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Understanding and Responding to the Threat of Russian Disinformation

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Understanding and Responding to the Threat of Russian Disinformation A Macdonald-Laurier Institute Publication Marcus Kolga Stemming the VIRUSVIRUS Understanding and responding to the threat of Russian disinformation January 2019 Board of Directors CHAIR Richard Fadden Pierre Casgrain Former National Security Advisor to the Prime Minister, Director and Corporate Secretary, Ottawa Casgrain & Company Limited, Montreal Brian Flemming VICE-CHAIR International lawyer, writer, and policy advisor, Halifax Laura Jones Robert Fulford Executive Vice-President of the Canadian Federation Former Editor of Saturday Night magazine, of Independent Business, Vancouver columnist with the National Post, Ottawa MANAGING DIRECTOR Wayne Gudbranson Brian Lee Crowley, Ottawa CEO, Branham Group Inc., Ottawa SECRETARY Calvin Helin Vaughn MacLellan Aboriginal author and entrepreneur, Vancouver DLA Piper (Canada) LLP, Toronto Peter John Nicholson TREASURER Inaugural President, Council of Canadian Academies, Martin MacKinnon Annapolis Royal CFO, Black Bull Resources Inc., Halifax Hon. Jim Peterson DIRECTORS Former federal cabinet minister, Blaine Favel Counsel at Fasken Martineau, Toronto Executive Chairman, One Earth Oil and Gas, Calgary Barry Sookman Jayson Myers Senior Partner, McCarthy Tétrault, Toronto Chief Executive Officer, Jayson Myers Public Affairs Inc., Aberfoyle Jacquelyn Thayer Scott Past President and Professor, Cape Breton University, Dan Nowlan Sydney Vice Chair, Investment Banking, National Bank Financial, Toronto Vijay Sappani Co-Founder and Chief Strategy Officer, Research Advisory Board TerrAscend, Mississauga Veso Sobot Janet Ajzenstat Director of Corporate Affairs, IPEX Group of Professor Emeritus of Politics, McMaster University Companies, Toronto Brian Ferguson Professor, Health Care Economics, University of Guelph Jack Granatstein Advisory Council Historian and former head of the Canadian War Museum Patrick James John Beck Dornsife Dean’s Professor, President and CEO, Aecon Enterprises Inc., Toronto University of Southern California Erin Chutter Rainer Knopff Executive Chair, Global Energy Metals Corporation Professor Emeritus of Politics, University of Calgary Vancouver Larry Martin Navjeet (Bob) Dhillon Principal, Dr. Larry Martin and Associates and Partner, President and CEO, Mainstreet Equity Corp., Calgary Agri-Food Management Excellence, Inc. Jim Dinning Christopher Sands Former Treasurer of Alberta, Calgary Senior Research Professor, Johns Hopkins University David Emerson William Watson Corporate Director, Vancouver Associate Professor of Economics, McGill University For more information visit: www.MacdonaldLaurier.ca Board of Directors CHAIR Richard Fadden Pierre Casgrain Former National Security Advisor to the Prime Minister, Director and Corporate Secretary, Ottawa Casgrain & Company Limited, Montreal Brian Flemming VICE-CHAIR International lawyer, writer, and policy advisor, Halifax Laura Jones Robert Fulford Executive Vice-President of the Canadian Federation Former Editor of Saturday Night magazine, Table of contents of Independent Business, Vancouver columnist with the National Post, Ottawa MANAGING DIRECTOR Wayne Gudbranson Brian Lee Crowley, Ottawa CEO, Branham Group Inc., Ottawa SECRETARY Calvin Helin Executive Summary ................................................................................................ 4 Vaughn MacLellan Aboriginal author and entrepreneur, Vancouver DLA Piper (Canada) LLP, Toronto Sommaire ................................................................................................................ 6 Peter John Nicholson TREASURER Inaugural President, Council of Canadian Academies, Martin MacKinnon Introduction ............................................................................................................ 9 Annapolis Royal CFO, Black Bull Resources Inc., Halifax Hon. Jim Peterson Roots of the Kremlin’s Disinformation ................................................................. 10 DIRECTORS Former federal cabinet minister, Blaine Favel Counsel at Fasken Martineau, Toronto Modern Information Warfare ................................................................................ 12 Executive Chairman, One Earth Oil and Gas, Calgary Barry Sookman Jayson Myers Fascists and Zionists ............................................................................................. 23 Senior Partner, McCarthy Tétrault, Toronto Chief Executive Officer, Jayson Myers Public Affairs Inc., Aberfoyle Jacquelyn Thayer Scott The Kremlin’s Army of Influence ......................................................................... 26 Past President and Professor, Cape Breton University, Dan Nowlan Sydney Russian Active Measures and Intelligence ............................................................ 33 Vice Chair, Investment Banking, National Bank Financial, Toronto Business and Civil Society .................................................................................... 35 Vijay Sappani Co-Founder and Chief Strategy Officer, Research Advisory Board Manipulating elections: 2019 and beyond ........................................................... 37 TerrAscend, Mississauga Recommendations ............................................................................................... 40 Veso Sobot Janet Ajzenstat Director of Corporate Affairs, IPEX Group of Professor Emeritus of Politics, McMaster University Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 43 Companies, Toronto Brian Ferguson Professor, Health Care Economics, University of Guelph About the Author ................................................................................................... 44 Jack Granatstein Advisory Council Historian and former head of the Canadian War Museum References ............................................................................................................. 45 Patrick James Endnotes................................................................................................................ 58 John Beck Dornsife Dean’s Professor, President and CEO, Aecon Enterprises Inc., Toronto University of Southern California Erin Chutter Rainer Knopff Note: The section on “business and civil society” has been revised and clarified. The infographic on p.14, which Executive Chair, Global Energy Metals Corporation Professor Emeritus of Politics, University of Calgary incorrectly mentioned Irrussianality, has also been corrected. Other minor editorial changes (including on p.31) have Vancouver Larry Martin been made to distinguish even more clearly between agents of influence and certain Canadian individuals and organ- Navjeet (Bob) Dhillon Principal, Dr. Larry Martin and Associates and Partner, isations who might sincerely hold pro-Russian views. We regret any confusion the earlier version might have created. President and CEO, Mainstreet Equity Corp., Calgary Agri-Food Management Excellence, Inc. Jim Dinning Christopher Sands Former Treasurer of Alberta, Calgary Senior Research Professor, Johns Hopkins University The author of this document has worked independently and is solely responsible David Emerson William Watson for the views presented here. The opinions are not necessarily those of Corporate Director, Vancouver Associate Professor of Economics, McGill University the Macdonald-Laurier Institute, its Directors or Supporters. Copyright © 2019 Macdonald-Laurier Institute. May be reproduced freely for non-profit and educational purposes. Executive Summary ruth is a mere nuisance in today’s world of Kremlin propaganda. In the course of its con- Tflict against Ukraine, Russian state news has boldly fabricated facts and evidence to support its positions, including fake interviews and even images. During the 2013-2014 Euromaidan uprisings in Ukraine, Russian television broadcast interviews with people who were secretly actors, alleging that Ukrainian “fascists” had committed atrocities, including the crucifixion of a child by Ukrainian forces. In the case of the 2014 downing of a civilian aircraft, Malaysian Airlines flight MH17, UK investigative collective Bellingcat discovered that Kremlin agents man- ufactured evidence to cover up Russian state involvement in the crime. Canada has also been the victim of disinformation. Recent Kremlin disinformation about the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) in Latvia provides a raw example of the crudeness of disinforma- tion campaigns. In the Latvian case, the CAF was targeted by local Kremlin-controlled Russian language media to turn local public opinion against the mission. In one case, Defence Minister Harjit Sajjan’s appearance, including his turban, was exploited by pro-Kremlin media to stoke anti-Muslim sentiments. And another Russian speaking outlet used photos of convicted murderer Russell Williams to promote a negative Recent Kremlin story that Canadian soldiers were pro- moting homosexuality in Latvia. disinformation about Perhaps most worrisome is the Krem- lin’s demonstrated ability to interfere the Canadian Armed in democratic elections. Election out- comes are not the primary focus of this Forces (CAF) in Latvia warfare, but a measure of the overall success of the Kremlin’s disinformation provides a raw example and active measures campaigns. The rot and decay of both our democracy of the crudeness of and the trust we have in our media, leaders and allies is what Putin seeks to disinformation campaigns. cultivate and grow. As Canada approaches the 2019 feder- al elections, the government must pay closer attention to disinformation
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