Palabras clave por Inglaterra. establecida terratenientes” de “guarnición la de manos de recuperada ser debía que tangible realidad una físico, espacio un sino y tradiciones, historia idioma, de mentales vínculos por artificialmente unidas Anderson, de imaginadas” “comunidades las de una era The en Nation escritos sus de análisis El política. estrategia mera la supera irlandés nacionalista pensamiento al Lalor de aportación 1880. de la embargo, Sin década la de Agraria Guerra ala ideológico antecedente un así proporcionando agraria, lucha la con independencia por la lucha la sobre por asociar todo conocido es de Irlanda, Joven grupo del brillante más escritor el pero ‘marginal’, figura una Lalor (1811-1849), Fintan James ideológicos. términos en clasificar de difícil supuestamente ysiempre resultado ha contemporáneos, sus de radicalmente que diferenciaba se escritor un The de Nation escritores los Entre distintiva. cultural comunidad una The Nation periódico por el jugado papel el sin no explicarse puede XIX siglo el en irlandés nacionalismo del nacimiento El Resumen words Key garrison.” “landlord of England’s grasp the from reclaimed be to reality atangible space, but aphysical tradition, and history of language, ties by mental bound artificially communities,” not one of was Anderson’s Ireland “imagined for him, that The in of Lalor’s writings analysis An strategy. political mere beyond far goes thought 1880s. However,the nationalist Lalor’s to contribution Irish War of Land for the precedent ideological an providing thus farmers, tenant of the that with of independence cause the for linking known best perhaps is generation, the writer (1811-1849), of Lalor Fintan thebrilliant most but figure, ‘marginal’ allegedly an James ascriptions. ideological clear-cut eluded always has and contemporaries, his from apart himself set who however, contributors, awriter its . was Among the during community cultural adistinct as to (re)create Ireland crusade determined its and newspaper Nation The without understood be cannot century nineteenth the during nationalism Irish of rise The Abstract Revista CanariadeEstudiosIngleses,68;April 2014,pp. 71-82; ISSN:0211-5913 REWRITING THE AND LALOR FINTAN JAMES : Nationalism, nineteenth century, Young Ireland, , land issue. land Lalor, Fintan James Young century, Ireland, nineteenth : Nationalism, OF NATION AS PHYSICAL SPACE, 1847-1848OF PHYSICAL NATION AS : nacionalismo, siglo xix siglo : nacionalismo, WRITS OF EJECTMENT: WRITS Marta Ramón García Ramón Marta Universidad de Oviedo de Universidad durante la década de 1840 para (re)crear Irlanda como como (re)crear 1840 de Irlanda para década la durante y el yel , Joven Irlanda, James Fintan Lalor, cuestión agraria. cuestión Lalor, Fintan James , Joven Irlanda, Irish Felon muestran que para Lalor, Irlanda no Irlanda Lalor, que para muestran

Nation

and the Irish Felon the and , sin embargo, destaca destaca embargo, , sin reveals reveals

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 71-82 71 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 71-82 72 improvements in land legislation, or the panacea of self-government, Lalor discarded of discarded self-government, Lalor improvements or panacea legislation, the land in attention their on short-term focused writers most contemporary measures, relief solutionany question independence. include must However, land to Irish the while that belief or his of landlords, the censure his class, tenant of small the collapse the coreligionists. radical supposedly by even his considered too radical solution was crisis Famine to the whose proposed visionary the of a movement marginal; margins writer at itself the a remained career,Lalor short his Throughout lifetime. his during converts make to considerable his difficulties with contrast poignant in is on other hand, the peal, (121). Socialism” of revolutionary apostle “the Irish as him Lalor’s ap posthumous John Mitcheland celebrated (240), straw-clutching alittle with Connolly James Wolfe with along Tone, Separatism of Irish Davis Thomas evangelists of four the as outhim one singled while century. forinstance, Thus twentieth the of turn at the other causes for father various founding atempting prose him made inspirational strongly his War and sophistication of 1880s,Land the ideological his journalism. European ofLalor’s nineteenth-century names inclusion great the among for argues that quality of literary adegree with and heightat of the Famine, the 1847 were published between 1848, and articles these when we that add understand to It easier becomes of about articles. corpus adozen small on avery rests actually it because more the remarkable all seems Ramón). Lalor’s popularity enduring rty; (e.g. anthologies to republished be as journal O’Donoghue;weekly Marlowe; Foga of the short life the transcended writings whose press tion, one few and of very the to define, except to vindicate the tenant population and exclude the landlord class. exclude theandlandlord thepopulation tenant vindicate except to to define, he entity never felt need an the people was Irish the while object to reclaimed; be but amaterial traditions, historical and acompound of cultural construct, intellectual (1807-1849), For Lalor Fintan approach James to nationalism. not an was Ireland tion distinct cultural community during the 1840s. Among the contributors 1840s. the the Among during to The community cultural distinct The Nation without understood be cannot century thenineteenth during ideology.nationalism Irish rise of The of disseminators community,” and encoders also are “imagined newspapers an in form a“one-day of book; the best-seller,” place: ceremony takes amass which around “extreme” the attention identity, as his on national newspapers collective focuses and of role the of construction print the in addresses Communities,” Anderson Benedict , however, one particular figure stands outdifferentwho an entirely representedstands figure , however, one particular As a thinker on the Famine, Lalor was not original either in his anxiety about anxiety either his in not original was Lalor on Famine, the a thinker As prophet the of the activist, agrarian an as known best is Lalor Although Lalor was one of the most powerful writers of Young writers the genera one Ireland of most powerful was the Lalor But beyond their role in establishing a psychological bond between readers readers bond between apsychological But role beyond establishing their in notion. (35)theslightest not has he identity whose of yet confident, he is existence of (or whose of others millions) by thousands simultaneously replicated being is ceremonythe performs he that aware is well [...]as-fiction. communicant Each the newspaper- of (“imagining”) consumption simultaneous precisely almost The of “Imagined construction the as emblematic of study his nationalism In and its determined crusade to (re)create a crusade its as determined and Ireland

Na - - - - in Junein 1847: he wrote to As for game. bigger he aimed cause; impracticable and afutile as he dismissed meaning” its vulgar “in Repeal sweeping. equally was cause tenant class at its core ( class tenant the fabric with of social the short ofreorganisation athorough nothing advocated and dissolved, effectually already was society that proclaimed distractions, such all under the law of law nature.”under the ( I say,Wherefore possession a notice to oust get quit let them at once; or we shall writ of ejectment. general a with us “haveserved denounced, Lalor landlords, The of survival. laws by the reinforced became right natural this of Famine, the text it con by force. the In from a“robber” usurped who had reclaimed class landlord people, it and of Irish be must the property rightful the was land Irish the rights: property butnational grievances, political or difference on not ethnic based mands de nationalist formulation anew of Irish with it hand went in hand catchphrase; injury that made him a hunchback. His health was also quite delicate, especially quite especially delicate, also was health His ahunchback. him made that injury a spinal suffered and achild, as dropped from aservant’s arms was Fintan James young O’Connellite the MP. an goes, as story the As afterwards immediately and 1831 renown in national who gained farmer of aleader Tithegentleman the War, as 1807,March father, His Patrickasubstantial Lalor, children. of was eldest twelve the of. possession object to regain physical areal, posits—but Anderson Benedict into existence—as to fashioned be imagination of nation, political Irish a not creature pioneering the as role rewriting in Lalor’s highlight to particularly wishes article This werepublished. first writings his when originality intellectual of extent his full the obscured further has nationalism War early-twentieth-century of and Land the canon incorporation literary to the ( Duffy Gavan John Charles Mitchel and between bitter the in subsequent ammunition fallout or 1848 as wielded another yet martyr, 1849as December celebratedmerely in prematurely aminor figure, he remained public to them give endorsement, died when refused Lalor and correspondence, they to debate Lalor’s Young in the were leaders ideas quite Ireland willing Although quite another. was nationalisation of land spectre the raising and landlordism pressing order by sup social to subvert the trying one thing; was revolution abstract the in of praises the singing Toby Lalor’s romantic nationalists, arguments. middle-class impressed than alarmed the more most of influence, was leadership Ireland Young Lalor’s determination to “repeal the conquest” was more than a powerful apowerful Lalor’s more conquest” to the “repeal than was determination 43-44) (Fogarty my principles. are [...] island of this these lawmakers the as well as paramount lords and landowners they, none first and but the they, are people of Ireland—that the in of right vested is Ireland of lands the of ownership absolutethe Union. the That (allodial) repeal to done than much more easily thing years—a hundred of seven conquest entire whole but and the or portion part any Conquest—not the to repeal My is object James Fintan Lalor was born at Tennakill, Abbeyleix, Co. Laois, on 10 Co. Laois, born at Abbeyleix, Tennakill, was Lalor Fintan James under Lalor’s converted to radicalism famously John Mitchel was While The The Nation Irish Felon Irish , 24 April 1847)., 24 April approach nationalist His to the (24 June 1848)). The The Nation (27 May 1854)). His - - -

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 71-82 73 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 71-82 74 As he explained to Peel: he explained As intoLalor’s mindset. insight an up, provides letter political this taken but was offer his that evidence Thereis no Association. to Repeal helpinformation the destroy prime minister, offering Peel, to Sir letter Robert secret Conservative the shocking wrote a 1843, Lalor of monster height at of the meetings, O’Connell’s campaign fromcompetition. foreign In agriculture Irish protecting system tariff the Laws, Cornthe of includedthe repeal future, thepost-Repeal in tenant-right ing firmly plac besides control O’Connell’sprogramme, physical of And soil. the political but the chase, wild-goose independence, Repealers’ the of legislative trappings the not was pursuing, prosperity, worth to national Lalor, only key goal the the and (qtd. methods 133-135). to and objectives O’Neill as completelyand mistaken For ineffectual, corrupt, was wholethe Association movement. view, Repeal his In the by intensely disgusted was Lalor Repealers, of committed belonged to afamily self he him and Association, Repeal the within career his would have begun Irelander Young archetypal the While course. choice of his political in even original, foundly between his weak, deformed body, and his vigorous and original mind. deformed body, original and vigorous weak, his his and between by contrast mid-1840s. the the struck he was made By 1848, acquaintance new every probably during tuberculosis, illness, of some pulmonary he contracted kind after right to right thethechampions becomehad of to independence;they legislative than benefit Youngthemsome over to offer them had to Repeal, moretotangible win Ireland 3-4). O’Connell’s (Fogarty was mantra alone, as of “moral use to the force” at stake—or issue question” real to the compared parish “petty either explicitly should to Repeal—a not themselves they commit that urged Lalor all, Above in recommendations. own orderhis to offer Duffy Gavan to Charles Lalor wrote proclaimed, were officially organisation new principlesbefore the of this On Confederation. 11 1847, Irish the organisation, foundation own of January their the July months in 1846, later announced afew and Association Repeal from the propitious; Young were seceded particularly Ireland Circumstances nationalists. the attention towards his turned again and course swerved protectionism, Lalor abandoned 1846, agrarian in thus and Laws Corn the repealed Conservatives the them” (28). would sponsor help and to club, realise some or individual, party When (vain) the in hope that about to pillar from post ideas his “hawking D.N. as Buckley

land, as well as nationality. With the right goal in sight, the tenantry would tenantry the sight, in nationality. goal right With the as well as land, Beyond the poetic nature of this story, of this pro however, indeed nature poetic Beyond was the Lalor Success, Lalor urged, required the support of the rural masses, but order in masses, support of the rural the required urged, Lalor Success, but not wholly without harshly foundation, described, by been has Lalor to proprietors, and to her landed Government, [...] to aConservative it only is that converted gusted but his Mr. agitators O’Connell, more something atone time, myself, I was, (O’Neill 36-38) (O’Neill peace me into a conservative in point of feeling in me into aconservative , that this country can look for any improvement in her social condition. condition. improvement look for her any social in can country this , that me into one point of principle in , and his series of wretched agitations, first dis first agitations, of wretched series his , and than a mere Repealer, in private feeling; feeling; private in amere Repealer, than . I have been driven been . Ihave ; and reflection and experience have experience and reflection ; and into the conviction, conviction, into the - - - - offered him a place in the editorial staff of Felon the Irish of staff theeditorial in a him place offered (O’Neill 69-72). disgust and September in 1847, league a tenant frustration in activism up gave political Lalor attempt up to set acatastrophic After programme. federation adopt agrarian his slow, spent was 1847 Lalor Con and hope the of seeing to vain radicalism the in foundation of the domination (Mitchel British 178).as But Mitchel’s conversion system land rhetoric, of the republican garrison” and “foreign the as landlords the Lalor’s of to share view came John Mitchel,ebrated exception was who gradually cel and rare uncooperative. The but effect in sympathetic, outwardly remained else—and above all old from their dogmas—Repeal totremely deviate reluctant support. However, led to been expect had and were most of leadership ex the Confederation, welcomeinto the Irish warm a received had Lalor Duffy, Gavan Charles with contact first his After allies. nationalist new more his in disappointed far He was expected. probably Lalor was but proposal, no more that to than this creation of class. tenant astrong people constitution,” “social anew Irish the give onand he the termed it, as based to help of good, depopulation, own for stop haemorrhage their the landlords, the 1847)). to persuade partly was early, these Lalor’s in moderate relatively articles aim once ground ( again.” become apasture will Ireland its place. take will employs that only thousands agriculture an and leave land, the will millions employsthat andmaintains agriculture “The lamented, Lalor As to grazing. farming from tillage change the population, heralding tenant and of small the country the were draining emigration and deaths order emergence of one. the anew and Mass social of existing the collapse the a watershed, it was tragedy; not only a human was Famine the for granted: now take concludedclarity, and modern researchers what masterful with of Famine the causes operating the described 5June,May and Lalor The in ideas to publish his invitation evident whenDuffy’s he accepted spectacularly became and much further, went originality Lalor’s amere intellectual point was of strategy; But this to success. through Repeal would carry that engine railway the as question acting of land the for, most famous is proverbial the image Lalor what of is course demands nationalist achieve achieve government, the and muscle to pressurize provide necessary Young the with Ireland the force of Lalor’s rhetoric gave later republicans a wealth of warlike quotes: force ofthe Lalor’s of warlike rhetoric awealth later gave republicans time, cooperation. his toNotfirst offerthe ready for he on was which grounds the out editor, to the laying by letter Lalor John Martin, afull-page 24 June featured sovereignty.issue Felon the Irish of onfirst independence popular and The very ideas of expositions his detailed with organisation for revolutionary anew proposals the in articles seven Lalor published monththe before insurrection, final Ireland Young Irishman United firebrand Mitchel’s John Felon He only returned to the public to the He forefront only returned June in 1848, when John Martin receptive than were less landlords the It that should not asurprise come as two more followed andwhich public on first April, on letter 24 his In 15 both . Free from any further need to conciliate the landlords, Lalor alternated alternated Lalor landlords, the to need conciliate . Free further from any self-government and tenant-right. This combination of agrarian and self-governmentcombination tenant-right. and agrarian This of Nation . . Between 24 June July 22 1848, and . Between the , the intended successor to intended, the successor The The (15Nation May on on - - -

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 71-82 75 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 71-82 76 also to sanction the occupation and use of soil. the use and occupation the to sanction also government but to the its laws, not and only to legitimacy give necessary ruler) was mutual controlsignificantly consent The itself. the overcase, governed land of the his (in to individuals, from power between relations theory contract of scope social the enlarged Lalor 36). effect, In (Buckley ownership land as materialised sovereignty national rights, agrarian as materialised rights national as just universe, ideological Lalor’sIn theland itself. of possession physical independence effective, meant True freedom. of a“mock” trappings the national franchises,” and articles, and for he it. laws continued: only ones And the entitled to make also people of sole who, Irish centre,” the the were owners, as property of the right was whole the “up of that to down Ireland ownership, and sun, to he land the declared of phraseology legal Using the rights. property of national amatter independence as to do (e.g.O’Connell liked Freeman’s Journal of Union, Act the as invalidated allegedly that technicalities wrongs,” or legal the country’s “rights the and distinctiveness, on cultural demands his he not did base that in nationalists, contemporary unique among was Lalor cause. same the and were one were they not banners; only complementary tenure nationality and land population. of rural the demands agrarian population, the and of urban the demands nationalist the country; of and town alliance an required Success establishment. of dominion: landowning British the heart at to the get failed besides, one goal; that, force movement airy for an such to never induced be join aphysical masses—would rural the least people—at Irish the it and agitation, byment mere into political would granting never coerced be “moral it force” about. norparlia The bringing British revolution in succeed could neither cause; adead-end was understood usually as Union. the Repeal to repeal not emphatically he was demand: nationalist standard the with break clean a by establishing once principles. again He political began ofpublic his declaration consent among the people, rather than between themselves and asovereign and themselves between people, consent than the among rather Lalor warned his readers not to be distracted by “constitutions, and charters, by “constitutions, charters, not and readers to distracted be his warned Lalor nation. to the allegiance and fealty undivided and true, full, bear shall tenant ...that the essential, however, and unavoidable being, one condition will; they conditions and services, rents, terms, tenures, whatever on country..., will, people of that to to whom let entire they to the of right belongs of acountry soil entire the that other,In not maintain Ihold plainer, if words, and To of interests. But Lalor’s alliance him, principles went beyond autilitarian Lalor’s contained first also letter this exhortations, But stirring besides Ihope it yours. is as my object, is land—this of the soil the in rocks like rooted on apeasantry based strong, as well as secure and free, as well as strong and people, up afree raise and nation, but anew to found old constitution, an or restore resume itgave [...] [...] conquest, the Union, the but then, to repeal Not not to to repeal who alone to hold God and from to have people of Ireland, for the of Ireland soil sky. to the The sod the from therein, all and her own, her own—Ireland Ireland (28 1840)). Oct. approached Lalor seeking seeking - ish dominion and the Irish right of resistance. The opening paragraphs explained: paragraphs The opening of right resistance. Irish the dominion and ish of a “The Faith Felon,”of thetheoriesBritnature on his outlaid clearly that most therefore excluded land, which was conversely “the free and common property of conversely common property and “the was free which therefore excluded land, created.” himself enjoy, has of he whatever use This and substance the transfer, and and void. null effect in was of landlord, the that right, only competing he out set to prove the case, that his order in to make And right. auniversal it as of hour;he the demanded merely necessity over on of land pressing the the account people to Irish take the not did wish Lalor class. of landlord the rights property the conquestandimplicationsthe for British of its of significance the analysis detailed most included his also Lalor’s manifesto article, of scope this the within closely and more awhole. affiliation, population as But ofworking political beyond issues the labourers or Lalor’srural eitherincluding in There was scheme plan master no exploited workers. than rather capitalists, population; tenant would-bethe small to constrained was aclass, as people, of “democracy” and Irish the called entity pantheon: for Socialist the Lalor to claim Connolly felt whycompelled two James helpexplain to ejectment.last The resist for year, the needs and subsistence own their payment of rents exceeding all refuse ought to that tenants declared two first points. four The in summarised readers, new for his out programme laid his again and over regrets, passed Lalor landlords. win the over revolution.” to effort futile away preciousin a threw months they Thus not ademocratic desired, minority, “They lamented, Lalor order. small social for the avery Except independence without upsetting achieving of dreamed and aristocracy, of anational necessity the in who believed conservatives Young the Confederation. Unfortunately elite of Irish were the Ireland social Council to the overtures his made and politics, of Irish course the to change opportunity Young When split urgent. his saw from Ireland O’Connell,conquest Lalor vitally re- making and he on counted for which strength, smallholders the decimating But it was Lalor’s fifth article, andpublished solemnly entitled on 8 article, July But Lalor’s it was fifth Lalor defined private property categorically as “the right of man to possess, possess, to as right man of “the categorically private defined property Lalor elusive of that view His deceptive. are however, Lalor’sIn case, appearances broke Famine when out, the time” his “biding he was he explained, As purposes. own to its adequate and itself, complete in be at least, other—would, involve [...]; the would lands lands ofour our re-conquest the while of involve or that produce not, necessarily, lands,—would of our re-conquest the without worthless and incomplete be would liberties of our re-conquest the that clearly Isaw lands. of our conquest the liberties, of our conquest one whole,—the into combined parts of two consisted conquest English the that I perceived Years ago 3. That they [the tenants] ought further, on principle further, they tenants] ought [the 3. That 4. And that the people, ...ought to decide... that those rents shall be paid to them paid be shall rents ...ought people, those the to decide... that that And 4. congress or convention, what decided congress proprietors... national in have, true the people, the proprietors, until usurping selves , the people, for public purposes [...]. purposes public for people, the , rents they are to pay, [...]. are whom to and they rents , to refuse all rent present to the all , to refuse , but amerely national - -

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 71-82 77 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 71-82 78 exclusion and enforced alienation: enforced and exclusion intended the object of powerful the subversion made which of Othering a radical terms, nation, not them Foucaldian but Irish only in fromother; the excluding any they,that too, by were people,” “one of Irish the responded categorically class Lalor themselves. custom—among Ulster of occupation—the on a system “conquering the agreed and had pelled, race” it not had simply been conquered, but “colonised”; ex been had Irish native the because explained, Ulster, in were Lalor Conditions better for tenants the millions. eight of remaining the rights the against of land the possession given full been had individuals 8,000 that it founded on been thus was conquest, had settlement and however, Ireland, In majority of populationthe would the interested be to maintain. that settlement a therefore depended on finding Stability time. at any system the amend and to revise right the who retained at large, of community the hands the in remained rights property ultimate case, the was distribution, but when even this of system common or agreement, by fairest force. the Common yielded agreement ‘title gives of by occupancy’?” possession length What occupancy? then, he someone concluded, And “ else. against right his to assert have would “firstoccupancy” to claim trying individual single every argued, Lalor island, on ofhe adesert Unless were settlement. thrown system British the justify order in principle, post facto to ex formulated artificial an as this dismissed Lalor landlords. the case this occupation, in in belonged to was whoever land words, the other property—in land of the basis as upheld law constitutional “firstoccupancy” British this, commonby of community. agreement consent the the and Against of portion to it any appropriate right the except had continued, to no himself man Lalor equal, of men being God.” grant by the and right, All of natural mankind, all one carefully selectedone law: carefully on resistance concentrating he suggested Instead, impracticable. was disobedience ( force defensive or resistance able” by of its passive exercise government, possession defending and “quiet authority, peace British and insurrection”: to acknowledge taking refusing termed “moral but Lalor what threatened, to revolution, sometimes recourse was as Young in, nor as persisted ahopeless Ireland campaigning, neither political was on, were embarked landlords the that process eviction on mass tables the the ing To voices that might defend the landlords’ claim to the soil on the grounds on soil To grounds to the the claim defend landlords’ the might voices that by settled: ever was land For which in ways Lalor, were there only two no part of the moral code; second, it must be essential to government... one the essential it be must second, code; moral of the no part form must it requisites:—first, havefour must assailing for law youselect The control theturn soil, andconquest theundoing of wayThe of to regain by themselves. aclass history, its in alone world the and horde, in alone ruffianly and outcast ...an to another; slaves and island to this tyrants by England; rejected and Ireland by none; owned rejecting and no country owning rywhere; eve strangers here and theirs,—strangers call they land this in are they Strangers Irish Felon Irish (1 July 1848)). civil wholesale that But he acknowledged what constitutes what - - - -

change, Lalor offered theoretical sophistication, logical argumentation, and a view view of and a argumentation, sophistication, logical theoretical offered Lalor change, ex youth world, In educated of cities. by dominated the the strongly so nationalist romantic the in important was that religion, history—everything culture, language, with to engage refuse writings His Davis. by Thomas bewitched tion recently so haps unintentionally, struck at the very root of ethnic nationalism: root of very ethnic at unintentionally, the haps struck per explanation, his subjected point. be to at any revision could consent,And and mutual other than no concrete basis had any settlement law; of natural grounds points merely his on the He of value tradition. argued he the denied time, same the at that, in discourse nationalist from contemporary radically present, he departed the in claims afoundation for political as past historical to the referring in and class. landowning the by proxy through to recovered be domination, had from British object exercised but that a material ametonymy for nation at the large, construct, ideological not an for was him land world.the on physical Thus the to focus revivalism cultural and theory political looked beyond both Lalor nationalism. approach to revolutionary Irish and a new elements to these put played aprominent had forward father all role. used But Lalor on Tithe modelled closely own the War 1830s, his of early the explained, where as whole (2). economic system of “moral Lalor’s was insurrection” proposed strategy foundation of the the as classes upholding supremeand the of labouring value the principle the by denying land in of anticipated Lalor privateConner had property O’Brien). 1835, as early As entitled True a pamphlet in of Political Ireland Economy Lalor’s including mentor, own Conner (see activists, butions land William of earlier theory,contrithe and to political owed They classical much to original. themselves Ireland. in authority British and landlordism Felon revolution. to lead afull-blown and ( to come rescue, to force the Britain knees, to its form landlordism would of the bring rentin rent.equivalent A general strike its own levied which of system principle, amatter alandlord as was there resisted be could that Ireland in no tax state was there “unluckily” while sovereignty: of national version agrarian own of favour in his strongly implication was stand—the their take could no Repealers on law such which was there that campaign—arguing Repeal (8 July 1848)). it end would the revolution of be both this were If successful, to repeal itself. help to repeal that would law a other words, in enforce; to difficult fourth, and disobeyed; easily one it be must third, of sovereignty; abrogation an be would of which abrogation It may be no wonder that Lalor fit so uneasily within the nationalist genera thenationalist within Ituneasily fit noso be may wonder Lalor that ( flux. perpetual in is for one identity Its together. hour same the world. continues Butthe no generation in but alife-interest of men has generation each and of man; rights the or squander sell or can unborn, yet is that bind ageneration men can For of living no generation denunciation his alone of “Conquest,” in the by no means was Lalor While were ownership not land Lalor’s and in sovereignty of popular theories of the attention futility to ostensibly the merely was drawing Lalor Although Irish Felon (8 1848)) July Irish Irish - - - - ,

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 71-82 79 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 71-82 80 wins a wreath that will be for ( green ever?” be will that awreath wins Who first blood Ireland? for draws Who blow first for the Ireland? strikes “Who arms: to call of aleader 1849celebrated final the his as conspiracy, especially and Mitchel, principles, role with but his connection remembered political for his his of 1850s the posterity not immediate 1860s the was In and Lalor or misunderstood. either unnoticed rejected, generally was message deeper clubs, his Confederate the youth of theradical rhetoric captivated revolutionary his while Thus tenants. and landlords contest by between dominated the and exclusively rural, was that Ireland no longer the paradigm for poverty and oppression in the post-Famine bonanza, oppression and post-Famine the for bonanza, in poverty no longer paradigm the ( itself model for IRB the role the 1849 for the his circles in as once claimed conspiracy, was which volksgeist the than tradition republican classical the andcloser a with identification the of the face Famine, set of different in priorities nation; a it Irish of merely an reveals existence the in belief not does his negate this nationalism, of cultural concerns the with to engage movement. refused Lalor If Fenian by inherited the by John echoed likewise Mitchel and was institutions litical Lalor’s po this. example rejectionof areestablished a of prime the of first; not uncommon when was revolution plan independence to disposed be master had viii). But of a proper lack post- (Fogarty required still power was overruling a third that pointed Griffith out, Arthur as lost sight of fact, and the debates, contemporary ( Britain and Ireland between union for afederal calling only concrete His suggestion, impractical. even and were vague settlement political Lalor’s onproduct afuture opportunism. ideas of revolutionary Lalor’s off the writing in as independence to references numerous too rash a little perhaps is Buckley writings. his to central community, defined—was howsoever for of self-government demand a particular the as on behalf tionalism—understood na not on Lalor’s of sympathies, list were certainly anarchism and socialism While exclude others. ascription to not one does necessarily that label fact the in precisely of Paine school (87). the conclusion,an apt is cal resides Lalor’s This but originality radi asa bourgeois him on defining settles he finally nor aconservative; a socialist, anarchist, an neithernationalist, a was Lalor that turn in finds Buckley nationalism. of definitions into culture-driven round hole the theory unorthodox of canonical, critics. David N. Buckley denies Lalor’s nationalist credentials on the grounds that: on grounds the credentials Lalor’s denies nationalist N. David Buckley critics. Lalor remained an obscure figure after the after 1850s, rememberedin mostly figure obscure an remained Lalor however,Buckley’sLalor’s assessment, peg of the to fitsquare merely tries (84-85) untouched. beliefs central his leaves effectively therefore, a“nationalist,” To as him describe quite aristocracy. simply, the was, to overthrow aim His or parliaments). charters (franchises, forms political (independence), popular or with panaceas political with Association), Repeal the (such as parties political orthodox with concerned not was engaged... was he which in of government...struggle forms The future possible with than rather collapse, economic and social with was concern own His Yet even his claim to nationalist fame has been undermined by modern undermined been has fame to nationalist Yet claim his even Irishman (3 November 1877)). were But farmers tenant Irish Felon Irish Irish Felon Irish (1 July 1848)), merely anod to was rhetoric age. own of his (22 July 1848)). - - - Marlowe Fogarty Connolly Buckley Anderson people the who and depended on it.provided sustenance, that soil custom, object: but the and atangible history of language, ties mental bound by not one was ofIreland Anderson’s communities,” artificially “imagined Lalor’s of famine. throes the away in dying of nation, body the literally physical actual, the soul, but world, as embodiment of national the not the as of rural the view Lalor’s with unsentimental contrasts comforts frugal and homesteads of cosy post-independence Valera’s De the in enshrined imagination. and idealised Arcadia hegemonicnot but 1847, in only to to preserve, make to recreated, be proceeded desperately so struggling was Lalor that Ireland xi). Ironically, rural the (Fogarty Lalor’s was in not vision, Davis’sdeclared, in freedom,but Griffith Thomas to Irish serfdom on it soil from his not the did [...] peasant Irish nation.” Irish the free Thekey the “though remonstrated,liberated it Griffith butArthur potential, revolutionary as celebrated for its was doctrine agrarian His harangues. writer of revolutionary ing aprophet inspir an of mainly republicanism, was century, Lalor of twentieth the For nationalists the discourse. core of the nationalist distinctiveness cultural made again Revival Gaelic the century, and of late nineteenth the acts land various the resolved by question was land the after especially unnoticed, virtually space—went physical nation and correspondence between immediate thought—the nationalist contribution Lalor’s while, to Irish the most original other. to each All integral as for fight self-government, causes the counter in both treated but abargaining as question land the he not did Parnell regard unlike and parliament, on British the emphatically very back his turned Lalor Whereas parliament. in on Parnell’s efforts relying ultimately and asubtext, as nationalism with focus, in exclusively agrarian almost Landwas War The real. than were more superficial League of Land the those and Lalor’s War, doctrines between of Land forerunner the but similarities tual the inspiration. an as Lalor and to referred never undefined proprietorship,peasant details the it left to calls repeated made People Irish the newspaper Fenian the Although instead. classes working urban the and labourers to rural its message addressed IRB the and Received for Publication: September 2, 2013; Acceptance for Publication: March 27, March 2014. Publication: for 2013; 2, Acceptance September Publication: for Received , David N. James Fintan, David Lalor: Radical James Fintan Lalor: Patriot and Political Essayist, 1807–1849 Essayist, Political and Patriot Lalor: Fintan James , Lilian. 1918. Print. London: Verso, 1991.London: Print. Lalor was rescued from oblivion in the 1880s to serve as the alleged intellec- alleged from oblivion the 1880s the rescued in as to was serve Lalor , Nathaniel ed. James Fintan ed. Lalor: , Nathaniel Labour in Irish History Irish in Labour , James. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism Spread and Origin the on Reflections Communities: Imagined , Benedict. WORKS CITED WORKS New York:Donnelly,. New The 1919. Print. Collected Writings . : Cork UP, Cork 1990.. Cork: Print. . Dublin: Maunsel, 1918. Maunsel, . Dublin: Print. . Dublin: The The . Dublin: Talbot, - .

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 71-82 81 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 68; 2014, PP. 71-82 82 Ramón Pearse O’Neill O’Donoghue O’Brien Mitchel Collected Works Collected , Patrick. James Fintan Lalor: ‘The Faith of a Felon’ and Other Writings Other Felon’ of a and Faith ‘The Lalor: Fintan James ed. , Marta, , Thomas , Thomas P. James Fintan Lalor , George. ‘William Conner’. ‘William , George. History. Dublin: U College Dublin Press, 2012. Print. Press, Dublin UCollege Dublin: History. Print. Phoenix. Print. 2003. Print. Print. 289. The Last Conquest of Ireland (Perhaps) of Ireland Conquest Last The , John. The Writings of James Fintan Lalor Fintan , T.G.,of James The Writings ed.

of Padraic H. Pearse: Political Writings and Speeches and Writings Political Pearse: H. Padraic of Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review . Trans. John T. Goulding. Dublin: Golden Publications, Publications, Golden Dublin: T. John . Trans. Goulding. . Glasgow: R. &T. Print. R. Washbourne. . Glasgow: . Dublin: The Shamrock Library, Library, 1895. Shamrock The . Dublin: 12.46 (June 1923): (June 12.46 279- . Classics of Irish of Irish . Classics . Dublin: The The . Dublin: