measures relative density aggregates (less than about 2.5) are total chloride ion content in concrete and is used to often non-durable for many aggregate uses. judge the likelihood of re-bar corrosion and susceptibility to deterioration by freeze-thaw in Cambrian: The first period of the Paleozoic Era, concrete structures. There is a strong positive thought to have covered the time between 570 and 505 correlation between chloride ion content and million years age. The Cambrian precedes the depassivation of reinforcing steel in concrete. Ordovician Period. Depassivation permits corrosion of the steel in the presence of oxygen and moisture. Chloride ions are Chert: Amorphous silica, generally associated with contributed mainly by the application of de-icing salts. limestone. Often occur as irregular masses or lenses but can also occur finally disseminated through limestones. It may be very hard in unleached form. In leached form, Aggregate: Any hard, inert, construction material it is white and “chalky” and is very absorptive. It has (sand, gravel, shells, slag, crushed stone or other deleterious effect for aggregates to be used in Portland mineral material) used for mixing in various-sized cement concrete due to reactivity with alkalies in fragments with a cement or bituminous material to form Portland cement. concrete, mortar, etc., or used alone for road building or other construction. Synonyms include mineral aggregate and granular material. Clast: An individual constituent, grain or fragment of a sediment or rock, produced by the mechanical weathering of larger rock mass. Synonyms include Aggregate Abrasion Value: This test directly measures particle and fragment. the resistance of aggregate to abrasion with silica sand and a steel disk. The higher the value, the lower the Crushable Aggregate: Unprocessed gravel containing resistance to abrasion. For high quality asphalt surface a minimum of 35% coarse aggregate larger than the No. course uses, values of less than 6 are desirable. 4 sieve (4.75 mm) as well as a minimum of 20% greater than the 26.5 mm sieve. Alkali-aggregate reaction: A chemical reaction between the alkalies of Portland cement and certain Deleterious lithology: A general term used to designate minerals found in rocks used for aggregate. those rock types which are chemically or physically Alkali-aggregate reactions are undesirable because unsuited for use as construction or road-building they can cause expansion and cracking of concrete. aggregates. Such lithologies as chert, shale, siltstone Although perfectly suitable for building stone and and sandstone may deteriorate rapidly when exposed to asphalt applications, alkali-reactive aggregates should traffic and other environmental conditions. be avoided for structural concrete uses. Devonian: A period of the Paleozoic Era thought to Beneficiation: Beneficiation of aggregates is a process have covered the span of time between 408 and 360 or combination of processes which improves the quality million years ago, following the Silurian Period. Rocks (physical properties) of a mineral aggregate and is not formed in the Devonian Period are among the youngest part of the normal processing for a particular use, such Paleozoic rocks in Ontario.

49 ARIP 161

Dolostone: A carbonate sedimentary rock consisting Granite: A coarse-grained, light-coloured rock that chiefly of the mineral dolomite and containing ordinarily has an even texture and is composed of quartz relatively little calcite (dolostone is also known as and feldspar with either mica, hornblende or both. dolomite). Granular Base and Subbase: Components of a Drift: A general term for all unconsolidated rock debris pavement structure of a road, which are placed on the transported from one place and deposited in another, subgrade and are designed to provide strength, stability distinguished from underlying bedrock. In North and drainage, as well as, support for surfacing materials. America, glacial activity has been the dominant mode Four types have been defined: Granular A consists of of transport and deposition of drift. Synonyms include crushed and processed aggregate and has relatively overburden and surficial deposit. stringent quality standards in comparison to Granular B which is usually pit-run or other unprocessed aggregate, Drumlin: A low, smoothly rounded, elongated hill, Granular M is a shouldering and surface dressing mound, or ridge composed of glacial materials. These material with quality requirements similar to Granular landforms were formed beneath an advancing ice sheet, A, and Select Subgrade Material has similar quality and were shaped by its flow. requirements to Granular B and it provides a stable platform for the overlying pavement structure. (For Eolian: Pertaining to the wind, especially with respect more specific information the reader is referred to to landforms whose constituents were transported and Ontario Provincial Standard Specification OPSS 1010). deposited by wind activity. Sand dunes are an example of an eolian landform. Heavy Duty Binder: Second layer from the top of hot mix asphalt pavements, used on heavily travelled (especially by trucks) expressways, such as Highway Fines: A general term used to describe the size fraction 401. Coarse and fine aggregates are to be produced of an aggregate which passes (is finer than) the No. 200 from high quality bedrock quarries, except when gravel mesh screen (0.075 mm). Also described informally as is permitted by special provisions. “dirt”, these particles are in the silt and clay size range. Hot-laid (or Asphaltic) Paving Aggregate: Glacial lobe: A tongue-like projection from the margin Bituminous, cemented aggregates used in the of the main mass of an ice cap or ice sheet. During the construction of pavements either as surface or bearing Pleistocene Epoch several lobes of the Laurentide course (HL 1, 3 and 4), or as binder course (HL 2, 4 and continental ice sheet occupied the Great Lakes basins. 8) used to bind the surface course to the underlying These lobes advanced then melted back numeroustimes granular base. during the Pleistocene, producing the complex arrangement of glacial material and landforms found in Limestone: A carbonate sedimentary rock consisting Ontario. chiefly of the mineral calcite. It may contain the mineral dolomite up to about 40 percent. Gneiss: A coarse-textured metamorphic rock with the minerals arranged in parallel streaks or bands. Gneiss is Lithology: The description of rocks on the basis of such relatively rich in feldspar. Other common minerals characteristics as colour, structure, mineralogic found in this rock include quartz, mica, amphibole and composition and grain size. Generally, the description garnet. of the physical character of a rock.

Gradation: The proportion of material of each particle Los Angeles Abrasion and Impact Test: This test size, or the frequency distribution of the various sizes measures the resistance to abrasion and the impact which constitute a sediment. The strength, durability, strength of aggregate. This gives an idea of the permeability and stability of an aggregate depend to a breakdown that can be expected to occur when an great extent on its gradation. The size limits for aggregate is stockpiled, transported and placed. Values different particles are as follows: less than about 35% indicate potentially satisfactory performance for most concrete and asphalt uses. Values Boulder more than 200 mm of more than 45% indicate that the aggregate may be Cobbles 75-200 mm susceptible to excessive breakdown during handling Coarse Gravel 26.5-75 mm and placing. Fine Gravel 4.75-26.5 mm Coarse Sand 2-4.75 mm Magnesium Sulphate Soundness Test: This test is Medium Sand 0.425-2 mm designed to simulate the action of freezing and thawing Fine Sand 0.075-0.425 mm on aggregates. Those aggregates which are susceptible Silt, Clay less than 0.075 mm to freezing and thawing will usually break down and

50 Regional Municipality of Waterloo give high losses in this test. Values greater than about deposit and for which there are few, if any, samples or 12 to 15% indicate potential problems for concrete and measurements. The estimates are based on assumed asphalt coarse aggregate. continuity or repetition for which there are reasonable geological indications, but do not take into account Medium Duty Binder: Second layer from the top of hot many site specific natural and environmental mix asphalt pavements used on heavily travelled, constraints that could render the resource unaccessible. usually four lane highways and municipal arterial roads. It may be constructed with high quality quarried rock or Precambrian: The earliest geological period extending high quality gravel with a high percentage of fractured from the consolidation of the earth’s crust to the faces or polymer modified asphalt cements. beginning of the Cambrian Period.

Meltwater Channel: A drainage way, often terraced, Sandstone: A clastic sedimentary rock consisting produced by water flowing away from a melting glacier chiefly of sand-size particles of quartz and minor margin. feldspar, cemented together by calcareous minerals (calcite or dolomite) or by silica. Ordovician: An early period of the Paleozoic Era thought to have covered the span of time between 505 Shale: A fine-grained, sedimentary rock formed by the and 438 million years ago. consolidation of clay, silt or mud and characterized by well developed bedding planes, along which the rock Paleozoic Era: One of the major divisions of the breaks readily into thin layers. The term shale is also geologic time scale thought to have covered the time commonly used for fissile claystone, siltstone and period between 570 and 230 million years ago, the mudstone. Paleozoic Era (or Ancient Life Era) is subdivided into six geologic periods, of which only four (Cambrian, Siltstone: A clastic sedimentary rock consisting chiefly Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian) can be recognized of silt-size particles, cemented together by calcareous in southern Ontario. minerals (calcite and dolomite) or by silica.

Petrographic Examination: An aggregate quality test Silurian: An early period of the Paleozoic era thought to based on known field performance of various rock have covered the time between 438 and 408 million types. In Ontario the test result is a Petrographic years ago. The Silurian follows the Ordovician Period Number (PN). The higher the PN, the lower the quality and precedes the Devonian Period. of the aggregate. Soundness: The ability of the components of an Pleistocene: An epoch of the recent geological past aggregate to withstand the effects of various weathering including the time from approximately 2 million years processes and agents. Unsound lithologies are subject ago to 7000 years ago. Much of the Pleistocene was to disintegration caused by the expansion of absorbed characterized by extensive glacial activity and is solutions. This may seriously impair the performance popularly referred to as the “Great Ice Age”. of road-building and construction aggregates.

Polished Stone Value: This test measures the frictional Till: Unsorted and unstratified rock debris, deposited properties of aggregates after 6 hours of abrasion and directly by glaciers, and ranging in size from clay to polishing with an emery abrasive. The higher the PSV, large boulders. the higher the frictional properties of the aggregate. Values less than 45 indicate marginal frictional Wisconsinan: Pertaining to the last glacial period of the properties, while values greater than 55 indicate Pleistocene Epoch in North America. The Wisconsinan excellent frictional properties. began approximately 100 000 years ago and ended approximately 7000 years ago. The glacial deposits and Possible Resource: Reserve estimates based largely on landforms of Ontario are predominantly the result of broad knowledge of the geological character of the glacial activity during the Wisconsinan Stage.

51 Appendix C -- Geology of Sand and Gravel Deposits

The type, distribution and extent of sand and gravel de- Eskers (E): Eskers are narrow, sinuous ridges of sand posits in Ontario are the result of extensive glacial and and gravel deposited by meltwaters flowing in tunnels glacially influenced activity in Wisconsinan time dur- within or at the base of glaciers, or in channels on the ice ing the Pleistocene Epoch, approximately 100 000 to surface. Eskers vary greatly in size. Many, though not 7000 years ago. The deposit types reflect the different all eskers, consist of a central core of poorly sorted and depositional environments that existed during the melt- stratified gravel characterized by a wide range in grain ing and retreat of the continental ice masses, and can size. The core material is often draped on its flanks by readily be differentiated on the basis of their morpholo- better sorted and stratified sand and gravel. The gy, structure, and texture. The deposit types are de- deposits have a high probability of containing a large scribed below. proportion of crushable aggregate, and since they are generally built above the surrounding ground surface, are convenient extraction sites. For these reasons esker GLACIOFLUVIAL DEPOSITS deposits have been traditional aggregate sources throughout Ontario, and are significant components of These deposits can be divided into two broad catego- the total resources of many areas. ries: those that were formed in contact with (or in close proximity to) glacial ice, and those that were deposited Some planning constraints and opportunities are by meltwaters carrying materials beyond the ice mar- inherent in the nature of the deposits. Because of their gin. linear nature, the deposits commonly extend across several property boundaries leading to unorganized extractive development at numerous small pits. On the Ice-Contact Terraces (ICT): These are glaciofluvial other hand, because of their form, eskers can be easily features deposited between the glacial margin and a and inexpensively extracted and are amenable to confining topographic high, such as the side of a valley. rehabilitation and sequential land use. The structure of the deposits may be similar to that of outwash deposits, but in most cases the sorting and Undifferentiated Ice-Contact Stratified Drift (IC): This grading of the material is more variable and the bedding designation may include deposits from several is discontinuous because of extensive slumping. The ice-contact, depositional environments which usually probability of locating large amounts of crushable form extensive, complex landforms. It is not feasible to aggregate is moderate, and extraction may be expensive identify individual areas of coarse-grained material because of the variability of the deposits both in termsof within such deposits because of their lack of continuity quality and grain size distribution. and grain size variability. They are given a qualitative rating based on existing pit and other subsurface data. Kames (K): Kames are defined as mounds of poorly Outwash (OW): Outwash deposits consist of sand and sorted sand and gravel deposited by meltwater in gravel laid down by meltwaters beyond the margin of depressions or fissures on the ice surface or at its the ice lobes. The deposits occur as sheets or as terraced margin. During glacial retreat, the melting of valley fills (valley trains) and may be very large in supporting ice causes collapse of the deposits, extent and thickness. Well developed outwash deposits producing internal structures characterized by bedding have good horizontal bedding and are uniform in grain discontinuities. The deposits consist mainly of size distribution. Outwash deposited near the glacier’s irregularly bedded and crossbedded, poorly sorted sand margin is much more variable in texture and structure. and gravel. The present forms of the deposits include The probability of locating useful crushable aggregates single mounds, linear ridges (crevasse fillings) or in outwash deposits is moderate to high depending on complex groups of landforms. The latter are how much information on size, distribution and occasionally described as “undifferentiated ice-contact thickness is available. stratified drift” (IC) when detailed subsurface information is unavailable. Since kames commonly Subaqueous Fans (SF): Subaqueous fans are formed contain large amounts of fine-grained material and are within or near the mouths of meltwater conduits when characterized by considerable variability, there is sediment-laden meltwaters are discharged into a generally a low to moderate probability of discovering standing body of water. The geometry of the resulting large amounts of good quality, crushable aggregate. deposit is fan or lobe-shaped. Several of these lobes Extractive problems encountered in these deposits are may be joined together to form a larger, continuous mainly the excessive variability of the aggregate and the sedimentary body. Internally, subaqueous fans consist rare presence of excess fines (silt- and clay-sized of stratified sands and gravels which may exhibit wide particles). variations in grain size distribution. As these features

52 Regional Municipality of Waterloo were deposited under glacial lake waters, silt and clay probability of obtaining coarse material is generally which settled out of these lakes may be associated in low. varying amounts with these deposits. The variability of the sediments and presence of fines are the main extractive problems associated with these deposits. Glaciolacustrine Plains (LP): The nearly level surface marking the floor of an extinct glacial lake. The Alluvium (AL): Alluvium is a general term for clay, silt, sediments which form the plain are predominantly fine sand, gravel, or similar unconsolidated material to medium sand, silt and clay, and were deposited in deposited during postglacial time by a stream as sorted relatively deep water. Lacustrine deposits are generally or semi-sorted sediment, on its bed or on its floodplain. of low value as aggregate sources because of their fine The probability of locating large amounts of crushable grain size and lack of crushable material. In some aggregate in alluvial deposits is low, and they have aggregate-poor areas, lacustrine deposits may generally low value because of the presence of excess constitute valuable sources of fill and some granular silt- and clay-sized material. There are few large subbase aggregate. postglacial alluvium deposits in Ontario. GLACIAL DEPOSITS

GLACIOLACUSTRINE DEPOSITS End Moraines (EM): These are belts of glacial drift deposited at, and parallel to, glacier margins. End Glaciolacustrine Beach Deposits (LB): These are moraines commonly consist of ice-contact stratified relatively narrow, linear features formed by wave action drift and in such instances are usually called kame at the shores of glacial lakesthat existed at varioustimes moraines. Kame moraines commonly result from during the deglaciation of Ontario. Well developed deposition between two glacial lobes (interlobate lacustrine beaches are usually less than 6 m thick. The moraines). The probability of locating aggregates aggregate is well sorted and stratified and sand-sized within such features is moderate to low. Exploration material commonly predominates. The composition and development costs are high. Moraines may be very and size distribution of the deposit depends on the large and contain vast aggregate resources, but the nature of the source material. The probability of location of the best areas within the moraine is usually obtaining crushable aggregate is high when the material poorly defined. is developed from coarse-grained materials such as a stony till, and low when developed from fine-grained EOLIAN DEPOSITS materials. Beaches are relatively narrow, linear deposits, so that extractive operations are often Windblown Deposits (WD): Windblown deposits are numerous and extensive. those formed by the transport and deposition of sand by winds. The form of the deposits ranges from extensive, Glaciolacustrine Deltas (LD): These features were thin layers to well developed linear and crescentic formed where streams or rivers of glacial meltwater ridges known as dunes. Most windblown deposits in flowed into lakes and deposited their suspended Ontario are derived from, and deposited on, pre-existing sediment. In Ontario such deposits tend to consist lacustrine sand plain deposits. Windblown sediments mainly of sand and abundant silt. However, in near-ice almost always consist of fine to coarse sand and are and ice-contact positions, coarse material may be usually well sorted. The probability of locating present. Although deltaic deposits may be large, the crushable aggregate in windblown deposits is very low.

53 Appendix D -- Geology of Bedrock Deposits

The following description is arranged in ascending TESTING: PSV = 55-60, AAV = 4-6, MgS04 = 1-17, stratigraphic order, on a group and formation basis. Pre- LA = 15-38, Absn = 0.5-0.9, BRD = 2.61-2.65, PN (As- cambrian rocks are not discussed. Additional strati- phalt & Concrete) = 110-150. graphic information is included for some formations where necessary. The publications and maps of the On- Oxford Formation (Lower Ordovician) tario Geological Survey (e.g. Johnson et al. 1992) and the Geological Survey of Canada should be referred to STRATIGRAPHY: upper formation of the Beekman- for more detailed information. The composition, thick- town Group. COMPOSITION: thin- to thick-bedded, ness, and uses of the formations are discussed. If a microcrystalline to medium-crystalline, grey dolostone formation may be suitable for use as aggregate and ag- with thin shaly interbeds. THICKNESS: 61 to 102 m. gregate suitability test data are available, the data have USES: quarried in the Brockville and Smith Falls areas been included in the form of ranges. The following and south of Ottawa for use as aggregate. AGGRE- short forms have been used in presenting this data: PSV GATE SUITABILITY TESTING: PSV = 47-48, AAV= = Polished Stone Value, AAV = Aggregate Abrasion 7-8, MgSO4 = 1-4, LA = 18-23, Absn = 0.7-0.9, BRD = 2.74-2.78, PN (Asphalt & Concrete) = 105-120. Va l ue , MgSO 4 = Magnesium Sulphate Soundness Test (loss in percent), LA = Los Angeles Abrasion and Im- pact Test (loss in percent), Absn = Absorption (percent), Rockcliffe Formation (Middle BRD = Bulk Relative Density, PN(Asphalt & Concrete) Ordovician) = Petrographic Number for Asphalt and Concrete use. STRATIGRAPHY: divided into lower member and up- The ranges are intended as a guide only and care should per (St. Martin) member. COMPOSITION: inter- be exercised in extrapolating the information to specific situations. Aggregate suitability test data has been pro- bedded quartz sandstone and shale; interbedded shaly bioclastic limestone and shale predominating in upper vided by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation. member to the east. THICKNESS: 0 to 125 m. USES: upper member has been quarried east of Ottawa for ag- Covey Hill Formation (Cambrian) gregate; lower member has been used as crushed stone; some high purity limestone beds in upper member may STRATIGRAPHY: lower formation of the Potsdam be suitable for use as fluxing stone and in lime produc- Group. COMPOSITION: interbedded non-calcareous tion. AGGREGATE SUITABILITY TESTING: PSV = feldspathic conglomerate and sandstone. THICK- 58-63, AAV = 10-11, MgSO = 12-40, LA = 25-28, NESS: 0 to 14m. USES: has been quarried for aggre- 4 Absn = 1.8-1.9, BRD = 2.55-2.62, PN (Asphalt & Con- gate in South Burgess Township, Leeds County. crete) = 122-440. Nepean Formation Shadow Lake Formation (Middle (Cambro--Ordovician) Ordovician) STRATIGRAPHY: part of the Potsdam Group. COM- STRATIGRAPHY: eastern Ontario -- the basal unit of POSITION: thin- to massive-bedded quartz sandstone the Ottawa Group; central Ontario -- overlain by the with some conglomerate interbeds and rare shaly part- Simcoe Group. COMPOSITION: in eastern Ontario -- ings. THICKNESS: 0 to 30 m. USES: suitable as di- silty and sandy dolostone with shale partings and minor mension stone; quarried at Philipsville and Forfar for interbeds of sandstone; in central Ontario --conglomer- silica sand; alkali-silica reactive in Portland cement ates, sandstones, and shales. THICKNESS: eastern On- concrete. AGGREGATE SUITABILITY TESTING: tario --2 to 3 m; central Ontario --0 to 12 m. USES: po- PSV = 54-68, AAV= 4-15, MgSO4 = 9-32, LA = 44-90, tential source of decorative stone; very limited value as Absn = 1.6-2.6, BRD = 2.38-2.50, PN (Asphalt & Con- aggregate source. crete) = 130-140. Gull River Formation (Middle March Formation (Lower Ordovician) Ordovician) STRATIGRAPHY: lower formation of the Beekman- STRATIGRAPHY: part of the Simcoe Group (central town Group. COMPOSITION: interbedded quartz Ontario) and Ottawa Group (eastern Ontario). In eastern sandstone, dolomitic quartz sandstone, sandy dolostone Ontario the formation is subdivided into upper and low- and dolostone. THICKNESS: 6 to 64 m. USES: quar- er members; in central Ontario it is presently subdivided ried extensively for aggregate in area of subcrop and into upper, middle and lower members. COMPOSI- outcrop; alkali-silica reactive in Portland cement con- TION: in central and eastern Ontario the lower member crete; lower part of formation is an excellent source of consists of alternating units of limestone, dolomitic skid-resistant aggregate. Suitable for use as facing stone limestone, and dolostone, the upper member consists of and paving stone. AGGREGATE SUITABILITY thin-bedded limestones with thin shale partings; west of

54 Regional Municipality of Waterloo

Lake Simcoe the lower member isthin- to thick-bedded, stone with undulating shale partings and interbeds of interbedded, grey argillaceous limestone and buff to dark grey calcareous shale, whereas the EastviewMem- green dolostone whereas the upper and middle members ber isan interbedded dark grey to dark brown calcareous are dense microcrystalline limestones with argillaceous shale and very fine- to fine-crystalline, petroliferous dolostone interbeds. THICKNESS: 7.5 to 136m. limestone; central Ontario --Collingwood Member is a USES: Quarried in the Lake Simcoe, Kingston, Ottawa, black, calcareous shale whereas the lower member is a and Cornwall areas for crushed stone. Rock from cer- very fine- to coarse-crystalline, thin-bedded limestone tain layers in eastern and central Ontario has proven to with very thin, undulating shale partings. THICKNESS: be alkali-reactive when used in Portland cement con- 25 to 67m. USES: eastern Ontario --lower member is crete (alkali-carbonate reaction). AGGREGATE SUIT- used extensively for aggregate production; central On- ABILITY TESTING: PSV = 41-49, AAV = 8-12, tario -- quarried at Picton, Ogden Point and Bowman- MgSO4 = 3-13, LA = 18-28, Absn = 0.3-0.9, BRD = ville for cement. May be suitable or unsuitable for use as 2.68-2.73, PN (Asphalt & Concrete) = 100-153. concrete and asphalt aggregate. AGGREGATE SUIT- ABILITY TESTING: MgSO4 = 2-47, LA = 20-28, Bobcaygeon Formation (Middle Absn = 0.4-1.3, BRD = 2.64-2.70, PN (Asphalt & Con- Ordovician) crete) = 110-215. STRATIGRAPHY: part of the Simcoe Group (central Blue Mountain and Billings Ontario) and the Ottawa Group (eastern Ontario), subdi- Formations (Upper Ordovician) vided into upper, middle and lower members; members in eastern and central Ontario are approximately equiv- STRATIGRAPHY: central Ontario -- Blue Mountain alent. COMPOSITION: homogeneous, massive to Formation includes the upper and middle members of thin-bedded fine-crystalline limestone with numerous the former Whitby Formation; eastern Ontario -- Bill- shaly partings in the middle member. THICKNESS: 7 ings Formation is equivalent to part of the Blue Moun- to 87 m. USES: Quarried at Brechin, Marysville, and in tain Formation. COMPOSITION: Blue Mountain the Ottawa area for crushed stone. Generally suitable Formation --blue-grey, noncalcareous shales; Billings for use as granular base course aggregate. Rock from Formation --dark grey to black, noncalcareous to slight- certain layers has been found to be alkali-reactive when ly calcareous, pyritiferous shale with dark grey lime- used in Portland cement concrete (alkali-silica reac- stone laminae and grey siltstone interbeds. THICK- tion). AGGREGATE SUITABILITY TESTING: PSV NESS: Blue Mountain Formation --43 to 61m; Billings Formation --0 to 62m. USES: Billings Formation may = 47-51, AAV = 14-23, MgSO4 = 1-40, LA = 18-32, Absn = 0.3-2.4, BRD = 2.5-2.69, PN (Asphalt & Con- be a suitable source for structural clay products and ex- crete) = 100-320. panded aggregate; Blue Mountain Formation may be suitable for structural clay products. Verulam Formation (Middle Georgian Bay and Carlsbad Ordovician) Formations (Upper Ordovician) STRATIGRAPHY: part of Simcoe and Ottawa Groups. COMPOSITION: central Ontario -- Georgian Bay COMPOSITION: fossiliferous, pure to argillaceous Formation composed of interbedded limestone and limestone interbedded with calcareous shale. THICK- shale; eastern Ontario --Carlsbad Formation composed NESS: 32 to 65m. USES: Quarried at Picton and Bath of interbedded shale, siltstone and bioclastic limestone; for use in cement manufacture. Quarried for aggregate THICKNESS: Georgian Bay Formation --91 to 170m; in Ramara Township, Simcoe County and in the Belle- Carlsbad Formation --0 to 186m. USES: Georgian Bay ville--Kingston area. May be unsuitable for use as ag- Formation --used by several producers in Metropolitan gregate in some areas because of its high shale content. Toronto area to produce brick and structural tile, as well AGGREGATE SUITABILITY TESTING: PSV = as for making Portland cement; at Streetsville, expand- 43-44, AAV= 9-13, MgSO4 = 4-45, LA = 22-29, Absn = ed shale was used in the past to produce lightweight ag- 0.4-2.1, BRD = 2.59-2.70, PN (Asphalt & Concrete) = gregate. Carlsbad Formation --used as a source material 120-255. for brick and tile manufacturing, has potential as a lightweight expanded aggregate. Lindsay Formation (Middle Upper Ordovician) Queenston Formation (Upper Ordovician) STRATIGRAPHY: part of Simcoe and Ottawa Groups; in eastern Ontario is divisible into an unnamed lower COMPOSITION: red, thin- to thick-bedded, sandy to member and the Eastview Member; in central Ontario is argillaceous shale with green mottling and banding. divisible into the Collingwood Member (equivalent to THICKNESS: 45 to 335m. USES: There are several portions of the Eastview Member) and a lower member. large quarries developed in the Queenston Formation in COMPOSITION: eastern Ontario --the lower member the Toronto--Hamilton region and one at Russell, near is interbedded, very fine- to coarse-crystalline lime- Ottawa. All extract shale for brick manufacturing. The

55 ARIP 161

Queenston Formation is the most important source ma- liferous, impure dolostone. THICKNESS: 0 to 7.5m. terial for brick manufacture in Ontario. USES: no present uses.

Whirlpool Formation (Lower Silurian) Wingfield Formation (Middle Silurian) STRATIGRAPHY: lower formation in the Cataract STRATIGRAPHY: on Manitoulin Island and northern- Group in the Niagara Penninsula and the Niagara Es- most Bruce Peninsula. COMPOSITION: olive green to carpment as far north as Duntroon. COMPOSITION: grey shale with dolostone interbeds. THICKNESS: 0 to massive, medium- to coarse-grained, argillaceouswhite 15m. USES: no present uses. to light grey quartz sandstone with thin grey shale partings. THICKNESS: 0 - 8 m. USES: building stone, St. Edmund Formation (Middle flagstone. Silurian) Manitoulin Formation (Lower Silurian) STRATIGRAPHY: occurs on Manitoulin Island and northernmost Bruce Peninsula, upper portion previous- STRATIGRAPHY: part of the Cataract Group, occurs ly termed the Mindemoya Formation. COMPOSI- north of Stoney Creek. COMPOSITION: thin-bedded, TION: pale grey to buff-brown, micro- to medium- blue-grey to buff-brown dolomitic limestones and dolo- crystalline, thin- to medium-bedded dolostone. stones. THICKNESS: 0 to 25m. USES: extracted for THICKNESS: 0 to 25m. USES: quarried for fill and crushed stone in St. Vincent and Sarawak townships, crushed stone on Manitoulin Island. AGGREGATE Grey County, and for decorative stone on Manitoulin Is- SUITABILITY TESTING: MgSO4 = 1-2, LA = 19-21, land. Absn = 0.6-0.7, BRD = 2.78-2.79, PN (Asphalt & Con- crete) = 105. Cabot Head Formation (Lower Silurian) Fossil Hill and Reynales Formations (Middle Silurian) STRATIGRAPHY: part of the Cataract Group, occurs in subsurface throughout southwestern Ontario and out- STRATIGRAPHY: Fossil Hill Formation occurs in the crops along the length of the Niagara Escarpment. northern part of the Niagara Escarpment and is approxi- COMPOSITION: green, grey and red shales. THICK- mately equivalent in part to the Reynales Formation NESS: 10 to 39m); USES: potential source of coated which occurs on the Niagara Peninsula and the Escarp- lightweight aggregate and raw material for use in ment as far north as the Forks of the Credit. COMPOSI- manufacture of brick and tile. Extraction limited by TION: Fossil Hill Formation; fine- to coarse-crystalline lack of suitable exposures. dolostone with high silica content; ReynalesFormation; thin- to thick-bedded shaly dolostone and dolomitic Grimsby Formation (Lower Silurian) limestone. THICKNESS: Fossil Hill Formation 6 to 26m; Reynales Formation 0 to 3m. USES: both forma- STRATIGRAPHY: upper formation of the Cataract tions quarried for aggregate with overlying Amabel and Group, is identified on the Niagara Peninsula as far Lockport Formations. AGGREGATE SUITABILITY north as Clappison’s Corners. COMPOSITION: inter- TESTING: (Fossil Hill Formation on Manitoulin Is- bedded sandstone and shale, mostly red. THICKNESS: land) MgSO4 = 41, LA = 29, Absn = 4.1, BRD = 2.45, 0 to 15m. USES: no present uses. PN (Asphalt & Concrete) = 370.

Thorold Formation (Middle Silurian) Irondequoit Formation (Middle Silurian) STRATIGRAPHY: lower formation in the Clinton Group on the Niagara Peninsula. COMPOSITION: STRATIGRAPHY: part of Clinton Group on the Niaga- thick-bedded quartz sandstone. THICKNESS: 2 - 3 m. ra Peninsula south of Waterdown. COMPOSITION: USES: no present uses. massive, coarse-crystalline crinoidal limestone. THICKNESS: 0 to 2m. USES: not utilized extensive- Neagha Formation (Middle Silurian) ly.. STRATIGRAPHY: part of the Clinton Group on the Ni- Rochester Formation (Middle Silurian) agara Peninsula. COMPOSITION; dark-grey to green shale with minor interbedded limestone. THICKNESS: STRATIGRAPHY: part of Clinton Group along the Ni- 0to2m.USES:nopresentuses. agara Peninsula. COMPOSITION: black to dark grey calcareous shale with numerous limestone lenses. Dyer Bay Formation (Middle Silurian) THICKNESS: 5 to 24m. USES: not utilized extensively. AGGREGATE SUITABILITY TESTING: PSV = STRATIGRAPHY: on Manitoulin Island and northern- 69, AAV= 17, MgSO4 = 95, LA = 19, Asbn = 2.2, BRD most Bruce Peninsula. COMPOSITION: highly fossi- = 2.67, PN (Asphalt & Concrete) = 400.

56 Regional Municipality of Waterloo

Decew Formation (Middle Silurian) POSITION: grey and maroon shale, brown dolostone and, in places, salt, anhydrite and gypsum; consists pre- STRATIGRAPHY: part of Clinton Group south of Wa- dominantly of evaporitic rich material with up to eight terdown along the Niagara Peninsula. COMPOSI- units identifiable. THICKNESS: 113 to 330m. USES: TION: sandy to shaly dolomitic limestone and dolo- Gypsum mines at Hagersville, Caledonia, and Drumbo. stone. THICKNESS: 0 to 5 m. USES: too shaley for Salt is mined at Goderich and Windsor and is produced high quality uses, but is quarried along with Lockport from brine wells at Amherstburg, Windsor and Sarnia. Formation in places. AGGREGATE SUITABILITY TESTING: PSV = 67, AAV= 15, MgSO4 = 55, LA = 21, Absn = 2.2, BRD = 2.66, PN (Asphalt & Concrete) = Bertie and Bass Islands Formations 255. (Upper Silurian)

Lockport and Amabel Formations STRATIGRAPHY: Bertie Formation found in southern Niagara Peninsula; Bass Islands Formation, the Michi- (Middle Silurian) gan Basin equivalent of the Bertie Formation, rarely STRATIGRAPHY: Lockport Formation occurs from outcrops in Ontario but is present in the subsurface in Waterdown to Niagara Falls, subdivided into 3 formal southwestern Ontario; Bertie Formation represented by members: Gasport, Goat Island and Eramosa Members Oatka, Falkirk, Scajaquanda, Williamsville, and Akron and an informal member (the “Vinemount shale beds”); Members. COMPOSITION: medium- to massive- the approximately equivalent Amabel Formation, bedded, micro-crystalline, brown dolostone with shaly found from Waterdown to Cockburn Island, has been partings. THICKNESS: 14 to 28m. USES: Quarried for subdivided into Lions Head, Wiarton/Colpoy Bay, and crushed stone on the Niagara Peninsula; shaly intervals Eramosa Members. On the Bruce Peninsula and in the are unsuitable for use as high specification aggregate subsurface of southwestern Ontario the Eramosa Mem- because of low freeze-thaw durability. Has also been ber is considered to be part of the overlying Guelph extracted for lime. AGGREGATE SUITABILITY Formation. COMPOSITION: Lockport Formation is TESTING: PSV = 46-49, AAV = 8-11, MgSO4 = 4-19, thin- to massive-bedded, fine- to medium-crystalline LA = 14-23, Absn = 0.8-2.8, BRD = 2.61-2.78, PN (As- dolostone; Amabel Formation is thin- to massive- phalt & Concrete) = 102-120. bedded, fine- to medium-crystalline dolostone with reef facies developed near Georgetown and on the Bruce Oriskany Formation (Lower Devonian) Peninsula. The Eramosa Member is thin bedded and bituminous. THICKNESS: (Lockport/ Amabel) 3 to 40 STRATIGRAPHY: basal Devonian clastic unit, found m. USES: both formations have been used to produce in Niagara Peninsula. COMPOSITION: thick-to mas- lime, crushed stone, concrete aggregate, and building sive-bedded, coarse-grained, grey-yellow sandstone. stone throughout their area of occurrence, and are a re- THICKNESS: 0 to 5 m. USES: Has been quarried for source of provincial significance. AGGREGATE silica sand, building stone, and armour stone. May be SUITABILITY TESTING: PSV = 36-49, AAV= 10-17, acceptable for use as rip rap, and well cemented vari- MgSO4 = 2-6, LA = 25-32, Absn = 0.4-1.54, BRD = eties may be acceptable for some asphaltic products. 2.61-2.81, PN (Asphalt & Concrete) = 100-105. AGGREGATE SUITABILITY TESTING: (of a well cemented variety of the formation) PSV = 64, AAV= 6, Guelph Formation (Middle Silurian) MgSO4 = 2, LA = 29, Absn = 1.2-1.3, BRD = 2.55, PN (Asphalt & Concrete) = 107. STRATIGRAPHY: exposed south and west of the Niag- ara Escarpment from the Niagara River to the tip of the Bruce Peninsula, mostly present in the subsurface of Bois Blanc Formation (Lower southwestern Ontario. COMPOSITION: fine- to me- Devonian) dium-crystalline, medium- to thick-bedded, porous dolostone, characterized in places by extensive vuggy, po- STRATIGRAPHY: Springvale Sandstone Member rous reefal facies of high chemical purity. THICK- forms the lower portion of formation. COMPOSITION: NESS: 4 to 100m. USES: Some areas appear soft and a cherty limestone with shale partings and minor inter- unsuitable for use in the production of load-bearing ag- bedded dolostones; Springvale Sandstone Member is a gregate. This unit requires additional testing to fully es- medium-to coarse-grained, green glauconitic sandstone tablish its aggregate suitability. Main use is for dolomit- with interbeds of limestone, dolostone and brown chert. ic lime for cement manufacture. Quarried near Hamil- THICKNESS: 3 to 40 m. USES: Quarried at Hagers- ton and Guelph. ville, Cayuga, and Port Colborne for crushed stone. Ma- terial generally unsuitable for concrete aggregate be- Salina Formation (Upper Silurian) cause of high chert content. AGGREGATE SUITABIL- ITY TESTING: PSV = 48-53, AAV = 3-7, MgSO4 = STRATIGRAPHY: present in the subsurface of south- 3-18, LA = 15-22, Absn = 1.3-2.8, BRD = 2.50-2.70, PN western Ontario; only rarely exposed at surface. COM- (Asphalt & Concrete) = 102-290.

57 ARIP 161

Onondaga Formation (Lower -- Middle Dundee Formation (Middle Devonian) Devonian) STRATIGRAPHY: few natural outcrops, largely in the subsurface of southwestern Ontario. COMPOSITION: STRATIGRAPHY: correlated to part of the Detroit Riv- Fine- to medium-crystalline, brownish-grey, medium- er Group; occurs on the Niagara Peninsula from Simcoe to thick-bedded, dolomitic limestone with shaly part- to Niagara Falls; contains the Edgecliff, Clarence, and ings sandy layers, and chert in some areas. THICK- Moorehouse Members. COMPOSITION: medium- NESS: 15 to 45m. USES: Quarried near Port Dover and bedded, fine- to coarse-grained, dark grey-brown or on Pelee Island for crushed stone. Used at St. Marys as a purplish-brown, variably cherty limestone. THICK- raw material for Portland cement. AGGREGATE NESS: 8 to 25m. USES: Quarried for crushed stone on SUITABILITY TESTING: MgSO4 = 1-28, LA = 22-46, the Niagara Peninsula at Welland and Port Colborne. Absn = 0.6-6.8, PN (Asphalt & Concrete) = 125-320. High chert content makes much of the material unsuitable for use as concrete aggregate and asphaltic con- Marcellus Formation (Middle crete. Has been used as a raw material in cement manufacture. AGGREGATE SUITABILITY TEST- Devonian) ING: (Clarence and Edgecliff Members) MgSO4 =1-6, STRATIGRAPHY: subsurface unit, mostly found be- LA = 16.8-22.4, Absn = 0.5-1.1, PN (Asphalt & Con- low Lake Erie and extending into the eastern U.S.A., crete) = 190-276. pinches out in the Port Stanley area. COMPOSITION: black, bituminous shales. THICKNESS: 0 to 12m. USES: no present uses. Amherstburg Formation (Lower -- Middle Devonian) Bell Formation (Middle Devonian) STRATIGRAPHY: lowest formation of the Hamilton STRATIGRAPHY: part of Detroit River Group; corre- Group, no out-crop in Ontario. COMPOSITION: soft lated to Onondaga Formation in Niagara Penninsula; blue and grey calcareous shale. THICKNESS: 0 to contains Sylvania Sandstone Member and Formosa 14.5m. USES: no present uses. Reef Limestone. COMPOSITION: bituminous, bioclastic, stromatoporoid-rich limestone with grey chert Rockport Quarry Formation (Middle nodules; Formosa Reef Limestone - high purity (cal- Devonian) cium rich) limestone; Sylvania Sandstone Member -- quartz sandstone. THICKNESS: 0 to 60 m; Formosa STRATIGRAPHY: part of the Hamilton Group; no out- Reef Limestone -up to 26 m. USES: cement manufac- crop in Ontario. COMPOSITION: grey-brown, very ture, agricultural lime, aggregate. AGGREGATE fine-grained limestone with occasional shale layers. SUITABILITY TESTING: PSV = 57, AAV = 19, THICKNESS:0to6m.USES:nopresentuses. MgSO4 = 9-35, LA = 26-52, Absn = 1.1-6.4, BRD = 2.35-2.62, PN (Asphalt & Concrete) = 105-300. Arkona Formation (Middle Devonian) STRATIGRAPHY: part of the Hamilton Group. COM- POSITION: blue-grey, plastic, clay shale with occa- Lucas Formation (Middle Devonian) sional thin and laterally discontinuous limestone lenses. THICKNESS: 5 to 37m. USES: has been extracted at STRATIGRAPHY: part of the Detroit River Group in Thedford and near Arkona for the production of drain- southwestern Ontario; includes the Anderdon Member age tile. which, in the Woodstock --Beachville area, may constitute the bulk of the formation. COMPOSITION: light Hungry Hollow Formation (Middle brown or grey-brown dolostone with bituminus lamina- Devonian) tions and minor chert; Anderdon Member consists of very high purity (calcium-rich) limestone and locally, STRATIGRAPHY: part of the Hamilton Group. COM- sandy limestone. THICKNESS: 40 to 75m. USES: POSITION: grey crinoidal limestone and soft, fossilif- Most important source of high-purity limestone in On- erous calcareous shale. THICKNESS: 0 to 2m. USES: tario. Used as calcium lime for metallurgical flux and suitable for some crushed stone and fill with selective for the manufacture of chemicals. Rock of lower purity quarrying. is used for cement manufacture, agricultural lime and aggregate. Anderdon Member is quarried at Amherst- Widder Formation (Middle Devonian) burg for crushed stone. AGGREGATE SUITABILITY TESTING: PSV = 46-47, AAV= 15-16, MgSO4 = 2-60, STRATIGRAPHY: part of the Hamilton Group. COM- LA = 22-47, Absn = 1.1-6.5, BRD = 2.35-2.40, PN (As- POSITION: mainly soft, grey, fossiliferous calcareous phalt & Concrete) = 110-160. shale interbedded with blue-grey, fine-grained fossilif-

58 Regional Municipality of Waterloo erous limestone. THICKNESS: 0 to 21m. USES: no Bedford Formation (Upper Devonian present uses. or Mississippian) STRATIGRAPHY: lower formation of the Port Lamb- Ipperwash Formation (Middle ton Group. COMPOSITION: soft, grey shale. THICK- Devonian) NESS: 0 to 30m. USES: no present uses. STRATIGRAPHY: upper formation of the Hamilton Berea Formation (Upper Devonian or Group; very limited distribution. COMPOSITION: me- Mississippian) dium- to coarse grained, grey-brown, bioclastic limestone. THICKNESS: 2 to14m. USES: no present uses. STRATIGRAPHY: middle formation of the Port Lamb- ton Group; not known to occur at surface in Ontario. COMPOSITION: grey, fine to medium grained sand- Kettle Point Formation (Upper stone, often dolomitic and interbedded with grey shale Devonian) and siltstone. THICKNESS: 0 to 60m. USES: no present uses. STRATIGRAPHY: occurs in a northwest - southeast trending band between Sarnia and Erieau; small part Sunbury Formation (Upper Devonian overlain by Port Lambton Group rocks in extreme or Mississippian) northwest. COMPOSITION: black, highly fissile, or- ganic-rich shale with minor interbeds of grey-green STRATIGRAPHY: upper formation of the Port Lamb- silty shale. THICKNESS: 0 to 75m. USES: possible ton Group; not known to occur at surface in Ontario. source of material for use as sintered lightweight aggre- COMPOSITION: black shale. THICKNESS: 0 to 20 gate or fill. m. USES: no present uses.

59 ARIP 161 Bedrock Geology of Southern Ontario Figure D1.

60 Regional Municipality of Waterloo

Figure D2. Exposed Paleozoic Stratigraphic Sequences in Southern Ontario (adapted from:Bezys,R.K., and Johnson, M.D.1988.The geology of the Paleozoic formations utilized by the limestone industry of Ontario; The Can. Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin,v.81, no. 912, p.49-58. )

61 Appendix E -- Aggregate Quality Test Specifications

Six types of aggregate quality tests are often performed Micro-Deval Abrasion Test The Micro-Deval Abrasion by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation on sampled test is an accurate measure of the amount of hard, material. A description and the specification limits for durable materials in sand-sized particles. This abrasion each test are included in this appendix. Although a spe- test is quick, cheap and more precise than the fine cific sample meets or does not meet the specification aggregate Magnesium Sulphate Soundness test that limits for a certain product, it may or may not be accept- suffers from a wide multilaboratory variation. The able for that use based on field performance. Additional maximum loss for HL 1/HL 3 is 20%, for HL 2 and HL quality tests other than the six tests listed in this appen- 4/HL 8 it is 25% and for structural and pavement dix can be used to determine the suitability of an aggre- concrete it is 20%. It is anticipated that this test will gate. The tests are performed by the Ontario Ministry of replace the fine aggregate Magnesium Sulphate Transportation. Soundness test.

Absorption Capacity Related to the porosity of the rock Mortar Bar Accelerated Expansion Test This is a rapid types of which an aggregate is composed. Porous rocks test for detecting alkali-silica reactive aggregates. It are subject to disintegration when absorbed liquids involves the crushing of the aggregate and the creation freeze and thaw, thus decreasing the strength of the of standard mortar bars. For coarse and fine aggregates, aggregate. This test is conducted in conjunction with suggested expansion limits of 0.10% to 0.15% are the determination of the sample’s relative density. indicated for innocuous aggregates, greater than 0.10% but less than 0.20% indicates that it is unknown whether a potentially deleterious reaction will occur, and greater Los Angeles Abrasion and Impact Test This test than 0.20% indicates that the aggregate is probably measures the resistance to abrasion and the impact reactive and should not be used for Portland cement strength of aggregate. This gives an idea of the concrete. If the expansion limit exceeds 0.10% for breakdown that can be expected to occur when an coarse and fine aggregates, it is recommended that aggregate is stockpiled, transported and placed. Values supplementary information be developed to confirm less than about 35% indicate potentially satisfactory that the expansion is actually because of performance for most concrete and asphalt uses. Values alkali-reactivity. If confirmed deleteriously reactive, of more than 45% indicate that the aggregate may be the material should not be used for Portland cement susceptible to excessive breakdown during handling concrete unless corrective measures are undertaken and placing. such as the use of low or reduced alkali cement.

Magnesium Sulphate Soundness Test This test is Petrographic Examination Individual aggregate designed to simulate the action of freezing and thawing particles in a sample are divided into categories good, on aggregate. Those aggregates which are susceptible fair, poor and deleterious, based on their rock type will usually break down and give high losses in this test. (petrography) and knowledge of past field performance. Values greater than about 12 to 15% indicate potential A petrographic number (PN) is calculated. The higher problems for concrete and asphalt coarse aggregate. the PN, the lower the quality of the aggregate.

62 Table E1. Selected quality requirements for major aggregate products.

TYPE OF TEST COARSE AGGREGATE FINE AGGREGATE TYPE OF MATERIAL Petro- Magnesium Absorption Los Micro--Deval Magnesium graphic Sulphate Maximum Angeles Abrasion Sulphate Number Soundness % Abrasion Maximum % Soundness Maximum Maxi- Maximum Loss Maximum mum% % Loss % Loss Loss

Granular A 200 -- -- 60 -- Granular B Type 1 250* ------Granular B Type 2 250 -- -- 60 -- Granular M 200 -- -- 60 -- Granular S 200 ------

Select Subgrade Material 250 ------

Open Graded Drainage 160 15 2.0 35 -- Layer (1) Hot Mix--HL 1, DFC, OFC See OPSS 1149 and Special Provision No. 313S10

Surface Treatment Class 1 135 12 1.75 35 -- Surface Treatment Class 2 160 15 -- 35 --

Surface Treatment Class 3 160 12 2.0 35 -- Surface Treatment Class 4 ------20

Surface Treatment Class 5 135 12 1.75 35 -- Hot Mix --HL 1 100 5 1.0 15 20 16 Hot Mix --HL 2 ------25 20 Hot Mix --HL 3 135 12 1.75 35 20 16

Hot Mix --HL 4 160 12 2.0 35 20 20 Hot Mix --HL 8 160 15 2.0 35 25 20

Structural Concrete, Side- 140 12 2.0 50 20 16 walk, Curb, Gutter and Base

Pavement Concrete 125 12 2.0 35 20 16

* requirement waived if the material has more than 80% passing the 4.75 mm sieve (1) Hot mix and concrete petrographic number applies (Ontario Provincial Standard Specifications OPSS 304, OPSS 1002, OPSS 1003, OPSS 1010 and OPSS 1149)

63 Metric Conversion Table

Conversion from SI to Imperial Conversion from Imperial to SI SI Unit Multiplied by Gives Imperial Unit Multiplied by Gives LENGTH 1 mm 0.039 37 inches 1 inch 25.4 mm 1 cm 0.393 70 inches 1 inch 2.54 cm 1 m 3.280 84 feet 1 foot 0.304 8 m 1 m 0.049 709 chains 1 chain 20.116 8 m 1 km 0.621 371 miles (statute) 1 mile (statute) 1.609 344 km AREA 1cm@ 0.155 0 square inches 1 square inch 6.451 6 cm@ 1m@ 10.763 9 square feet 1 square foot 0.092 903 04 m@ 1km@ 0.386 10 square miles 1 square mile 2.589 988 km@ 1 ha 2.471 054 acres 1 acre 0.404 685 6 ha VOLUME 1cm# 0.061 023 cubic inches 1 cubic inch 16.387 064 cm# 1m# 35.314 7 cubic feet 1 cubic foot 0.028 316 85 m# 1m# 1.307 951 cubic yards 1 cubic yard 0.764 554 86 m# CAPACITY 1 L 1.759 755 pints 1 pint 0.568 261 L 1 L 0.879 877 quarts 1 quart 1.136 522 L 1 L 0.219 969 gallons 1 gallon 4.546 090 L MASS 1 g 0.035 273 962 ounces (avdp) 1 ounce (avdp) 28.349 523 g 1 g 0.032 150 747 ounces (troy) 1 ounce (troy) 31.103 476 8 g 1 kg 2.204 622 6 pounds (avdp) 1 pound (avdp) 0.453 592 37 kg 1 kg 0.001 102 3 tons (short) 1 ton (short) 907.184 74 kg 1 t 1.102 311 3 tons (short) 1 ton (short) 0.907 184 74 t 1 kg 0.000 984 21 tons (long) 1 ton (long) 1016.046 908 8 kg 1 t 0.984 206 5 tons (long) 1 ton (long) 1.016 046 90 t CONCENTRATION 1 g/t 0.029 166 6 ounce (troy)/ 1 ounce (troy)/ 34.285 714 2 g/t ton (short) ton (short) 1 g/t 0.583 333 33 pennyweights/ 1 pennyweight/ 1.714 285 7 g/t ton (short) ton (short) OTHER USEFUL CONVERSION FACTORS Multiplied by 1 ounce (troy) per ton (short) 31.103 477 grams per ton (short) 1 gram per ton (short) 0.032 151 ounces (troy) per ton (short) 1 ounce (troy) per ton (short) 20.0 pennyweights per ton (short) 1 pennyweight per ton (short) 0.05 ounces (troy) per ton (short)

Note: Conversion factors which arein boldtype areexact. Theconversion factorshave been taken fromor havebeen derived from factors given in the Metric Practice Guide for the Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Industries, published by the Mining Association of Canada in co-operation with the Coal Association of Canada.

ISSN 0708–2061 ISBN 0–7778–7313–3