ILLINOIS URBAN MANUAL PRACTICE STANDARD PROTECTION In Highly Urbanized Areas with Existing Green and Gray Infrastructure Conflicts (each.) CODE 990B

(Source: IN Drainage Handbook) NOTE: Only use Practice Standard Code the health and integrity of the tree 990B when there are green and gray resources on site. infrastructure conflicts and when adequate long-term monitoring of the exists. This standard MUST BE USED ONLY IN CONDITIONS WHERE PRACTICE CONSULTATION with a PROFESSIONAL APPLIES or CERTIFIED ARBORIST. This standard shall be used in lieu of no DEFINITION local ordinance or in tandem with local tree protection ordinances. When The protection of individual trees from possible, IUM Practice Standard Code damage during construction operations 990A -TREE PROTECTION shall be in highly urbanized areas where there used instead of IUM Practice Standard are individual trees growing close to Code 990B. IUM Practice Standard gray urban infrastructure. Code 991- TREE PROTECTION- AUGERING Standard should be used in PURPOSE conjunction with this standard, as needed. The purpose of this practice is to reduce damage to and loss of individual trees This standard takes into consideration during construction by implementing trees next to roads and sidewalks where these pre- to post-construction tree there already exists an infrastructure protection procedures. Tree protection conflict that can be resolved without fencing around the Tree Protection compromise to either the green or gray Critical Root Zone (TPCRZ) as defined infrastructure. below along with other soil, root and tree protection measures shall be installed This practice applies on development with this standard in order to maintain sites that are highly urbanized, where

990B - 1 the green and gray infrastructure has be protected using the length of the been developed or has grown in close longest branch as the radius of the proximity and where there are individual circle. The second technique determines trees of importance that need to be CRZ by referring to Table 1 Guidelines preserved. Refer to IUM Practice for determining tree protection zone Standard Code 984 - TREE AND (TPZ) radius for healthy, structurally FOREST ECOSYSTEM sound trees per the International Society PRESERVATION for information on of Arboriculture (ISA) Best Management preserving stands of trees. Refer to IUM Practices for Managing Trees During Practice Standard Code 990A for TREE Construction. This method measures PROTECTION in Moderately Urbanized the diameter in inches at 4.5 feet above Areas to Open Spaces for information ground (DBH diameter breast height) in on tree protection in all other areas with combination with the trees age and trees. tolerance to construction. See Table 2 for Species Tolerance Ratings. CRITERIA The contractor shall use whichever LOCAL AUTHORITIES When working method affords the greatest protection within the boundary of a municipality, for the tree or whichever creates the local authorities such as the Urban larger CRZ area and then add an Forester, City Arborist, Municipal additional one foot to create the TPCRZ Forester or Horticulturist, or Public Works officials should be contacted to PROFESSIONAL ADVISEMENT IS determine locally enforced tree REQUIRED IN HIGHLY URBANIZED protection/preservation standards. AREAS. The TPCRZ is the area to be protected less the area in conflict with JULIE Before any work has begun, call the gray infrastructure. Any limited JULIE- (Joint Utility Locating Information space design protection measures shall for Excavators) at 800-892-0123 at least be made per the advisement of the local 48 hours prior to any work being done. Professionals and/or Certified Equivalent local authorities shall also be Arborist with tree protection training. contacted, where applicable. In situations where the green and gray DETERMINING THE TREE infrastructure can’t be protected in its PROTECTION CRITICAL ROOT ZONE entirety, the alternative plans must be (TPCRZ) Tree Protection starts with approved by the Professional Forester determining the TPCRZ or area where or Certified Arborist. IN HIGHLY the majority of roots are located and URBANIZED AREAS where such space where tree protection fencing should be for protecting the trees does not exist, a located. The TPCRZ is located one foot Professional Forester and/or Certified outside the Critical Root Zone (CRZ). Arborist must be consulted for any reduced Tree Protection or Fencing To determine the CRZ, one of the Standards. following two techniques shall be used. The first is by using the definition of FENCING Per IUM Standard Drawing CRZ or two feet outside the perimeter of IUM-690-B - TREE PROTECTION - the leaf canopy or drip line of the tree to FENCING, trees to be protected per the

990B - 2 approved construction plan or by local In HIGHLY URBANIZED AREAS, if foot ordinance shall be protected with or vehicular traffic or construction fencing around the Tree Protection activities cannot be kept outside of the Critical Root Zone (TPCRZ). TPCRZ for the entire duration of the construction, actions shall be taken to Trees to be protected shall require tree disperse the load, minimizing soil protection fencing to be set at the compaction and mechanical root TPCRZ as described in the IUM damage. Standard Drawing IL-690-A-B - TREE PROTECTION–FENCING and IUM These actions to be implemented by Construction Specification 91 hand method include: LINK FENCE. For projects without highly significant or historical trees and  Applying a minimum of 12 inches that will last for less than six-month of woodchip mulch to the area, duration, a non-treated wood lath snow fence or wire-mesh fence shall be used  Laying three-quarter inch and solidly anchored to the posts. This minimum thick plywood, beams, area shall be protected from damage commercial or road mats during construction operations. over a four-plus inch layer of woodchip mulch, For projects over a six-month duration or trees that are considered significant Any erosion control method used within or historical, a chain link fence with IUM the TPCRZ shall be placed by hand and Construction Specification 91 CHAIN encompass the area 4 inches out from LINK FENCE or better (as approved by the tree trunk to three feet outside the the local Forester per local ordinances dripline of the tree, meeting the fence singularly or in tandem with the project line set at the TPCRZ. This area shall Engineer) shall be used. IUM Standard be maintained to prevent clearing, Drawing IUM-690-A-B TREE grading and development activities from PROTECTION–FENCING. Fencing encroaching within the TPCRZ. shall be a minimum of 4 feet in height. For chain link fencing, metal posts shall Outside the TPCRZ, erosion and be placed 6 feet (maximum distance) on sediment control measures shall be center (OC) and the fencing solidly installed to prevent sediment from anchored to the posts. reaching the TPCRZ. These measures include but are not limited to vegetative SIGNAGE Notices shall be posted on filter strips, woodchip mulch and rolled the fences prohibiting dumping and excelsior blankets. Measures such as disposal of waste near protected trees. woodchip mulch or excelsior blankets Signs shall be posted that identify the shall be a minimum of 3 inches deep up fenced areas as TPCRZ. to 5 inches deep, extend out from the fence 10 feet and shall be continuous SOIL EROSION CONCERNS In around the perimeter of the fence. Other HIGHLY URBANIZED AREAS, low use methods may be used if approved by areas inside the TPCRZ should be the Professional Forester, Certified mulched with three to five inches of Arborist or equivalent. premium woodchip mulch.

990B - 3 Installation shall cause no disturbance TREE TRUNK PROTECTION and IUM to soils. This area shall be maintained to Standard Drawings IUM-690-D TREE prevent clearing, grading and ROOT PROTECTION FOR AUGERING development activities from encroaching PRACTICES (Highly Urbanized Areas). within the protected TPCRZ. In areas where green and gray TRUNK PROTECTION IS REQUIRED infrastructure are intertwined, there must IN HIGHLY URBANIZED AREAS For be consultation with a local Professional sidewalk or other space limited areas, Forester or Certified Arborist concerning additional Tree Trunk Protection shall be species tolerance to the construction used. Tree Trunk Protection shall be practices. Refer to Table 2 - Tree implemented using IUM Standard Species Tolerance to Root Severance Drawing IUM-690-C – TREE TRUNK and Soil Compaction has been added PROTECTION. This standard requires a as a reference. minimum of 2 inch x 8 inch x 8 foot boards banded continuously around ROOT/SOIL MANAGEMENT No each trunk to prevent scarring of the construction activities, including the trees shown on the plan or designated placement of topsoil manually, shall be by the Professional Forester or Certified permitted within the TPCRZ. Adding of Arborist. Operations of the equipment woodchip mulch shall be done manually shall not break the plane of the fencing as specified in the contract, construction regardless of Tree Trunk Protection plan or equivalent document. All being installed. roadways, parking areas, and storage areas, parking, maneuvering of ROOT PROTECTION STRATEGIES In machinery, stockpiling of materials, or HIGHLY URBANIZED AREAS, the trees any other construction activities will not along sidewalks or other concrete be allowed upon unpaved areas located barriers that are currently within the within 10 feet of the TPCRZ of trees and dripline of the tree shall be enclosed designated to be protected. with chain link fence IUM Construction Specification 91 CHAIN LINK FENCE In HIGHLY URBANIZED areas where and the IUM Practice Standard Code the infrastructure is close to the trunk of 991 TREE PROTECTION – AUGERING the tree and the roots are one half inch shall be used in these cases. Other or greater in diameter, trenches should root/soil management techniques listed be excavated by hand, air or low below can also be incorporated into the pressure hydro excavation. It is job specifications. mandatory to tunnel under woody roots rather than cutting them. TRENCHING IS NOT ALLOWED In HIGHLY URBANIZED AREAS, do not WHEN TO START PRACTICE All trench within the TPCRZ of the required protection measures shall be protected tree. If there is a potential to installed prior to the commencement of impact the critical root zone, then any site development activity and shall augering must be used by following IUM remain in place and in working, Practice Standard Code 991 - TREE functional order until all site PROTECTION-AUGERING. Also use development activities have ceased or IUM Standard Drawings IUM-690-C the surrounding area has been

990B - 4 stabilized. If at any time fencing has been damaged, work shall be halted Roots of protected trees impacted and fencing replaced at Contractor’s outside the fenced TPCRZ shall be cost. Once fencing has been replaced, pruned according to the International work shall commence. At no point Society of Arboriculture Pruning during site development shall protected Standard and associated American trees be left without fencing. National Standards Institute ANSI A300 Standards. All roots impacted shall be NO CHANGES IN CONTOUR Special pruned under the supervision of a care shall be taken to follow the natural Professional Forester or Certified drainage patterns to avoid unnatural Arborist and meet or exceed ISA, ANSI flow to protected trees. Changes in A300 or approved Tree Care Industry contour could also cause run-off with Standards. A Professional Forester or salt or herbicides that could harm the Certified Arborist shall be onsite during trees. Any changes to topography can the entirety of root pruning. Note shall cause the tree to get reduced or be taken of any roots greater than ½ increased moisture over time thus inch that are severed since this could eventually killing the tree. Water impact the safety and integrity of the drainage patterns should remain the tree resources that the local unit of same. government or person has to manage in the future. Removal of topsoil around the tree is prohibited. The original grade shall be The use of such as a maintained. Any woody vegetation to be backhoe for tree root pruning shall be removed around the trees shall be cut prohibited. , , back hoes or out at the base by the appropriate other such potential severing devises to avoid roots. not specifically engineered for tree root pruning shall not be used. Removal or BRANCH or ROOT PROTECTION AND breaking off branches of the above BRANCH/ROOT PRUNING In types of protected trees will not be situations where the plan, as approved allowed. by the Professional Forester or Certified Arborist, requires severing tree roots, REMOVALS Trees deemed by the local the root pruning shall be done using an Professional Forester or Certified approved mechanical root pruning Arborist to be at risk for current or future or industry authorized pruning . The damage to a person or property should appropriate pruning and tool(s), be removed. Trees not identified to be specifically designed for cutting wood protected per local ordinance or are defined by the International Society construction plans may be removed per of Arboriculture pruning standard and the advisement of the local Forester in associated American National charge. Standards Institute ANSI standards. The pruning cut shall be a clean cut. This All measures must be installed operation shall be performed prior to according to a site-specific plan and in digging where noted on the plans and accordance with all applicable local, overseen by a Professional Forester or state, and federal laws and regulations. Certified Arborist.

990B - 5 CONSIDERATIONS 6. Expected long-term maintenance costs for the tree compared to other For highly significant trees consider trees of the same age/size, increasing the Tree Protection Critical Root Zone (TPCRZ) to 2 to 3 times to 7. Soil erosion prevention and further minimize impact to tree roots. reduction of storm water runoff, Also consider protecting the tree trunk using IUM Standard Drawing IUM 690-C 8. The number of other trees growing – TREE TRUNK PROTECTION in all under the same conditions and the situations where the working conditions precedent that would be set by are close enough that the tree trunk removing the tree in question, might be impacted. Operations of the equipment should not break the plane of 9. Impact on property value and the fencing regardless of the type of tree aesthetics, trunk protection installed 10.Ability to screen noise and visual A Professional Forester or Certified improprieties or ability to enhance Arborist shall be consulted for any privacy, clearing of trees and any actions that deviate from criteria within this standard. 11.Ability to moderate temperature On-site supervision is recommended. changes, provide shade and reduce wind forces, The dripline/leaf canopy shall be shown on the plan sheet to scale, (not only by 12. Per local ordinance in consultation symbol), to provide a better basis for with the local Professional Forester site development evaluation. or Certified Arborist, determine if the tree(s) within the project area has Trees to be saved should be evaluated historic, big, unique or protected using the following criteria: designation. Consultation with the local Municipal/Professional Forester 1. Species and condition (maintain a or Certified Arborist is required. diversity of moderate to slower growing trees in good condition), If the entire TPCRZ cannot be protected and the area is reduced on one or more 2. Above the minimum inches of tree sides, then consideration should be diameter as designated by local given to increasing the TPCRZ on the ordinance. opposite side or remaining sides of the tree in circumstances where this 3. Future potential safety and long-term strategy would benefit the trees suitability of the tree for its present longevity. location, Trees to be removed should be 4. Length of time to mitigate losses, evaluated using the following criteria:

5. Cost of mitigating tree losses, 1. In the opinion of the Professional Forester or Certified Arborist, there is a clear and reasonable risk of failure that could cause injury or property

990B - 6 damage including existing utility service and no corrective measures 10.Tree is a fast growing or a weak are feasible. wooded tree that is invasive such as box elder, silver maple, tree of 2. The tree is dead. heaven, Russian olive or black cherry. Exceptions may be made for 3. The tree is in poor condition with large healthy specimens of these several dead branches or major species. crack(s). 11.Tree is within five feet of a structure 4. Contiguous and fatal disease is or, when mature, will have a canopy present as diagnosed by a trained spread that will overlap the structure. Entomologist, Plant Pathologist or Consult with a Professional Forester Professional Forester. or Certified Arborist. 5. Tree is below the minimum inches in 12.The tree could be successfully diameter as designated by local transplanted with a tree spade onto ordinance. another site. 6. Current tree damage is beyond repair or the tree is in extremely poor 13.Trees that are non-native species or shape due to storm damage or invasive. previous mechanical injury. 14.Upon consultation with the local 7. There is a potential of the tree to forestry officials or a Professional damage existing or future hardscape Forester or Certified Arborist, it is features such as driveways or determined that the increase in gray sidewalks and there is no gray infrastructure will severely limit water infrastructure alternative. supply and the new site condition would not allow the tree to survive 8. There is no feasible way to avoid and there is no way to change the disturbing the soil around, grading site plan to avoid or compensate for over, or placing a hardened surface these changes. within the TPCRZ and the tree is an oak, hickory, red bud, horse A mitigation plan for damaged trees and chestnut, Kentucky coffee tree, larch, removed trees should be prepared in honey locust, or conifer. consultation with a Professional Consultation with a Professional Forester or Certified Arborist and Forester is required prior to using included with construction plans and these criteria for tree removal. contract documents. A one for one tree replacement policy or greater should be 9. Tree has a greater than 45-degree implemented. lean toward traffic or another target When site soil resources have been or it creates an unsafe clearance or greatly altered, it is recommended a soil visual barrier/sight line for restoration strategy be implemented by pedestrians or vehicular traffic. non-mechanical methods such as:

990B - 7 1. Scarifying compacted areas, At a minimum include the following items: 2. Adding top soil to the original grade in areas of extreme erosion, 1. Identify all existing trees by species, location, diameter (at 4½ feet above 3. Adding about 3-4 inches of woodchip the ground) and condition. Clearly mulch, indicate the trees and/or branches to be removed and those to be saved 4. Adding a structural soil system, including their TPCRZ. All pruning must be done by a Professional 5. When trees are to be within 25 feet Forester or Certified Arborist of gray infrastructure pervious paving according to the ANSI A300 (Part 1) materials should be used. Install standards. aeration vents in impervious paving. Use paving materials requiring a 2. Identify locations of roadways, minimum amount of excavation such storage areas, truck clean-out areas, as reinforced concrete vs. asphalt. and parking pads in relationship to Design traffic patterns to avoid heavy the trees to be protected. loads adjacent to trees. Specify minimum subgrade compaction 3. Identify location, type and height of under pavement near dripline. fencing to be used to protect trees, including the distance for placing the 6. If construction is during severe fencing around the TPCRZ. The drought conditions, consider TPCRZ must be drawn to scale on watering the tree per the the plan. recommendations of a Professional Forester or Certified Arborist. 4. Provide signage detail including verbiage to be used on the signs, For areas with mixed forest in type of materials used for signs and moderately or highly developed areas, location of signs on fencing. multiple standards may need to be used. 5. Designate the TPCRZ and tree trunk protection on the plan.

6. Identify soil sedimentation and PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS protection measures outside the TPCRZ. A Professional Forester and/or Certified Arborist should be consulted in the All plans shall include the installation, design and planning stages of the inspection and maintenance schedules project. with the responsible party identified. Fees for non-compliance per local Plans and specifications for tree ordinance should be noted. protection shall be in keeping with this standard and will describe the IUM Standard Drawing IUM-690-A-B requirements for applying the practice. TREE PROTECTION – FENCING; IUM Standard Drawing IUM-690-C TREE

990B - 8 TRUNK PROTECTION; IUM Standard All damage to tree roots and branches Drawing IUM-690-D TREE ROOT shall be pruned according to PROTECTION FOR AUGERING International Society of Arboriculture PRACTICES (Highly Urbanized Areas) and Tree Care Industry Association may be used as the plan sheets. Pruning Standards.

For root management purposes a 25 REFERENCES foot protected area where no equipment or activity is conducted outside the Websites TPCRZ will afford the tree the best chance of survival. International Society of Arboriculture http://www.isa- arbor.com/store/category.aspx?cid=91

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE USDA FS How to Prune Trees http://na.fs.fed.us/pubs/detail.cfm?id=26 The protective signs, fences and tree 02 trunk protection will be removed only after all construction work has been Illinois Department of Natural Resources finished and the site has been inspected – Urban and Community Forestry Web by a Professional Forester for damages Page Technical Resources to the trees. http://www.dnr.illinois.gov/conservation/ Forestry/UrbanForestry/Pages/default.a On active construction sites, it is spx recommended that trees be inspected daily to every 7 days for compliance. Morton Arboretum. 2015. Selecting and Planting Trees. The Morton Inspections shall include a listing of Arboretum, Lisle, IL trees with: http://www.mortonarb.org/trees- 1. Damage to trunks, plants/tree-and-plant-selection-0 Publications 2. Damage to branches, American National Standards for Tree 3. Mounding of soil around the trunk, Care Operations – Trees, Shrubs, and Other Woody Plant Maintenance - 4. Evidence of root damage, Standard Practice (Pruning) ANSI A300 (Part 1) 5. Evidence of improper pruning, American National Standards for 6. Notice of unauthorized changes to Institute, Inc. Safety Requirements for the topography, Tree Care Operations, Z133.1 most current version. 7. Other infractions to the site around the tree such as chemical spills and American Association of Nurserymen, soil compaction. 2014. American Standards for Nursery Stock. ANSI Z60.1. American National

990B - 9 Standards Institute, Inc., Washington Community Forestry Program Tree D.C. Planting Standards, Springfield, IL

Clark and Metheny, 1998. Trees and International Society of Arboriculture. Development: A Technical Guide to ISA’s Best Management Practices: Preservation of Trees During Land Managing Trees During Construction. Development. International Society of International Society of Arboriculture, Arboriculture, Champaign, IL Champaign, IL

Fazio, J.R., ed., 2011. How to Save Miller, Nancy, David M. Rathke and Trees During Construction. Tree City Gary R. Johnson. 1999. Protecting USA Bulletin #7. The National Arbor Trees from Construction Damage: A Day Foundation, Nebraska City, NE Homeowner’s Guide. University of Minnesota Extension. Fazio, J.R., ed., 2010. A Systematic Approach to Building With Trees. Tree Morton Arboretum. 2015. Selecting City USA Bulletin #20. The National and Planting Trees. The Morton Arbor Day Foundation, Nebraska City, Arboretum, Lisle, IL NE Pirone’s Tree Maintenance. 7th Edition Fazio, J.R., ed., 2013 How to Manage Community Natural Areas. Tree City Smiley, E. Thomas and Kelby Fite. USA Bulletin #27. The National Arbor October 2016. Preserving Trees During Day Foundation, Nebraska City, NE Construction Arborist News Volume 25 Number 5. International Society of Fazio, J.R Trenching and Tunneling Arboriculture, Champaign, IL Near Trees, The National Arbor Day Foundation, Nebraska City, NE Standard Specifications for Road and bridge Construction, 2012. Illinois Gilman, Edward and Sharon Lilly. 2008. Department of Transportiation. Best Management Practices – Tree Pruning. International Society of Tree Care Industry Association. 2015. Arboriculture. ANSI A300 Pruning Standards – Part 1. Tree Care Industry Association. Gulick, Jennifer, Senior Urban Forester. American National Standards Institute, 2015. Major Construction Impacts and Inc. Methods to Minimize Damage. Davey Resources Group. Tree Care Industry Association. 2012. ANSI A300 Construction Management – Hightshoe. G.L.1988. Native Trees and Part 5. Tree Care Industry Association. Shrubs and Vines for Urban and Rural America. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New Watson, G. and E.B. Himelick, 1997. York, NY 10003. 819 P. Principles and Practices of Planting Trees and Shrubs. International Society Illinois Department of Natural of Arboriculture, Champaign, IL Resources, Division of Forest Resources, 2015. Urban and

990B - 10 Wenger, K, 1996. The Forestry Trenching and Tunneling: A Video Handbook. Society of American Guide for Excavating Around Trees. , Bethesda, MD The Davey Resource Group. The International Society of Arboriculture Videos and the Utility Arborist Association.

Root Injury and Tree Health. Illinois September, 2017 urbst990B.doc Arborist Association, the Morton Arboretum, the USDA Forest Service and the International Society of Arboriculture.

990B - 11 Table 1. Guidelines for determining tree protection zone (TPZ) radius for healthy, structurally sound trees per the ISA Best Management Practices: Managing Trees During Construction.

Species Relative TPZ Multiplication Tolerance Tree age* Factor

High Young 6 Mature 8 Overmature 12

Medium Young 8 Mature 12 Overmature 15

Low Young 12 Mature 15 Overmature 18

DBH (inches) x TPZ Multiplication Factor = TPZ radius (inches) Note: TPZ is the same as the CRZ in this standard.  Consult with a local Professional Forester or Certified Arborist

990B - 12 TABLE 2. TREE Species Tolerance to Root Severance and Soil Compaction

TREE SPECIES ROOT SEVERANCE Tolerance Soil Compaction Tolerance

Basswood Intermediate Sensitive

Blue beech Sensitive Sensitive

Butternut Sensitive Intermediate

Paper birch Intermediate Sensitive

River birch Tolerant Tolerant

Boxelder Tolerant Tolerant

Ohio Buckeye Intermediate Intermediate

Catalpa Intermediate Tolerant

Kentucky Coffeetree Intermediate Intermediate

Eastern Cottonwood Tolerant Tolerant

Red-Osier Dogwood Tolerant Intermediate

American Elm Tolerant Intermediate

Slippery Elm Tolerant Intermediate

Hackberry Tolerant Intermediate

Hawthorn Intermediate Intermediate

Bitternut Hickory Intermediate Intermediate

Honeylocust Tolerant Intermediate

Ironwood Sensitive Sensitive

BlackLocust Tolerant Sensitive

Redmaple Tolerant Tolerant

Silvermaple Tolerant Tolerant

SugarMaple Intermediate Sensitive

Mountainash Tolerant Intermediate

990B - 13 Blackoak Sensitive Sensitive

Buroak ModeratelyTolerant Intermediate

NorthernPinOak Sensitive Sensitive

RedOak ModeratelyTolerant Sensitive

BicolororSwampOak Intermediate Tolerant

WhiteOak Sensitive Sensitive

Wild Plum Tolerant Sensitive

Serviceberry Intermediate Sensitive

BlackWalnut Sensitive Intermediate

BlackWillow Tolerant Tolerant

990B - 14