DOCSLIB.ORG

Water Use in Ethanol Production and Petroleum Refinery for Gasoline

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Water Use in Ethanol Production and Petroleum Refinery for Gasoline Consumptive Water Use in the Production of Ethanol and Petroleum Gasoline — 2011 Update by May Wu and Yiwen Chiu Center for Transportation Research Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory December 2008 Updated July 2011 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................ xi NOTATION .............................................................................................................................. xii UPDATE NOTES ..................................................................................................................... 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... 3 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 9 1.1 Water and Biofuel Feedstocks ................................................................................. 10 1.2 Water Use in Crude Oil Recovery ........................................................................... 12 1.3 Study Scope ............................................................................................................. 13 2 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................ 15 2.1 Data Collection and Processing .................................................................................. 15 2.2 System Boundaries and Water Balance ...................................................................... 16 3 ETHANOL ........................................................................................................................ 21 3.1 Corn Ethanol ............................................................................................................ 21 3.1.1 Corn Irrigation ............................................................................................ 22 3.1.2 Corn Ethanol Production............................................................................. 29 3.1.3 Co-Products................................................................................................. 32 3.1.4 Consumptive Water Use in Major Steps of the Corn Ethanol Life Cycle .. 33 3.2 Cellulosic Ethanol .................................................................................................... 34 3.2.1 Feedstock Irrigation .................................................................................... 35 3.2.2 Cellulosic Ethanol Production and Co-Products Allocation ....................... 35 3.2.3 Consumptive Water Use in Major Steps of the Cellulosic Ethanol Life Cycle ...................................................................................... 36 4 GASOLINE ....................................................................................................................... 39 4.1 Methodology ............................................................................................................ 39 4.1.1 Domestic Crude Oil .................................................................................... 39 4.1.2 Canadian Oil Sands ..................................................................................... 41 4.2 Onshore Recovery of Domestic Crude Oil .............................................................. 42 4.2.1 Recovery Technologies and Water Consumption ....................................... 42 4.2.1.1 Recovery Technologies ............................................................... 42 4.2.1.2 Injection Water Consumption for Oil Recovery ......................... 45 4.2.2 Produced Water Re-injection for Oil Recovery .......................................... 47 4.2.3 Regional Water Use .................................................................................... 49 v CONTENTS (CONT.) 4.3 Recovery of Saudi Arabian Crude Oil ..................................................................... 52 4.4 Recovery and Upgrading of Canadian Oil Sands .................................................... 52 4.4.1 Oil Sands Recovery..................................................................................... 54 4.4.1.1 Surface Mining............................................................................ 54 4.4.1.2 In-Situ Recovery ......................................................................... 55 4.4.2 Oil Sands Upgrading ................................................................................... 56 4.4.3 Technology Shares ...................................................................................... 57 4.5 Refining .................................................................................................................... 59 4.6 Water Consumption in Major Steps of the Gasoline Life cycle .............................. 61 4.6.1 Conventional Petroleum to Gasoline Life Cycle ........................................ 61 4.6.2 Oil Sands to Gasoline Life Cycle................................................................ 63 5 ADDITIONAL ISSUES .................................................................................................... 65 5.1 Aquifer Depletion .................................................................................................... 65 5.2 Water Quality ........................................................................................................... 66 5.3 Soil Erosion .............................................................................................................. 68 5.4 Land Degradation ..................................................................................................... 69 5.5 Ecosystem Disruption .............................................................................................. 69 5.6 Energy–Water Interdependence ............................................................................... 70 6 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................... 71 6.1 Comparative Water Consumption ............................................................................ 71 6.2 Limitations and Uncertainties .................................................................................. 72 6.2.1 Data Gaps .................................................................................................... 72 6.2.2 Representative Fuel Pathways .................................................................... 73 6.3 Summary .................................................................................................................. 74 7 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 77 FIGURES 1 Hydrologic Cycle............................................................................................................... 10 2 U.S. Freshwater Withdrawals and Consumption, All Sectors and Agricultural Sector, 1960–1995 ........................................................................................ 12 3 System Boundary, Water Inputs, Outputs, and Losses of a Conceptual Fuel Production System ............................................................................................................. 17 vi FIGURES (CONT.) 4 Water Inputs and Outputs for (a) Biofuel Feedstock Production, (b) Petroleum Oil Production, and (c) Biofuel Production/Oil Refining ................................................. 18 5 Typical Onshore Oil Field ................................................................................................. 19 6 USDA Farm Production Regions ...................................................................................... 21 7 Annual Precipitation in USDA Regions 5, 6, and 7 .......................................................... 22 8 Distribution of Water Withdrawals for Irrigation and Non-irrigation Uses in U.S. Regions ...................................................................................................................... 23 9 Irrigation Rate for the Irrigated Corn Acreage by USDA Region. .................................... 25 10 Consumptive Irrigation Water Use for Corn from Ground and Surface Water ................ 26 11 Groundwater Consumed for Corn Irrigation by USDA Region in 1998, 2003, and 2008 .................................................................................................................. 27 12 Historical Trend of Corn Yield and Harvested Corn Acreage in the United States .......... 28 13 Corn Production and Consumptive Irrigation Groundwater Use in USDA Regions 5, 6, and 7 ................................................................................................ 28 14 Consumptive Irrigation Water Use for Corn as percent of U.S. total for corn by Source in USDA Regions 5, 6, and 7 ............................................................. 29 15 Water System in a Typical Dry Mill Ethanol Plant ........................................................... 30 16 Breakdown of Water Consumed in Ethanol Production via Corn Dry Milling ............................................................................................................... 31 17 Consumptive Water Use in Minnesota Dry Mill Corn Ethanol Plants, 1998-2005 .......... 31 18 Average Water Consumption in Existing Corn Dry Mill Ethanol Plants ......................... 32 19 Irrigation Water Input and Consumption to Produce One Bushel of Corn in USDA Regions 5, 6, and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • General Characteristics of the Petroleum Industry and Its Price Problems
    This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Price Research in the Steel and Petroleum Industries Volume Author/Editor: Committee on Price Research Volume Publisher: NBER Volume ISBN: 0-87014-189-9 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/unkn39-3 Publication Date: 1939 Chapter Title: General Characteristics of the Petroleum Industry and Its Price Problems Chapter Author: Committee on Price Research Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c5803 Chapter pages in book: (p. 82 - 94) 82 PART TWO state at the outset some of the limits of our inquiry as we have conceived it. The industrial field covered is indicated in Chapter II. It might be summarily described as the whole sequence of processes from exploration for oil to the deliv- ery of refined petroleum products to consumers. Within this field we have conceived it to be our respon- sibility not only to canvass the available statistical data upon current prices and costs (Chapter III), but also to examine critically the meaning, adequacy and reliability of these data and to suggest ways in which they might well be supplemented (Chapter IV). As we understand it, we were not called upon to make detailed investigations or tests of existing price information to verify our judgment of its character. Much less was it within our conception of the assignment to attempt the assembly of any concrete data not now available. Nor were we charged with making new applications of such data as we now have. In Chapter V we confine ourselves simply to outlining certain projects of inquiry which in our judgment should prove fruitful, and the more fruitful so far as the statistics of the industry's operations are made more adequate and reliable by sup- plementing existing compilations along the lines suggested in Chapter IV.
    [Show full text]
  • The Petroleum Find: Its Possible Impact on the Agricultural Sector In
    TheLawson Petroleum et al: Petroleum find: Find: possible Its impact Possible on the agricultural Impact sector in on Ghana the Agricultural45 Sector in Ghana: The Role of Soil Science I. Y. D. Lawson*, S. G. K. Adiku and S. K. A. Danso Department of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra *Corresponding author; E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The opportunities the petroleum industry present comes with challenges that Ghana needs not to overlook. It is globally accepted that petroleum find is usually associated with the economic situation dubbed “Dutch disease”, whereby, the over-expectation of rewards from oil revenues diminish the attention paid to other sectors of the economy. The paper examines the potential impacts of the petroleum discovery in Ghana on its agricultural sector and the role of soil science in minimizing adverse effects. The agricultural sector is likely to lose its recognition as the backbone of the economy due to the discovery of petroleum in commercial quantities and having recently been overtaken by the service sector. An impact of the oil find could be the high risk of the agricultural sector losing its potential labour force to the petroleum industry. There is also the fear of neglect of the agricultural sector in future similar to what happened in some countries that experienced petroleum boom. Oil spillage could pollute farmlands, and gas flaring without temperature or emission control could pollute the air and release unacceptably high levels of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. There could be resettlement of farming communities and farmlands because of the fear of spillage and destruction of lands by oil and gas operations.
    [Show full text]
  • Future Strategies for Promoting Tourism and Petroleum Heritage in Khuzestan Province, Iran
    Future strategies for promoting tourism and petroleum heritage in Khuzestan Province, Iran Sahar Amirkhani, Neda Torabi Farsani and Homa Moazzen Jamshidi Abstract Sahar Amirkhani and Purpose – Industrial tourism not only strives to preserve industrial heritage, but can also be a strategy for being Neda Torabi Farsani are both familiar with the history of industry and attracting tourists to new destinations. This paper examines the issue of based at the Department of promoting petroleum industrial tourism in the case of Khuzestan, Iran. The research aims at determining Museum and Tourism, Art appropriate strategies for promoting petroleum industrial tourism. University of Isfahan, – Design/methodology/approach The data were analysed through a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, Isfahan, Iran. and threats (SWOT) model. Homa Moazzen Jamshidi is Findings – The results revealed the competitive strategy as the best. Lastly, strategies such as: concentric based at the Department of diversification, joint venture strategy, conglomerate diversification and horizontal diversification were proposed Economics and Arts as key solutions. The results support the view that establishing an exploratory ecomuseum in the territory of Entrepreneurship, Art Khuzestan Province can be a suitable concentric diversification strategy towards petroleum industrial sustainable tourism in the future. University of Isfahan, Originality/value – The main originality of this paper includes linking tourism with the petroleum (oil and natural Isfahan, Iran. gas) industry
    [Show full text]
  • LA Petroleum Industry Facts
    February 2000 Louisiana Petroleum Public Information Series No.2 Industry Facts 1934 First oil well of commercial quantities Deepest producing well in Louisiana: Texaco-SL urvey discovered in the state: 4666-1, November 1969, Caillou Island, The Heywood #1 Jules Clement well, drilled near Terrebonne Parish, 21,924 feet total depth Evangeline, Louisiana, in Acadia Parish, which S was drilled to a depth of approximately 1,700 Existing oil or gas fields as of December 31, feet in September 1901 (counties are called 1998: 1,775 Reserves “parishes” in Louisiana). Crude oil and condensate oil produced from First oil field discovered: Jennings Field, Acadia 1901 to 1998: 16,563,234,543 barrels Parish, September 1901 Crude oil and condensate produced in 1998: First over-water drilling in America: 132,376,274 barrels Caddo Lake near Shreveport, Louisiana, (Source: Louisiana Department of Natural Resources.) circa 1905 Natural gas and casinghead gas produced from First natural gas pipeline laid in Louisiana: 1901 to 1998: 144,452,229,386 thousand Caddo Field to Shreveport in 1908 cubic feet (MFC) Largest natural gas field in Louisiana: Natural gas produced in 1998: 1,565,921,421 Monroe Field, which was discovered in 1916 thousand cubic feet (MFC) (Source: Louisiana Department of Natural Resources.) Number of salt domes: 204 are known to exist, eological 77 of which are located offshore Dry Natural Gas Proven Reserves 1997 North Louisiana 3,093 billion cubic feet Parishes producing oil or gas: All 64 of South Louisiana 5,585 billion cubic feet Louisiana’s
    [Show full text]
  • Program Review
    Post-Audit Review For Occupational Programs Implemented Under the Provisions of Series 37 West Virginia Council for Community and Technical College Education Institution: _Pierpont Community & Technical College_ Program (Degree and Title): _CAS and AAS Petroleum Technology_ I. INTRODUCTION The Associate in Applied Science (AAS) degree in Petroleum Technology provides curriculum to prepare students for mid-level positions in the petroleum industry as technicians working in gas and oil production, gas transmission, field services, and drilling. This is a cooperative program with the West Virginia Petroleum Industry and WV Northern CC. General education and specific applied technical courses provide students with a variety of educational activities and experiences through lecture, discussion, learning activities and realistic hands-on laboratory assignments. Embedded within the AAS program is a 30 credit hour Certificate in Applied Science (CAS) degree, that is completed within the first two semesters of the AAS program. The programs attracts approximately double the number of non-tradition students when compared to traditional aged (less than 24) students. These open enrollment programs build teamwork and provide a learning environment that enhances future employment. In addition, students have the option of completing a paid summer internship with various West Virginia petroleum companies between their freshman and sophomore year, further enhancing their skills and knowledge in real-world workplace scenarios. Although the required wage minimum for an internship position is $10 an hours, wages have ranged from $11 to $16 an hour. The US DOL predicts from 2012-2022 a 15% growth in the field nationwide. Pierpont has a 2+2 articulation agreement with Alderson Broaddus (A-B), all 60 credit hours are accepted into the Petroleum Management program at A-B.
    [Show full text]
  • Study of Selected Petroleum Refining Residuals
    STUDY OF SELECTED PETROLEUM REFINING RESIDUALS INDUSTRY STUDY Part 1 August 1996 U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Office of Solid Waste Hazardous Waste Identification Division 401 M Street, SW Washington, DC 20460 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Number 1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ............................................... 1 1.2 OTHER EPA REGULATORY PROGRAMS IMPACTING THE PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY ............................. 2 1.3 INDUSTRY STUDY FINDINGS .................................. 3 2.0 INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION ........................................... 8 2.1 PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY PROFILE ..................... 8 2.2 INDUSTRY STUDY ........................................... 10 2.2.1 Site Selection ......................................... 11 2.2.2 Engineering Site Visits .................................. 13 2.2.3 RCRA §3007 Questionnaire .............................. 13 2.2.4 Familiarization Sampling ................................ 14 2.2.5 Record Sampling ....................................... 15 2.2.6 Split Samples Analyzed by API ........................... 20 2.2.7 Synthesis ............................................. 20 3.0 PROCESS AND WASTE DESCRIPTIONS ............................... 21 3.1 REFINERY PROCESS OVERVIEW .............................. 21 3.2 CRUDE OIL DESALTING ...................................... 25 3.2.1 Process Description ..................................... 25 3.2.2 Desalting Sludge ....................................... 26 3.3 HYDROCRACKING
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Sector Overview
    Energy Sector Overview Kevin Bertelsen & Matt Sedlacek February 18, 2014 Overview The energy sector is one of the sectors defined by the S&P500’s Global Industry Classification Standard’s indexes. It consists of two industries: “energy equipment and services” and “oil, gas, and consumable fuels” There are various sub-industries encompassed in each industry, drilling, equipment/service, exploration/production, refining/marketing, and coal/consumable fuels.1 Sensitivity The energy sector is sensitive to the business cycle. The industry works in a more cyclical fashion. Weather and seasons play critical role in the industry and cause an increase in demand for gasoline in the summer and a decrease in demand during the winter. Moreover, when people buy less at the pump it is reflected in less storage and transportation which in turn leads to less drilling and exploration. One exception to this cyclical fashion is natural gas. Natural gas sees a spike in demand during the colder months as people use it to heat their homes.2 Because of cyclical nature of the energy industry their earnings are also exposed to volatility. Expenditures The energy industry is known for large capital expenditures, research and development spending, and legal expenses. Capital expenditures include prospecting land for oil reserves, property, plant and equipment, and transportation of oil. Research and development spending has been used to pay for adaptations to the changing market and environment policy. Moreover, companies need to spend large amounts in research and development to be successful in order to stay ahead of the curve. For example, Exxon Mobil spent over 1 billion dollars in 2012 alone.
    [Show full text]
  • Impediments and Opportunities for Meaningful Transformation of the Retail Petroleum Industry and Possible Solutions
    HDSA Workshop on Economic Transformation in the Petroleum Sector Hosted by the DoE - 4 May 2017 Impediments and opportunities for meaningful transformation of the retail petroleum industry and possible solutions Viv Corinaldi Acting Director: SAPRA Contents 1. Context 2. SAPRA strategic intent 3. Short overview of the Retail Petroleum Industry and some dynamics 4. Challenges facing Petroleum Retailers 5. Industry Transformation Challenges for Retailers 6. Proposed Solutions 7. Future Prospects 8. Credentials Message from SAPRA “Don't judge each day by the harvest you reap, but rather by the seeds that you plant.” Context • SAPRA is a member of the Petroleum & Liquid Fuels Sector Code Alignment Steering Committee. • The Petroleum & Liquid Fuels Sector Code Alignment Steering Committee is committed to ensure that - Meaningful radical economic transformation is realised in the sector; - The Petroleum and Liquid Fuels Charter (LFC) promulgated under Schedule 1 of the Petroleum Product Act, 1977 (Act No. 120 of 1977 as amended by the Petroleum Products Amendment Act 58 of 2003 as the strategic tool adopted to date to effect transformation in the petroleum sector is the aligned to B-BBEE policy framework; and - That the LFC as a Sector Charter applies to all stakeholders in the sector. • Key stakeholder alignment is required as a pre-cursor to gazetting the Petroleum & Liquid Fuels Sector Code in terms of the B-BBEE Act. • The objectives of this Scope of Work is to summarise and collate the key issues to be addressed in the Petroleum & Liquid
    [Show full text]
  • Oil and Gas in Indonesia Investment and Taxation Guide
    Oil and Gas in Indonesia Investment and Taxation Guide September 2019, 10th Edition www.pwc.com/id This page and cover photo courtesy of: PT Medco Energi Internasional Tbk. DISCLAIMER: This publication has been prepared for general guidance on matters of interest only, and does not constitute professional advice. You should not act upon the information contained in this publication without obtaining specific professional advice. No representation or warranty (express or implied) is given as to the accuracy or completeness of the information contained in this publication and, to the extent permitted by law, KAP Tanudiredja, Wibisana, Rintis & Rekan, PT Prima Wahana Caraka, PT PricewaterhouseCoopers Indonesia Advisory, PT PricewaterhouseCoopers Consulting Indonesia, and Melli Darsa & Co., Advocates & Legal Consultants, its members, employees, and agents do not accept or assume any liability, responsibility, or duty of care for any consequences of you or anyone else acting, or refraining to act, in reliance upon the information contained in this publication or for any decision based on it. Regulatory information is current to 31 July 2019. 1 Contents Glossary 4 Foreword 10 1 Industry Overview 12 2 Regulatory Framework 24 3 (Conventional) Upstream Sector 40 106 4 Gross Split PSCs 5 Downstream Sector 118 Service Providers 6 to the Upstream Sector 136 Appendices 142 About PwC | PwC Oil & Gas Contacts Insertion - Indonesian Oil & Gas Concessions and Major Infrastructure Map 147 Glossary Term Definition AFE Authorisation for Expenditure APBN Anggaran
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel Life Cycles
    An Overview of Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel Life Cycles A Joint Study Sponsored by: U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Energy May 1998 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at http://www.doe.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone: 865.576.8401 fax: 865.576.5728 email: [email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 phone: 800.553.6847 fax: 703.605.6900 email: [email protected] online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste NREL/TP-580-24772 An Overview of Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel Life Cycles John Sheehan Vince Camobreco James Duffield Michael Graboski Housein Shapouri National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 A national laboratory of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • CISA Guidance on Essential Critical Infrastructure Workers
    U.S. Department of Homeland Security Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency Office of the Director Washington, DC 20528 March 28, 2020 ADVISORY MEMORANDUM ON IDENTIFICATION OF ESSENTIAL CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE WORKERS DURING COVID-19 RESPONSE FROM: Christopher C. Krebs Director Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) As the Nation comes together to slow the spread of COVID-19, on March 16th the President issued updated Coronavirus Guidance for America that highlighted the importance of the critical infrastructure workforce. The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) executes the Secretary of Homeland Security’s authorities to secure critical infrastructure. Consistent with these authorities, CISA has developed, in collaboration with other federal agencies, State and local governments, and the private sector, an “Essential Critical Infrastructure Workforce” advisory list. This list is intended to help State, local, tribal and territorial officials as they work to protect their communities, while ensuring continuity of functions critical to public health and safety, as well as economic and national security. Decisions informed by this list should also take into consideration additional public health considerations based on the specific COVID-19-related concerns of particular jurisdictions. This list is advisory in nature. It is not, nor should it be considered, a federal directive or standard. Additionally, this advisory list is not intended to be the exclusive list of critical infrastructure sectors,
    [Show full text]
  • A State-Of-The-Art Review of Nanoparticles Application in Petroleum with a Focus on Enhanced Oil Recovery
    applied sciences Review A State-of-the-Art Review of Nanoparticles Application in Petroleum with a Focus on Enhanced Oil Recovery Madhan Nur Agista 1,2, Kun Guo 1,3,* ID and Zhixin Yu 1,* ID 1 Department of Energy and Petroleum Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway; [email protected] 2 Auroris Energy, Jakarta 12950, Indonesia 3 The National IOR Centre of Norway, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway * Correspondence: [email protected] (K.G.); [email protected] (Z.Y.); Tel.: +47-5183-2198 (K.G.); +47-5183-2238 (Z.Y.) Received: 21 April 2018; Accepted: 15 May 2018; Published: 25 May 2018 Abstract: Research on nanotechnology application in the oil and gas industry has been growing rapidly in the past decade, as evidenced by the number of scientific articles published in the field. With oil and gas reserves harder to find, access, and produce, the pursuit of more game-changing technologies that can address the challenges of the industry has stimulated this growth. Nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize the petroleum industry both upstream and downstream, including exploration, drilling, production, and enhanced oil recovery (EOR), as well as refinery processes. It provides a wide range of alternatives for technologies and materials to be utilized in the petroleum industry. Nanoscale materials in various forms such as solid composites, complex fluids, and functional nanoparticle-fluid combinations are key to the new technological advances. This paper aims to provide a state-of-the-art review on the application of nanoparticles and technology in the petroleum industry, and focuses on enhanced oil recovery.
    [Show full text]