MOHAMMED RUSTOM

Carleton University College of the Humanities 2A61 Paterson Hall • 1125 Colonel By Drive • Ottawa, ON • K1S 5B6 (613) 520­2600, ext. 1954 • [email protected] • www.mohammedrustom.com

EDUCATION

2009 PhD – Islamic Thought, University of Toronto

2004 Hon. BA – Islamic Studies and Philosophy, University of Toronto

PROFESSIONAL HISTORY

2013­Present Associate Professor, Carleton University, College of the Humanities

2010 Research Associate, Iranian Institute of Philosophy

2009­2013 Assistant Professor, Carleton University, College of the Humanities

2008 Visiting Scholar, Stony Brook University, Department of Asian and Asian American Studies

2007­2009 Lecturer, University of Toronto, Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations and the Department for the Study of Religion

RESEARCH INTERESTS

Sufism Islamic Philosophy Islamic Theology Quranic Studies

LANGUAGES

Arabic (reading, writing, speaking) Persian (reading, writing, speaking) French (reading) German (reading) Gujarati (speaking) 2

PUBLICATIONS

Books

Sufi Metafiziği [Sufi Metaphysics]. A collection of eight previously­published articles (with a new preface and introduction) translated into Turkish by Abdulkadir Filiz. Istanbul: Nefes Yayınevi, in press.

The Triumph of Mercy: Philosophy and Scripture in Mullā Ṣadrā. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2012, xii + 243 pp.

Translations of The Triumph of Mercy  Turkish translation by Abdulkadir Filiz. Istanbul: Nefes Yayınevi, forthcoming.

Reviews of The Triumph of Mercy  Peter Adamson, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, forthcoming.  Abdessamad Belhaj, Journal of Shi‘a Islamic Studies 6, no. 3 (2013): 363­365.  David Burrell, Modern Theology 29, no. 3 (2013): 413­416.  Yousef Casewitt, Islam and Christian­Muslim Relations, forthcoming.  Rose Deighton, Islamic Sciences, forthcoming.  Janis Esots, Philosophy East and West 65, no. 1 (2015): forthcoming.  Jari Kaukua, Oxford Journal of Islamic Studies 24, no. 3 (2013): 363­366.  Ali Lakhani, Sacred Web, forthcoming.  Sayeh Meisami, Iranian Studies, forthcoming.  Joel Richmond, Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society 52 (2012): 149­ 154.  Sajjad Rizvi, Journal of the American Oriental Society, forthcoming.  Anonymous online review: Midwest Book Review 7, no. 11 (2012): www.midwestbookreview.com/wbw/nov_12.htm

Edited Volumes

Assistant editor of The HarperCollins Study Quran. Edited with Seyyed Hossein Nasr (Editor­in­chief), Caner Dagli, Maria Dakake, and Joseph Lumbard (Associate editors). San Francisco: HarperOne, in press.

Main editor of William C. Chittick, In Search of the Lost Heart: Explorations in Islamic Thought. Edited with Atif Khalil and Kazuyo Murata. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2012, xiv + 397 pp.

Translations of In Search of the Lost Heart  Albanian translation by Sokrat Amataj: Kërkime për zemrën e humbur: eksplorime në mendimin islamik. Tirana: AlbPAPER, 2013.  Persian translation by Amir Hossein Asghari forthcoming.

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Reviews of In Search of the Lost Heart  Rose Deighton, Iranian Studies 46, no. 6 (2013): 1010­1013.  American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, forthcoming.  Ali Lakhani, Sacred Web, forthcoming  Joel Richmond, Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society 51 (2012): 133­ 137.  Axel Takács, Islamic Sciences, forthcoming.  Muhammad Isa Waley, Mawlana Rumi Review 5 (2014): forthcoming.  Book note: Amina Inloes, Journal of Shi‘a Islamic Studies 6, no. 2 (2013): 253.

Translations

Abū Ḥāmid al­Ghazālī, The Condemnation of Pride and Conceit (Kitāb dhamm al­kibr wa’l ʿujb: Book XXIX of The Revival of the Religious Sciences). Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, contracted for publication in 2015.

Mullā Rajab ʿAlī Tabrīzī, On the Necessary Being (Ithbāt­i wājib). In An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia, edited by Seyyed Hossein Nasr and Mehdi Aminrazavi. Vol. 5. London: I. B. Tauris in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies, in press.

Mullā Rajab ʿAlī Tabrīzī, The Fundamental Principle (al­Aṣl al­aṣīl). In An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia, edited by Seyyed Hossein Nasr and Mehdi Aminrazavi. Vol. 5. London: I. B. Tauris in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies, in press.

Articles in Journals and Collective Volumes

“Story­Telling as Philosophical Pedagogy: The Case of Suhrawardī.” In Knowledge and Education in Classical Islam, edited by Sebastian Günther. Leiden: Brill. Accepted, forthcoming.

“A Philosopher’s Itinerary for the Afterlife: Mullā Ṣadrā on Paths to Felicity.” In Roads to Paradise: Eschatology and Concepts of the Hereafter in Islam, edited by Sebastian Günther and Todd Lawson. Leiden: Brill, forthcoming.

“Philosophical Sufism.” In The Routledge Companion to Islamic Philosophy, edited by Richard Taylor and Luis Xavier López­Farjeat. New York: Routledge, in press.

“Ibn ʿArabī’s Letter to Fakhr al­Dīn al­Rāzī: A Study and Translation.” Oxford Journal of Islamic Studies, in press.

“The Ocean of Nonexistence.” Mawlana Rumi Review 4 (2013): 188­199.

 Turkish translation published in Sufi Metafiziği, chapter 5.

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“The Nature and Significance of Mullā Ṣadrā’s Qurʾānic Writings.” Journal of Islamic Philosophy 6 (2010): 109­130.

“The Sufi Teachings of Dhu’l­Nun.” Sacred Web 24 (2009): 69­79.

“Approaching Mullā Ṣadrā as Scriptural Exegete: A Survey of Scholarship on His Quranic Works.” Comparative Islamic Studies 4, no. 1­2 (2008): 75­96.

“Equilibrium and Realization: William Chittick on Self and Cosmos.” American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 25, no. 3 (2008): 52­60.  Reprinted in Jāvīdān­khirad 1, no. 4 (2009): 5­18.  Slightly modified version published in Iqbal Review 50, no. 4 (2009).  Persian translation by Sayeh Meisami: “Taʿādul wa­taḥqīq: Dīdgāh­i Wīliyām Chītīk dar bāb­i nafs wa­jahān.” Kitāb­i māh­i dīn 145 (2009): 82­88.  Spanish translation by Alberto Martin: “Equilibrio y Realización: William Chittick sobre el sí y el Cosmos”: www.webislam.com/articulos/61636­ equilibrio_y_realizacion8206_william_chittick_sobre_el_si_y_el_cosmos.html  Turkish translation published in Sufi Metafiziği, chapter 8.

“The Metaphysics of the Heart in the Sufi Doctrine of Rumi.” Studies in Religion 37, no. 1 (2008): 3­14.

 Modified version published as “Rumi’s Metaphysics of the Heart.” Mawlana Rumi Review 1 (2010): 69­79.  Turkish translation of modified version published in Sufi Metafiziği, chapter 4.

“Mullā Ṣadrā’s Prolegomenon to the Mafātīḥ al­Ghayb.” Journal of Qur’anic Studies 9, no. 1 (2007): 128­133.

“Psychology, Eschatology, and Imagination in Mullā Ṣadrā Shīrāzī’s Commentary on the Ḥadīth of Awakening.” Islam & Science 5, no. 1 (2007): 9­22.

 Turkish translation published in Sufi Metafiziği, chapter 7.

“Approaches to Proximity and Distance in Early Sufism.” Mystics Quarterly 33, no. 1­2 (2007): 1­25.

“Ibn ʿArabī on Proximity and Distance: Chapters 260 and 261 of the Futūḥāt.” Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society 41 (2007): 93­107.

 Turkish translation published in Sufi Metafiziği, chapter 3.

“Is Ibn al­ʿArabī’s Ontology Pantheistic?” Journal of Islamic Philosophy 2 (2006): 53­

67.

 Modified version published in The Quran and Intellect: Proceedings of the Second Al­Mustafa University Short Term Course, edited by Sayyed Mohsen Mousawi. Tehran, forthcoming.  Turkish translation of modified version published in Sufi Metafiziği, chapter 2.

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“Dāwūd al­Qayṣarī: Notes on His Life, Influence and Reflections on the Muḥammadan Reality.” Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society 38 (2005): 51­64.

 Modified version published as “The Cosmology of the Muhammadan Reality” in Ishraq: Islamic Philosophy Yearbook 4 (2013): 540­545.  Modified version reprinted in The Proceedings of the Second International Ṣadr al­Dīn Qūnawī Symposium, edited by Dilaver Gürer. Konya: Meram Publishing, forthcoming.  Turkish translation published in Sufi Metafiziği, chapter 6.

“Forms of Gnosis in Sulamī’s Sufi Exegesis of the Fātiḥa.” Islam and Christian­Muslim Relations 16, no. 4 (2005): 327­344.  Reprinted in Tafsir: Interpreting the Qur’an (Critical Concepts in Islamic Studies), edited by Mustafa Shah. London: Routledge, 2012, 4: ch. 63.  Turkish translation published in Sufi Metafiziği, chapter 1.

Book Reviews

Seyyed Hossein Nasr and Mehdi Aminrazavi (eds.), An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia, Volume 4: From the School of Illumination to Philosophical Mysticism. Islam and Christian­Muslim Relations, forthcoming.

Firoozeh Papan­Matin, Beyond Death: The Mystical Teachings of ʿAyn al­Quḍāt al­ Hamadhānī. Journal of Sufi Studies 2, no. 2 (2013): 213­216.

Ibrahim Kalin, Knowledge in Later Islamic Philosophy: Mullā Ṣadrā on Existence, Intellect, and Intuition. Iranian Studies 45, no. 3 (2012): 457­461.

Sajjad Rizvi, Mullā Ṣadrā and Metaphysics: Modulation of Being. Oxford Journal of Islamic Studies 22, no. 3 (2011): 409­412.

Fazlur Rahman, The Philosophy of Mullā Ṣadrā. Translated into Persian by Muṣṭafā Amīrī. Kitāb­i māh­i falsafa 205 (2009): 85­86.

Kristin Sands, Ṣūfī Commentaries on the Qurʾān in Classical Islam. Studies in Religion 36, no. 3­4 (2007): 627­629.

Seyyed Hossein Nasr, An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. Parabola 31, no. 3 (2006): 120­124.

Tom Cheetham, The World Turned Inside Out: Henry Corbin and Islamic Mysticism. The Muslim World Book Review 26, no. 2 (2006): 26­27.

Michel Chodkiewicz, An Ocean without Shore: Ibn ‘Arabi, the Book and the Law: www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/MR­Chodkiewicz.pdf

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Michel Chodkiewicz, Seal of the Saints: Prophethood and Sainthood in the Doctrine of Ibn ‘Arabi: www.fonsvitae.com/OnlineStore/tabid/58/pid/182/0886­Seal­of­the­ Saints­Prophethood­and­Sainthood­in­the­Doctrine­of­Ibn­Arabi.aspx

Paul Walker, Ḥamīd al­Dīn Kirmānī: Ismaili Thought in the Age of al­Ḥākim: www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/MR­Walker.pdf

Farhad Daftary (ed.), Ismaili Literature: A Bibliography of Sources and Studies. American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 22, no. 4 (2005): 110­112.

Book note: Ibn ‘Arabi and Modern Thought: The History of Taking Metaphysics Seriously by Peter Coates. Studies in Religion 34, no. 3­4 (2005): 608.

Naṣīr al­Dīn Ṭūsī, Paradise of Submission: A Medieval Treatise on Ismaili Thought, trans. S. J. Badakhchani. The Muslim World Book Review 26, no. 1 (2005): 32­34.

Martin Lings, Sufi Poems: A Mediaeval Anthology. Islamica 16 (2005): 114­115.

David Waines, An Introduction to Islam. American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21, no. 4 (2004): 131­133.

Other

Commentaries upon Quranic chapters 10­15 and 20. In The HarperCollins Study Quran, edited by Seyyed Hossein Nasr (Editor­in­chief), Caner Dagli, Maria Dakake, Joseph Lumbard (Associate editors), and Mohammed Rustom (Assistant editor). San Francisco: HarperOne. In press.

“Editorial.” Journal of Islamic Philosophy 6 (2010): 1­3.

“In Memoriam: Michael E. Marmura, 1929­2009.” Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 20, no. 1 (2010): 177­184; obituary by Mohammed Rustom (pp. 177­180), bibliography of Marmura’s works by Thérèse­Anne Druart (pp. 181­184).

CONFERENCE PAPERS AND INVITED LECTURES

“The End of Islamic Philosophy.” Rediscovering the Sacred in Our Lives and Our Times. Vancouver, Canada, April 26­27th, 2014.

“‘The Proximity of Proximity is the Distance of Distance’.” Proximity within Distance: The Hazrat Uftade International Symposium. Bursa, Turkey, April 18­20th, 2014.

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“Mysticism and Rational Inquiry in the School of Ibn ʿArabī.” 7. Hannoveraner Symposium zur Philosophie des Mittelalters. Leibniz Universität Hannover. Hannover, Germany, February 25th­27th, 2014.

“Of Aspiration and Poverty: Ibn ʿArabī’s Letter to Fakhr al­Dīn al­Rāzī.” The Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Religion. Baltimore, USA, November 23rd, 2013.

“The Water and Fire of Love.” The Hacı Bayram­ı Veli International Symposium. Ankara, Turkey, December 16th, 2012: www.vimeo.com/63815855

“Mercy Triumphant: On the Relationship between the Qur’an and Philosophy.” Public lecture and book launch for The Triumph of Mercy. Carleton University. Ottawa, Canada, November 2nd, 2012.

“Ontology and Cosmogony in Mullā Ṣadrā’s Scriptural Hermeneutics.” The Biennial Meeting of the International Society for Iranian Studies. Istanbul, Turkey, August 3rd, 2012.

“On Aspiration and Poverty.” The Annual Symposium of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society. University of Oxford (Worcester College). Oxford, UK, May 6th, 2012: www.ibnarabisociety.org/podcasts/index.html

“Mullā Ṣadrā on the Link Between Scripture and Idolatry.” The Institute of Ismaili Studies. London, UK, May 4th, 2012.

“Death and Awakening in Islamic Philosophy.” Department of Philosophy Colloquium Series. Carleton University. Ottawa, Canada, November 25th, 2011.

“Mullā Ṣadrā on Idol­Smashing.” The Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Religion. San Francisco, USA, November 20th, 2011.

“The Role of Philosophy in the School of Ibn ʿArabī.” The Second International Ṣadr al­ Dīn Qūnawī Symposium. Konya, Turkey, October 8th, 2011.

“Story­Telling as Philosophical Pedagogy: The Case of Suhrawardī.” Knowledge and Education in Classical Islam: Historical Foundations and Contemporary Impact. University of Göttingen. Göttingen, Germany, October 4th, 2011.

“Rūmī on the Ocean of Nonexistence.” Carleton University. Ottawa, Canada, July 29th, 2011.

“The Role of Love in the Sufi Poetry of Rūmī.” University of Lethbridge. Lethbridge, Canada, March 21st, 2011.

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“Mullā Ṣadrā’s Cosmology of Praise.” The Annual Meeting of the American Oriental Society. Chicago, USA, March 11th, 2011.

“A Seventeenth Century Persian Philosopher on Smashing Idols.” Carleton University. Ottawa, Canada, February 4th, 2011.

“The Word Made Book: Mullā Ṣadrā’s Qurʾānic Hermeneutics in Context.” New Approaches to the Qurʾān and Exegesis. George Mason University. Fairfax, USA, October 24th, 2010: www.youtube.com/watch?v=gybXO3Zhq3s

“Beyond Idol Worship: Mullā Ṣadrā’s Critique of Mental Constructs of God.” Göttinger Orient­Symposium. University of Göttingen. Göttingen, Germany, April 26th, 2010.

“From Philosophic Language to Mythic Discourse: Mullā Ṣadrā’s Anthropology of the Afterlife.” The Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Religion. Montreal, Canada, November 7th, 2009.

“The Expanse of God’s Mercy in Later Islamic Thought.” Carleton University. Ottawa, Canada, December 8th, 2008.

“Symbolism and Autology in a Medieval Persian Tale.” The Second American Muslim Social Scientists Canada Conference. Toronto, Canada, November 4th, 2006.

SEMINARS AND WORKSHOPS

“The Heart of Islam.” The Ottawa School of Theology and Spirituality. Ottawa, Canada, January 13th­March 17th, 2014.

“Mullā Ṣadrā’s Scriptural Hermeneutics as a Model for Contemporary Engagement with the Quran.” Transcendent Philosophy and Contemporary Learning. Al­ Mustafa International University (Tehran Branch). Tehran, Iran, January 1­2nd, 2014.

“The Islamic Intellectual Heritage and Contemporary Worldviews.” The Intellect in the Quran and Islamic Civilization. Al­Mustafa International University (Tehran Branch). Tehran, Iran, February 16th­17th, 2013.

“Aspects of Ibn ʿArabī’s Letter to Fakhr al­Dīn al­Rāzī.” The Annual Symposium of the Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society. University of Oxford (Worcester College). Oxford, UK, May 6th, 2012.

Participant in the Scriptural Reasoning Group. University of Cambridge. Cambridge, UK, July 18th­20th, 2011.

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“Dimensions of Islam.” Borden, Canadian Forces Chaplain School and Centre. Borden, Canada, October 29th, 2008.

INTERVIEWS

“Philosophical Sufism” for the History of Philosophy without any Gaps (hosted by Peter Adamson). Winter 2014: www.historyofphilosophy.net/

“The Triumph of Mercy” for New Books in Islamic Studies (hosted by Kristian Petersen). October 30th, 2013: www.newbooksinislamicstudies.com/2013/10/30/mohammed ­rustom­the­triumph­of­mercy­philosophy­and­scripture­in­mulla­sadra­suny­ press­2012/

“Classical Islamic Pedagogical Theories” for a documentary on Islamic education to be produced by Al­Mustafa International University (Tehran Branch). Kashan, Iran, February 18th, 2013.

“Sufi Teachings” for a documentary on Hacı Bayram­ı Veli to be produced by TURKKAD (Istanbul). Ankara, Turkey, December 16th, 2012.

AWARDS AND HONOURS

2013 Carleton Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Junior Faculty Research Award ($7,500) 2013 The Triumph of Mercy nominated by State University of New York Press for the 21st World Prize for the Book of the Year (Iran), decision pending 2013 The Triumph of Mercy nominated by State University of New York Press for the American Academy of Religion Book Award (Textual Study of Religion category) 2013 The Triumph of Mercy nominated by State University of New York Press for the Albert Hourani Book Award (Middle East Studies Association) 2013 Capital Educators’ Award, nominee 2011 Capital Educators’ Award, nominee 2010 Foundation for Iranian Studies Dissertation Award, honorable mention 2010 Malcolm H. Kerr Dissertation Award, nominee 2010 Governor General Academic Gold Medal, nominee 2006­2008 Mary H. Beatty Fellowship ($8,000) 2006­2008 Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada Fellowship ($40,000) 2006­2007 Ontario Graduate Scholarship, declined ($20,000) 2006­2007 University of Toronto Outstanding Teaching Award, nominee 2005­2006 University of Toronto Dean’s Essay Prize, nominee 2005­2006 Ontario Graduate Scholarship ($20,000)

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2004­2009 University of Toronto Doctoral Fellowship ($50,000) 2004 University of Toronto Hon. BA Conferred with High Distinction 2004 George Thaniel Memorial Fellowship ($1,200) 2004 University of Toronto Faculty of Arts and Science Dean’s List Scholar 2000 C. L. Burton Open Scholarship ($500)

PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS

Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society American Academy of Religion International Society for Islamic Philosophy

OTHER PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES

Advisory/Editorial Roles and Committees

2013 Panel Judge, Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi Society’s Young Writer Award 2013­2015 Associate Member, School of Graduate Studies, University of Lethbridge 2013­2014 Member, Tenure and Promotion Committee, Carleton University 2012­2014 Member, Religion MA Selection Committee, Carleton University 2011­2012 Member, Ontario Graduate Scholarship Committee 2010­Present Advisory Board Member, Fons Vitae 2010­Present Editorial Board Member, Journal of Islamic Philosophy 2010­2011 Member, McMartin Lecture Committee, Carleton University 2009­Present Editorial Board Member, The Journal of Medieval Religious Cultures 2009­2012 Board Member, Centre for the Study of Islam, Carleton University 2009­2011 Member, Religion Curriculum Committee, Carleton University 2009­2010 Member, Davidson Lecture Committee, Carleton University

Peer­Reviewed Scholarly Assessments

Book Manuscripts

2013 Oxford University Press 2013 University of California Press 2012 State University of New York Press 2012 Fons Vitae 2011 Oxford University Press 2009 Routledge

Article Manuscripts

2013 Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society

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2013 Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2013 Brill (for an edited volume) 2013 Journal of Islamic Philosophy 2011 The Journal of Medieval Religious Cultures 2011 Studies in Religion 2010 Journal of the History of Philosophy 2010 Comparative Islamic Studies 2010 Iranian Studies 2009 Journal of Islamic Philosophy 2007 American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences

GRADUATE ADVISORY ROLES

Thesis Committees (2013­Present)

Doctoral Thesis Committees

Waleed Ahmed, “Intertextuality in the Qurʾān” [working title]. Seminar für Arabistik, University of Göttingen. Göttingen, Germany, in progress. Other committee members: Sebastian Günther (supervisor) and Todd Lawson.

Masters Thesis Committees

Hany Talat Ibrahim, “Ibn ʿArabī on Love.” Department of Religious Studies, University of Lethbridge. Lethbridge, Canada, in progress. Other committee members: Atif Khalil (supervisor) and Hilary Rodrigues.

TEACHING

Carleton University (2009­Present)

Graduate Course

RELI 5851 Islamic Cosmology (also an undergraduate course, RELI 4851)

Undergraduate Courses

RELI 1710 Judaism, Christianity, Islam RELI 1730 Interpretations of Religion RELI 2310 Introduction to Islam RELI 2320 Islam in the Modern World RELI 2330 Introduction to the Qur’an RELI 2713 Mysticism

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RELI 3320 Classical Islamic Thought I RELI 3321 Classical Islamic Thought II RELI 3322 Shi‘i Islam I RELI 3323 Shi‘i Islam II RELI 3325 Contemporary Islamic Thought RELI 3330 Sufism RELI 3340 The Life and Image of Muhammad RELI 3843 Al­Ghazali’s Niche of Lights RELI 4740 Theory and Method RELI 4851 The Thought and Poetry of Rumi RELI 4851 Islamic Cosmology (also a graduate course, RELI 5851) HUMS 4904 The Metaphysics of Ibn ‘Arabi

Directed Reading Undergraduate Courses

RELI 4840 Persian Sufi Texts RELI 4840 Islam and Buddhism RELI 4840 Sufi Qur’anic Exegesis RELI 4840 Islamic Mysticism RELI 4840 Readings in Avicenna RELI 4840 Reason and Revelation in Islam RELI 4840 Images of the Divine, East and West RELI 4840 Readings in Classical Arabic RELI 4840 Topics in Metaphysics and Cosmology

McGill University, Institute of Islamic Studies (2013)

Directed Reading Graduate Course

Qur’anic Exegetical Literature

University of Toronto (2007­2009)

Undergraduate Courses

NMC 185 Introduction to Islam RLG 204 The Islamic Religious Tradition RLG 351 The Qur’an: An Introduction NMC 388 Shi‘i Islam I NMC 389 Shi‘i Islam II