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16 December 2019 Committee Secretary Senate Standing 16 December 2019 Committee Secretary Senate Standing Committees on Environment and Communications PO Box 6100 Parliament House Canberra ACT 2600 Dear Committee Secretary, Re: Senate Inquiry into the Impact of seismic testing on fisheries and the marine environment ​ The Australian Marine Conservation Society (AMCS) and Save our Marine Life (SOML) appreciate the opportunity to make this submission to the Senate Inquiry on the ‘Impact of seismic testing on fisheries and the marine environment’. We are concerned that the impacts of seismic noise have been given insufficient attention in the assessment and approvals process for the environmental plans of the oil and gas sector. A growing body of research has indicated that seismic noise can affect a broad range of marine fauna from whales, dolphins and marine turtles to finfish, rock lobsters, scallops and squid. It is also possible that seismic noise could be implicated in the dramatic reductions in sea snake populations in the Ashmore Reef region. Governments here and overseas have responded to community concerns about the impacts of anthropogenic underwater noise but their actions have largely been focussed on cetaceans. It is now time for the Australian Government to broaden and strengthen its approach to seismic noise to cover all marine fauna and to ensure that its impacts are prioritised in the assessment and approvals processes for oil and gas sector environment plans. This submission provides information on each of the inquiry’s terms of reference and makes a number of recommendations to improve the scope of scientific research and the rigour of government oversight on the impacts of seismic noise. Yours sincerely Adele Pedder Marine Campaign Manager Australian Marine Conservation Society (AMCS Christabel Mitchell National Campaign Manager Save Our Marine Life (SOML) Australian Marine Conservation Society and Save our Marine Life Submission to the Senate Inquiry into the Impact of seismic testing on fisheries and the marine environment by the Environment and Communications References Committee 2 AMCS & SOML Submission to Senate Standing Committees on Environment and Communications: Impact of seismic testing on fisheries and the marine environment. December 2019 1. Executive summary Sounds are a natural occurrence in the world’s oceans and used by marine animals to communicate, navigate and search for prey. But the operations of the shipping, fishing and oil and gas sectors have dramatically changed the marine soundscape. Anthropogenic noise in the world’s oceans is now recognised by international organisations and national and regional governments as having a growing and significant impact on marine life. Government responses on the issue have included policy statements, codes of conduct, regulations, mandated scientific protocols and mitigation measures, and the use of species protection laws. Lessening the impact on cetaceans has largely been the focus of these actions. A major component of anthropogenic underwater noise is generated by airguns used in the seismic surveys of the oil and gas sector, the noiseprint of which continues to expand both here in Australia and overseas. The airguns emit low frequency, repetitive, intense and loud (250dB-260dB) blasts of pressurised air into the water column several times per minute. These continue over days, weeks or months, range across 100s to 1000s of square kilometres, and can be detected underwater almost 4000kms away. In comparison, the sound of a jackhammer is 100dB, a rocket launching 180dB – exposure to noise greater than 140 dB can permanently ​ damage human hearing. A growing body of scientific research shows that seismic noise can impact marine life by causing temporary or permanent injury or death, changed behaviours and a reduced ability to socialise or find food. Threatened species such as whales, dolphins and turtles exhibit avoidance behaviour when subjected to seismic-level noise. Whale song patterns have been altered, the hearing of dolphins impaired – one study showed that such impairment could lead to dolphin strandings –and zooplankton, the very basis of ocean food chains, is at risk. Marine species targeted by recreational and commercial fishers can also be impacted by seismic noise and with potential to have social and economic impacts. A number of studies have shown that finfish catch rates are lower during seismic surveys, while other research indicates changes in schooling behaviour, alarm responses, damage to hearing, altered population distribution, potential difficulty with feeding and increased vulnerability to predators. Physical and behavioural changes were also observed in lobsters and scallops, acoustic stress in oysters and harm to the sense of balance and position of squid. The expanding scientific knowledge base has heightened the concern of the community and commercial and recreational fishers about the environmental, social and economic impacts of seismic noise. However, major gaps remain in the monitoring and understanding of the impacts of seismic noise on individual marine animals, the populations of those animals and the communities in which they live. This submission makes 15 key recommendations, grouped into two broad headings - research and regulation. RESEARCH - we recommend that the scientific research effort be expanded and broadened, including: Establish a national research program on the effects of anthropogenic noise in the marine environment 1. funded by the industry sectors responsible for creating the noise. Prioritise long-term and ecological community-level studies into the environmental effects of seismic 2. noise. Conduct baseline research into the critical habitats, aggregation sites and other sensitive areas of 3. marine animals that could be impacted by seismic noise. Assess the potential cultural, social and economic effects of seismic noise, including impacts on 4. Indigenous cultural values and sacred sites, and commercial and recreational fisheries. Conduct fishery-specific research: monitoring of catch rates and species composition in all areas where 5. seismic surveys overlap with commercially or recreationally important fishing grounds, as a requirement for approval, and funded by the industry sectors responsible for creating the noise. Analyse fishery recruitment in relation to seismic survey activity (predicted and actual) particularly for 6. species with planktonic life stages that have spatial overlap with areas considered prospective for seismic exploration. Support the development and promotion of noise-reducing technologies and alternatives to high-energy 7. seismic surveys. 3 AMCS & SOML Submission to Senate Standing Committees on Environment and Communications: Impact of seismic testing on fisheries and the marine environment. December 2019 REGULATION - the regulatory oversight of seismic surveys is inadequate in terms of transparency, accountability, assessment rigour and the meaningful engagement of the community. This submission makes a number of recommendations about improving government oversight, including: 1. Give the federal Environment Minister oversight of the environmental impacts of offshore oil and gas sector activities. 2. Ensure the Department of Environment and Energy (soon to be Department of of Agriculture, Water ​ and the Environment) assesses oil and gas sector environmental plans under the Environment Protection ​ ​ and Biodiversity Protection Act 1999 (EPBC Act). ​ ​ ​ 3. List seismic noise as a Key Threatening Process under the EPBC Act. 4. Overhaul Policy Statement 2.1: ‘Interaction between offshore seismic exploration and whales’ under the 1999 (EPBC Act) by expanding it to cover all marine fauna. ​ 5. Develop management systems that account for the cumulative and synergistic effects of noise and other cumulative human impacts on the marine environment. 6. Use temporal and spatial measures to ensure seismic surveys avoid seasonal patterns, critical habitats, aggregation sites and other sensitive areas of marine fauna. 7. Exclude seismic surveys from Marine Protected Areas/Marine Parks and Indigenous Protected Areas. Mandate energy companies to engage independent scientists to monitor and gather environmental and 8. fisheries data on prospective areas for seismic exploration for at least 12 months prior to the survey, and continue this monitoring during and after the survey. This submission also includes an extensive list of references cataloguing research into the impacts of seismic noise and outlining community and recreational and commercial fisher concern about them. 4 AMCS & SOML Submission to Senate Standing Committees on Environment and Communications: Impact of seismic testing on fisheries and the marine environment. December 2019 2. Turning up the volume in the world’s oceans The oceans are far from silent. They are full of sounds used by marine animals for ‘communication, navigation, orientation, feeding and the detection of predators’1, as well as for habitat selection and mating. Human activity also makes underwater sounds. But for marine life, these unwanted sounds are noise, and that noise is becoming louder and louder. Biologist Lindy Weilgart2 reports that anthropogenic underwater noise has increased two orders of magnitude (100 times) since the industrial age. According to the US National Oceans and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): ‘Over the last century, human activities such as shipping, recreational boating, and energy exploration have increased along our coasts, offshore, and deep ocean environments.
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