Dirasat, Pure Sciences, Volume 32, No. 2, 2005

Plant Biodiversity of the Surrounding Area of “Wadi Musa Wastewater ”

Sawsan A. Oran*

ABSTRACT The landscape of the surrounding area of the Wadi Musa Waste Water Plant (south of ) has been surveyed for its plant biodiversity. The composition of the flowering wild has been studied, field trips have been conducted to the area and collections of any available plant materials with emphasis on vascular flowering plants have been made. The results revealed a high botanical diversity of the area in terms of the number of plant species recorded. A total number of 71 species has been recorded belongs to 69 genera and 38 families. This number of plant species represents 35% of the total flora of the entire area/Wadi Musa. Moreover, some recorded species are considered as endemic to the area such as the elegant of Petra (Iris petrana) or the medicinal rare Globularia arabica, Galium petrae and Verbascum petrae. A number of historical economic trees have been found in the study area like the old Quercus coccifera, atlantica, Amygdalus korschinskyii, Ficus sycomorus and Juniperus phoenica. Other recorded species are both palatable and medicinal like Achillea fragrantissima, Artemisia herba-alba, , Paronychia argentea and many others. However, the majority of plant species recorded in the study area are facing the danger of loss and degradation, as the area is severely exposed to either man impact or environmental damaging factors. Some of these are the overgrazing, cutting of trees and collection of herbs and other irrational activities of the Bedwin populations of that area, as well as the touristic activities hence the area is rich with many archaeological sites.

Keywords: Plant Biodiversity, Wadi Musa.

INTRODUCTION The Waste Water Plant Area The study area that has been surveyed for its botanical Petra is one of the most attracting archaeological sites potential or plant biodiversity for the area that is located in the world. It is located at about 250 Km south of the outside the Wadi Musa Waste Water plant at Um capital Amman in Jordan (map 1). It falls within the Sayhoon – 8 Km from Baida area (Petra). Mediterranean phytogeographical region and is The surveyed area is identified as the area starting considered as a semi-dried Mediterranean bioclimatic, from A1 and A2 to B (map 2), this map has been cool variety and extends into the Irano- Turranian and provided by the wadi Musa Water Authority/ Ministry of reaching the tropical region in the west near Wadi Araba. Water and Irrigation. The survey covered an area of 1000 Petra is surrounded from the east by high mountains dunums (100 hectare). That area was investigated for its of about 1500m. The source of water is mainly rainfall, plant biodiversity or its floristic composition. snow and the water of Wadi Musa springs. Rainfall varies A demonstration site at the Waste Water plant was from about 400 mm in the mountains in the north to initiated to carry on investigations with regards to water 50mm in Wadi Araba in the west. The soil of Ash- quality, pollution and chemical analysis needed at the Sharah Mountains is light yellow to gray colored clayish, study area vicinity (Fig- 1, B). soft, fertile soil, often used for cultivation of fruit trees or The study area outside the Waste Water plant is a cereals in the old city of Petra (Oran, 1994). mountainous area interrupted by cliffs and downward the flat area or valleys (Fig-1, A, C, E, G; Fig-3, A, C, E & F; * Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Fig-4, A, B, C, D & E). University of Jordan. Received on 24/8/2004 and Accepted for Publication on 17/8/2005. The topography of the surrounding area is similar to

- 226 - Dirasat, Pure Sciences, Volume 32, No. 2, 2005 that of Petra itself. The rocks are famous of their red herbs that are used heavily by the locals in folk medicine color due to the deposition of iron in the sandstone rocks are: Achillea fragrantissima, Artemisia herba-alba, that are known as Kurnub sandstone formation, which Marubium cuneatum,Iris petrana, Urginea maritima, belongs to the cretaceous era (Fig-4, A, C and D) (Oran, Globularia arabica, Anchusa strigosa,Juniperus 1997). phoenica, Quercus coccifera, Glaucium arabicum, The study area especially if one extends the survey Ononis antiquorum, and many others mentioned in table further to the west, toward Wadi Araba, a high density of (3). arid vegetation will be recognized especially on sand Tourism has also its negative impact on the plant dunes where Chenopod like Haloxylon persicum biodiversity of the area that causes the degradation of (Halophyte) or the salinity tolerant plant will be dominant many species. Animals like camels and horses are used as in association with other shrubby species like Calligonum the main transport system for the movement of tourists comosum. from one site to another. Not only camels and horses are Naturally, the area is supposed to be fully covered observed grazing but also herds of goats and sheep are with evergreen forest formation “Quercus coccifera” severely contributing in the disappearance of the wild (Fig- 4, A; Fig- 5, A; Fig- 6, A), followed by Juniper plant species of the area. The Bedwins of the area and the forest Juniperus phoenica (Fig- 2, G; Fig- 4, C; Fig- 5, C farmers or the visitors use their vehicles to move from & D; Fig- 6, D) especially at lower latitude. Obviously one spot to another within the study area that contribute these forests are severely degraded and the size of these in the destruction and degradation of the wild natural ecosystems is gradually decreasing or ultimately resources of that area (Flora and Fauna). Roads interrupt degraded. the fields of wild plants and vehicles of all kinds are seen, The vegetation is often mixed with low shrubs of causing gradual destruction to the area and leading to the Daphne linearifolia Fig- 4, E, also at lower latitude the degradation of many plant species (Fig-1, C, D, E & F). shrub Thymelaea hirsuta Fig- 3, A, occurs side by side Many nice low shrubs such as Nerium oleander (Fig- with Daphne linearifolia in dominance with the historical 1, F; Fig- 2, B), Osyris alba, Thymelaea hirsuta, economic and medicinal tree Juniperus phoenica as Gomphocarpus sinaicus, Daphne linearifolia and Retama known in the local language and often mixed with raetam (Fig- 2, B), are facing degradation and loss in Gomphocarpus sinaicus. addition to old historical trees like Juniperus phoenica, Man impact on the plant diversity and the wild Pistacia atlantica, Quercus coccifera and Ficus genetic resources in this area in particular and Petra in sycomorus (Fig- 5 & F). general, is a highly significant damaging factor for many Many flowering plants have been recognized in the plant species existing at that area, and an alarm of the study area which are the main genetic resources of many degradation and extinction of many pioneer species like crops and ornamental bulbs; hence are exposed to severe Globularia arabica, Quercus coccifera, Pistacia damage such as Pistacia atlantica, Juniperus phoenicea, atlantica, Iris petrana and others (Fig- 7, A, B, C and D). Lathyrus cicera,Hordeum marinum (wild barley), Allium Petra (including the study area) was dominated by neapolitanum, Ficus sycomorus, (wild Fig) Asparagus Juniperus phoenica forests and other old trees such as (Fig-2, E), Malva, the economically important legume Quercus coccifera and Pistacia atlantica, which are Retama raetam, Capparis cartilaginea C. spinosa, currently exposed to destruction caused by the people of Rhamnus dispermus, Iris petrana, Crocus pallasii, and the area as these trees are used for their domestic uses others. Man impact on vegetation and floristic such as energy (fuel, buildings, handicrafts, grazing) and composition in the other areas in south Jordan in general other uses (Fig- 1, C, D, E and G). had been explained in Oran (1994 a, 1997) and Oran et A number of these trees (Pistacia, Quercus and al. (1994). Juniperus) have been recognized and recorded in this The area is densely overgrazed by herds of sheep and study area as part of giant forests but currently degraded goats, whereby causing the continuous loss of the highly (Fig- 5, A, B, C, D & E; Fig- 6, A, B, C, D, E & F; Fig- useful herbs, shrubs and trees for mankind and causing 7, A, B, C & D). the degradation of many valuable medicinal and The medicinal herbs are extensively used by the ornamental plants living in the area such as Achillea locals in folk medicine (Oran, 1999). Examples of these fragrantissima, (Fig-1, D; Fig 2, A & H), Colchicum

- 227 - Plant Biodiversity… Sawsan A. Oran ritchii and the beautiful ornamental black Iris of Petra Iris area is considered as a targeted area for picnics and petrana (Fig- 7, E) and others. grazing. It is rich with its archaeological sites, or the land Because of grazing, heavy movement, use of land for is used for cultivation of agricultural crops like Hordeum, cultivation of Hordeum and other crops such as Nicotiana Nicotiana, wheat and others. (tobacco), and the establishment of tents as houses or shelters for the locals, deforestation also has highly 2. Illustrations contributed in the disappearance and minimizing the Photographs have been taken for some leading herbs, number of lots of highly economic trees such as Quercus shrubs and trees or the plant species that are dominating coccifera, Juniperus phoenica, and Pistacia atlantica. the overall total of plants, using digital camera “Canon” Some of the palatable examples are Achillea, Artemisia, (Fig. 1-7). Noaea, Astragalus, Globularia, Ajuga, Ballota, Varthemia, Juniperus, Pistacia, Lactuca, Heliotropium, 3. Tables Retama, Erodium, Asparagus, Hordeum, Poa, Stipa, A list of all recorded species is provided with their Avena, Fagonia, Anagallis, Amygdalus and others. Many Latin names. Another list is prepared classifying the sad scenes have been reported and photographed for trees status of the plants into medicinal, poisonous, rare, exposed to continuous cutting for fuel and other uses, common, edible, endemic and endangered. A list showing those old trees are of about 400 hundred years old (Fig- 5, the habitats for the historical trees and others is also A, B, C, D & E; Fig- 6, A & D, E & F). provided (Tables 1-3). These practices also led to the reduction of the growth of many small herbs adapted to forest habitats. A similar 4. Voucher Specimens case has been reported by Oran (1994 a, 1994 b) in Herbarium specimens (Voucher specimen) are Shoubak area South of Jordan, 30 Km from Petra area deposited at Amman herbarium (AMM), Department of and that is known for its rich plant biodiversity and as Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of used to be totally covered by Juniperus and Quercus Jordan, Amman. Each collected specimen is given a forests. serial number, properly identified and mounted on The study area was investigated for its plant herbarium sheets and deposited at the herbarium cabinets biodiversity in an attempt to: as a documented reference for further investigations. • Identify the wild plant natural resources in the study area. 5.Geographical Positioning System (GPS) Records • Investigate the plant biodiversity potentials of the GPS readings have been recorded to the selected sites area. (table 4), using GPS e map (Garmin). The reference area • Assess the wastewater plant station objectives itself, of our reading results, as revealed by the GPS (e map as the plant area is located or established at a highly Garmin) used in this study, is Al-Jubaiha area/ Amman; diversified location in terms of its archaeological our calibration of the instrument was based on that area. and botanical merits. • Offer recommendations and mitigation measures to Results ecologically rehabilitate the site. A number of 71 species belong to 69 genera and 38 families are recorded in the study area as shown in table (2). MATERIALS AND METHODS Many of the plant species collected and recorded from the study area are medicinal herbs that are used by locals 1. Plant Material in folk medicine (Oran, 1998) such as:Achillea In this inventory botanical survey, field trips have fragrantisima, Ajuga chia, Artemisia herba-alba, been conducted to the surrounding area of the Wadi Musa Paronychia argentea, Teucrium polium, Ephedra wastewater plant in the summer of late July 2002. Plant aphylla, Glaucium arabicum, Globularia arabica, species were collected from the study area that is of 1000 Citrullus colocynthis, Ononis natrix, Mercurialis annua, dunums (100 hectares). Many plant species are recorded Anagallis arvensis, Marrubium cuneatum, Varthemia from the area but not collected because they are not iphionoides, Anchusa strigosa,Urtica urens, Silybum available at this time of the year or being grazed. The marianum, Plantago ovata, and many others.

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Many toxic (poisonous) plant species have been found Globularia arabica, Haplophyllum tuberculatum, and recorded in the study area: Nerium oleander, Heliotropium europaeum, Hyoscyamus aureus, Citrullus colocynthis, Urginea maritima, Euphorbia Juniperus phoenica, Mentha aquatica., Nicotiana peplus, Hyoscyanms aureus, Ferula sinaica, and the rustica, Ononis antiquorum, Paronychia argentea, African rue Peganum harmala (Fig- 2, C). Peganum harmala, Pistacia atlantica, Plantago Many Hydric (water plants) were also recorded like ovata, Polygonum equisetiforme, Retama raetam, Nerium oleander,Anagallis arvensis, Mentha aquatica Salvia aegyptiaca, Solanum luteum, Varthemia (wild mint), Typha domingensis. (Fig.-2, D & F; Fig- 3, iphionoides and Xanthium spinosum. B). • Endemic plants like: Iris petrana, Globularia Some of the recorded species are endemic to Jordan Arabica, Galium petrae and Verbascum petrae. such as the black Iris of Edom (Iris edomensis), black Iris The morphological habitus for the recorded species of Petra (Iris petrana) (Fig- 7, E). are represented in table (3). The habitat of the recorded Also, some of the recorded species are rare and species have been classified into trees, shrubs and herbs. endangered such as the blue violet rare bulb “Romulea Table (4) provides Global Positioning System (GPS) bulbocoidium” and the medicinal “Globularia arabica” readings for some selected sites of the whole study area, (Fig- 7, F), in the degraded Juniper forest, and others side remarks or reference of each selected specific site has by side with the Mediterranean element Prosopis farcta, been mostly referred to, by giving names of plant species this plant (Globularia) needs considerable attention and that are most dominating that special site, just for the sake measures of protection for its promising medicinal effects of identifying that position selected randomly from the (Oran, 1999; 2000). total area. Other organisms like “Lichens” are also observed on The plant diversity in this study represents about 35 % the high rocks of the area forming a crustose cover on of the total flora of the whole Petra area. It reflects the these rocks with gray or light green colors (Fig-3, F). plant abundance and richness of plant diversity of Wadi Musa area that needs sincere and serious efforts to Table (2) indicates the status of the recorded species as: conserve such natural plant biodiversity. • Common plants such as: Nerium oleander, Photographs are given for the endangered old, Gomphocarpus sinaicus, Achillea fragrantissima, historical trees in the study area as shown in figures 5& 6. Onopordum ambigum, Echinops spinosissmus, Figures (2, 3, 4 & 5) represent the common herbs and Artemisia herba-alba, Centaurea dumulosa, Lactuca shrubs as well as some selected medicinal plants serriola,Launaea nudicaulis and Centaurea inhabiting the study area. eryngioides. The plant specimens were identified based on the • Rare plants like: Pistacia atlantica, Xanthium personal experience and using little revisions such as AL- spinosum,Varthemia iphionoides, Echium judaeum, Eisawi (1982; 1998) and other related flora such as Trichodesma africanum, Alkanna strigosa, Citrullus Zohary (1966; 19972) and Feinbrum (1977; 1982). colocynthis and Erodium touchyanum. • Endangered plants like: Pistacia atlantica, Iris Discussion petrana, Globularia arabica, Quercus coccifira, Obviously the area surrounding the water treatment Ficus sycomorus, and Amygdalus korschinskyii. plant is rich in its plant biodiversity. The number of the • Edible plants such as: Pistacia atlantica, Lactuca recorded species reflects the high diversity of natural serriola, Juniperus phoenica, Quercus coccifera and vegetation. Asparagus aphyllus. The area as mentioned earlier is exposed to severe • Poisonous plants such as: Nerium oleander, destruction and this leads to the degradation of many Citrullus colocynthis, Retama raetam, Solanum plant species that are economically and naturally luteum, Nicotiana rustica andHyoscyamus aureus. valuable. • Medicinal plants like: Achillea fragrantissima, This includes the total flat ground and the high Ajuga sp.,Alkanna strigosa, Anagallis arvensis, mountainous areas interrupted by its numerous clefts Artemisia herba-alba, Chrozophora tinctoria, where many plant species escaped from low flat ground Citrullus colocynthis, Glaucium arabicum, up word to the high mountains and intervening clefts that

- 229 - Plant Biodiversity… Sawsan A. Oran forms a safe heaven for many plants seedling such as big herbs in their natural habitat, and their sustainable trees like Pistacia, Juniperus, Ficus, Quercus, as well as use by the locals as well as providing a financial shrubs like Retama, Daphne, Thymelea, Osyris alba, support for women and the families if it could Gomphocarpus, Ephedra sp., Asparagus or big old have been invested in small projects managed by Juniperus, Quercus, Tamarix and Pistacia. NGOS, Social Societies or governmental sector. The total area is dominated by the medicinal herbs 7. A Botanical Garden can be successfully like Achillea sp., Artemesia sp., Globularia, Ajuga, established in an area selected as attached to the Marrubium sp., Teucrium, Peganum harmala, Salvia sp., (WW.P.) and the surrounding area invented for its some grasses like Avena, Hordeum, Poa, Stipa; and trees botanical potential. This project that could be of Quercus, Juniperus and Pistacia as well as the shrubs running by youths or women, farmers of that area. of Nerium, Retama, Daphne, Gomphocarpus, Rhamnus 8. Offering conservation of the wild natural and Thymelaea. The percentage of each species resources of the area, and their sustainable use for dominancy can be given for the medicinal herbs that many generations to come. represents 50% of the total plant diversity, the poisonous 9. A botany research lab could be established in the plants are representing 10%, the palatable 30%, and 10% area to carry on research with regards to edible species. propagating and protecting the endangered, rare, and endemic plant species recorded in that area, Recommendations and Mitigation Measures to using the classical and non-classical methods of Ecologically Rehabilitate the Site propagation like the tissue culture techniques. 1. Minimizing the overgrazing by managing grazing 10. A resort or a hotel can be established attached to activities in and around the study area according to the area or the pilot reuse areas. As a measure of its carrying capacity, and establish rotation improving or enhancing. The atmosphere of the systems of grazing and according to quotas. surrounding area. Besides it provides a touristic 2. As an area visited by the locals as touristic site, dimension, as well as providing working prohibit littering and garbage dumping in the site. opportunities for the locals and other interested 3. Declare the site as the protected area of Petra, or sectors. fencing the area as natural reserve. 11. A second survey is recommended in the coming 4. Rehabilitate destroyed vegetation in the site, by future (spring season) to: replanting and seeding of indigenous plants. 1. Evaluate the effect of the wastewater plant on the 5. Protecting the historical old trees dominating that Plant diversity of the area surrounding W.W.P. area like Juniperus, Quercus, Pistacia and Ficus 2. Evaluate the impact of any future plans or projects sycomorus (wild Fig), by prohibiting the locals needed to be executed on this area next to the plant and others from cutting the trunks or any part of for the benefits of the locals or the people of Petra these trees and finding other alternatives for the area as a whole. locals as sources of fuel. 6. Encouraging the locals to cultivate the most Acknowledgments beneficial herbs occurring in that area (i. e The author is highly acknowledging and appreciating medicinal, edible…), making use of the advantage the Badia Research and Development Program for the of water accessed from neighboring wastewater financial support. plant. This will contribute in protecting the wild

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Table 1. Showing the plant species in the study area (Wadi Musa Wastewater plant).

Family Species Specimen number Pistacia atlantica Desf. 20 P Apocynaceae Nerium oleander L. 21 P Asclepiadaceae Gomphocarpus sinaicus Boiss. 22 P Achillea fragrantissima (Forskal) Schultz Bip. 23 P Xanthium spinosum L. 24 P Onopordum ambigum Fresen 25 P Echinops spinosissimus Taurra 26 P Asteraceae Artemisia herba- alba Asso. 27 P Centaurea dumulosa Boiss. 28 P Lactuca serriola L. 29 P Varthemia iphionoides Boiss. et Blanche 30 P Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hooker fil. 31 P Centaurea eryngioides Lam. 32 P Echium judaeum Lacaita 33P Heliotropium europaeum L. 34 P Boraginaceae Gastrocotyle hispida (Forskal) C. B. Clarke 35 P Trichodesma africanum (L.) Lehm. 36 P Alkanna strigosa Boiss. et Hohen. 37 P Capparaceae Capparis cartilagina Decne. s.n. C. spinosa L. Caryophyllaceae Paronychia argentea Lam. 38 P Chenopodium murale L. 39 P Chenopodiaceae Noaea mucronata (Forskal) Ascherson et Schweinf. 40 P

Cistaceae Helianthemum lippii (L.) Dum.- Courset 41 P Cucurbitaceae Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrader 42 P Cupressaceae Juniperus phoenica L. 43 P Euphorbiaceae Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A. Juss. 44 P Euphorbia peplus L. s.n. Ononis antiquorum L. 45 P Fabaceae Astragalus spinosus (Forskal) Muschler 46 P Retama raetam (Forssk.) webb et Berth. 47 P

Fagaceae Quercus coccifera L. 48 P Geraniaceae Erodium touchyanum Delile 49 P E. deserti (Eig) Eig 50 P Globulariaceae Globularia arabica Jaub. et Spach 51 P Iris petrana Dinsm 52 P Romulea bulbocoidium (L.) Seb. & Mauri s.n. Ajuga sp (new) 53 P Lamiaceae Marrubium cuneatum Banks et Sol. 54 P Salvia ceratophylla L. 55 P Salvia aegyptiaca L. 56 P Ballota undulata (Sieber ex Fresen.) Bentham 57 P Mentha aquatica L. 58 P Liliaceae Asparagus aphyllus L. 59 P Moraceae Ficus sycomorus L. 60 P Papaveraceae Glaucium arabicum Fresen. 61 P Plantaginaceae Plantago ovata Forskal 62 P Avena clauda Durieu 63 P Hordeum marinum Hudson 64 P Poaceae Poa bulbosa L. 65 P

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Stipa barbata auct. 66 P Polygonaceae Polygonum equisetiforme Sibth. et Sm. 67 P Primulaceae Anagallis arvensis L. 68 P Ranunculaceae Consolida sclerosclada (Boiss.)Schrödinger 69 P Resedaceae Caylusea hexagyna (Forskal) M. Green 70 P Rhamnaceae Rhamnus dispermus Ehrenb. ex Boiss. 71 P Rosaceae Amygdalus korschinskyii (Hand-Mazz.) Bornm. 72 P Crucianella ciliata Lam. 73 P Rubiaceae Galium canum Req. 74 P Crucianella cucularis (L.) steve. 75 P Rutaceae Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forskal) Ad. Juss. 76 Pa Osyris alba L. Santalacea 76P b Verbascum petrae P. H. Davis & Huber-Morath 77 P Scrophulariaceae Kickxia aegyptiaca (L.) Nabelek 78 P

Solanum luteum Miller 79 P Solanaceae Nicotiana rustica L. 80 P Hyoscyamus aureus L. 81 P Tamaricaceae Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst. 82 P Thymelaea hirsuta(L.) Endl. 83 P Thymelaeaceae Daphne linearifolia Hart 84 P Typhaceae Typha domingensis (pers.) Steudel 85 P Umbelliferae Eryngium creticum Lam. 86 P Urticaceae Urtica urens L., s.n. Peganum harmala L. 87 P Zygophyllaceae Fagonia mollis Del. 88 P Fagonia mollis Del. var. mollis 89 P

Table 2. The plant species recorded in the study area (Wadi Musa Wastewater Plant), and their ecological status.

Family Species M P En End C R Ed Anacardiaceae Pistacia atlantica Desf. + + + + Apocynaceae Nerium oleander L. + + Asclepiadaceae Gomphocarpus sinaicus Boiss. + + Achillea fragrantissima (Forskal) Schultz Bip. + + Xanthium spinosum L. + + Onopordum ambigum Fresen + + Echinops spinosissimus Taurra + + Asteraceae Artemisia herba- alba Asso. + + Centaurea dumulosa Boiss. + Lactuca serriola L. + + Varthemia iphionoides Boiss. et Blanche + + Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hooker fil. + Centaurea eryngioides Lam. + Echium judaeum Lacaita + + Heliotropium europaeum L. + + Boraginaceae Gastrocotyle hispida (Forskal) C. B. Clarke + + Trichodesma africanum (L.) Lehm. + Alkanna strigosa Boiss. et Hohen. + + Capparaceae Capparis cartilagina Decne. C. spinosa L. Caryophyllaceae Paronychia argentea Lam. + + Chenopodium murale L. + +

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Chenopodiaceae Noaea mucronata (Forskal) Ascherson et + Schweinf. Cistaceae Helianthemum lippii (L.) Dum.- Courset + Cucurbitaceae Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrader + + + Cupressaceae Juniperus phoenica L. + + + + Euphorbiaceae Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A. Juss + + Euphorbia peplus L. Fabaceae Ononis antiquorum L. + + Astragalus spinosus (Forskal) Muschler + Retama raetam (Forssk.) webb et Berth. + + Fagaceae Quercus coccifera L. + + + Geraniaceae Erodium touchyanum Delile + E. deserti (Eig) Eig + Globulariaceae Globularia arabica Jaub. et Spach + + + Iridaceae Iris petrana Dinsm + + + Ajuga sp. (new) + + Lamiaceae Marrubium cuneatum Banks et Sol. + + Salvia ceratophylla L. + + Salvia aegyptiaca L. + + Ballota undulata (Sieber ex Fresen.) Bentham + + Mentha aquatica L. + Liliaceae Asparagus aphyllus L. + + + + Moraceae Ficus sycomorus L. + + + Papaveraceae Glaucium arabicum Fresen. + + Plantaginaceae Plantago ovata Forskal + + Avena clauda Durieu + Hordeum marinum Hudson + Poaceae Poa bulbosa L. + Stipa barbata auct. + Polygonaceae Polygonum equisetiforme Sibth. et Sm. + + Primulaceae Anagallis arvensis L. + + + Ranunculaceae Consolida sclerosclada (Boiss.) Schrödinger + + Resedaceae Caylusea hexagyna (Forskal) M. Green + + Rhamnaceae Rhamnus dispermus Ehrenb. ex Boiss. + + Rosaceae Amygdalus korschinskyii (Hand-Mazz.) Bornm. + + + Crucianella ciliata Lam. + + Rubiaceae Galium canum Req. + + + Crucianella cucularis (L.) steve. + + Rutaceae Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forskal) Ad. Juss. + + Verbascum petrae P. H. Davis & Huber-Morath + + Scrophulariaceae Kickxia aegyptiaca (L.) Nabelek +

Solanum luteum Miller + + + Solanaceae Nicotiana rustica L. + + + Hyoscyamus aureus L. + + + Tamaricaceae Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst. + Thymelaeaceae Thymelaea hirsuta(L.) Endl. + Daphne linearifolia Hart + Typhaceae Typha domingensis (pers.) Steudel + Umbelliferae Eryngium creticum Lam. + Peganum harmala L. + + + Zygophyllaceae Fagonia mollis Del. + + Fagonia mollis Del. var. mollis + + Abbreviations:

Ed: Edible. En: Endemic. End: Endangered. M: Medicinal. P:Poisonous. +: Positive. C: Common. R: Rare.

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Table 3. The plant species in the study area (Wadi Musa Wastewater Plant), showing their habitus.

Family Species Herb Shrub Tree (H) (Sh) (T) Anacardiaceae Pistacia atlantica Desf. + Apocynaceae Nerium oleander L. + Asclepiadaceae Gomphocarpus sinaicus Boiss. + Achillea fragrantissima (Forskal) Schultz + Bip. Xanthium spinosum L. + Onopordum ambigum Fresen + Asteraceae Echinops spinosissimus Taurra + Artemisia herba- alba Asso. + Centaurea dumulosa Boiss. + Lactuca serriola L. + Varthemia iphionoides Boiss. et Blanche + Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hooker fil. + Centaurea eryngioides Lam. + Echium judaeum Lacaita + Heliotropium europaeum L. + Boraginaceae Gastrocotyle hispida (Forskal) C. B. Clarke + Trichodesma africanum (L.) Lehm. + Alkanna strigosa Boiss. et Hohen. + Capparaceae Capparis cartilagina Decne. C. spinosa L. Caryophyllaceae Paronychia argentea Lam. + Chenopodium murale L. + Chenopodiaceae Noaea mucronata (Forskal) Ascherson et + Schweinf. Cistaceae Helianthemum lippii (L.) Dum.- Courset + Cucurbitaceae Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrader + Cupressaceae Juniperus phoenica L. + Euphorbiaceae Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A. Juss. + Euphorbia peplus L. + Fabaceae Ononis antiquorum L. + Astragalus spinosus (Forskal) Muschler + Retama raetam (Forssk.) webb et Berth. + Fagaceae Quercus coccifera L. + Geraniaceae Erodium touchyanum Delile + E. deserti (Eig) Eig + Globulariaceae Globularia arabica Jaub. et Spach + Ajuga sp. (new) + Lamiaceae Marrubium cuneatum Banks et Sol. + Salvia ceratophylla L. +

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Salvia aegyptiaca L. + Ballota undulata (Sieber ex Fresen.) + Bentham Mentha aquatica L. Liliaceae Asparagus aphyllus L. + Moraceae Ficus sycomorus L. + Papaveraceae Glaucium arabicum Fresen. + Plantaginaceae Plantago ovata Forskal + Avena clauda Durieu + Hordeum marinum Hudson + Poaceae Poa bulbosa L. + Stipa barbata auct. + Polygonaceae Polygonum equisetiforme Sibth. et Sm. + Primulaceae Anagallis arvensis L. + Ranunculaceae Consolida sclerosclada (Boiss.) + Schrödinger Resedaceae Caylusea hexagyna (Forskal) M. Green + Rhamnaceae Rhamnus dispermus Ehrenb. ex Boiss. + Rosaceae Amygdalus korschinskyii (Hand-Mazz.) + Bornm. Crucianella ciliata Lam. + Rubiaceae Galium canum Req. + Crucianella cucularis (L.) steve. + Rutaceae Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forskal) Ad. + Juss. Verbascum petrae P. H. Davis & Huber- + Scrophulariaceae Morath Kickxia aegyptiaca (L.) Nabelek + Solanum luteum Miller + Solanaceae Nicotiana rustica L. + Hyoscyamus aureus L. + Tamaricaceae Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst. + Thymelaeaceae Thymelaea hirsuta(L.) Endl. + Daphne linearifolia Hart Typhaceae Typha domingensis (pers.) Steudel + Umbelliferae Eryngium creticum Lam. + Peganum harmala L. + Zygophyllaceae Fagonia mollis Del. + Fagonia mollis Del. var. mollis + Abbreviations: T: Tree. H: Herb. Sh: Shrub.+: Present.

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Table 4.Global Positioning System (GPS) Readings forSelected Sites of the Study Area.

Selected sites of the Elevation Latitude Long. E * Remarks study area (m) º ’ ” º ’ ” (Reference of the site) (dominant plants) Aum Alheran (1) 1070 30º25’ 17.9” 35º37’ 09.3” Globularia arabica

Aum Alheran (1) 1042 30º 25’ 05.0” 35º 26’ 57.5” Citrrulus colocynthis

Beduin / tents in the field 1056 30º 24’ 39.2” 35º 26’ 58.7” Achillea, Artemisia of the study area (2) Clefts (3) 1040 30º 24’ 19.2” 35º 27’ 06.1” Daphne, Ficus, Galium, Lygos A stony hilly area called 1050 30º 24’ 18.2” 35º 26’ 55.6” Pistacia Dish (4) A1 (5) l / to the east of the 1048 30º 24’ 10.6” 35º 27’ 02.6” Juniperus station A1 (5) 1043 30º 24’ 11.7” 35º 26’ 59.7” Juniperus

A2 (6) to the west of the 1044 30º 24’ 09.8” 35º 26’ 57.1” Quercus station

• Remarks- are selected plants or positions in the area as reference marks for a given position in the study area. (1) Site with Globularia arabica (which is a dominate species). (2) Open and grazed area. (3) Area with rare Ficus tree. (4) Area with a monument like hilly area called locally Al-Sahan with calcareous type rocks. (5) Map 2/ study area (A1), to the east of the (W.W.P.) station (6) Map 2/ study area (A2), to the west of the (W.W.P.) station

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REFERENCES Primo Convergo Internazionale Per La Protezione E Lo Sviluppo Dell' Ambiente Montano (BS), Italy 20-24 AL-Eisawi, D. M. 1982. List of Jordan Vascular Plants. Guigno, 1994. 739-751. Mitt. Bot. München, 18: 79-182. Oran, S. A. 1994 b. Vascular Plants of Shoubak Pro. Bull. AL-Eisawi, D. M. 1998. Field Guide to Wild Flowers of Soc. Sc. nat. Tunisie, 24: 95-1025. Jordan and Neighboring Countries. Jordan Press Oran, S. A., Oran, R. and AL-Eisawi, D. 1994. Biodiversity Foundation "AL Rai". Amman. 13-256. of Karak Province\Jordan. Mu’tah Journal for Research Elbeteiha, A., Oran, S. A., Alkofahi, A., Darmani, H., and and Studies, 10 (4): 15-41. Raies, A. M. 2000. Fetotoxic Potentials of Globularia Oran, S. A. 1997. Biodiversity of Petra (Jordan). Journal of Arabica and Globularia Alypum (Globulariaceae) in Damascus University for Basic Sciences, 13(1): 153-163. Rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 72 (1-2): 215-219. Oran, S. A., and Al-Eisawi, D. M. 1998. Check List of Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1977. Flora Palaestina, the Israel Medicinal Plants in Jordan. Dirasat, Medicinal and Academy of Science and Humanities. Jerusalem. 3: 2- Biological/ Sciences, 25(2): 84-112. 285. Oran, S. A. 1999. Potato Disc Bioassay of Some Jordanian Feinbrun-Dothan, N. 1986. Flora Palaestina, the Israel Medicinal Plants, Pharmaceutical Biology. 37(4): 296- Academy of Science and Humanities. Jerusalem. 4:18- 299. 344. Zohary, M. 1966. Flora Palestine. The Israel Academy of Oran, S. A. 1994 a. Flora of Shoubak Mountain, Sciences and Humanities. Jerusalem. 1: 18-329. Socioeconomic and Man Impact. Proceeding of The Zohary, M. 1972. Flora Palestine. The Israel Academy of International Symposium "Man and Mountains 94". Sciences and Humanities. Jerusalem. 2: 9-378.

ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﻤﻭﺴﻰ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺴﻭﺴﻥ ﻋﻁﺎﷲ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺭﺍﻥ*

ﻤﻠﺨﺹ ﺘﻤﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﻤﻭﺴﻰ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ. ﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺢ ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻫﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﻤﻭﺴﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ، ﻭﺠﻤﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻫﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ. ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ، ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺴﺠﻴﻠﻬﺎ. ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻫﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ، ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺴﺠﻴل 66 ﻨ ﻭ ﻋ ﹰﺎ ﺘﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ 64 ﺠ ﻨ ﺴ ﺎﹰ ﻭ35 ﻋﺎﺌﻠﺔ. ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﻴﻤﺜل 35% ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻫﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ/ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﻤﻭﺴﻰ. ﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺩﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤ ﺴ ﺘ ﻭ ﻁ ﻨ ﹰﺎ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺴﻭﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ (Iris petrana) ﺃﻭ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻨﺒﺎﺘﹰﺎ ﻁﺒﻴ ﹰﺎ ﻭﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﹰﺍ ﻤﺜل: Globularia arabica, Galium petrae, Verbascum petrae ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﺜل: .Quercus coccifera, Pistacia atlantica, Amygdalus korschinskyii, Ficus sycomorus, Juniperus phoenica ﻭﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭ ﺼ ﺎ ﻟ ﺤ ﺎﹰ ﻟﻸﻜل ﻭﻁﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﺜل: Achillea fragrantissima, Artemisia herba-alba, Peganum harmala, Paronychia argentea ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ، ﻤﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻷﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﺨﻁﺭ ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭﻫﺎ، ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺘﻬﺩﺩﻫﺎ. ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل: ﺍﻟﺭﻋﻲ، ﻗﻁﻊ ﺍﻷﺸﺠﺎﺭ، ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ، ﻭﺃﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻭ، ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻴﺔ.

______* ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺘﻴﺔ، ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ، ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻨﻴﺔ. ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﺴﺘﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ 24/8/2004، ﻭﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻗﺒﻭﻟﻪ 2005/8/17.

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