52083-001: Malolos-Clark Railway Project

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Environmental Impact Assessment

Project Number: 52083-001 November 2018 Draft

Proposed Multitranche Financing Facility Republic of the Philippines: Malolos-Clark Railway Project

Volume 3 Supplementary Survey Report

Prepared by the Department of Transportation for the Asian Development Bank. This environmental impact assessment is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Environmental Impact Statement for The Malolos Clark Railway Project

VOLUME III: SUPPLEMENTARY SURVEY REPORT

(Final Report)

August 2018

Department of Transportation (DOTr)

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 2. SCOPE OF WORK ...... 2 3. RESULTS of the survey ...... 3 3.1 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY ...... 3 Terrestrial Flora ...... 3 Terrestrial Fauna ...... 29 3.2 WATER QUALITY ...... 42 Groundwater Quality ...... 42 Surface Water / Freshwater Quality ...... 60 3.3 AIR QUALITY ...... 84 Ambient Air Quality ...... 84 Noise ...... 94 4. REFERENCES ...... 109

LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Station Location ...... 1 Table 2.1 Schedule of Additional Survey Conducted ...... 3 Table 3.1 Terrestrial Flora Sampling Station ...... 5 Table 3.2 Top 10 Species with the Highest Importance Value (IV) ...... 19 Table 3.3 Top 10 Most Abundant Understorey Species ...... 20 Table 3.4 Top 10 Most Dominant Ground Cover Species...... 21 Table 3.5 Diversity Indices and Number of Species and Individuals per Transect ...... 22 Table 3.6 List of Philippine Endemic Species Recorded at the Established Transects ...... 25 Table 3.7 List of Threatened Species Recorded at the Established Transects ...... 26 Table 3.8 List of Threatened, Indigenous and Endemic Tree Species ...... 27 Table 3.9 List of Invasive Alien Apecies (IAS) Documented in the Study Area During Wet Season ...... 27 Table 3.10 List of Some Economic Uses and Importance of Significant Flora Recorded at the Established Transects along the Proposed MCRP ...... 29 Table 3.11 Terrestrial Fauna Sampling Stations ...... 31 Table 3.12 Inventory of Birds Recorded at Five (5) Stations ...... 32 Table 3.13 Comparison of Number of Bird Species during Wet and Dry Seasons ...... 35 Table 3.14 Comparison of species of avifuana between the wet and dry seasons ...... 36 Table 3.15 Inventory of Mammal Species Recorded at Five (5) Transects ...... 37 Table 3.16 Comparison of Number of Mammalian Species during 2018 Wet and Dry Seasons Monitoring ...... 39 Table 3.17 Comparison of mammal species between the wet and dry seasons ...... 39 Table 3.18 List of Herpefauna Recorded in Five (5) Transects ...... 39 Table 3.19 Comparison of Number of Herpetofaunal Species during 2018 Wet and Dry Seasons Monitoring ...... 41 Table 3.20 Comparison of Number of Herpetofaunal Species during 2018 Wet and Dry Seasons Monitoring ...... 41 Table 3.21 Groundwater Quality Sampling Stations ...... 43 Table 3.22 Table of Trends for Groundwater Parameters ...... 45 Table 3.23 Results of Analysis of Groundwater samples (Dry and Wet Seasons) ...... 50 Table 3.24 Surface Water / Freshwater Quality Sampling Stations ...... 61 Table 3.25 Table of Trends for Surface Water Parameters ...... 64 Table 3.26 Results of Freshwater Quality Sampling ...... 69 Table 3.27 Date and Time of Air Quality Sampling Per Station ...... 84 Table 3.28 Relevant Guideline Values for Ambient Air Quality ...... 85 Table 3.29 Weather Conditions during Wet and Dry Seasons ...... 86 Table 3.30 Ambient Air Quality Results during Wet and Dry Seasons ...... 87 Table 3.31 Description of Noise Sampling Stations ...... 95

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

Table 3.32 Summary of Results of Noise Level Monitoring for MCRP as Compared with NPCC Standards (Dry and Wet Seasons) ...... 102 Table 3.33 Summary of Results of Noise Level Monitoring in Compliance with the WHO Guidelines (Dry and Wet Seasons) ...... 103

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Project Alignment Showing LGUs’ Political Boundaries ...... 2 Figure 3.1 Terrestrial Ecology Sampling Stations ...... 6 Figure 3.2 Map showing Transect 1 established at Brgy. Aranguren, Capas, Tarlac ...... 11 Figure 3.3 Map showing Transect 2 Established at Brgy. Cutcut, Capas, Tarlac ...... 13 Figure 3.4 Map showing Transect 3 Established at Brgy. San Roque, Bamban, Tarlac ...... 14 Figure 3.5 Map showing Transect 4 Established at Brgy. San Matias, Sto. Tomas Pampanga...... 16 Figure 3.6 Map showing Transect 5 established at Brgy. Lourdes, Minalin, Pampanga...... 17 Figure 3.7 Number of Species and Individuals in each plot ...... 22 Figure 3.8 Diversity Indices and Evenness in each Plot ...... 23 Figure 3.9 Percentage of Observed Birds Species Belonging to Different Feeding Guilds ...... 34 Figure 3.10 Avifaunal Endemicity Profile ...... 34 Figure 3.11 Diversity Values Across Sampling Sites ...... 35 Figure 3.12 Percentage of Observed Mammal Species Belonging to Different Feeding Guilds .... 38 Figure 3.13 Mammal Species Endemicity Profile ...... 38 Figure 3.14 Mammalian Diversity Values Across Sampling Sites ...... 38 Figure 3.15 Percentage of Observed Herpetofauna Species Belonging to Different Feeding Guilds ...... 40 Figure 3.16 Herpetofauna Species Endemicity Profile ...... 40 Figure 3.17 Herpetofaunal Diversity Values Across Sampling Sites ...... 41 Figure 3.18 Groundwater Quality Sampling Stations ...... 44 Figure 3.19 Results of Colour Measurement of Groundwater Samples ...... 52 Figure 3.20 Results of Temperature Measurement of Groundwater Samples ...... 52 Figure 3.21 Results of pH Measurement of Groundwater Samples ...... 53 Figure 3.22 Results of Electrical Conductivity Measurement of Groundwater Samples ...... 53 Figure 3.23 Results of Total Dissolved Solids Measurement of Groundwater Samples ...... 54 Figure 3.24 Results of the Calcium Measurement of Groundwater Samples ...... 54 Figure 3.25 Results of the Magnesium Measurement of Groundwater Samples ...... 55 Figure 3.26 Results of the Potassium Measurement of Groundwater Samples ...... 55 Figure 3.27 Results of the Bicarbonate Measurement of Groundwater Samples ...... 56 Figure 3.28 Results of the Sodium Measurement of Groundwater Samples ...... 56 Figure 3.29 Results of Chloride Measurement of Groundwater Samples ...... 57 Figure 3.30 Results of Sulfate Measurement of Groundwater Samples ...... 57 Figure 3.31 Results of Nitrate Measurement of Groundwater Samples ...... 58 Figure 3.32 Results of Concentrations of Chromium+6 in the Groundwater Samples ...... 58 Figure 3.33 Results of Concentrations of Cyanide in the Groundwater Samples ...... 59 Figure 3.34 Results of Concentrations of Cadmium in the Groundwater Samples ...... 59 Figure 3.35 Results of Concentrations of Mercury in the Groundwater Samples ...... 60 Figure 3.36 Results of Concentrations of Lead in the Groundwater Samples ...... 60 Figure 3.37 Map of the Surface Water Quality Monitoring Stations...... 62 Figure 3.38 Results of Color Measurement of Surface Water Samples ...... 72 Figure 3.39 Results of Total Suspended Solids Measurement of Surface Water Samples ...... 72 Figure 3.40 Results of Temperature Measurement of Surface Water Samples ...... 73 Figure 3.41 Results of pH Measurement of Surface Water Samples ...... 73 Figure 3.42 Results of Dissolved Oxygen Measurement of Surface Water Samples ...... 74 Figure 3.43 Results of Biochemical Oxygen Demand Measurement of Surface Water Samples ... 74 Figure 3.44 Results of Fecal Coliform by Surface Water Samples ...... 75 Figure 3.45 Results of Total Coliform by Surface Water Samples ...... 75 Figure 3.46 Results of Conductivity Measurement of Surface Water Samples ...... 76

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

Figure 3.47 Results of Chloride Measurement of Surface Water Samples ...... 76 Figure 3.48 Results of Nitrate Measurement of Surface Water Samples ...... 77 Figure 3.49 Results of Phosphate Measurement of Surface Water Samples ...... 77 Figure 3.50 Results of Organophosphates Measurement of Surface Water Samples ...... 78 Figure 3.51 Results of Copper Measurement of Surface Water Samples ...... 78 Figure 3.52 Results of Arsenic Measurement of Surface Water Samples ...... 79 Figure 3.53 Results of Cadmium Measurement of Surface Water Samples ...... 79 Figure 3.54 Results of Chromium Measurement of Surface Water Samples ...... 80 Figure 3.55 Results of Lead Measurement of Surface Water Samples ...... 81 Figure 3.56 Results of Mercury Measurement of Surface Water Samples ...... 81 Figure 3.57 Results of Cyanide Measurement of Surface Water Samples ...... 82 Figure 3.58 Results of Oil and Grease Measurement of Surface Water Samples ...... 82 Figure 3.59 Results of Phenols Measurement of Surface Water Samples ...... 83 Figure 3.60 Results of Surfactants Measurement of Surface Water Samples ...... 83 Figure 3.61 Air Quality Sampling Station Map ...... 85 Figure 3.62 Concentration Levels of TSP (µg/m3) at Nine (9) Sampling Stations ...... 90 3 Figure 3.63 Concentration Levels of PM10 (µg/m ) at Nine (9) Sampling Stations ...... 91 3 Figure 3.64 Concentration Levels of PM2.5 (µg/m ) at Nine (9) Sampling Stations ...... 91 3 Figure 3.65 Concentration Levels of SO2 (µg/m ) at Nine (9) Sampling Stations ...... 92 3 Figure 3.66 Concentration Levels of NO2 (µg/m ) at Nine (9) Sampling Stations ...... 93 Figure 3.67 Concentration Levels of Pb (µg/m3) at Nine (9) Sampling Stations ...... 93 Figure 3.68 Concentration Levels of CO (µg/m3) at Eight (8) Sampling Stations ...... 94 Figure 3.69 Ambient Noise Levels Monitoring Stations along Proposed MCRP Alignment ...... 96 Figure 3.70 Morning Ambient Noise Levels According to NPCC Classification ...... 104 Figure 3.71 Daytime Ambient Noise Levels According to NPCC Classification ...... 105 Figure 3.72 Evening Ambient Noise Levels According to NPCC Classification ...... 106 Figure 3.73 Nighttime Ambient Noise Levels According to NPCC Classification ...... 106 Figure 3.74 Daytime Ambient Noise Levels According to WHO Classification ...... 107 Figure 3.75 Nighttime Ambient Noise Levels According to WHO Classification ...... 108

LIST OF PHOTOS Photo 3.1 Photographs of the Transects 1, 2 and 3...... 9 Photo 3.2 Photographs of the Transects 4 and 5 ...... 10 Photo 3.3 Some Photos Documented in the Transect 2 ...... 12 Photo 3.4 Thick Vegetation of Grasses and Pioneer Species in Transect 3 ...... 14 Photo 3.5 Vegetation at Transect 4 ...... 15 Photo 3.6 Dense Grass and Shrub Vegetation at Transect 4 ...... 17 Photo 3.7 Photographs of the Dominant Ground Cover Species Recorded at the established Transects within the proposed MCRP ...... 21 Photo 3.8 Photographs of the Endemic Tree Species Recorded at Different Transect Plots Established within the Proposed MCRP ...... 25

LIST OF ANNEXES Annex 1 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna Inventory Listings Annex 2 Results of Laboratory Analyses Annex 3 Photo Documentation

iii

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

1. INTRODUCTION

1. The GEOSPHERE Technologies, Inc. (GEOSPHERE) has been commissioned by the Oriental Consultants Global Co., Ltd. (OCG) to undertake the additional survey for the Malolos- Clark Railway Project (“MCRP”) of the Department of Transportation (DOTr) from Malolos, Bulacan to Capas, Tarlac.

2. The proposed MCRP alignment will traverse ten (10) municipalities/cities of Malolos and Calumpit in Bulacan; Apalit, Minalin, Sto. Tomas, San Fernando, Angeles, and Mabalacat in Pampanga; and Bamban and Capas in Tarlac.

3. From Malolos to Clark, DOTr will utilize the existing Right-of-Way (ROW) of the Philippine National Railways (PNR), a government-owned railway company in the Philippines under the DOTr. This area is intended for railway infrastructure and has a total length of 51km. From Clark to Capas, DOTr will execute the power of eminent domain of the government for the use of the private lands in Bamban and the existing arterial road of Bases Conservation and Development Authority (BCDA) in Capas. This segment will have a total length of 18.2km. Moreover, DOTr will utilize the BCDA properties within the Clark Special Ecomonic Zone (CSEZ) for the Clark to CIA segment a total length of 3.3km.

4. The proposed MCRP Depot will be located in a 0.4-km2 (40ha) lot area along Sacobia River in Mabalacat, while the location of the proposed MCRP stations are presented in Table 1.1. The location map of the proposed MCRP is shown in Figure 1.1.

Table 1.1 Station Location Geographical Coordinates Stations Location North Latitude East Longitude 1 Calumpit Calumpit, Bulacan 14° 54' 45.68" N 120° 45' 57.57" E 2 Apalit Apalit, Pampanga 14° 56' 39.22" N 120° 44' 59.05" E 3 San Fernando San Fernando, Pampanga 15° 01' 40.49" N 120° 41' 09.24" E 4 Angeles Angeles, Pampanga 15° 08' 05.94" N 120° 35' 56.72" E 5 Clark Mabalacat, Pampanga 15° 10' 34.33" N 120° 34' 52.74" E 6 CIA Mabalacat, Pampanga 15° 12' 03.65" N 120° 33' 26.91" E 7 NCC Capas, Tarlac 15° 20' 05.33" N 120° 31' 34.84" E

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

Private Properties

PNR ROW

Figure 1.1 Project Alignment Showing LGUs’ Political Boundaries

2. SCOPE OF WORK

5. The scope of work for the conduct of additional survey for the MCRP, shall be as follows:

 Conduct of Terrestrial Flora and Fauna Monitoring for the Wet Season at five (5) established transects within the vicinity and adjacent areas of the proposed MCRP site.  Conduct of Groundwater Quality Measurement for the Wet Season at nine (9) established transects within the vicinity and adjacent areas of the proposed MCRP site.  Conduct of Surface Water Quality Measurement for the Wet Season at fifteen (15) established transects within the vicinity and adjacent areas of the proposed MCRP site.  Conduct of Ambient Air Quality Sampling for the Wet Season at nine (9) established sampling sites within the vicinity and adjacent areas of the proposed MCRP site  Incorporation of the results of the additional works to the Draft Final EISR

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

6. The actual schedules of the survey conducted is presented in Table 2.1 below.

Table 2.1 Schedule of Additional Survey Conducted Component Schedule Terrestrial Flora June 28 – 30, 2018 Terrestrial Fauna June 28 – 30, 2018 Groundwater Quality June 30 – July 21, 2018 Surface Water Quality June 30 – July 20, 2018 Ambient Air Quality June 29 – July 9, 2018 Noise Levels June 29 – July 20, 2018

3. RESULTS OF THE SURVEY

3.1 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY

Terrestrial Flora

7. Some of the most marked temporal fluctuations in species abundances are linked to seasons. Philippines has only two (2) seasons: the wet and dry season. The dry season starts in late November and ends in May while wet or rainy season starts in June and lasts till October.

8. In theory, multispecies assemblages can persist if species use shared resources at different times, thereby minimizing interspecific competition. Some notable observations during the wet season monitoring include: increase in ground cover layer as compared to dry season, due to increased ground moisture from recent rains; burned patches during dry season were densely surrounded with grasses and vines; and emergence of pioneer tree species. Similar species of trees, understorey and ground cover were present in both seasons, although there are shifts in the importance values among them.

(1) Field Survey

9. The terrestrial flora survey for the wet season was conducted on June 28-30, 2018 at five (5) established sampling stations (Table 3.1). Prior to the survey, the general area received the first rain shower months, therefore the vegetation was in good condition. The survey was conducted using transect and quadrant methods, interviews with the local residents and records of flora and fauna collection from scientific literature.

10. During terrestrial flora survey, modified belt transect method was utilized wherein nine (9) quadrats (20m x 20m) were laid out along a 2-km transect at every 250m interval. Quadrat shape and size were adjusted as necessary to fit smaller or oddly shaped habitats (e.g. creek line, flow lines, etc.). Nested quadrat sampling technique was used to assess and characterize the structure and species composition of the different plant communities. For large woody plants inside the 20m x 20m quadrat with a diameter at breast height (dBh) of >10cm, the merchantable height (MH), and total height (TH) were measured. The frequency of shrubs, poles and saplings inside the 5m x 5m quadrat was counted to account the intermediate species, while the percentage cover of understory species (grasses and other plants below 1 m in height) inside the 1m x 1m quadrat was determined.

11. In case a tree forks below 1.3m from the ground, all stems with ≥ 5cm DBH will be measured separately. Associated species of trees < 10cm and other plant forms such as palm, vine, shrubs, weeds, lianas, ferns, bamboos, and grasses were identified and recorded on the spot and

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT were included in the running checklist of the plants found in the area. A separate listing for non- tree species was generated from the survey.

12. The opportunistic flora survey, involving listing and photo documentation of the different plant and tree species encountered (within 1-km radius in the study area), was also carried out to fully document the floral resources along the alignment.

13. Specimen that were not identified in the field were collected and voucher specimens were prepared for later identification. Species and family names followed the latest Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification (APG 3, version 13) while the common names adapted that of Rojo (2001). Local names provided by the community guides were also incorporated.

14. Information gathered in the field were tabulated and analyzed to characterize floral composition within the study area. The relative density, relative dominance and relative frequency values for each tree species were determined to obtain their Importance Value (IV), which is the standard measurement in forest ecology to determine the rank relationships of species. Also, the relative frequency, relative density and relative dominance indicate different aspects of the species importance in a community. Importance values were determined using the following formula:

Density = number of individuals area sampled

Relative Density = density for a species x 100 total density for all species

Frequency = number of plots in which species occur total number of plots sampled

Relative Frequency = frequency value for a species x 100 total frequency for all species

Dominance = basal area or volume for a species area sampled

Relative Dominance = dominance for a species x 100 total dominance for all species

Importance Value = Relative Density + Relative Frequency + Relative Dominance

15. Diversity indices (Shannon, Simpson’s and Evenness) for each sampling quadrats were generated using Paleontological Statistical software package for education and data analysis (PAST version 3.12). Shannon Index gives an estimate of species richness and distribution. Evenness Index tells us how evenly species and/or individuals are distributed inside a plot or quadrat. Simpson’s Index gives the probability of getting different species when two individuals were drawn (with replacement) inside a plot. Moreover, endemism and ecological status of the different species were assessed to determine the ecological importance of the vegetation in the area. Plant classification followed the latest Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification (APG IV, 2016) while the common names adapted that of Rojo (1998).

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

Table 3.1 Terrestrial Flora Sampling Station Sampling Station Coordinates Profile/Dominant Species Vegetation Type Human Activity Transect 1 – N 15°31'34.87" Shrub species: Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray, Rice farms; shrub and Planting, Barangay E120°20'19.77" Urena lobata, Chromolaena odorata and Sida acuta grasslands; Open cultivation, Aranguren, wooded lands; Sparse Human Capas, Tarlac Tree species: Leucaena leucocephala, Trema orientalis vegetation settlement, (L.) Blume, Ficus ulmifolia, Ficus odorata, Ficus nota, Ficus pasture for septica Burm. f. Melanolepis multiglandulosa, Mallotus carabao, philippinesis, Streblus asper, Gmelina arborea, etc. Construction of road for the Herbaceous layer: Mimosa pudica L., Mikania cordata Green city (Burm. f.) B.L. Rob., Tridax procumbens, Caesalpinia project latisiliquum, Alternanthera sessilis, P. purpureum, Sorghum halopense, etc. Transect 2 - N 10°18'39.92" Herbaceous layer: Ipomoea triloba, Tridax procumbens, Dense stand of Sugar Human Barangay E120°31'43.38" Mikania cordata, Passiflora foetida, Pennisetum purpureum, cane plantation, open settlement Cutcut, Capas, Centrocema pubescens, Tridax procumbens, Caesalpinia shrub and woodlands, Tarlac latisiliquum dense grasslands with few scattered trees and Shrub species: Lantana camara L., Chromolaena odorata, shrubs Bridelia stipularis, Sida acuta and Sida rhomboidifolia, etc.

Tree species: Artocarpus altilis, Leucaena leucocephala, Trema orientalis (L.) Blume, Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.- Arg., Ficus ulmifolia, Ficus nota, Ficus septica Burm. f. Melanolepis multiglandulosa, Chionanthus ramiflorus, Gmelina arborea, Canarium luzonicum, etc. Transect 3 – N 15°16'46.32" Shrub species: Lantana camara L., Chromolaena odorata, Secondary growth of Human Barangay San E124°31'45.32" Solanum ferox, Ficus spp., Hedyotis sp., Borreira open wooded land with settlement, Roque, ocymoides, etc. some portion of open Kaingin, privately Bamban, Tarlac shrub and grasslands; owned Tree species: Artocarpus ovatus, Ficus psuedopalma, bamboo vegetation and ranch(cow) Leucaena leucocephala, Garuga floribunda, Trema Banana. orientalis (L.) Blume, Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg., Ficus septica Burm. f., M. multiglandulosa, Munitigia calabura, Artocarpus blancoi, etc.

Herbaceous layer: Mimosa pudica L., Stachytarpeta jamaicensis, Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) B.L. Rob., Caesalpinia latisiliquum, Tridax procumbens, etc. Transect 4 – N 15°59’51.47" Tree species: Leucaena leucocephala, Samanea saman, Fishponds and Human Barangay San E120°42'55.28" Pithecelobium dulce, Trema orientalis (L.) Blume, Macaranga wetlands that includes settlement Matias, Sto. tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg., Ficus septica Burm. f., Gmelina diverse floral species of Tomas arborea, etc. ground, shrub and herbaceous layer. Herbaceous layer: Zehneria indica (Lour.) Keraudren Sparse tree vegetation Centrosema pubescens, Ipomoea triloba, Mikania cordata includes those located (Burm. f.) B.L. Rob., Passiflora foetida, Tridax procumbens, at trails and open etc. spaces.

Grass species: Thysanolaena latifolia, Sorghum halepense, Saccharum spontaenum, etc. Transect 5 – N 14°58'04.21" Shrub species: Solanum torvum, Sida acuta, Chromolaena Heavily dominated by Human Barangay E120°43'19.31" odorata, etc. both active and settlement Lourdes, abandoned fishponds Minalin Tree species: Gmelina arborea, Trema orientalis (L.) Blume, as well as wetlands that Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. Morinda citrifolia L., Ficus include diverse floral septica Burm. f. Melanolepis multiglandulosa, etc. species of ground, shrub and herbaceous Herbaceous layer: Coccinea grandis (L.) Voigt, Centrosema layer. Sparse tree pubescens, Passiflora foetida, Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) B.L. vegetation includes Rob., Caesalpinia latisiliquum, Tridax procumbens, etc. those located at trails and paddies. Grass species: Imperata cylindrica, Thysanolaena latifolia, Sorghum halepense, Saccharum spontaenum, etc.

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

T-1 T-2 T-3

T-4 T-5

Source: GEOSPHERE, 2018 Figure 3.1 Terrestrial Ecology Sampling Stations

(2) Results and Analysis

16. The results of flora survey conducted during wet season varies from the results of the survey conducted during dry season. Varying plant communities were observed at different transects, which are dominated mostly with grassland to open wooded land ecosystem. There are

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT also man-made ecosystem (e.g. agroforestry farms, rice farms, etc.) perpendicular to the alignment. Majority of these notable vegetation along these areas are generally remnants and existing agroforestry farms, rice farms, fruit tree and sugar cane farms.

17. Most of the plant and tree species are pioneer and trigger species. Pioneer species are the first to colonize previously disrupted or damaged ecosystems, beginning a chain of ecological succession that ultimately leads to a more diverse steady-state ecosystem. Trigger species are species which are triggered by continuous rainfall and that dominates the area although out the wet season. Dominant families include Poaceae, Lamiaceae, Cannabaceae, Fabaceae, Verbenaceae, Anacardiaceae, Asteraceae and Moraceae. Additionally, a number of both endemic and threatened tree species were encountered in the transect plots.

18. Recorded plant species are predominantly grasses, shrubs and followed by trees. Many of these plant species covers a large number of families. The vegetation types of high conservation significance within the proposed MCRP include those areas with the presence of noteworthy, endemic, threatened, or endangered plant and tree species.

1) Associated Vegetation/Significant Landscapes Grasslands 19. Grasslands are natural, climax vegetation community comprising seasonally inundated grassland on flat, hard substrate such as boulder or rocky sediments. Grasses produce a lot of viable seed and can quickly establish on newly exposed or flooded ground. Grasses have physiological adaptations which allow them to colonize cleared areas and they generally reproduce efficiently, eventually spreading over the whole disturbed area. Once these species have established themselves, they create an environment suitable for other species, facilitating succession. During wet season survey, almost 50% of all transect plots are influence with grassland vegetation with similar dominating species of grasses and shrubs, including sparse trees. Dense grass species include P. purpureum, S. spontaenum and I. cylindrica. Patches were also observed near small creeks that are densely covered with grasses and herbaceous vines. These vegetation were observed in Transect 2 in Barangay Cutcut, Transect 1 in Barangay Aranguren, Transect 3 in Barangay San Roque and portions in Transect 5 in Barangay San Matias. These areas were observed as exposed and burned sections during the dry season survey.

Open shrub and wooded lands 20. Open woodlands comprise of an open stand of trees with crown canopies 8-10 m in height and at least 40% of the surface covered by native trees. Open woodlands are notable in Transect 1, Transect 2 and Transect 3 in Barangays Aranguren, Cutcut, and San Roque, respectively, adjacent to patches of grasslands. Open woodland trees have thick, fire resistant bark and if burnt to the ground in severe fires, the trees have the ability to regrow from rootstocks. Example of these tree species are Rain tree (Samanea saman), Duhat (Syzygium cuminii), Binayuyu (Antidesma ghaesambalia), Alibangbang (Bauhinia malabarica) and Anabiong (Trema orientalis). These features are usually absent in forest tree species. Grasses and dense vegetation of semi-annual herbs and vines were also observed from the area smothering the ground cover due to abundant moisture from continued rain showers in the area.

Man-made Wetlands (Including fishponds) 21. Man-made Wetlands are areas saturated with water, either permanently or seasonally, such that it takes on the characteristics of a distinct ecosystem along with privately owned fishponds. These areas are located in Transect 4 and Transect 5, which covers Barangay San Matias in Sto. Tomas and Barangay Lourdes in Minalin. Diverse species of migratory birds are observed in the area feeding on fishes and other organisms during the survey. Floral species are generally low as these areas are well maintained and vegetation such as grasses and shrubs are not allowed to grow well except for some portions that are idle, wetlands and some government-owned properties.

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

22. Moreover, dense regeneration of grass and herbaceous vegetation in these abandoned farms and areas were observed to increase during wet season survey. However, similar to the observed condition during dry season survey, the vegetation patches that could support the regeneration are quite less capable to colonize these abandoned areas. This is because the dense vegetation were only triggered by abundance of moisture. Further, wet season survey results suggest high likelihood of influencing adjacent areas to regenerate vegetation if moisture brought about by rainy season would be a constant factor.

23. Small creeks that were observed near the alignment that joins other nearby minor creek lines have increased in width because of heavy flow of water. However, some creeks near Transect 1 in Barangay Aranguren were already destroyed by excavations and land grading due to the construction of road for the NCC. The area between the proposed railway route and the creek lines in Transect 1 and Transect 2 is characterized with a plain relief going to a rolling slope, covered with frequent grass (e.g. P. purpureum, etc.) and a perennial shrub (e.g. T. diversifolia and C. odorata) and is fragmentally bogged up, which is an indication that ground waters are rather high (~1.m). On the other hand, Transect 4 and Transect 5 are characterized by a shallow depth of ground water that quite wide wetlands are formed.

2) General Vegetation 24. Similar to what were obsereved during dry season, almost two thirds of the areas along the railway alignment are occupied by agricultural landscapes and settled areas. Therefore, natural vegetation is represented along the railway route as fragments of separate habitats of various sizes. Three (3) types of vegetation were defined for the proposed MCRP, representing few structural and floristic composition of general plant form such as trees, shrubs, grasses and herbaceous species. These are mainly comprised of the following:

 Grasslands of Imperata, Sorghum, Penissetum, and Echinocloa species with a variable shrub, vines, and tree understory on plains and hill slopes (dominating the majority of the project area from Transect 1 to Transect 3);  Small to medium sized individuals of sparse trees of Is-Is (Ficus ulmifolia), Anabiong (Trema orientalis), Datiles (Muntigia calabura), Binunga (Macaranga tanarius), Gmelina (Gmelina arborea) and Acacia (Samanea saman) usually with an overstorey of Bambusa spp., and Hagonoy (Chromolaena odorata) in creek lines. It should be noted that some of the individual trees were submerged in water or waterlogged due to continues rain and the condition of general hydrogeology of the area;  Variable vegetation on remnants of fruit tree vegetation, fishponds and wet areas (ranging from small open wooded lands of tree species with genus Mangifera, Acacia, Leucaena, Bauhinia and Gmelina trees).

25. The vegetation types of high conservation significance within the proposed MCRP include those areas with the presence of noteworthy, endemic, threatened, or endangered plant and tree species. The vegetation in the identified transect plots considered to be of the highest conservation significance within the rail alignment is Transect 3. Transect 3 has the characteristics of young secondary growth such that the vegetation in the area contains more native trees and endemic species such as Streblus asper, Artocarpus ovatus, Mallotus philippinensis, Ficus psuedopalma, Ficus nota, Ficus ulmifolia and Litsea glutinosa, among others, as also documented during dry season. These species are native to the country and some exhibits high conservation status. Although, there are presence of some few native plant species in Transect 2 in Barangay Cutcut, there is minimal weight to substantiate the area. The vegetation communities in other transect plots are generally remnants of previous land uses with the presence of residential houses including operational farms. Some of which are affected by slash and burn or intentional fires to clear lands for farming as observed within the transect plots. Based from the assessment survey, 40% of the vegetation communities are native composed of native plant and tree species which is represented

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT by treelets, shrubs and diverse herbaceous layer. However, invasive plant species such as those opportunistic and light tolerant species smother most of the sections in the proposed alignment. Open shrub to wooded lands are characterized by areas that are located in Transect 1 to Transect 3 which are cleared for rice farms. This section discusses the species composition and profile of the transect plots located in areas that are totally devoid of trees or has canopy cover of less than <5%.

Note: (A, B) Transect 1 at Brgy. Aranguren, Capas, Tarlac showing some active and idle rice farms; flooded sections in the established transect. (C, D) Transect 2 at Brgy. Cutcut, showing sparse tree and grass vegetation transition to a shrub land, presently dominanted with dense grasses. (E, F) Transect 3 at Brgy. San Roque showing open wooded land with few individual trees and thick vegetation of grasses and banana. Slopes are characterized by rolling to undulating terrain with dominant grass species of Pennisetum sp. Tall grasses smother trails and hill slopes with dominant species of Napier (P. purpureum) and Talahib (Saccharum spontaeneum). Photo 3.1 Photographs of the Transects 1, 2 and 3.

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

Note: (G, H) Transect 4 at Brgy. San Matias, Sto. Tomas showing wetlands and abandoned fishponds dominated by Water hyacinth (E. crassipes) and few scattered tree species of L. leucocephala, T. orientalis and S. saman. Further inland, dense vegetation of Talahib (S. spontaenum), Napier (P. purpureum) and some herbaceous vine species were observed. (I, J) Transect 5 at Brgy. Lourdes, Minalin showing irrigated and maintained operational fishponds with small creek line buffer dominated with dense stand of grass species with diverse genera of Echinocloa, Themeda, Sorghum and Phragmites. Herbaceous species such as Alternanthera sessilis, Passiflora foetida, Zehneria indica and Ipomoea species. Tree species include L. leucocephala, A. indica, P. dulce, and P. odorata. A small creek perpendicular to the transect with diverse plant species that includes pioneer W. laniti, Streblus asper, S. saman , and Ficus spp. Photo 3.2 Photographs of the Transects 4 and 5

3) Transect Profiles 26. The transects were identified and selected based on the presence of vegetation units across the proposed alignment, including the presence of major landscape features such as small ecological units (e.g. creek, rivers, etc.). Additionally, presence of high value species such as those endemic, threatened plant and tree species located either on a patch of forest or aggregate within the proposed alignment also served as basis for selecting sampling sites. The selected transect or sampling sites are the areas with remaining forest or vegetation formation based on present satellite imagery and ground reconnaissance survey. The vegetation was described per transect with nine (9) quadrats each at an interval of 250 m, with the flora at each of these quadrats recorded in detail. The flora records provided the names for use in the vegetation descriptions, and contributed to the flora species lists and frequency of occurrence data. Several parameters relating to the individual quadrats were used to assist in both the description of vegetation types and the determination of flora distribution (particularly in terms of defining associated habitats). The following transect are described in detail in terms of vegetation profile, location and other aspects of biological information.

Transect 1 (Brgy. Aranguren, Capas, Tarlac) 27. Transect 1 is located at Brgy. Aranguren, Capas, Tarlac (Figure 3.2). The transect plot is approximately 2-km from the main road and is characterized by a bare and open land. The 2-km transect shows each point (from start-midpoint-end) where there are notable vegetation either in patches or being sparse. Note that visual resources include (1) Few Residential areas; (2) Barangay Road; (3) Trails; (4) Rice paddies; (5) Small creek. The starting point of the transect shows an abandoned rice farms. The mid-point includes a small creek with patch of small vegetation of native and exotic plant and tree species with thick vegetation of Bamboo and grasses. A dense

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT stand of Tithonia diversifolia and wetland species of Nutsedge (C. esculentus) at the end of the transect plot can be observed.

28. The vegetation in Transect 1 as compared to the dry season had increased in term of abundance of shrub and ground cover layer. Dense ground cover layer were observed on open, bare and flat sections of the transect plot and flooded portions as brought about by abundant moisture from the on-set of rainy season. The transect plot was characterized by sparse tree vegetation along grasslands with dense cover of Kamot-kabag (Ceasalpinia lastiquum), Johnson grass (P. purpureum), Hakati (P. conjugatum) and Dilang-butiki (C. pubescens).. Shrubs are represented by Hagonoi (Chromolaena odorata), Walis-walisan (S. acuta), and Wild sunflower (T. diversifolia). The most dominant shrub in the area is Tithonia diversifolia forming a dense stand which is observed to grow more than 1m in height in waterlogged/flooded portions..

29. Trees are represented by few individuals of Pakiling (Ficus odorata), Hauili (Ficus septica), Tibig (Ficus nota), Rain tree (Samanea saman) and Is-Is (Ficus ulmifolia) as either saplings or poles. On the other hand, tree species such as Gmelina (Gmelina arborea) and Rimas (Artocarpus altilis) are also present as sparce tree individuals. Small creek line (Mid-plot section: Transect 1_Mid) are covered by dense bamboo stands with species of Kawayan tinik (Bambusa blumeana) although some portions of the area were already disturbed by ongoing excavation and land grading for the construction of road for NCC. Further, several tree species of native classes documented are Banato (Mallotus philippinensis), Alim (Melanolepis multiglandulosa), Kalios (Streblus asper), and Halobagat (Capparis micrantha).

Figure 3.2 Map showing Transect 1 established at Brgy. Aranguren, Capas, Tarlac

Transect 2 (Brgy. Cutcut, Capas, Tarlac) 30. Transect 2 is located at Brgy. Cutcut, Capas, Tarlac. The transect plot is approximately 1- km from Transect 2 and characterized again by bare and open shrub land (Figure 3.3). The 2-km transect shows each point (from start-midpoint-end) where there are notable vegetation either in

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT patches or being sparse. Note that visual resources include shrub lands and sparse trees near residential houses. The starting point of the transect plot shows an open and bare area adjacent to a sugar cane farm and a small unit of grasslands with dense stand of T. diversifolia. The mid-point includes some sparse tree individuals of native plant and tree species with thick vegetation of grasses with some sections that are burned because of unconfirmed intentional fires and natural cause. A dense stand of Tithonia diversifolia at the end of the transect plot can be observed. Residential houses of Aeta tribe living near the proposed alignment were also observed.

31. The vegetation in Transect 2 during wet season survey were dominated by dense stand of Johnson grass (P. purpureum) and tall sugar cane plantation stretching of about an area approximately two (2) hectares. Ground cover increased in terms of diversity and abundance considering the percentage cover of grasses and shrubs present in the area due to the rainy season. On the mid-point section, sparse tree individuals of Rain tree (S. saman) are still present along with Alibangbang (B. malabarica) in the area. The documented one individual tree of C. ramiflorus and scattered treelets of endemic Is-Is (Ficus ulmifolia) are still present. Other observed sparse tree species such as Binayuyu (A. ghaesemballa) from dry season survey are still present. Sparse trees are observed inside dense and tall grass stands of P. purpureum and I. cylindrica. Ground layer composed of T. procumbens, P. foetida and C. lastiquum. Presence of scattered shrubs such as S. acuta and T. diversifolia can also be observed dominating the whole transect. Other shrubs species are represented by Hagonoi (Chromolaena odorata), Blumea lacera, and Urena lobata. Grasses are represented by P. purpureum, S. spontaenum and I. cylindrica.

32. On the other hand, tree species such as Gmelina (Gmelina arborea) and Rimas (Artocarpus altilis) are also present. The small creek line is still present and the vegetation cover were dense in periphery. Dense bamboo species of Kawayan tinik (Bambusa blumeana) radiates from the periphery serving as buffer towards the other side of the creek along with Kakawate (G. sepium). The area is generally moist especially those sections that are thickly covered with grasses and vines which promote aggressive growth of weeds and herbaceous plants. Several tree species of native classes present here are Kalios (Streblus asper), L. leucocephala and several individuals of Rimas (A. altilis). The old structure, which was covered with burned grasses caused by either intentional fire or natural incidence due to extreme heat in the area during dry season, was densely surrounded with grasses and vines (Photo 3.3). It is also observed that the trail going to the middle section of the transect plot was muddy and some sections are even flooded thereby promoting growth of opportunistic species such as C. odorata and L. camara. On the other hand, the floristic structure of the area mainly composed of ground cover layer.

Note: (a) An old structure located at Brgy. Cutcut; (b) Dense vegetation of grasses and vines on the mid-section of the plot. Photo 3.3 Some Photos Documented in the Transect 2

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

Figure 3.3 Map showing Transect 2 Established at Brgy. Cutcut, Capas, Tarlac

Transect 3 (Brgy. San Roque, Bamban, Tarlac) 33. Transect 3 is located at Brgy. San Roque, Bamban, Tarlac. It is characterized by a second growth vegetation which is actually a remnant of a secondary forest with sections of bare and open shrub to grassland transitions (Figure 3.4). The 2-km transect shows each point (from start- midpoint-end) where there are notable vegetation either in patches or being sparse. Note that visual resources include shrub lands and sparse trees near residential houses. The starting point of the transect plot shows an open and bare area adjacent to native vegetation and a small unit of grasslands with endemic Anubing (Artocarpus ovatus) and Is-Is (Ficus ulmifolia) trees. The midpoint includes is mixed open second growth forest with pioneer tree species, banana stand and a small agroforestry farm. Some sections of the area are generally a remnant a secondary forest and a small reforestation site.

34. The vegetation here is moderately thicker than the previous two transect plots in terms of trees, ground cover, grasses and shrub layer (Photo 3.4 ). On the mid-point section, sparse tree individuals of Rain tree (Samanea saman) and Gmelina (Gmelina arborea) can be observed along with native tree species of Rimas (Artocarpus altilis), Is-Is (Ficus ulmifolia) and Niog-Niogan (Ficus psuedopalma), Alagau (Premna odorata), Kalios (Streblus asper) and Anabiong (Trema orientalis). In terms of understorey and intermediate species layer, several individuals of Ligas (Semecarpus cuneiformis), Binunga (Macaranga tanarius), Sablot (Litsea glutinosa) and Anubing (Artocarpus ovatus) were observed.

35. Ground cover species typically include thick vegetation of grass species such as Talahib (Sacharrum spontaenum), Cogon (Imperata cylindrica) and Penissetum sp. Other species such as a poisonous legume Abrus precatorius were observed along with Dilang butiki (Centrocema pubescens), Kalalaknit (Merremia vitifolia), Dagad (Tridax procumbens) and Bunga-Bunga (Alternanthera sessilis). Big diameter trees were represented by Rimas (A. altilis), Anubing (A. ovatus) and Gmelina (G. arborea). There are sections in the transect plot that is characterized

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT topographically by rolling to steep slopes which is hard to access for survey. A listing of vegetation species in this section were also done and incorporated in the computation of parameters for the diversity indices. Some of the tree species were flowering and fruiting at the time of survey which facilitate identification and recording of species.

36. Other sections of the transect plot exhibits rolling to undulating topography dominated by bamboo species Kawayan tinik (Bambusa blumea). Saplings and poles of Ligas (Semecarpus cuneiformis), Ipil-Ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) and Mahogany (Sweitenia macrophylla) can also be observed in shaded and moderately sloping terrain. There are some residential areas observed near the transect in which they are claiming as private lands. Dense vegetation of grasses dominates these areas with sparse tree individuals of Gmelina, Narra and Mahogany tree species.

Note: (a) Dense stand of Hagonoi (C. odorata) and Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and some tree individuals of Gmelina (G. arborea); (b) Dense stands of Bamboo species, Kawayan tinik (B. blumeana). Photo 3.4 Thick Vegetation of Grasses and Pioneer Species in Transect 3

Figure 3.4 Map showing Transect 3 Established at Brgy. San Roque, Bamban, Tarlac

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

Transect 4 (Brgy. San Matias, Sto. Tomas, Pampanga) 37. Transect 4 is located at Brgy. San Matias, Sto.Tomas, Pampanga. Transect 4 is characterized by fishponds actively operating in almost the whole transect plot (Figure 3.5). The 2-km transect shows each point (from start-midpoint-end) where there are notable vegetation either in patches or being sparse. Fish ponds are among the primary land use of the area with very few remaining natural vegetation that includes grasses, shrubs and some individual trees of pioneer species. Among the general plant forms, grasses and herbaceous species such as Talahib (Sacharrum spontaenum), Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense) and Karunggut (Passiflora foetida) are the ground cover species. Some sparse trees of Ipil-Ipil (Leucaena leucocephala), Kamachile (Pithecelobium dulce) and Rain tree (Samanea saman).

38. Similar to the results of dry season survey, the vegetation in Transect 4 is dominated by ground and shrub layer species with combination of aquatic plants such as Water hyacinth (E. crassipes) and I. aquatica (Photo 3.5). On the mid-point section, sparse tree individuals of Ipil-Ipil (Leucaena leucocephala), Datiles (Muntigia calabura), Rain tree (Samanea saman) and Kamachile (Pithecelobium dulce) can be observed along the sides of a small creek within the proposed alignment. In terms of understorey and intermediate species layer, the same species were observed. Further inland, there were some remnants of planted bananas (Musa sp.) which were abandoned because the existing condition of the area.

39. Ground cover species includes thick vegetation of grass species such as Talahib (Sacharrum spontaenum), Cogon (Imperata cylindrica) and Penissetum sp. Since the whole transect plot is almost devoid of tree vegetation, the presence of sparse trees makes the inventory of flora for this plot including ground cover species. Moreover, the presence of migratory bird species in the area makes a little shelter to the patches of grasses and sparse trees in the area which justify the establishment of a transect plot here. There is no significant vegetation neither endangered species of plants and trees. As the area is dominated by fishponds, there are still idle lands that are dominated by aquatic plants. These areas are not used for any other land use including fishpond which are predominantly inundated by low water levels. Water hyacinth dominates the inundated sections with some herbaceous vine species of Karunggut (Passiflora foetida).

Note: (a) Thick vegetation of smothering Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Mart.) and and Napier (P. purpureum); (b) Sections from the transect plot dominated by Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), Talahib (Saccharum spontaenum) and (Echinocloa crus-gali) all from the family Poaceae. Photo 3.5 Vegetation at Transect 4

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

Figure 3.5 Map showing Transect 4 Established at Brgy. San Matias, Sto. Tomas Pampanga

Transect 5 (Brgy. Lourdes, Minalin, Pampanga) 40. Transect 5 is located at Brgy. Brgy. Lourdes, Minalin, Pampanga. The transect plot is characterized by abandoned fishponds and vast areas of wetlands or inundated area smothered by different plant species (Figure 3.6). The 2-km transect shows each point (from start-midpoint-end) where there are notable vegetation either in patches or being sparse. Fish ponds are among the primary land use of the area with very few remaining natural vegetation that includes grasses, shrubs and some individual trees of pioneer species. Among the general plant forms, grasses and herbaceous species such as Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense), Napier (P. purpureum), and Karunggut (Passiflora foetida) are the ground cover species.

41. In general, the herbaceous component of the survey area were very dense, due to abundant moisture from continued rains. All sections of the transect plots were flooded. The accessible areas during the survey were dominated by pioneer species, which are grasses. These grass species tend to colonize the area that has been disturbed and growth is favored by abundant water sources. The overall vegetation were limited to grasses and shrubs, and tree layer were minimal. On the midpoint section, sparse tree individuals of Rain tree (Samanea saman) and Ipil-Ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) can be observed further inland (Photo 3.6). Rain tree (Samanea saman) and Kamachile (Pithecelobium dulce) can be observed along the sides of a small creek within the transect and is on a waterlogged conditions.

42. The vegetation associated with this floodplain areas are consist of Talahib (Sacharrum spontaenum), Cogon (Imperata cylindrica) and Napier (P. purpureum). Other species such as a poisonous legume Abrus precatorius were observed along with Dilang butiki (Centrocema pubescens), Kalalaknit (Merremia vitifolia), Dagad (Tridax procumbens) and Bunga-Bunga

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

(Alternanthera sessilis). Big diameter trees were represented by Kamachile (Pithecelobium dulce) and Duhat (Syzigum cuminii). Further inland, some young saplings of Ipil-Ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) were also observed providing shelter for many local and migratory bird species in the area along with Kamachile (Pithecelobium dulce) both from the plant family of Fabaceae.

Note: (a) Bamboo-like Tambo (Thysanolaena latifolia) inflorescence and mature clump (b) Sections from the transect plot dominated by Ipil-Ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) along trails and open spaces from inland portion. Photo 3.6 Dense Grass and Shrub Vegetation at Transect 4

Figure 3.6 Map showing Transect 5 established at Brgy. Lourdes, Minalin, Pampanga

43. The vegetation supported by wetland environments, specifically on Transect 4 and Transect 5, differs from the surrounding vegetation. This is due to the increased availability of a water supply and different soil forms with a higher clay content and water holding capacity as observed. Larger trees tend to be found in these zones, but sparse. Furthermore, these areas are important as they provide habitat for animal species dependent on these conditions and generally support abundant bird life.

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

44. Based from the observation of the whole transect plots, the condition of the vegetation in the established transects was in very good to excellent condition contrary to the results of dry season survey. Some of the vegetation associations represent groundwater dependent plant species such as those emerged and developed from long rain showers and waterlogged conditions. Plants that were shorter during the dry season months were already taller than the surrounding weeds and grasses as brought about by experienced greater abundance of moisture. While grasses and weed cover increased plant mortality in all species, spreading a layer of mulch can reduce the mortality especially to those plants in the area, bare and open spaces/areas.

4) Species Diversity a. Species Composition, Density and Abundance 45. One hundred twenty eight (128) morpho-species, 114 genera belonging to 43 families were documented in five (5) transect plots established within the MCRP site. The dominance of ground cover layer contributed to the increase of species richness and abundance during wet season survey. Abundant moisture from continued rain showers promoted rapid growth of moisture trigger plant species and root stocks. Grasses and herbaceous layer were the densest vegetation layer. However, there were no difference or changes in terms of tree flora. Dominant families in the said transect plots were Fabacae, Moraceae, Anacardiaceae, Lamiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Annonaceae, Malvaceae, Poaceae, Convulvolaceae and Asteraceae. The most frequently occurring tree species were Samanea saman, Ficus ulmifolia Lamk, Muntigia calabura L., Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, Gmelina arborea Roxb., and Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. The aforementioned species were present in all transects except for Artocarpus ovatus Blanco which were recorded in Transect 3 only.

46. Apart from the species recorded from the quadrat sampling, additional five (5) species (not present in the quadrats) were recorded from the opportunistic survey. Hence, a total of 118 morpho-species of plants were encountered within the vicinity of the proposed MCRP. The large number of vascular flora recorded reflects a number of factors:

 The long, linear nature of the project area, meaning that it intersected a wide variety of plant communities and therefore vegetation types.  The relatively large number of intensively sampled quadrats across the railway alignment.  The timing of the field surveys following substantial dry season species that were available for recording; approximately 50% of the species recorded were annual or weakly perennial flora.  Species Composition, Density and Abundance

Tree Flora 47. Similar to dry season survey, a total of 62 morpho-species with 52 genera belonging to 24 families were recorded in the whole proposed MCRP. No significant changes or addition to tree species composition in the survey areas occurred during wet season. However, there are observed difference in values among tree species in terms of their ranks, which are affected by the density and population of ground cover layer. The average number of trees per quadrat (20m x 20m) is about two (2) individuals or an average density of 0.005 tree/m2 (1 tree for every 100 m2). However, the ground cover layer outweighs the values of significant tree flora because of their relative abundance and density. Therefore, it is expected that the distribution of values are gained by the ground cover layer and some tree species Importance Value (IV) would tend to be generally low based on their dominance as expressed by their diameter sizes. This is understandable since the area is dominated by shrubs and grasses, which compete with relatively few individual trees.

48. The lower tree density of the quadrats can be attributed to the general land use and condition of the area where in the vegetation are almost devoid of mature sized diameter trees. Most areas surveyed are densely covered with grasses and shrubs with sparse trees characterized

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT by the dominance of medium-sized pioneer trees. Comparatively, wet season survey results show similar results with dry season in terms of tree composition. The trees with the largest diameter include both fruit tree and forest trees which are represented by Rimas (Artocarpus altilis), Anabiong (Trema orientalis), Banato (Mallotus philippinensis), Mangga (Mangifera indica), Gmelina (Gmelina arborea), Rain tree (Samanea saman), Duhat (Syzigium cumnii), Ipil-Ipil (Leuceana leucocephala), and Anubing (Artocarpus ovatus). These tree species are present in all transect plots except for the species of A. ovatus which is only documented in Transect 3 in Brgy. San Roque at rolling to undulating slopes.

49. The relative density, relative dominance, and relative frequency values for each tree species in all the quadrats were determined to obtain their Importance Value (IV), a standard measure in ecology that determines the rank relationships of species. High Importance values of species indicate a composite score for high relative species dominance, density, and frequency. Based on the computed IV (Table 3.2), the three (3) most important species (with the highest IV) are Rain tree (24.257), Rimas (20.084), and Mahogany (17.582). The tree species either gained ranks or devalued because of the relative abundance of ground cover species. Another factor is that some of documented tree species were either removed or no longer existed in the area due to mortality. There are observed stumps of cut Gmelina trees. It is interesting to note that most of the species listed are native and endemic yet they are dominating the remaining patches of vegetation in the area. This implies considerable conservation value of the area. However, the variation of IV among the canopy species, except for Rain tree, Rimas and Mahogany, is significant. This, therefore, suggests an imbalance distribution (imbalance co-existence) among the plant species in the vegetation.

Table 3.2 Top 10 Species with the Highest Importance Value (IV) IV Scientific Name Common Name Family Name Dry Wet Season Season Mangifera indica L. Mangga ANACARDIACEAE 22.645 9.629 Pterocarpus indicus Willd. forma indicus Narra FABACEAE 11.575 - Chrysophyllum cainito L. Cainito SAPOTACEAE 10.253 - Artocarpus ovatus Blanco Anubing MORACEAE 8.131 8.634 Mallotus philippensis (Lamk) Muell.-Arg. Banato EUPHORBIACEAE 6.399 - Tamarindus indica L. Sampaloc FABACEAE 5.663 - Streblus asper Lour. Kalios MORACEAE 5.388 - Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. Rain tree FABACEAE 3.702 24.257 Gmelina arborea Roxb. Gmelina LAMIACEAE 3.486 5.944 Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Ipil-Ipil FABACEAE 3.449 - Artocarpus altilis (Park.) Fosb. Rimas MORACEAE - 20.084 Swietenia mahogany (L.) Jacq. Small leaf MELIACEAE - 17.582 Mahogany Ficus ulmifolia Lamk Is-Is MORACEAE - 10.350 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Duhat MYRTACEAE - 7.806 Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw. Ex Alim EUPHORBIACEAE - 5.012 Blume) Reichb. f. & Zoll. Note: IV –Importance Value

50. The emergence of some pioneer tree species in the area such as Akleng parang (Albizia procera) were also observed occupying open portion of Transect 2 in Barangay Cutcut. The emergence of pioneer tree species in the area is due to the degradation and exposure of the environment to extreme sunlight. Moreover, wet season also favors the growth of these species in the area to grow faster than neighboring plant species. The high presence of these pioneer species is a bit unexpected but can be explained by the high environmental heterogeneity of the site

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT compared in other sections of the whole project area in early successional stages. It is still also observed the high rate of coppicing along individual trees of Gmelina (G. arborea) sprout from mature trunks, while strong disturbances (like clearing and site preparation) allow light demanding pioneer species to recruit and establish, therefore increasing the number of species as observed in the area. With ongoing succession, some of the original vegetation remnants are developing, in part due to favorable conditions to growth ((e.g. abundance of moisture) and receiving enough light with early succession species, which results to high species diversity and abundance. At the same time, the light demanding pioneer species are already establishing cover in disturbed sections of along the transects.

51. Other plant and tree species documented in the area are closed from young to mature stage and been able to regenerate faster during the wet season from long dry season months, by maximizing the coexistence of fast growing pioneers and more competitive ground cover species. However, re-establishment of the vegetation species is a slow process, which demands longer time periods.

Intermediate and Understorey 52. A total of 60 morpho-species with 56 genera belonging to 25 families were recorded for understorey layer. The average density is slightly higher than that of trees, at 0.86 individual/m2 or equivalent to 86 individuals for every 100m2. The two most abundant understorey species are Wild sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) with 56 individuals followed by Hagonoy (Chromolaena odorata) with 42 individuals and Kulot-Kulot (Urena lobata) with 42 indivials. The most dominant families at the understorey are Asteraceae with 41 individuals and Malvaceae with 22 individuals. The representative species of family Asteraceae are predominantly shrubs with ten (10) species, while those representing family Malvaceae are herbaceous plants.

Table 3.3 Top 10 Most Abundant Understorey Species Total Count Scientific Name Family Name Dry Wet Season Season Tithonia diversifolia ASTERACEAE 41 56 Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. ASTERACEAE 34 42 *Urena lobata L. MALVACEAE 22 33 Hyptis capitata Jacq. LAMIACEAE 14 - Ageratum conyzoides L. ROSACEAE 13 - Cleome rutidosperma DC. CLEOMACEAE 13 - Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. ASTERACEAE 11 21 Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Poir. APOCYNACEAE 11 19 Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) PHYLLANTHACEAE 11 10 Blumea lacera (Burn.f.) DC. ASTERACEAE 10 10 Pennisetum purpureum ASTERACEAE 44 *Sida acuta Burm. f. MALVACEAE 24 Imperata cylindrica L. POACEAE 23

Ground Cover 53. Ground cover species are all species (crawling or erect) inside the 1m x 1m quadrat with height of less than 1m. Hence, seedlings of different tree species are included as ground cover. Based on the survey, ground cover occupies more than 80% of the ground layer leaving less growing spaces for the other recruits of seedlings of other tree species, hence, low species diversity.

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54. Similar to the results of dry season survey, thirty three (33) ground cover species were recorded at the same transects during wet season survey. In terms of relative cover, majority of the species are represented by the family of Asteraceae such as Tridax procumbens, Mikania cordata, Chromolaena odorata and dense individuals of P. foetida. Other leguminous ground cover species include Caesalpinia latisiliquum, Mimosa pudica, and Centrosema pubescens. Ground cover is dense in open areas especially in areas where idle and abandoned farms are present. In addition, sufficient rainfall to promote plant growth in ground cover layer increased species abundance and composition.

Note: (a) Silihan (Physallis angulata); (b) Alikbangon (Commelina benghalenis); (c) Lamingo (Euphorbia atoto); (d) Pukinggan kahoi (Clitoria racemosa G. Don); (e) Karunggut (Passiflora foetida L.); (f) Dagad (Tridax procumbens); (g) Habit of Pukinggan kahoi (Clitoria racemosa G. Don); (h) Busikad (Cyperus kyllingia Endl.); (i) Hakati (Paspalum conjugatum); (j) Karek (Paspalidium flavidum); (k) Ampalayang ligaw (Momordica conchinchinensis), CUCURBITACEAE; (l) Flower of C. grandis (CUCURBITACEAE). Photo 3.7 Photographs of the Dominant Ground Cover Species Recorded at the established Transects within the proposed MCRP

55. The most dominant species that occupy the highest relative cover are Kamot-kabag (41%), Napier grass (35%), and species of tuberous annual vine, Karunggut (34%) Table 3.4 Top 10 Most Dominant Ground Cover Species Relative % Cover Scientific Name Family Name Dry Season Wet Season Tridax procumbens Linn. ASTERACEAE 23.21 24.5 Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) B.L. Rob. ASTERACEAE 5.47 12.5 Merremia vitifolia (Burm. f.) Hall. f. CONVULVULACEAE 4.86 - *Mimosa pudica L. FABACEAE 4.56 13.6 *Centrosema pubescens Benth. FABACEAE 4.25 34.8 Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. POACEAE 4.25 24.6 Zehneria indica (Lour.) Keraudren CUCURBITACEAE 3.65 23.9 *Sida rhombifolia L. MALVACEAE 3.65 - *Urena lobata L. MALVACEAE 3.34 - *Passiflora foetida L. PASSIFLORACEAE 2.73 34.6 Caesalpinia latisiliquum (Cav.) Hattink FABACEAE - 41.5 Pennisetum purpureum POACEAE - 35.5 *Sida acuta MALVACEAE - 22.7 Note: * Invasive species

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT b. Species Diversity Indices 56. The diversity index of the area ranged from moderately high to high, while evenness indices varied from very low to low. Diversity indices were highest in the understorey and herbaceous layer. The vegetation in some of the transect plots (e.g. Transect 1, Transect 2, Transect 3) is considered as shrub to open wooded land vegetation where trees are not that dominant but are sparse, which provides a more favorable environment for the growth of the ground cover, invasive and understorey layers including opportunistic species. Evenness index was very low in the tree layer.

57. Additionally, the abundance of species will be enhanced through the selection of rehabilitation species which only focus on indigenous and endemic tree species. Table 3.5 shows the species diversity per transect which suggest introduction, disturbance, and invasion. Consequently, the number of species per transect recorded in the survey coincide with the general trend that the disturbed areas are dominated with more understorey and ground cover species which are mostly opportunistic and light tolerant species.

Table 3.5 Diversity Indices and Number of Species and Individuals per Transect Diversity Indices No. of species No. of Individuals Sampling Dry Season Wet Season Station Dry Wet Dry Wet

Season Season Season Season H’ D’ J’ H’ D’ J’ Transect 1 46 51 174 585 2.679 2.945 0.972 3.483 0.954 0.774 Transect 2 19 43 156 734 2.304 2.130 0.432 3.375 0.738 0.575 Transect 3 22 28 175 411 2.197 2.670 0.645 2.778 0.716 0.579 Transect 4 18 35 154 722 2.781 2.936 0.928 3.087 0.943 0.875 Transect 5 24 26 132 380 2.196 2.361 0.543 3.015 0.937 0.829 Note: H’ – Shannon index; D = Simpson’s index; J – Evenness index Diversity Index: vh – very high (3.50 above), h – high (3.00 – 3.49), m – moderate (2.50 – 2.99), l – low (2.00 – 2.49), vl – very low (1.99 – below); Evenness Index: vh – very high (0.75 – 1.00), h – high (0.50 – 0.74), m – moderate (0.25 – 0.49), l – low (0.15 – 0.24), vl – very low (0.05 – 0.14).

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 No. of Species 51 43 28 35 26 No. of Individuals 585 734 411 722 380

Figure 3.7 Number of Species and Individuals in each plot

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4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Shannon Index 3.483 3.375 2.778 3.087 3.015 Simpson's Index 0.954 0.738 0.716 0.943 0.937 Evenness Index 0.774 0.575 0.579 0.875 0.829

Figure 3.8 Diversity Indices and Evenness in each Plot

58. Based from the wet season flora survey, Transect 1 (H’=3.483) is highly diverse based from the index used. Transect 1 has typically more species than any other transect plots primarily due to the diverse species of ground cover, grass, shrub and herbaceous layer. The additional two (2) species surveyed during wet season increased the diversity of Transect 1 as well as the abundance which primarily contributed by grass and herbaceous layer. It should be noted that Shannon index is sensitive to any addition of species, thus, tend to increase diversity.On the other hand, the same tree individuals were documentes from the wet season survey which are apparently less in number with one (1) tree for every 100m².

59. As the transect cover some abandoned farm lands, some sections are totally devoid of tree vegetation but densely covered by ground cover species. Thick clumps and stocks of P. purpureum, P. conjugatum, P. foetida, C. pubescens and C. latisiliquum dominate half of Transect 1 as well as other transects. On the other hand, a the small creek which is perpendicular to Transect 1 where densely covered by grass species primarily due to abundant amount moisture, nutrients and shade. Species of fig trees such as Tibig (Ficus nota), Is-Is (Ficus ulmifolia) and Hauili (Ficus septica) are still present indicating indicating presence of bats and bird species in the area and high water ground water. Transect 4 (H’=3.087) is highly diverse due influence of dense ground cover layer which mostly contributed by shrubs and herbaceous species unlike Transect 5 which are totally dominated by fishponds and open areas with minimal canopy trees.

60. The influence of the ground cover species into the vegetation affects the growth and recruitment of other plant forms such as trees. Other physical factors include cultivation and rainfall which promotes the growth of weeds and grasses such as Cogon (Imperata cylindrica) and P. purpureum followed by C. odorata. The dense ground cover species in general are represented by families of Asteraceae, Malvaceae and Lamiaceae. Transect 2 (H’=3.357) is generally an open shrub to grassland and is characterized similarly by sparse trees and thick vegetation of grasses and shrubs. The grass layer encountered in the transect was relatively well developed due to rainy season. Thick vegetation of Wild sunflower or Tree Marigold (Tithonia diversifolia) was also observed as transition from Transect 1 that forned young stands and some ae waterlogged. Transect 1 and Transect 2 has experienced the most disturbances as depicted by extensive shrublands and/or cultivated lands. Transect 3 (H’=2.778) is more or less a second growth vegetation with young saplings and medium sized diameter trees along rolling slopes represented by Anubing (Artocarpus ovatus), Kalios (Streblus asper), Rimas (Artocarpus altilis) and Sablot (Litsea glutinosa). Some bamboo stands were even more developed with observed clumps that was favored by the wet season rains. It should be noted that these trees are actually part of the transect

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT plot on a 1-km radius opportunistic survey. Similar to dry season survey, the wet season survey characterized the area by less than 5% having a natural vegetation with disturbed environments due to cutting and kaingin farming, therefore, species is not that diverse. Presence of dense vegetation of grasses were adjacent to land owners which maintains the area. The transect plot is also near to a small river in which common riparian and weeds species exist.

5) Biodiversity Value a. Ecologically Important Species 61. The ecological or biodiversity value of an area is always measured in terms of species richness and in the number of endemic and threatened species present.

Endemic and Indigenous Species 62. The geographical distribution of plant species has been very useful for assessing biodiversity values of regions, countries, and islands. Species confined to a particular site will be given particular conservation management strategies, as they are more vulnerable to disturbance due to their narrow range. Of the total 128 taxa identified to species level, 40 species (31%) were found to be Philippine endemics or have natural habitat confined only in the country (Table 3.6). Noteworthy among the list are those species that are also included in either the Philippine red list or in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). These include Antipolo, Is-Is, Niog-Niogan, and Anubing (Photo 3.8). Fifty two percent (52%) of the total number of species recorded in the area are indigenous to the Philippines and exhibit different economic and ecological importance. These species are represented by different general plant forms such as trees, vines, herb, and shrub.

63. One (1) tree species of Piling liitan (Canarium luzonicum) of conservation status previously recorded from opportunistic survey during the dry season were not present during the wet season survey. The location of the plant were verified and were suspected to be removed or cut from the area either for fuel wood or house building materials. Therefore, the previous listing updated the wet season findings with other tree species documented in the project site. On the other hand, another tree species were documented on the same area from opportunistic survey at Transect 3 in Barangay San Roque. Kamagong/Mabolo (Diospyros philippinensis) were documented on hill slopes near a small creek. Kamagong was listed as endangered (EN) based from the Philippine Red List (DAO 2007-01).

64. It should be emphasized that categorizing species as endemic is very much dependent on availability of published biodiversity data, recent taxonomic revisions, nomenclatural changes, and new evidences from various disciplines used in systematics among others. Thus, estimates of endemism should be interpreted within the context of the methodologies and limitations imposed by contributing factors aforementioned.

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

Note: Some of the photographed and recorded endemic tree species at different transect plots established within the proposed MCRP railway alignment during the wet season. (a) Pakiling (Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr.), MORACEAE; (b) Tibig (Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr.), MORACEAE; (c) Is-Is (Ficus ulmifolia Lamk.), MORACEAE; (d) Anubing (Artocarpus ovatus Blanco), MORACEAE; (e) Niog-Niogan (Ficus pseudopalma Blanco), MORACEAE; (f) Kamagong (Diospyros philippinensis), EBENACEAE. Photo 3.8 Photographs of the Endemic Tree Species Recorded at Different Transect Plots Established within the Proposed MCRP

Table 3.6 List of Philippine Endemic Species Recorded at the Established Transects Endemism Species Common Name Family Name Dry Season Wet Season Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr. Antipolo MORACEAE PE PE Artocarpus ovatus Blanco Anubing MORACEAE PE PE Canarium luzonicum (Blume) A. Gray Piling liitan BURSERACEAE PE - Diospyros philippinensis Kamagong EBENACEAE - PE Ficus pseudopalma Blanco Niog-Niogan MORACEAE PE PE Ficus ulmifolia Lamk Is-Is MORACEAE PE PE Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr Tibig MORACEAE PE PE Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. Pakiling MORACEAE PE PE Note: **PE: Philippine Endemic Species; It should be emphasized that categorizing species as endemic is very much dependent on availability of published biodiversity data, recent taxonomic revisions, nomenclatural changes, and new evidences from various disciplines used in systematics among others. Thus, estimates of endemism should be interpreted within the context of the methodologies and limitations imposed by contributing factors aforementioned.

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

Threatened Species 65. The conservation status of species is based on the most recent recommendations of the Philippine Plant Conservation Committee (PPCC) of the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB) now the BMB, officially issued as DENR Administrative Order No. 2007-01 better known as ‘‘The National List of Threatened Philippine Plants and their Categories’. The listing of threatened species of the IUCN red list was aso used as reference.

66. Five (5) species recorded from MCRP Railway alignment are listed under either the Philippine Red List (DAO 2007-01) or the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2016.3) (Table 3.7). Noteworthy among the list are the critically endangered (CR) Smooth Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) (IUCN), Molave (Vitex parviflora) and premium tree species which are specifically used in railroad ties namely, Kamagong (Diospyros philippinensis) and Is-Is (Ficus ulmifolia) (DAO 2007-01). The transect plots where the threatened species occurred were included to guide the PAWB in their species conservation efforts. Even if Narra is widely seen in the whole country, its basis of its conservation status is that its low population in the wild. Further, Narra is one of the notable tree species in the alignment, hence, appropriate management and monitoring strategies to ensure the continued survival of its population (as well as other threatened species) will be developed.

Table 3.7 List of Threatened Species Recorded at the Established Transects Common IUCN 2016 DAO Dry Wet Species Family name ver.3 2007-01 Season Season Artocarpus blancoi Antipolo MORACEAE VU   Canarium luzonicum Piling liitan BURSERACEAE VU  - Ficus ulmifolia Is-is MORACEAE VU   Pterocarpus indicus Narra FABACEAE VU CR   Vitex parviflora Molave LAMIACEAE VU EN   Diospyros Kamagong EBENACEAE VU EN -  philippinensis Note: DAO 2007-11 updated checklist (2011) pursuant to “Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act 9147” defines the different threatened categories as follows:

Critically Endangered Species (CE) - refers to a species or subspecies facing extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future. This shall include varieties, formae or other infraspecific categories. Endangered Species (EN) - refers to a species or subspecies that is not critically endangered but whose survival in the wild is unlikely if the causal factors continue operating. This shall include varieties, formae or other infraspecific categories. Vulnerable Species (VU) - refers to a species or subspecies that is not critically endangered nor endangered but is under threat from adverse factors throughout its range and is likely to move to the endangered category in the future. This shall include varieties, formae or other infraspecific categories. Other Threatened Species (OTS) - refers to a species or subspecies that is not critically endangered, endangered nor vulnerable but is under threat from adverse factors, such as over collection, throughout its range and is likely to move to the vulnerable category in the near future. This shall include varieties, formae or other infraspecific categories. Other Wildlife species (OWS) - refers to non-threatened species of plants that have the tendency to become threatened due to destruction of habitat or other similar causes as may be listed by the Secretary upon the recommendation of the National Wildlife Management Committee. This shall include varieties, formae or other infraspecific categories.

IUCN defines the different threatened categories as follows:

Critically Endangered (CR) - A taxon is Critically Endangered when it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future. Endangered (EN) - A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critically Endangered but is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future. Vulnerable (VU) - A taxon is Vulnerable when it is not Critically Endangered or Endangered but is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future.

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67. Other tree species includes Philippine Endemic tree species such as Is-Is (Ficus ulmifolia), Pakiling (Ficus odorata), and Antipolo (Artocarpus blancoi). These species are observed in either patches of vegetation or as sparse individual trees within and outside the transect plots. Others are also documented during opportunistic survey present near farms and small creeks surrounded by thick vegetation of grass and bamboo species such as Kawayan tinik (Bambusa blumeana). These species are regarded as keystone species for fauna such as bats, birds and other frugivorous mammals and vertebrates. They are also widely dispersed by these animals through their droppings and pollination. Table 3.8 List of Threatened, Indigenous and Endemic Tree Species Transect Plot(s) where Species Occurred Species Local Name Family Name Dry Season Wet Season T3 and opportunistic T3 and opportunistic Artocarpus blancoi Antipolo MORACEAE survey survey T2 and opportunistic Canarium luzonicum Piling liitan BURSERACEAE - survey Ficus ulmifolia Is-is MORACEAE T1, T2, T3 T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 Pterocarpus indicus Narra FABACEAE T1, T3 T1, T3 Vitex parviflora Molave LAMIACEAE T2, T3 T2, T3 Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. Pakiling MORACEAE T1 T1 Artocarpus ovatus Blanco Anubing MORACEAE T3 only T3 only Mallotus philippinensis Banato EUPHORBIACEAE T1 and T3 T1 and T3 Bauhinia malabarica Alibangbang FABACEAE T2 only T2 only Antidesma ghaesembilla Binayuyu PHYLLANTHACEAE T2 only T2 only Chionanthus ramiflorus OLEACEAE T2 only T2 only Diospyros philippinensis Kamagong EBENACEAE - T3 only

Invasive Species 68. Most of the transect plots are covered with invasive species that smother less amount of native vegetation along the alignment. Alien or exotic invasive species (IAS) as defined during the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) include any “alien or exotic species that are intentionally or unintentionally introduced by human in native habitats and these take space and spread at the expense of native species”.

69. Because of the imminent threat posed by these exotic species over native species, Article 8 of the CBD states the need to: “Prevent the introduction of alien invasive species which threaten ecosystems, habitats, and species and control or eradicate them upon the event of bioinvasion”. Such alien plant species that smothers and pre-dominate natural habitats are collectively termed as bioinvasive species. The increasing rate of damage and effects of biological invasion (bioinvasion) are realized in most countries that have been engaging themselves to the use of exotic tree species either for massive production (plantation) or for reforestation efforts towards regaining local forest vegetation. Following the definition of the CBD, MCRP has few invasive plant species recorded based from the plant assessment surveys. Table 3.9 shows the list of bio-invasive species recorded during the wet season survey.

Table 3.9 List of Invasive Alien Apecies (IAS) Documented in the Study Area During Wet Season Common Name Scientific Name Family Name Eco Class Gonoi/Hagonoy Chromolaena odorata (L.) R King & H. Robinson ASTERACEAE Exotic/Invasive Sapinit/Coronitas Lantana camara L. VERBENACEAE Exotic/Invasive Kulot-Kulot Urena lobata L. MALVACEAE Exotic/Invasive Dilang butiki Centrosema pubescens Benth. FABACEAE Exotic Makahiya Mimosa pudica L. FABACEAE Exotic/Invasive Note: ** Invasive Alien Species Database (2013). IUCN

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70. The recorded plant species has negative effects in terms of maintaining local biodiversity in the area. These plants can grow individually in clumps or as dense thickets, crowding out more desirable species. In disturbed areas in the project site, it is part of the general vegetation as the dominant understorey species, disrupting succession and decreasing biodiversity. Some of the recorded species has direct impacts to existing vegetation or replanting area. For example, the recorded plant species of Coronitas (L. camara) and Gonoi (C. odorata) has allelopathic qualities that can reduce vigor of nearby plant species and reduce their productivity (GISD, 2006). Lantana camara has been the focus of biological control attempts for a century, yet still poses major problems in many regions.

71. Other effects are characterized by provision of poisonous food for native or resident animal species (e.g. fruits, berries and seeds) that are not part of their actual diet. Another plant species is the Hagonoi/Gonoi (Chromolaena odorata) that forms dense stands preventing establishment of other species, both due to competition and allelopathic effects.

72. All of the recorded invasive species in both project sites poses imminent threat to local biodiversity such that these plant species are both aggressive and competing to nearby vegetation especially to native species, thereby forming dense stands that will eventually create competition for nutrients and resource, thus, prevent entry of new plant (native or indigenous) recruits as a result of animal or wind dispersal. b. Economic Uses 73. In terms of economic uses and importance, some plants and trees recorded in proposed MCRP project site have potential for medicinal, ornamental, field, fodder and timber purposes (Table 3.10). Most of the floral species recorded are tree species with known economic and human use values (tangible products) such as source of timber, fruits, medicines, ornamentals and fuel wood. These include members of the families of Anacardiaceae, Meliaceae, Moraceae, Lamiaceae, Fabaceae and Euphorbiaceae.

74. Other economic uses such as raw materials (e.g. fiber, timber, fuel wood, fodder, fertilizer) can be obtained from Narra (Pterocarpus inidicus), Molave (Vitex parviflora), Anubing (Artocarpus ovatus), Banato (Mallotus philippinensis) and Rimas (Artocarpus altilis). Fodder and fuel wood uses can be derived from tree species such as Ipil-Ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) and Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium). However, cutting and utilizing some threatened tree species are banned by the DENR because of its current status in the wild or its present conservation status. Consequently, there are also species recorded that actually belongs to “lesser known or used species”. A great number of these tree species are potentially valuable timber species such as Alibangbang (Bauhinia malabarica), Binayuyu (Antidesma ghaesembilla), Alim (Melanolepis multiglandulosa) and African Tulip (Spathodea campanulata).

75. Food sources (e.g. oils, fruits, seeds, juices/extracts) can also be obtained from Psidium guajava, Mangifera indica, Passiflora foetida, Terminalia catappa, including palm species, Calamus sp. and Cocos nucifera. Medicinal and other known herbal uses from plants are also noted to some species recorded in the site such as Uuko (Mikania cordata), Cassia alata, seeds of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), among others. Other tree species includes Philippine Endemic tree species such as Is-Is (Ficus ulmifolia), Piling liitan (Canarium luzonicum), and Antipolo (Artocarpus blancoi). These species are observed in either patches of vegetation or as sparse individual trees within and outside the transect plots. Others are also documented during opportunistic survey present near farms and small creeks surrounded by thick vegetation of grass and bamboo species such as Kawayan tinik (Bambusa blumeana). These species are regarded as keystone species for fauna such as bats, birds and other frugivorous mammals and vertebrates. They are also widely dispersed by these animals through their droppings and pollination.

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

Table 3.10 List of Some Economic Uses and Importance of Significant Flora Recorded at the Established Transects along the Proposed MCRP Species Family Name Economic Uses and Importance Timber; paper production and being a shade provider are its Artocarpus blancoi MORACEAE primary uses, although its seeds and fruits are edible. The fruits are edible, but have little flavor; sometimes eaten Ficus ulmifolia MORACEAE with sugar and cream. The hard and rough leaves are used to clean household materials. The fruits are edible but have little flavor; sometimes eaten Ficus ulmifolia MORACEAE with sugar and cream. The hard and rough leaves are used to clean household materials. Pterocarpus indicus FABACEAE Timber; Wood is used for furniture; Reforestation species. Vitex parviflora LAMIACEAE Timber; Wood are used in railroad ties. Fruits are medicinal. Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. MORACEAE Fruits are medicinal. Wood used as source of timber. Timber; The wood is used for furniture, house building, Artocarpus ovatus Blanco MORACEAE turnery, light carpentry, interior joinery and panelling, boxes and crates, boats. Tree is used to produce red dye and herbal remedies. It Mallotus philippinensis EUPHORBIACEAE produces rottlerin, a potent large conductance potassium channel opener. Timber; leaves are edible; decoction of root bark used for liver Bauhinia malabarica FABACEAE problems. The fruits are eaten raw and prepared into jams, etc. Young Antidesma ghaesembilla PHYLLANTHACEAE shoots are used as a vegetable and as a spice; the leaves are used in traditional medicine against fever. Chionanthus ramiflorus OLEACEAE Timber; Leaves are medicinal.

Terrestrial Fauna

76. Compared to dry season, some notable observations for the terrestrial fauna are as follows: insectivores are still the highest followed closely by omnivores and carnivores; The number of species decreased in most of the sites, due to bird migration patterns and human disturbance such as road construction; there was increase in number of species at Aranguren and San Roque, due to fruit production of trees during rainy season. Clearing activities at some areas also allowed new species to be sighted by the observers.

(1) Field Survey

77. The terrestrial fauna survey was focused on the terrestrial vertebrate groups of Philippine wildlife; birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles (herpotofauna). Standard field methods and procedures were used for each taxa during the survey. Direct and indirect transect identification such as tracks, signs and auditory cues, trapping and mist-netting were used. Microhabitat searches were also done in the immediate vicinities of the transect line, 10 meters to the left and 10 meters to the right, to ascertain the presence of small and/or cryptic species of wildlife. The sampling sites surveyed were the same as was during the dry season monitoring.

1) Birds 78. Direct observations of birds were done wherein observers walked along existing trails and streams and occasionally in a perpendicular or parallel direction several meters from existing paths. The pace of walking was varied in order to detect different species. Standardized 2km transect was used in each site. Where possible, observer walked across different habitat types and spent time searching in habitat breaks. Searches were conducted from 5:30-9:00 in the morning, and in the afternoon at 3:30-6:00 or before sunset. Observers were equipped with binoculars. Birds flying and perching over the area were counted individually.

79. Mist netting was employed to confirm species occurrence and distribution as well as identification of cryptic species of birds. Mist nets were hoisted along possible flight paths of

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT birds, e.g., in between trees, along streams, just above the ground with clearance of at least 15 cm to 1 m. Net locations were recorded using a handheld GPS unit. The nets were set in the afternoon and checked in the morning of the next day. For each site, three sets of nets with two nets each were set serially along the transect line. These nets were also used to catch Volant mammals during the night. Nets were checked before noon and at 5:00 pm or an hour before dusk.

80. Birds were identified using the Field Guide to Philippine Birds (Kennedy, Gonzales, Dickinson, Miranda and Fisher, 2000; Rosell, 2010, and Allen et al., 2013). New nomenclature was based on the WBCP-Checklist of Birds of the Philippines 2016.

2) Mammal 81. Mist nets used for birds were also employed for catching bats. Mist nets were set and positioned in strategic points of the sampling sites (e.g., flyways, across established trails near a river or stream, forest edges, openings and forest interior) but away from human habitations. The nets were set and opened at 6:00 pm and removed the following morning at 6:00AM. Net watching for insectivores was done at 6:00-8:00PM. Numbers of individual present were counted or estimated. Then, photographs of selected captured individuals were taken.

82. Live traps were used to catch non-volant mammals. Roasted coconut meat mixed with peanut butter, bread, and fried dried fish were used as bait for live traps, which were placed along possible runways, near holes or among root tangles and fallen logs, where small non-volant mammals might be present. Checking of traps were done early in the morning of the next day.

83. Tracks and sign identification (e.g. droppings, wallowing areas, dens) and direct sighting techniques were used for terrestrial and arboreal (but non-volant) species.

84. Identification, nomenclature, classification and conservation status were determined based on Heaney et al. (1998), Fieldiana (Peterson et al., 2008), published taxonomic keys, and IUCN.

3) Herpetofauna 85. Reptiles and amphibians (herps) survey were conducted using the Visual Encounter Survey and hand-grabbing technique (Heyer et al., 1994; Matsui, 2006) while doing the transect walks. The Visual Encounter Survey was used in the sampling to conduct searches in high potential areas throughout the sampling sites. These methods were supplemented with acoustic searching for frogs, turning of rocks and logs, peeling bark, digging through leaf litter, and excavating burrows and termite mounds.

86. Purposive time-constrained herpetofaunal survey was conducted at 6:00-9:00 in the morning and 19:00-21:00 hours in the evening. Any amphibian or reptile seen and captured were identified, recorded, and released in the same habitat after being measured and photographed.

87. Identification, nomenclature, classification and conservation status were determined based on Brown and Alcala (1978, 1980), published taxonomic keys, IUCN, AmphibiaWeb, Frost et al. (2006), Frost (2007), and other available field guides. Paleontological STatistics (PaST), ver. 1.42 by Hammer, Harper and Ryan (2016) was used to compute diversity indices.

(2) Results

1) General Fauna 88. A total of 80 species of terrestrial vertebrates were documented during the wet season monitoring in 5 areas/sites along or adjacent to the proposed Malolos-Clark Railway Project; 64 birds, 10 reptiles and amphibians and 6 mammals. Two of these sites are located inside the Manila

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Bay Important Bird Area/Key Biodiversity Area, these are Lourdes, Minalin and San Matias, Sto. Tomas which are all in the province of Pampanga while the other three (Aranguren and Cutcut in Capas, and San Roque, Bamban) are in the province of Tarlac.

2) Transect Profiles 89. Most of the sampling stations are located in ricefields and planes, except in San Roque which had a rolling topography with varying elevation. Most of the sites are disturbed because of close proximity to human settlements. There are secondary agro-forest patches that can be observed, however, most of the land covered by the 2 km transect are privately owned. There is less observed variation in the habitat types. Most of the sites are brushland (Table 3.11). Transect 1 in Barangay.Aranguren has less forest patch or fruit bearing tress compared to Transect 2 in Barangay Cut-cut and Transect 3 in Barangay San Roque. Transect 4 in Barangay San Matias and Transect 5 in Brgy. Lourdes are of the same habitat types which are private fish ponds, marshes, rivers, and swamps near human habitation.

Table 3.11 Terrestrial Fauna Sampling Stations Sampling Station Start End Habitat Type Brushland, wetland (stream and pond), plains, Cultivated trees and Transect 1 - Brgy. N120.5263 N 120.5281 plants (i.e. Bamboo, Cocos nucifera), Undergrowth vegetation Aranguren E15.34738 E 15.33014 (Sedges, weeds, and grass) Brushland, Undergrowth vegetation (Sedges weeds, and grass), Transect 2 - Brgy. N120.5278 N 120.5281 Sugar cane plantation, Fragmented Bamboo forest near stream Cut-Cut E15.32036 E 15.33014 crossing the Sitio Kalangitan Transect 3 - Brgy. N120. 5314 N 120.5292 Bamboo, sugarcane plantation, Undergrowth vegetation, Cultivated San Roque E15.27138 E 15.28928 trees (i.e. Musa sp., Cocos nucifera Transect 4 - Bgry. N120.70959 N 120.7188 Marsh, privately owned fishponds San Matias E15.0035 E 14.9913 Transect 5 - Brgy. N120.72651 N 120.7218 Marsh, privately owned fishponds Lourdes E14.9601 E 14.9690

3) Species Diversity

Birds 90. Sixty five species of birds belonging to 32 families were observed and recorded during the wet season monitoring survey; 24 from Transect 1 (Aranguren), 26 from Transect 2 (Cutcut), 35 from Transect 3 (San Roque), 14 from Transect 4 (San Roque) and 28 from Transect 5 (Lourdes). The data of the results of the bird survey is presented in Table 3.12.

91. Data shows that the highest number of species is recorded in San Roque with 35, followed by Lourdes with 28, 26 in Cutcut, 24 in Aranguren and only 14 in San Matias. Compared to the dry season survey, the number of species documented during the wet season monitoring was lesser, 70 during the dry and only 65 in the wet season.

92. Species common to all sites are; Lonchura punctulata, Lanius shach, Pycnonotus goiaver and Rhipidura nigritorquis. The aforementioned species are generalists and are observed to inhabit open country and grassland, and forest edges.

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Table 3.12 Inventory of Birds Recorded at Five (5) Stations Feeding Conservation Transects Family Scientific Name Common Name Endemicity Guilds Status 1 2 3 4 5 Acanthizidae Gerygone sulphurea Golden-bellied Flyeater Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 4 8 Accipitridae Haliastur indus Brahminy kite Carnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 1 Accipiter virgatus Besra Carnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 1 Alcedinidae Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Kingfiher Carnivore Least Concern Endemic 2 5 2 Todiramphus chloris White-collared Kingfisher Carnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 1 1 Apodidae Collocalia esculenta Glossy Swiftlet Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 4 2 15 4 Collocalia troglodytes Pygmy swiftlet Insectivore Least Concern Endemic 4 4 4 Ardeidae Ardea purpurea Purple Heron Carnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 2 1 25 Egretta garzetta Little Egret Carnivore Least Concern Resident-Migrant 1 2 1 11 Ixobrychus cinnamomeus Cinnamon Bittern Carnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 1 2 3 Ixobrychus sinensis Yellow Bittern Carnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 2 8 3 Egretta intermedia Intermediate egret Carnivore Least Concern Resident-Migrant 4 Nycticorax nycticorax Black Crowned Night Heron Carnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 6 46 Ardea alba Great Egret Carnivore Least Concern Resident-Migrant 1 Bubulcus coromandus Cattle Egret Omnivore Least Concern Resident-Migrant 1 Dupetor flavicollis Black Bittern Carnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 2 Egretta sacra Eastern Reef-Egret Carnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 2 Artamidae Artamus leucorynchus White-breasted Wood-swallow Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 3 16 Campephagidae Lalage nigra Pied triller Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 2 Cisticolidae Cisticola juncidis Zitting Cisticola Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 4 7 Cisticola exilis Bright-capped Cisticola Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 3 Columbidae Spilopelia chinensis Spotted Dove Frugivore Least Concern Native/Resident 4 7 Geopelia striata Zebra Dove Omnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 5 10 2 9 Phapitreron leucotis White-eared Brown Dove Frugivore Least Concern Endemic 1 11 Chalcophaps indica Common Emerald Dove Frugivore Least Concern Native/Resident 7 Macropygia tenuirostris Brown cuckoo-dove Frugivore Least Concern Native/Resident 1 1 Corvidae Corvus macrorhynchos Large-billed Crow Omnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 2 1 Cuculidae Centropus viridis Philippine Coucal Insectivore Least Concern Endemic 1 4 9 Cacomantis sepulcralis Brush cuckoo Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 4 1 1 Cacomantis merulinus Plaintive Cuckoo Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 1 Centropus bengalensis Lesser Coucal Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 3 Dicaeidae Dicaeum australe Red-keeled flowerpecker Frugivore Least Concern Endemic 2 Dicaeum pygmaeum Pygmy flowerpecker Frugivore Least Concern Endemic 2 Estrildidae Lonchura punctulata Scaly-breasted Munia Granivore Least Concern Native/Resident 7 4 22 5 24 Lonchura atricapilla Chestnut Munia Granivore Least Concern Native/Resident 12 9 40 Hirundinidae Hirundo tahitica Pacific Swallow Insectivore Least Concern Resident-Migrant 3 4 8 Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Insectivore Least Concern Resident-Migrant 2 3 6 Laniidae Lanius cristatus Brown Shrike Carnivore Least Concern Resident-Migrant 2 3

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Feeding Conservation Transects Family Scientific Name Common Name Endemicity Guilds Status 1 2 3 4 5 Lanius schach Long-tailed Shrike Carnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 7 5 8 4 2 Laridae Sterna hirundo Common Tern Carnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 11 Locustellidae Megalurus palustris Striated Grassbird Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 2 10 15 7 Megalurus timoriensis Tawny Grassbird Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 1 9 4 Megalaimidae Psilopogon haemacephala Coppersmith Barbet Frugivore Least Concern Native/Resident 2 1 Meropidae Merops philippinus Blue-tailed Bee-eater Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 2 3 3 5 Monarchidae Hypothymis azurea Black-naped monarch Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 2 Motacillidae Anthus richardi Richard's Pipit Omnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 1 Muscicapidae Copsychus mindanensis Oriental Magpie-Robin Insectivore Least Concern Endemic 3 Saxicola caprata Pied Bushchat Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 3 2 Nectariniidae Cinnyris jugularis Olive-backed Sunbird Omnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 3 4 Oriolidae Oriolus chinensis Black-naped Oriole Omnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 3 Passeridae Passer montanus Eurasian Tree sparrow Omnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 26 15 9 44 Phasianidae Gallus gallus Jungle fowl Omnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 1 Picidae Picoides maculatus Philippine pygmy woodpecker Insectivore Least Concern Endemic 2 Podicipedidae Tachybaptus ruficollis Little Grebe Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 5 Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow-vented Bulbul Omnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 7 8 16 5 15 Hypsipetes philippinus Philippine bulbul Insectivore Least Concern Endemic 9 Rallidae Gallirallus philippensis Buff-banded rail Omnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 3 Amaurornis phoenicurus White-breasted Waterhen Omnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 1 2 Gallinula chloropus Common Moorhen Omnivore Least Concern Resident-Migrant 2 Gallirallus torquatus Barred rail Omnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 5 Porzana cinerea White-browed Crake Omnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 2 Rallina eurizonoides Slaty-legged Crake Omnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 2 Rhipiduridae Rhipidura nigritorquis Pied Fantail Carnivore Least Concern Endemic 2 3 2 9 4 Zosteropidae Zosterops meyeni Lowland White-eye Omnivore Least Concern Endemic 4 Total Number of Individuals 92 154 194 101 248 Total Number of Species 24 26 35 14 28

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93. As during the dry season, insectivores are still the highest (28%) followed closely by omnivores (26%) and carnivores (25%). Granivores compose 15% of the total species while only 5% are frugivores. It should be noted that piscivores are considered carnivores hence are not indicated in the general feeding guilds. Most migratory birds feed on fish specially those which are documented in fishponds in Transects 4 and 5 in Pampanga. The general feeding guilds of avifauna during the wet season are presented in Figure 3.9.

94. All of the species of avifauna are of Least Concern according to the IUCN and the DENR (Figure 3.10). Seventy percent of the birds are native/residents, 17% are endemic and 13% are resident-migrants. There are more endemic species in San Roque, followed by Cutcut and Aranguren. Migratory birds are highest in Lourdes while native/resident species are highest also in San Roque followed by Cutcut and Aranguren and lowest in San Matias. Both the San Matias and Lourdes sites are located in privately owned fishponds where some migratory birds have become residents.

Figure 3.9 Percentage of Observed Birds Species Belonging to Different Feeding Guilds

17%

13% Native/Resident Resident-Migrant 70% Endemic

Figure 3.10 Avifaunal Endemicity Profile

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95. Species diversity is moderate in all the monitored areas; highest in San Roque followed by Cutcut, Aranguren, Lourdes and lowest in San Matias. The higher diversity in San Roque maybe attributed to the type of vegetation, topography and its distance from human habitation (Figure 3.11).

250 200 150 100 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 No. of Species 24 26 35 14 28 Abundance 92 134 194 101 248 Species Diversity 2.886 3.067 3.232 2.248 2.843 Species Richness 5.086 5.104 6.454 2.187 4.897 Evenness 0.9082 0.9415 0.9094 0.8365 0.8533

Figure 3.11 Diversity Values Across Sampling Sites

96. Species richness is moderate in four (4) sites - San Roque, Cutcut, Arnaguren and Lourdes but very low in San Matias. Evenness is high in all the sites.

97. The comparison of the number of species during the dry and wet seasons is presented in Table 3.13. The number of species decreased in most of the sites, except for Aranguren and San Roque. The decrease was highest in the sites where migratory birds were documented in February 2018; 68% in Lourdes and 56% in San Matias. The highest number of species (41) during the dry season was recorded in the 5th site/transect which was in Lourdes, Minalin, Pampanga. The site is in a privately owned fishpond which was teeming with migratory birds during the migration period in February. In July, only 28 species were documented. There was also a slight decrease in Cutcut, from 27 species during the dry season to 26 species in the wet season. The construction of the road extends from Aranguren to the upper boundaries of Cutcut 2 near the Aeta settlement.

98. The highest increase was observed in San Roque which had a 55% increase. It should be noted that San Roque is an agro-forest area planted with fruit trees (mostly mangoes) interspersed with secondary growth forest and grassland. The rainy season may have increased the source of food and roosting areas of birds.

99. Despite the ongoing road construction in Aranguren, the number of species slightly increased from 22 to 24. The clearing of vegetation may have allowed birds to freely fly across the area so that it can be easily seen by observers. Ricefields and wallows are also present at the sides of the road being constructed from Aranguren to Cutcut and beyond, these serve as watering sites for avifauna. Table 3.13 Comparison of Number of Bird Species during Wet and Dry Seasons No. of Species Per Monitoring Period Sites Dry Wet Overall 70 65 Aranguren 22 24 Cutcut 27 26 35

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No. of Species Per Monitoring Period Sites Dry Wet San Roque 24 35 San Matias 25 14 Lourdes 41 28

100. There are 24 species which were not documented during the dry season which are observed and recorded during the wet season monitoring of avifauna. This may be because of the seasonality of habits, behavior and biology of birds. Some may be active during the wet and rainy season where food availability may also be high.

Table 3.14 Comparison of species of avifuana between the wet and dry seasons Monitoring Seasons Monitoring Seasons Species Species Dry Wet Dry Wet Accipiter virgatus X Hirundo tahitica X X Alcedo atthis X Hydrophasianus chirurgus X Amaurornis cinerea X Hypotaenidia philippensis X Amaurornis phoenicurus X X Hypotaenidia torquatus X Anthus richardi X X Hypothymis azurea X Ardea alba X X Hypsipetes philippinus X Ardea cinerea X Ixobrychus cinnamomeus X X Ardea intermedia X Ixobrychus flavicollis X Ardea purpurea X X Ixobrychus sinensis X X Artamus leucorynchus X X Lalage nigra X Bubulcus coromandus X Lanius cristatus X X Butoroides striata X Lanius schach X X Cacomantis merulinus X Lonchura atricapilla X X Cacomantis sepulchralis X X Lonchura punctulata X X Calidris subminuta X Macropygia tenuirostris X Centropus bengalensis X Megalurus palustris X X Centropus viridis X X Megalurus timoriensis X X Chalcophaps indica X Merops philippinus X X Charadrius dubius X Merops viridis X Chlidonias hybrida X Monticola solitarius X Cinnyris jugularis X X Nycticorax caledonicus X Cisticola exilis X Nycticorax nycticorax X X Cisticola juncidis X X Oriolus chinensis X X Collocalia esculenta X X Passer montanus X X Collocalia troglodytes X Phaenicophaeus cumingi X Copsychus mindanensis X Phapitreron leucotis X Copsychus saularis X Picoides maculatus X X Corvus enca X Porphyrio porphyrio X Corvus macrorhynchos X Porzana cinerea X Dendrocygna arcuata X Psilopogon haemacephala X Dicaeum australe X X Psilopogon haemacephalus X Dicaeum pygmaeum X X Pycnonotus goiavier X X Dupetor flavicollis X Rallina eurizonoides X Egreta garzetta X X Rhipidura nigritorquis X X Egretta intermedia X Saxicola caprata X X Egretta sacra X Spilopelia chinensis X X Gallinula chloropus X X Sterna hirundo X X Gallirallus philippensis X Sternula albifrons X Gallirallus striatus X Streptopelia bitorquata X Gallirallus torquatus X Streptopelia tranquebarica X Gallus gallus X X Tachybaptus ruficollis X X Geopelia striata X X Todiramphus chloris X X Gerygone sulphurea X X Tringa nebularia X 36

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Monitoring Seasons Monitoring Seasons Species Species Dry Wet Dry Wet Halcyon smyrnensis X X Turnix suscitator X Haliastur indus X X Tyto capensis X Himantopus himantopus X Zosterops everetti X Hirundo rustica X X Zosterops meyeni X Dry Season 70 Total Number of Species Wet Season 65

Mammals 101. Six (6) species of mammals belonging to four (4) families were documented during the wet season monitoring of terrestrial vertebrates; three (3) volant and three (3) non-volant mammals. Four (4) of the species were recorded in Aranguren, three (3) in Cutcut, two (2) in San Roque and one (1) each in San Matias and Lourdes. The most common and abundant species is Cynopterus brachyotis, the Short-nosed Fruit Bat. The presence of fruit bats indicate that fruit trees are proliferating specially aratiles, mangoes, guavas, and balete which are found near or within the vicinity of the monitoring sites.

Table 3.15 Inventory of Mammal Species Recorded at Five (5) Transects

Scientific Common Conservation Feeding Transect Family Endemicity Total Name Name Status Guild 1 2 3 4 5 Volant Cynopterus Short-nosed Native/ Least Concern Frugivore 23 16 45 10 21 115 brachyotis Fruit Bat Resident Pteropodidae Long- Macroglossus Native/ tongued Least Concern Frugivore 1 - 1 - - 2 minimus Resident Nectar Bat Lesser Vesperto- Scotophilus Native/ Asiatic Least Concern Insectivore - 1 - - - 1 lionidae kuhlii Resident yellow bat Non-Volant Rattus Polynesian Least Concern Introduced Omnivore 2 - - - - 2 exulans Rat Muridae Rattus Oriental Least Concern Introduced Omnivore - 3 - - - 3 tanezumi house rat Asian Suncus Native/ Soricidae House Least Concern Carnivore 1 - - - - 1 murinus Resident Shrew Total Number of Individuals 27 20 46 10 21 124 Total Number of Species 4 3 2 1 1 6 Total Number of Families 3 3 1 1 1 4

102. The percentage of omnivores and frugivores are equal at 33%. The rest of the species are carnivorous (17%) and insectivorous (17%) (Figure 4). The higher percentage of frugivores indicates that fruits are plentiful in the monitoring areas. The rodent pests (Rattus tanezumi and Rattus exulans) are common in areas near human habitations. During the dry season monitoring, frugivores (specifically, fruit bats) also dominate with respect to the feeding guild.

103. There are no endemic species of mammals present in all the sites monitored. Sixty percent of the mammals are native/residents while 33% are introduced. There are more native/resident species with the highest number in San Roque, and the least in Lourdes. Less than 5 species are introduced in Cutcut and Aranguren. All of the species are of Least Concern, according to IUCN.

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17% 33% Omnivore 17% Frugivore Carnivore

33% Insectivore

Figure 3.12 Percentage of Observed Mammal Species Belonging to Different Feeding Guilds

33%

Introduced 67% Native/Resident

Figure 3.13 Mammal Species Endemicity Profile 104. Species diversity is very low in three sites, Aranguren, Cutcut and San Roque while it is nil in both San Matias and Lourdes as shown in Figure 3.14. This could be because both sites are mostly water because of the fishponds and in the case of San Matias, flooded.

50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Arangure Cutcut San San Lourdes n Roque Matias No. of Species 3 3 2 1 1 Abundance 27 20 46 10 21 Species Diversity 0.4311 0.6129 0.1047 0 0 Species Richness 0.6139 0.6676 0.2612 0 0 Evenness 0.3924 0.5579 0.1511 0 0

Figure 3.14 Mammalian Diversity Values Across Sampling Sites

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Table 3.16 Comparison of Number of Mammalian Species during 2018 Wet and Dry Seasons Monitoring No. of Species Per Monitoring Period Sites Dry Wet Overall 3 6 1 - Aranguren 2 4 2 - Cutcut 2 3 3 - San Roque 2 2 4 - San Matias 0 1 5 - Lourdes 1 1

105. The comparison of the number of species during the dry and wet seasons is presented in Table 3.16 A total of 6 species were recorded during the wet season and only 3 in the dry season. This may suggest that there is plenty of food source for both volant and non-volant mammals during the wet than in the dry season.

Table 3.17 Comparison of mammal species between the wet and dry seasons Monitoring Season Species Dry Wet Cynopterus brachyotis X X Macroglossus minimus X X Rattus tanezumi X X Rattus exulans - X Scotophilus kuhlii - X Suncus murinus - X

Herpetofauna 106. Ten species of herpetofauna, 8 amphibians and 2 reptiles belonging to 7 families were documented from the 5 monitoring sites. The highest number of species was recorded from San Roque (7) followed by Aranguren and Cutcut (3 each), Lourdes (2) and the lowest was in San Matias with only one (1) species present.

107. It should be noted that very few species of amphibians were recorded from Lourdes and San Matias considering that the monitoring sites were situated in wetlands (fishponds) inside the Manila Bay Important Biodiversity Area/Key Biodiversity Area (IBA/KBA).

108. The most common species is Rhinella marina or Cane Toad, it is an introduced and invasive species and is found everywhere in all habitats. Another introduced species which is found in three sites is Kaloula pulchra, Asiatic Painted Frog.

109. Two species of endemic litter frogs, Platymantis dorsalis and Platymatis diminuta are recorded in San Roque. These frogs usually inhabit litter in disturbed and undisturbed forest floors.

Table 3.18 List of Herpefauna Recorded in Five (5) Transects

Scientific Conservation Endemi- Feeding Transect Family Common Name Total Name Status city Guild 1 2 3 4 5 Rhinella Least Bufonidae Cane toad Introduced Carnivore 26 20 10 4 2 62 marina Concern Kaloula Asiatic painted Least Microhylidae Introduced Insectivore 1 7 50 - - 58 pulchra frog Concern Common pond Fejervarya Least Native/ Dicroglossidae frog; Carnivore 2 5 - - - 7 vittigera Concern Resident Luzon wart frog 39

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Scientific Conservation Endemi- Feeding Transect Family Common Name Total Name Status city Guild 1 2 3 4 5 Limnonectes Woodworth's Least Endemic Insectivore - - 6 - - 6 woodworthi fanged frog Concern Occidozyga Least Native/ Puddle frog Insectivore - - 5 - - 5 laevis Concern Resident Ceratobatrachi Platymantis Dumeril's Least Endemic Insectivore - - 19 - - 19 dae dorsalis forest litter frog Concern Ceratobatrachi Platymantis Diminutive Least Endemic Insectivore - - 3 - - 3 dae mimulus forest litter frog Concern Hylarana Least Ranidae Green pond frog Introduced Insectivore - - - - 1 1 erythraea Concern Data Native/ Gekko gecko Tokay gecko Insectivore - 2 2 - - 4 Deficient Resident Gekkonidae Hemidactylus Least Native/ House gecko Insectivore - 3 - - - 3 frenatus Concern Resident Total Number of Individuals 29 37 95 4 3 168 Total Number of Species 3 5 7 1 2 10 Total Number of Families 3 4 6 1 2 7

110. Forty percent (40%) of the species are native/residents while the percentages of endemic and introduced species are the same at 30% each.

Figure 3.15 Percentage of Observed Herpetofauna Species Belonging to Different Feeding Guilds

30% 40% Endemic Introduced 30% Native/Resident

Figure 3.16 Herpetofauna Species Endemicity Profile 40

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111. Species diversity and richness in all the sites are very low with zero in San Matias. Evenness is high in Lourdes, Cutcut and San Roque while moderate in Aranguren and zero in San Matias.

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Arangur Cutcut San San Lourdes en Roque Matias No. of Species 3 5 7 1 2 Abundance 29 37 95 4 3 Species Diversity 0.6532 1.453 1.564 0 0.3662 Species Richness 0.5939 1.108 1.318 0 0.9102 Evenness 0.5946 0.9031 0.8051 0 0.9183

Figure 3.17 Herpetofaunal Diversity Values Across Sampling Sites

Table 3.19 Comparison of Number of Herpetofaunal Species during 2018 Wet and Dry Seasons Monitoring No. of Species Per Monitoring Period Sites Dry Wet Overall 15 10 1 - Aranguren 7 3 2 - Cutcut 6 5 3 - San Roque 8 7 4 - San Matias 2 1 5 - Lourdes 6 2

112. There were more species of herps during the dry season (15) than the wet season. Seven of the species documented during the wet season were not recorded during the dry season. There were more snakes listed during the dry season while there were more amphibians in the wet season.

Table 3.20 Comparison of Number of Herpetofaunal Species during 2018 Wet and Dry Seasons Monitoring Monitoring Season Species Wet Dry Bronchocela marmorata - X Dendrelaphis cf. philippinensis - X Eutropis multicarinata borealis - X Eutropis multifasciata - X Fejervarya cancrivora - X Fejervarya vittigera X - Gekko gecko X X Gonyosoma oxycephalum - X Hemidactylus frenatus X X Hoplobatracus rugulosus - X 41

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

Monitoring Season Species Wet Dry Hylarana erythraea X X Kaloula pulchra X - Limnonectes woodworthi X - Lycodon cf. capucinus - X Malayopython reticulatus - X Naja naja - X Occidozyga laevis X - Platymantis dorsalis X - Platymantis mimulus X - Rhinella marina X -

3.2 WATER QUALITY

Groundwater Quality

(1) Field Survey

113. Groundwater samples were collected on June 30 – July 21, 2018 to assess the physico- chemical properties of the groundwater within the vicinity of the project site. Nine (9) groundwater sampling stations were established for the proposed MCRP: two (2) in Bulacan, four (4) in Pampanga and three (3) in Tarlac. The groundwater samples were collected at seven (7) tube wells, one (1) dug well in Calumpit, Bulacan and one (1) spring in Bamban, Tarlac, as shown in Table 3.21 and Figure 3.18.

114. It was in the presumption that groundwater occurs in a great span at varying quality along the proposed 69-km alignment; hence, the results of groundwater sampling from the different sources are taken as examples of the groundwater quality along that alignment. More sampling sites may be established depending on the need for the proposed physical development. Locating the sources of groundwater at shallow depths was one constraint because the use of the shallow tube wells is no longer popular in highly developed areas in Bulacan and Pampanga, being served by local water utilities. The use of shallow groundwater is still popular in rural and agricultural areas of Tarlac, where the proposed alignment is located.

115. The water samples were collected after sufficient purging of wells. The samples for the analysis of microbes were collected into sterilized small glass bottles and wrapped with aluminum foil. The samples for the analyses of organics were collected into amber glass bottle. The samples for the analysis of other parameters were collected into Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles. The collected groundwater samples were labeled, stored in ice-chest and submitted to Mach Union Laboratory, Inc., a DENR recognized laboratory in Las Piñas City, Metro Manila to measure the levels of 21 water quality indicators as follows:

 Primary Parameters: Color, Chloride (Cl), Nitrate as Nitrogen (NO3-N), Fecal Coliform  Secondary Parameters: Inorganics: Sulfate (SO4), Metals: Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium Hexavalent (Cr+6), Lead (Pb), Total Mercury (Hg), Organics: Cyanide (CN)  Others: Total Coliform, Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Bicarbonate (HCO3).

116. Temperature, pH, Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were measured on-site using a calibrated Thermo Scientific Orion Star A329 Water Quality Meter. Out of the 21 parameters measured, sixteen (16) are covered by PNSDW and DAO 2016-08. These are color, temperature, pH, Fecal Coliform, Total Coliforms, TDS, Na, Cl, SO4, and NO3-N, As, Cd, Cr +6, Pb, Hg, and CN. 42

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Table 3.21 Groundwater Quality Sampling Stations Water Well Age Geodetic Source Description Depth or Year Water Usage Coordinates Code Installed Dug Well (with motor) in Sitio Borneo, For watering of 14° 53' 14.57" N, GW-1 Barangay Pio Cruzcosa, Calumpit, Bulacan 7 m 1960s commercial 120° 47' 02.21" E About 54m from the alignment gardening Hand Pump Tube Well in Sitio Uno, Barangay Not regularly in use 14° 54' 53.66" N, 2 pipes GW-2 Balungao, Calumpit, Bulacan 1988 For watering of 120° 45' 54.78" E (12.2 m) About 67m from the alignment residential garden Hand Pump Tube Well in Sitio Riles, San Vicente, Apalit, Pampanga (agricultural land; 14° 56' 27.77" N, 11 ½ For cooking rice and GW-3 2017 indoor) 120° 45' 07.47" E pipes bathing About 25m from the alignment Hand Pump Tube Well in Barangay Balite, For cooking rice, 15° 06' 43.82" N, 1 ½ pipes GW-4 San Fernando City Pampanga (private use) 2008 previously source of 120° 37' 27.91" E (9.1 m) About 9m from the alignment drinking water Hand Pump Tube Well in Magkalinis About 5 Riverside, Barangay Malabañas, Angeles, 15° 09' 09.03" N, Before For community GW-5 pipes Pampanga 120° 35' 21.49" E 1971 drinking water supply (30.5 m) About 117m from the alignment Hand Pump Tube Well in Barangay San 15° 13' 18.39" N, 3 pipes Before For washing and GW-6 Francisco, Mabalacat City, Pampanga 120° 34' 17.52" E (18.2 m) 1970 bathing About 73m from the alignment Hand Pump Tube Well in Barangay Lourdes 15° 15' 32.32" N, 2 ½ pipes For washing and GW-7 Bamban, Tarlac 2005 120° 33' 05.68" E (15.2 m) bathing About 37m from the alignment Spring (in open concrete box) in Barangay Sto Niño, Bamban Tarlac, about 50 downstream 15° 16' 05.03" N, GW-8 - - For drinking of provincial road fronting CAMP MOA Resort 120° 32' 05.39" E About 4m from the alignment Hand Pump Tube Well in Barangay Cristo 15° 20' 42.58" N, For washing and GW-9 Rey, Capas, Tarlac (agricultural land) No data No data 120° 31' 37.21" E bathing About 76m from the alignment

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Figure 3.18 Groundwater Quality Sampling Stations

(2) Applied Standard

117. The DOH Administrative Order (DAO) No. 2017-0010 otherwise known as Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW) of 2017 was adopted, as well as the DAO 2016- 08, which adopts the water quality guidelines for surface water, with modification, based on intended beneficial use, as follows:  Class A for source of potable water and other domestic use;  Class B for bathing and other primary contact recreation; and  Class C for irrigation, fish culture and livestock watering. 118. The international standards used in comparison with Philippine standards are the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality (2011). For further detail criteria to be referred to Chapter 2 (2.6.4 Groundwater) of the main EIS Report.

(3) Results and Analysis

119. The depth of the wells ranges from 7m to 31m. The structures were built as early as 1960 to recent 2017. The usage varies from community drinking water supply and use for cooking, bathing, and watering in residential and commercial garden. All yielded clear water but some has an objectionable odor. Usage varies from community drinking water supply (GW-5 Angeles and GW-8 Bamban), cooking, bathing, livestock watering, and commercial gardening (GW1).

120. Table 3.22 below summarizes the trend for groundwater parameters during dry and wet seasons. Notable results of the assessment of seasonal groundwater quality data were listed below:

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 On the average for each of the nine sampling sites, there were seven parameters with higher values during the dry season, seven with similar values, and nine with lower values during the dry season.  For the 22 parameters, 59 cases of higher values were noted in dry season (notably pH, calcium and nitrates), 59 cases with similar values in both seasons and 77 cases of lower values in dry season.  Parameter with more apparent cases of lower values during the dry season (higher in wet season) were electrical conductivity, dissolved solids, sodium, potassium and sulfate, fecal coliform (5 sites), and total coliform (5 sites).  It is interesting to note that there were only two sites (GW-6 and GW-8), out of nine, with lower conductivity during the wet season when more dilution water is available. In theory, conductivity is lowered with high dilution water.  There is similarity in the pattern of levels among the sites between the two seasons sites for the conductivity, total dissolved solids, magnesium, potassium, bicarbonates, sodium , and sulfate.  Similar values were noted for color, odor, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead and total mercury, normally undetected for the trace elements.  Parameters which do not show cases of dominance (5 sites or less) were temperature, magnesium, bicarbonate, chloride, fecal coliform and total coliform.

Table 3.22 Table of Trends for Groundwater Parameters Groundwater Stations Trend Parameter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Decreased Retained Increased Physical Characteristics pH + - - + - - - + - 6 0 3 Color 0 0 + + 0 0 0 0 - 1 6 2 Temperature - - - + + + + - - 5 0 4 Elec. Conductivity + + + + + - + - + 2 0 7 TDS + + + + + - 0 - + 2 1 6 Odor 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 - 2 7 0 Cations and Anions Sodium - 0 + + + + + + + 1 1 7 Potassium + - - + + + - + + 3 0 6 Calcium ------9 0 0 Magnesium - + - + + - - - 0 5 1 3 Bicarbonate + + + + 0 - 0 - - 3 2 4 Chloride + 0 + - - - + - - 5 1 3 Sulfate + + + + + - + + - 2 0 7 Nitrate-N - - + + - - - + - 6 0 3 Toxic and Other Deleterious Substances Arsenic 0 0 0 - - + + 0 0 2 5 2 Cadmium 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 1 Chromium +6 - - 0 0 + 0 0 + 0 2 5 2 Cyanide + + + - - - - - + 5 0 4 Lead 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 1 Total Mercury 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 + 0 7 2 Biological Parameters Fecal Coliforms 0 - + + + + 0 + 0 1 3 5 Total Coliforms 0 0 + + + + 0 + 0 0 4 5

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1) Results by Sampling Stations

GW-1 Dug Well in Calumpit, Bulacan 121. Levels of measured parameters at Station GW-1 conformed with the PNSDW, DENR Guideline Values for Class A Water and WHO Guideline Values for drinking water, except for levels of TDS and Chloride, which were non-conformant with the PNSDW of 600 mg/L for TDS and the PNDW and DENR Guideline Values of 250 mg/L for Chloride. Exceedance in TDS and Chloride was attributed to saltwater intrusion or with high available soluble ions in the soil and rock in the areas.

122. Temperature level (20.1°C) during sampling was below the lower acceptable limit of 26°C for DENR Class A Water.

123. The levels of fecal and total coliforms showed non-conformance with WHO Guideline Values, DENR Class A water guideline value of <1.1 MPN/100mL for fecal coliforms and PNSDW standard value of <1.1 MPN/100mL for total coliforms. This indicates that the water is not safe for drinking unless appropriate water treatment is administered.

124. Compared to dry season monitoring, there was a slight increase in pH, lowering of temperature, and higher electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids, due to increase in ion concentrations. It retained its acceptable color and lack of objectionable odor. There was an increase in ion concentrations, maybe due to increased rate of seepage from ground surface through layers of soil. There was an increase in cyanide, although it remained at acceptable levels.

GW-2 Hand Pump Tube Well in Calumpit, Bulacan 125. Levels of measured parameters at Station GW-2 are below the PNSDW, DENR Guideline Values for Class A Water and WHO Guideline Values for drinking water, except for level of TDS, which was non-conformant with the PNSDW standard of 600 mg/L. Exceedance in TDS was attributed to saltwater intrusion or with high available soluble ions in the soil and rock in the areas.

126. During sampling, the water temperature (20.4°C) was not within the PNSDW and DENR guideline values of 26ºC - 30ºC for Class A Water and objectionable odor was also observed.

127. The levels of fecal and total coliforms showed non-conformance with WHO Guideline Values, DENR Class A water guideline value of <1.1 MPN/100mL for fecal coliforms and PNSDW standard value of <1.1 MPN/100mL for total coliforms. This indicates that the water is not safe for drinking unless appropriate water treatment is administered.

128. Compared to dry season monitoring, there was a slight lowering of pH and temperature, while it retained its color and objectionable odor. Ther was an increase in electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids, although there was decrease in potassium, calcium and nitrate ion concentrations. There was a slight increase in cyanide, although it remained at an acceptable levels. There was reduction in fecal coliforms, but it still remained nonconformant to standard.

GW-3 Tube Well in Apalit, Pampanga 129. Levels of measured parameters at Station GW-3 conformed with the PNSDW, DENR Guideline Values for Class A Water and WHO Guideline Values for drinking water, except for levels of TDS and Chloride, which were non-conformant with the PNSDW of 600 mg/L for TDS and the PNDW and DENR Guideline Values of 250 mg/L for Chloride. Exceedance in TDS and Chloride was attributed to saltwater intrusion or with high available soluble ions in the soil and rock in the areas.

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130. Temperature level (20.1°C) during sampling was below the lower acceptable limit of 26°C for DENR Class A Water. The color was non-conformant to the PNSDW guideline value of 10 TCU, and objectionable odor was also observed.

131. Cyanide levels slightly exceeded the PNSDW maximum guideline value of 0.05 mg/L, while the levels of fecal and total coliforms showed non-conformance with WHO Guideline Values, DENR Class A water guideline value of <1.1 MPN/100mL for fecal coliforms and PNSDW standard value of <1.1 MPN/100mL for total coliforms. This indicates that the water is not safe for drinking unless appropriate water treatment is administered.

132. Compared to dry season monitoring results, there was a decrease in pH and temperature, while there is an increase in electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids, and still retains its objectionable odor. There was an increase in sodium, bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate and nitrate ions, while there was a decrease in potassium, calcium and magnesium.

133. Arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury remains nondetectable, while chromium increased, but remained in acceptable levels. Cyanide concentrations increased to unacceptable levels. This may be due to contamination, although the specific source is unclear.

GW-4 Tube Well in San Fernando, Pampanga 134. Levels of measured parameters at Station GW-4 are below the PNSDW, DENR Guideline Values for Class A Water and WHO Guideline Values for drinking water, except for mercury, cadmium, lead and total and fecal coliforms.

135. Compared to dry season, the physical parameters increased, with color reaching maximum acceptable limits while the the objectionable odor disappeared. Except for calcium and chloride, ion concentrations increased. Mercury, lead and cadmium concentrations exceeded the PNSDW and DENR Guideline values, indicating possible contamination from nearby industrial sources, being a shallow well (only 9.1 meters deep).

GW-5 Tube Well in Angeles, Pampanga 136. Levels of measured parameters at Station GW-5 conformed with the PNSDW, DENR Guideline Values for Class A Water and WHO Guideline Values for drinking water, except for levels of pH and Sulfate, which were non-conformant with the PNSDW and DENR range of 6.5- 8.5 for pH and the PNSDW and DENR Guideline Values of 250 mg/L for Sulfate.

137. Chromium hexavalent levels slightly exceeded the DENR maximum standard of 0.01 mg/L. This indicates that the water is not safe for drinking unless appropriate water treatment is administered.

138. Compared to dry season, pH value decreased, while color and odor remained at acceptable conditions. Temperature, electrical conductivity and TDS increased. Sodium, potassium, magnesium and sulfate ion concentrations increased, while calcium, chloride and nitrate (as N) decreased. Bicarbonate ion concentration did not change. Toxic substances either decreased or remained below detectable limits except for chromium hexavalent. Fecal and total coliforms increased into nonconformant levels. This may be due to seepage from nearby septic tanks, or surface contamination near the mouth of the well.

GW-6 Tube Well in Mabalacat, Pampanga 139. Levels of measured parameters at Station GW-6 are below the PNSDW, DENR Guideline Values for Class A Water and WHO Guideline Values for drinking water, except for pH, which were non-conformant with the PNSDW and DENR range of 6.5-8.5.

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140. Levels of fecal and total coliforms showed non-conformance with WHO Guideline Values, DENR Class A water guideline value of <1.1 MPN/100mL for fecal coliforms and PNSDW standard value of <1.1 MPN/100mL for total coliforms. This indicates that the water is not safe for drinking unless appropriate water treatment is administered.

141. Compared to dry season, there is a slight increase in temperature, while the rest of the physical parameters decreased. Color and odor stayed at acceptable conditions. Aside from sodium and potassium, the rest of the ions decreased in concentrations. There is also an increase in arsenic, while the rest of the toxic substances either remained below detectable limits or decreased in concentrations. Fecal and total coliforms increased to nonconformant levels. As in other stations, this may be due to seepage from nearby septic tanks, or surface contamination near the mouth of the well. Copious amounts of water for proliferation and transport of these microorganisms is available during wet season.

GW-7 Tube Well in Bamban, Tarlac 142. Levels of measured parameters at Station GW-7 are below the PNSDW, DENR Guideline Values for Class A Water and WHO Guideline Values for drinking water, except for pH, which were non-conformant with the PNSDW and DENR range of 6.5-8.5.

143. Levels of fecal and total coliforms showed non-conformance with WHO Guideline Values, DENR Class A water guideline value of <1.1 MPN/100mL for fecal coliforms and PNSDW standard value of <1.1 MPN/100mL for total coliforms. This indicates that the water is not safe for drinking unless appropriate water treatment is administered.

144. Compared to dry season, pH slightly decreased, while color and odor remained at acceptable conditions. Temperature and conductivity increased, while TDS remained constant. Except for sodium, chloride and sulfate, all ions either decreased or remained constant. Arsenic increased, but remained in acceptable levels. Fecal and total coliforms remained nonconformant.

GW-8 Spring in Bamban, Tarlac 145. Levels of measured parameters at Station GW-8 are below the PNSDW, DENR Guideline Values for Class A Water and WHO Guideline Values for drinking water, except for pH, which were non-conformant with the PNSDW and DENR range of 6.5-8.5.

146. Temperature level (18.3°C) during sampling was below the lower acceptable limit of 26°C for DENR Class A Water.

147. Chromium hexavalent levels slightly exceeded the DENR maximum standard of 0.01 mg/L. This indicates that the water is not safe for drinking unless appropriate water treatment is administered. Levels of fecal and total coliforms showed non-conformance with WHO Guideline Values, DENR Class A water guideline value of <1.1 MPN/100mL for fecal coliforms and PNSDW standard value of <1.1 MPN/100mL for total coliforms.

148. Compared to dry season, pH increased to acceptable levels, maybe due to dilution, while temperature dropped to unacceptable levels. Conductivity and total dissolved solids decreased, while odor and color remained conformant. There was an increase in sodium, potassium, sulfate and nitrate (as N) ions, and chromium hexavalent increased to nonconformant levels. Fecal and total coliforms also increased to unacceptable levels, which may be due to the spring being exposed to surface contamination.

GW-9 Tube Well in Capas, Tarlac 149. Levels of measured parameters at Station GW-9 are below the PNSDW, DENR Guideline Values for Class A Water and WHO Guideline Values for drinking water, except for temperature.

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150. Except for conductivity and TDS, the physical parameters all decreased compared to dry season. For ions, only sodium and potassium increased in concentrations, although remaining at acceptable levels. Cyanide and total mercury also increased, but still conformant. Fecal and total coliforms remained below detectable limits in this station.

151. Table 3.23 shows the results for groundwater quality monitoring for dry and wet seasons.

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Table 3.23 Results of Analysis of Groundwater samples (Dry and Wet Seasons)

DENR GW-1 GW-2 GW-3 GW-4 GW-5 PNSDW WHO WQG Parameters Calumpit Dug Well Calumpit Apalit San Fernando Angeles 2017 2017 Class A Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Watering Watering Watering Watering cooking / cooking / cooking / cooking / Use drinking drinking of plants of plants of plants of plants bathing bathing bathing bathing Date of sampling 2/21/18 7/21/2018 2/21/18 7/21/2018 2/21/18 7/21/2018 2/21/18 7/13/2018 2/21/18 7/17/2018 Time of sampling (H) 1730 1126H 1650 1033H 1600 0945H 0820 1640H 0905 1719H Physical Characteristic pH 6.81 6.86 7.62 7.04 7.93 7.16 6.62 6.70 6.46 6.34 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 - Color, TCU 5 5 5 5 <5 17 <5 10 <5 <5 10 50 - Water temperature, °C 29 20.1 30.8 20.4 30.7 19.8 27.9 28.5 28.2 29.1 - 26-30 - Electrical Conductivity, uS/cm 1,415 2,012 1,322 1,669 1,571 2,748 326 556 493 796 - - - Total Dissolved Solids, mg/L 694 988 651 818 770 1,347 160 273 242 390 600 - - With objectionable odor No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No - Cations and Anions Sodium, mg/L 160 110 110 110 120 150 15 65 21 63 200 - - Potassium, mg/L 3.1 4.9 23 11 10 6.6 6.4 14 7.2 10 - - - Calcium, mg/L 50 22 130 75 96 4.6 15 - 30 7.9 - - - Magnesium, mg/L 28 25 20 23 43 37 6.4 9.5 13 31 - - - Bicarbonate, mg/L 301 394 405 442 267 506 86 147 113 113 - - - Chloride, mg/L 257 300 170 170 321 370 31 19 61 48 250 250 - Sulfate, mg/L 19 32 56 60 43 128 69 88 87 392 250 250 - Nitrate-N, mg/L 0.3 0.12 0.35 0.14 0.13 0.28 0.18 1.2 0.55 0.18 50 - 50 Toxic and Other Deleterious Substances Arsenic, mg/L <0.0009 <0.0009 <0.0009 <0.0009 <0.0009 <0.0009 0.0016 <0.0009 0.0022 <0.0009 0.01 0.1 0.01 Cadmium, mg/L <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 0.0051 <0.002 <0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 Chromium Hexavalent, mg/L 0.0024 <0.002 0.0043 <0.002 <0.0021 0.0042 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 0.0102 0.05 0.01 0.05 Cyanide, mg/L 0.0112 0.031 0.0164 0.028 0.0191 0.0509 0.0458 0.004 0.0333 <0.001 0.05 0.07 - Lead, mg/L <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 0.068 <0.006 <0.006 0.01 0.01 0.01 Total Mercury, mg/L <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.0017 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.001 0.001 0.006 Microbes Fecal Coliforms, MPN/100mL >8 >8 >8 2.6 <1.1 >8 <1.1 8 <1.1 8 - <1.1 ND Total Coliforms, MPN/100mL >8 >8 >8 >8 <1.1 >8 <1.1 >8 <1.1 >8 <1.1 - ND

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DENR GW-6 GW-7 GW-8 GW-9 PNSDW WQG WHO 2017 Parameters Mabalacat Bamban Bamban Spring Capas 2017 Class A Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet washing / washing / washing / washing / washing / washing / Use drinking drinking bathing bathing bathing bathing bathing bathing Date of sampling 2/21/18 7/13/2018 2/21/18 7/13/2018 2/21/18 7/17/2018 2/21/18 6/30/2018 Time of sampling (H) 0930 1300H 1000 1340H 1100 0915H 1235 0845H Physical Characteristic pH 6.38 6.30 6.52 6.36 6.35 7.29 6.94 6.68 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 - Color, TCU <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 10 <5 10 50 - Water temperature, °C 28.3 29.2 28.6 29.0 27.6 18.3 29.1 21.1 - 26-30 - Electrical Conductivity, uS/cm 690 485 456 457 530 281 307 388 - - - Total Dissolved Solids, mg/L 338 238 224 224 260 138 151 162 600 - - With objectionable odor No No No No No No Yes No No - Cations and Anions Sodium, mg/L 29 50 11 15 9.1 16 3.4 25 200 - - Potassium, mg/L 15 25 3.4 2.1 1.9 3.1 0.29 1.0 - - - Calcium, mg/L 34 - 26 - 10 0.59 12 5.9 - - - Magnesium, mg/L 10 3.9 11 6.2 5.6 4.1 8.4 8.4 - - - Bicarbonate, mg/L 113 112 141 141 113 106 283 179 - - - Chloride, mg/L 40 23 11 15 3.6 3.4 4.1 3.4 250 250 - Sulfate, mg/L 69 65 82 82 13 33 8 5.7 250 250 - Nitrate-N, mg/L 6 2.4 0.21 0.13 0.21 6.4 0.19 0.11 50 - 50 Toxic and Other Deleterious Substances Arsenic, mg/L 0.0012 0.0027 <0.0009 0.0019 <0.0009 <0.0009 <0.0009 <0.0009 0.01 0.1 0.01 Cadmium, mg/L <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 Chromium Hexavalent, mg/L <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 0.0146 <0.002 <0.03 0.05 0.01 0.05 Cyanide, mg/L 0.0386 0.007 0.007 0.003 0.0055 <0.001 0.0045 0.035 0.05 0.07 - Lead, mg/L <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 0.01 0.01 0.01 Total Mercury, mg/L <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.00024 0.001 0.001 0.006 Microbes Fecal Coliforms, MPN/100mL <1.1 2.6 >8 >8 1.1 >8 <1.1 <1.1 - <1.1 ND Total Coliforms, MPN/100mL <1.1 4.6 >8 >8 1.1 >8 <1.1 <1.1 <1.1 - ND Note: Highlighted results does not conform with standard

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2) Results by Parameter 152. Below is the discussion of the results per parameter of the groundwater quality sampling along the proposed MCRP, compared with the relevant national and international guidelines.

Colour 153. The colour of groundwater samples from each of the sampling stations is within the DENR Guidelines for Class A Water of not more than 50 TCU, while colour of samples from all stations except GW-3 (Apalit) passed the PNSDW 2017 standard value of 10 TCU (Figure 3.19).

Figure 3.19 Results of Colour Measurement of Groundwater Samples

Temperature 154. The temperature of the groundwater samples ranged from 18.3ºC at GW-8 (Bamban Spring) to 29.2ºC at GW-6 (Mabalacat), with five (5) cases of non-conformance with the 26-30 ºC of DENR Guidelines for Class A Water (Figure 3.20). Temperature readings in stations GW-1 (Calumpit Dug Well), GW-2 (Calumpit), GW-3 (Apalit), GW-8 (Bamban Spring) and GW-9 (Capas) are below the 26 ºC minimum value of the DENR Guidelines for Class A Water.

Figure 3.20 Results of Temperature Measurement of Groundwater Samples

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT pH Level 155. The pH of the groundwater samples ranged from 6.30 at GW-6 (Mabalacat) to 7.29 at GW-8 (Bamban Spring), with three (3) cases of non-conformance with the 6.5-8.5 range of both PNSDW and DENR Class A Guidelines (Figure 3.21). The pH readings in Stations GW-5 (Angeles), GW-6 (Mabalacat), and GW-7 (Bamban) were below the 6.5 minimum pH value of PNSDW and DENR Guidelines for Class A Water.

Figure 3.21 Results of pH Measurement of Groundwater Samples

Conductivity 156. The conductivity of the groundwater samples ranged from 280.8 µS/cm at GW-8 (Bamban Spring) to 2,748 µS/cm at GW-3 (Apalit) (Figure 3.22). All the samples indicated fresh groundwater.

Figure 3.22 Results of Electrical Conductivity Measurement of Groundwater Samples

Total Dissolved Solids 157. The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) of the groundwater samples ranged from 138.1 mg/L (GW-8, Bamban Spring) to 1,347 mg/L (GW-3, Apalit), with three (3) cases of non-conformance with the 600 mg/L maximum limit of PNSDW at Stations GW-1 (Calumpit Dug Well), GW-2 (Calumpit), and GW-3 (Apalit) (Figure 3.23).

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Figure 3.23 Results of Total Dissolved Solids Measurement of Groundwater Samples

Calcium 158. The calcium concentration for groundwater samples ranged from 0.59 mg/L (GW-8, Bamban Spring) to 75 mg/L (GW-2, Calumpit) (Figure 3.24).

Figure 3.24 Results of the Calcium Measurement of Groundwater Samples

Magnesium 159. The magnesium concentration for groundwater samples ranged from 4.1 mg/L (GW-8, Bamban Spring) to 37 mg/L (GW-3, Apalit) (Figure 3.25).

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Figure 3.25 Results of the Magnesium Measurement of Groundwater Samples

Potassium 160. The potassium concentration for groundwater samples ranged from 1 mg/L (GW-9, Capas) to 11 mg/L (GW-2, Calumpit) (Figure 3.26).

Figure 3.26 Results of the Potassium Measurement of Groundwater Samples

Bicarbonate 161. The bicarbonate concentration for groundwater samples ranged from 106 mg/L (GW-8, Bamban Spring) to 506 mg/L (GW-3, Apalit) (Figure 3.27).

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Figure 3.27 Results of the Bicarbonate Measurement of Groundwater Samples

Sodium 162. The sodium concentration of groundwater samples ranged from 16 mg/L (GW-8, Bamban Spring) to 150 mg/L (GW-3, Apalit) which conformed with the PNSDW maximum allowable limit of 200 mg/L (Figure 3.28).

Figure 3.28 Results of the Sodium Measurement of Groundwater Samples

Chloride 163. The Chloride concentration of groundwater samples ranged from 3.4 mg/L (GW-9, Capas) to 370 mg/L (GW-3, Apalit), with two (2) cases of exceedance of non-conformance with the PNSDW and DENR maximum allowable limit of 250 mg/L at stations GW-1 (Calumpit Dug Well) and GW-3 (Apalit) (Figure 3.29).

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Figure 3.29 Results of Chloride Measurement of Groundwater Samples

Sulfate 164. The sulfate concentrations of groundwater samples ranged from 5.7 mg/L (GW-9, Capas) to 392 mg/L (GW-5, Angeles), with one (1) cases of exceedance of non-conformance with the PNSDW and DENR maximum allowable limit of 250 mg/L at station GW-5 (Angeles) (Figure 3.30).

Figure 3.30 Results of Sulfate Measurement of Groundwater Samples

Nitrate 165. The nitrate concentrations of groundwater samples ranged from 0.11 mg/L (GW-9, Capas) to 6.4 mg/L (GW-8, Bamban), or within the PNSDW maximum allowable limit and WHO 2017 guideline value of 50 mg/L (Figure 3.31).

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Figure 3.31 Results of Nitrate Measurement of Groundwater Samples

Toxic and Deleterious Substances 166. The chromium hexavalent concentrations of groundwater samples were below detectable limits except for GW-3 (Apalit), GW-5 (Angeles) and GW-8 (Bamban Spring), with cases of non- conformance with the DENR maximum allowable limit and of 0.01 mg/L at GW-5 and GW-8 (Figure 3.32).

Figure 3.32 Results of Concentrations of Chromium+6 in the Groundwater Samples

167. The cyanide concentrations of groundwater samples ranged from below detectable limits to 0.0509 mg/L (GW-3, Apalit), with a case of non-conformance with the PNSDW maximum allowable limit of 0.05 mg/L at GW-3 (Figure 3.33).

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Figure 3.33 Results of Concentrations of Cyanide in the Groundwater Samples

168. Arsenic concentrations at all stations were below detectable limits, as is cadmium, except at GW-4 (San Fernando).(Figure 3.34).

Figure 3.34 Results of Concentrations of Cadmium in the Groundwater Samples

169. The mercury concentrations of groundwater samples ranged from below detectable limits to 0.0017 mg/L (GW-4, San Fernando) (Figure 3.35), which exceeded the PNSDW and DENR maximum allowable limit of 0.001 mg/L and WHO 2017 guideline value of 0.006 mg/L, while lead concentrations were below detectable limits except for GW-4 (San Fernando) (Figure 3.36).

170. As discussed previously, GW-4 is a shallow well near industrial sources. Pampanga soil is also grainy (lahar characteristic), which facilitates faster seepage of surface water into underground.

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Figure 3.35 Results of Concentrations of Mercury in the Groundwater Samples

Figure 3.36 Results of Concentrations of Lead in the Groundwater Samples

Fecal Coliforms and Total Coliforms 171. Fecal coliforms and total coliforms ranged from <1.1 to > 8 MPN/100 ml. Only station GW-9 conformed with the PNSDW maximum allowable limit of <1.1 for total coliforms, DENR maximum allowable limit of <1.1 for fecal coliforms, and WHO guideline value of ND for both fecal and total coliforms.

Surface Water / Freshwater Quality

172. The proposed MCRP will cross 43 rivers and/or stream, which are potential impact areas of project construction and operation. The natural waterways covered in this study were aimed at obtaining a general picture of the range of quality of surface water bodies, through various parameters, as a guide in the detailed water pollution prevention planning and implementation. For the selected sites, the data gathered would serve as part of baseline data. Surface water quality data from other water crossings would be collected prior to and during project implementation.

(1) Field Survey

173. Freshwater quality survey was conducted on June 30, July 17, 18 and 20, 2018 to assess the physical-chemical properties of rivers and creeks along the proposed MCRP. The freshwater samples were collected at 15 sampling sites representing small to large flow river systems within

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT rural, agricultural, urbanized and industrialized areas in Bulacan, Pampanga and Tarlac. Table 3.24 and Figure 3.37 present the description of the freshwater quality sampling stations.

174. Each freshwater sampling site was characterized for 23 parameters, with reference to DAO 20016-08 Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Stations of 2016:

 Primary Parameters temperature, pH, DO, colour, BOD, TSS, Cl, NO3-N, PO4-P, fecal coliforms  Secondary Parameters Metals: As, Cu, Cd, Cr+6, Pb, Hg  Organics CN, oil/grease (Petroleum Ether Extracts), organophosphate, phenolic substances as phenols, MBAS  Others Conductivity, total coliforms

175. In-situ measurements include temperature, pH, and conductivity using Thermo Scientific Orion Start A329. DO was also measured using Trans Instruments DO meter. The water samples for microbes analysis were collected into sterilized small glass bottles and wrapped with aluminum foil; for oil and grease into wide-mouth bottles, organics into amber glass bottle; and the rest of the parameters into PET bottles. The labeled samples were stored in ice-chest and brought for laboratory analyses with a Chain-of-Custody Form within 24 hours to Mach Union Laboratory, Inc., a DENR recognized laboratory in Las Piñas City.

176. The guideline values for primary parameters are annual averages of at least 10 data sets except for coliform which is the geometric mean of at least data sets per quarter and twice WQG for maximum allowable limit; for secondary inorganic parameters, annual average of 4 data sets; for secondary metals and organics parameters, as maximum allowable limit; and for natural occurrence higher than WQG, as maximum 10% increase of the natural level.

Table 3.24 Surface Water / Freshwater Quality Sampling Stations

Sampling Description Coordinates Sampling Date Point Bulihan River, Malolos, Bulacan 14° 51' 55.60"N SW-1 07/20/2018 Approximately 43m from the alignment 120° 48' 13.21"E Labangan River, Calumpit, Bulacan 14° 54' 01.53"N SW-2 (Confluence of Angat River and Bagbag River). South of 120° 46'15.97"E 07/18/2018 Calumpit Station Bagbag River, Calumpit, Bulacan 14° 55' 12.56"N SW-3 North of Calumpit Station. The sampling site is in the junction 120° 45' 54.56"E 07/18/2018 of distributary of Pampanga River and Bagbag River SW-4 Pampanga River, Apalit, Pampanga 14° 56' 03.77"N 07/18/2018 120° 45' 27.58"E 14° 58' 11.58"N SW-5 Malalam River, Minalin, Pampanga 07/18/2018 120° 43' 19.20"E 14° 59' 00.33"N SW-6 Masaluso, Minalin, Pampanga 07/18/2018 120° 42' 56.21"E Sto Niño River, San Fernando, Pampanga SW-7 (Confluence of San Fernando River and Mapalad River) 15° 01' 23.81"N 07/18/2018 120° 41' 23.97"E South of San Fernando Station. Calutcut Creek, San Fernando, Pampanga 15° 06' 44.80"N SW-8 07/18/2018 South of Angeles Station 120° 37' 26.56"E 15° 09' 10.26"N SW-9 Abacan River, Angelesy, Pampanga 120° 35' 17.25"E 07/17/2018 Paranam Tributary, Angeles, Pampanga 15° 10' 21.13"N SW-10 Creek crossing south of Clark area 120° 34' 55.23"E 07/17/2018 SW-11 Quitanguil River, Angeles, Pampanga 15° 12' 44.90"N 07/17/2018 Creek crossing middle the Clark area 120° 34' 23.32"E SW-12 Sapang Balen, Angeles, Pampanga 15° 13' 20.52"N 07/17/2018 Creek crossing north of Clark area 120° 34' 12.04"E Sacobia River, Mabalacat, Pampanga 15° 14' 37.18"N SW-13 07/17/2018 North of the proposed depot 120° 33' 57.32"E SW-14 Bamban River, Bamban, Tarlac 15° 15' 26.91"N 07/17/2018

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

Sampling Description Coordinates Sampling Date Point 120° 33' 14.65"E SW-15 Cutcut River Tributary, Capas, Tarlac 15° 20' 26.51"N 06/30/2018 Five (5) km east of north end of railway at NCC 120° 31' 40.18"E

Figure 3.37 Map of the Surface Water Quality Monitoring Stations

(2) Applied standard

177. The DENR Administrative Order (DAO) No. 2016-08 provides water usage and classification, and quality criteria of fresh surface waters. International standard is based on Environmental Water Quality Standards for Protecting Human Health, Japan on surface water quality.

(3) Results and Analysis

178. The results of measurements for the fifteen (15) water samples for the 23 parameters were taken as baseline and examples of surface water quality along the alignment. The sampling sites represent different natural features, land use and flowrates which are factors of water quality. The sampling sites in Bulihan River (SW-1) and Labangan River (SW-2) are located in the Angat River Basin which is connected by Bagbag River (SW-3) to Pampanga River (SW-4) within the Pampanga River Basin which also includes the rest of the sampling sites to the north (SW-5 to SW-15) receiving headwaters from Mt. Pinatubo (a volcano) to the west. All drains into the north side of Manila Bay.

179. The large rivers along the alignment were covered in the study. Visually large flow rivers during the dry period, having large dilution capacities are Labangan River (SW-2), Bagbag River

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

(SW-3), Pampanga River (SW-4), Malalam River (SW-5), Masaluso River (SW-6), and Bamban River (SW-14). They drain large agricultural areas. The waters of Malalam River (SW-5) and Masaluso River (SW-6) are mixtures with the waters of large fishpond area in Minalin Pampanga. A boat was used to take samples in these sites. Noted to have high flows during the rainy season are Abacan River (SW-9) and Sacobia River (SW-13).

180. Highly developed areas are San Fernando, Angeles and Mabalacat where low flow river waters are receiving high loadings of various types of water pollutants and scattered solid wastes. Highly polluted waters are marked by black streambeds like in Sto. Niño Creek (WS-7), Calutcut Creek (WS-8), and Paranum Creek Tributary (SW-10).

181. Only a few rivers were classified by the DENR, namely, Bamban River (SW-14) as Class A, and Pampanga River (SW-4) and Sto. Niño River (SW-7) as Class C. Angat River, which is upstream of Labangan River, and mixes with Bagbag River (SW-3) was classified as Class C water. The results of measurements for these rivers were compared with the DENR Guidelines and Japan Guidelines for Class C Water.

182. Table 3.25 summarizes the trend for surface water parameters during dry and wet seasons. Notable results of the assessment of seasonal surface water quality data were listed below:  On the average for each of the 15 sampling sites, there were 9 parameters with higher values during the dry season, 3 with similar values, and 10 with lower values during the dry season. SW-10 (Paranam Tributary in Clark) exhibited more parameters (14 cases out of 23 ) with greater values in February than in June-July sampling programs.  For the sampling sites and parameters, there were 141 cases of higher values in dry season, 48 cases with similar values in both seasons and 150 cases of lower values in dry season.  Parameters with more apparent cases of higher values during the dry season (at least 12 sites) were temperature, conductivity, chloride, arsenic, cyanide, and phenols.  It is interesting to note that conductivity is lower in wet season when large volume dilution water for ions are available  Parameters with more sites (in at least 10 sites) having lower values during the dry season (i.e higher in wet season) were color, total suspended solids, pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, fecal coliform, total coliform, and surfactants.  The color and total suspended solids may have increased due to water which carried soil particles flowed to bodies of water, like in an occurrence of flood, for example. Organic matter may be washed down to bodies of freshwater and contribute to increase in BOD, fecal and total coliforms, and surfactants. Increase in pH may be caused by dilution.  Similar values were noted for chromium and organophosphate which were largely undetected.  Parameters which do not show cases of dominance in the three scenarios, collectively for the stations were nitrate, phosphate, copper, cadmium, lead, mercury, oil and grease.

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

Table 3.25 Table of Trends for Surface Water Parameters

Surface Water Stations Trend Parameter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Decreased Retained Increased 1. Color + + + + + 0 + - + + + + + + + 1 1 13 2. Total Suspended Solids + - + + - + + + + - + + + + - 4 0 11 3. Temperature + ------+ - + - - - - 12 0 3 4. pH + + + + - + + - + + + + + + + 2 0 13 5. Dissolved Oxygen + - - + + + + + + + + + + + - 3 0 12 6. Biochemical Oxygen Demand + + + + - + - + + - + + + + - 4 0 11 7. Fecal Coliform + + - - + + - - + - + + + + + 5 0 10 8. Total Coliform + + 0 + - + + 0 + - + + + + + 2 2 11 9. Conductivity ------+ - - - - + 13 0 2 10. Chloride ------0 - - + - 14 0 1 11. Nitrate as N + - - - + + + + - - - - + + + 7 0 8 12. Phosphate as P + + + + - - - - + - + + - + - 7 0 8 13. Copper - - - - + + + + + - + + + + - 6 0 9 14. Arsenic - - 0 ------0 - - - 13 2 0 15. Cadmium - - 0 + 0 0 + + + + + + + - 0 3 4 8 16. Chromium 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - + 2 12 1 17. Lead - - - - + - 0 0 + + - + + + + 6 2 7 18. Mercury 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + + + 0 + + + 0 9 6 19. Cyanide ------15 0 0 20. Oil and Grease - + + + - - + - - - + + + + + 6 0 9 21. Organophosphate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 22. Phenol ------+ - - - 14 0 1 23. Surfactants + + + + + + - + + - + + + + - 3 0 12

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

1) Results by Sampling Stations 183. The following is a discussion of the results by sampling site:

SW-1 Bulihan River 184. The sampling site is located in Barangay Bulihan, Malolos City, about 35 meters west of the proposed railway alignment and about 80 meters west of the Manila North Road (MNR) or popularly known as MacArthur Highway. Bulihan River is a small river within the Angat River Basin. Bulihan River is still unclassified.

185. The river is classified as Class C water based on its beneficial use. The result of water testing showed that seventeen (17) parameters were conformant to DENR guidelines for Class C waters. The four (4) non-conforming parameters were DO, BOD5, Fecal and Total Coliforms. Of the eleven parameters covered by Japan standards, seven (7) were conformant to standards. The four (4) non-conforming parameters were DO, BOD5, Pb and CN.

186. The sampling site drains and receives inputs from irrigated rice fields and growing subdivisions upstream to the north and northeast. Within the plain, the sampling site water moves slowly within the width of about 5 meters.

SW-2 Labangan River 187. The sampling site is located 90 m SW of the proposed alignment and 140 m SW of Labangan Bridge, and about 500 m SW of the confluence of Angat River (Class C water), and Bagbag River, the latter is connected with Pampanga River. Labangan River is a deep large river about 90 m wide at the sampling site, with very large dilution capacity, draining into Manila Bay. The river is used for navigation by large motor boats.

188. The result of water testing showed that eighteen (18) parameters were conformant to DENR guidelines for Class C waters. The three (3) non-conforming parameters were BOD5, Fecal and Total Coliforms. Of the eleven parameters covered by Japan standards, nine (9) were conformant to standards. The two (2) non-conforming parameters were BOD5 and Pb.

SW-3 Bagbag River 189. The sampling site is located is located 30 m west of the proposed alignment, 60 m west of Calumpit Bridge, and 450 m north of Calumpit PNR Station. The river is deep with 70-meter width at the sampling site. Bagbag River is still an unclassified river.

190. Seventeen water quality parameters conformed with Class C guidelines. The four non- conforming parameters were DO, BOD5, Fecal and Total coliforms. Of the eleven parameters covered by Japan standards, eight (8) were conformant to standards. The three (3) non-conforming parameters were TSS, DO and BOD5.

SW-4 Pampanga River 191. The sampling site is located within Sulipan Channel Floodway on the side of Apalit Pampanga, 30 m west of the proposed alignment, and 80 m west of Sulipan Bridge. The channel is deep and about 100 m wide. Pampanga River is classified as Class C water.

192. Seventeen parameters conformed with DENR Class C guidelines. The four non- conforming parameters were TSS, BOD5, Fecal and Total coliforms. Of the eleven parameters covered by Japan standards, nine (9) were conformant to standards. The two (2) non-conforming parameters were TSS and BOD5.

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

193. Monitoring in 2003-2006 by EMB Region 3 showed the following annual values of a few parameters for San Pampanga River: 4.3 mg/L BOD; 5.7 mg/L DO; 429 mg/L 282 mg/L TDS; and 142 mg/L TSS (NWRB, 2011).

SW-5 Malalam River 194. The sampling site is located in large fishpond areas in Minalin, Pampanga, accessible by motor boats. Malalam River is large and is not yet classified.

195. Seventeen parameters conformed with DENR Class C guidelines. The four non- conforming parameters were Colour, BOD5, Fecal and Total coliforms. Of the eleven parameters covered by Japan standards, ten (10) were conformant to standards, only BOD5 is non-conformant.

SW-6 Masaluso River 196. The sampling site is located in large fishpond areas at the boundary of Minalin, and Sto. Tomas, Pampanga, accessible by motor boats. The large river is not yet classified.

197. Seventeen parameters conformed with DENR Class C guidelines. The four non- conforming parameters were TSS, BOD5, Fecal and Total coliforms. Of the eleven parameters covered by Japan standards, nine (9) were conformant to standards. The two (2) non-conforming parameters were TSS and BOD5.

SW-7 Sto. Niño Creek 198. The sampling site is located just 10 east of the proposed alignment in San Fernando. Water appeared stagnant and the river bed is muddy black caused by anaerobic decomposition of accumulated wastes. The creek joins downstream to the northeast with San Fernando River which is classified as Class C water.

199. Sixteen parameters conformed with DENR Class C guidelines. The five non-conforming parameters were DO, BOD5, Fecal and Total coliforms, and Cadmium. Of the eleven parameters covered by Japan standards, seven (7) were conformant to standards. The four (4) non-conforming parameters were TSS , DO, BOD5 and Cadmium.

200. San Fernando River is drained by Mapalad Creek and Matulid Creek. As the lowest point in the city, San Fernando River absorbs surface water runoff and flood water coming from neighboring Angeles and Mexico through feeder creeks. The flood water in water way is subject to back flow because of lahar and the construction of Tail Dike west, (De Leon, E.M. 2008). Monitoring in 2007-2008 by EMB Region 3 showed the following annual values of a few parameters for San Fernando River: 13 mg/L BOD, 5 mg/L DO, 429 mg/L TDS, and 48 mg/L TSS (NWRB, 2011).

SW-8 Calutcut Creek 201. The sampling site is just 10 m west of the proposed alignment in Barangay Baliti, San Fernando. Piles of solid wastes were found in the area and upstream appeared to be dumpsite of solid waste. Water flowed fast at depth of 9 cm and width of 3 m. The creek is not yet classified by DENR.

202. Sixteen parameters conformed with DENR Class C guidelines. The five non-conforming parameters were TSS, pH, BOD5, Fecal and Total coliforms, and Cadmium. Of the eleven parameters covered by Japan standards, eight (8) were conformant to standards. The three non- conforming parameters were TSS , pH and BOD5.

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

SW-9 Abacan River 203. The sampling site is within the proposed alignment. Stockpiles of garbage were seen just upstream to the west. The river was fast flowing at depth of 30 cm and width of 2 m.

204. Fifteen parameters conformed with DENR Class C guidelines. The six non-conforming parameters were Colour, TSS, BOD5, Fecal and Total coliforms, and Cadmium. Of the eleven parameters covered by Japan standards, seven (7) were conformant to standards. The four non- conforming parameters were TSS, BOD5, Cadmium and Lead.

SW-10 Paranum Creek Tributary 205. The sampling site is within east side of Clark, about 300 m north of SM City Clark. Black smelly water was observed, as coming from Clark facility beside the airport. The water was fast flowing along the cemented canal.

206. Eighteen parameters conformed with DENR Class C guidelines. The three non- conforming parameters were BOD5, Fecal and Total coliforms. Of the eleven parameters covered by Japan standards, nine (9) were conformant to standards. The two non-conforming parameters were BOD5 and Lead.

SW-11 Quitanguil River 207. The sampling site in Quitanguil River is located in the east side of Clark just about 10 m west of the elevated SCTEX road. The water in river during sampling was fast flowing at 11 cm deep and 3.5 m width. The river is not yet classified.

208. Sixteen parameters conformed with DENR Class C guidelines. The five non-conforming parameters were TSS, BOD5, Fecal and Total coliforms, and Oil and Grease. Of the eleven parameters covered by Japan standards, eight (8) were conformant to standards. The three non- conforming parameters were TSS, BOD5 and Lead.

SW-12 Sapang Balen 209. The sampling site is in the east side of Clark just about 50 m west of the elevated SCTEX road. Water was fast flowing at 30 cm deep and 2.5 m width.

210. Thirteen parameters conformed with DENR Class C guidelines. The eight non-conforming parameters were Colour, TSS, BOD5, Fecal and Total coliforms, Cadmium, Oil and Grease and phenols. Of the eleven parameters covered by Japan standards, eight (8) were conformant to standards. The three non-conforming parameters were TSS, Cadmium and Lead.

SW-13 Sacobia River 211. The sampling site is just 20 m downstream east of the proposed alignment, and 90 m upstream of the Sacobia Bridge. The river water moderately flowed at 10 cm deep and 2 m wide. The river is not yet classified.

212. Fifteen parameters conformed with DENR Class C guidelines. The six non-conforming parameters were TSS, BOD5, Fecal and Total coliforms, Cadmium and Oil and Grease. Of the eleven parameters covered by Japan standards, eight (8) were conformant to standards. The three non-conforming parameters were TSS, Cadmium and Lead.

SW-14 Bamban River 213. The sampling site is located within the proposed alignment and 660 m west of Bamban Bridge. Water was turbid and fast flowing at varying widths of the irregular channel. The river is classified as Class A water.

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

214. Thirteen parameters conformed with DENR Class A guidelines. The eight non-conforming parameters were TSS, BOD5, Fecal coliform, Cadmium, Lead, Oil and Grease, phenols and surfactants. Of the eleven parameters covered by Japan standards, seven (7) were conformant to standards. The four non-conforming parameters were TSS, BOD5, Total coliform and Lead.

SW-15 Cutcut River Tributary 215. The sampling site is located about 140 m downstream of the proposed alignment or 1.5 km south to the national road in Barangay Cristo Rey, Capas, Tarlac. The small creek is fast flowing at 18 cm deep and 1.75 m wide at the sampling point. The river is not yet classified.

216. Sixteen parameters conformed with DENR Class |C guidelines. The five non-conforming parameters were Temperature, BOD5, Fecal and Total coliforms, and Lead. Of the eleven parameters covered by Japan standards, eight (8) were conformant to standards. The three non- conforming parameters were BOD5, Lead and Cyanide.

217. Table 3.26 presents the results of freshwater quality monitoring at fifteen (15) stations within the MCRP area.

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

Table 3.26 Results of Freshwater Quality Sampling Reference Values a SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 SW-5 Japan Standards DENR AO 2016-08 Parameters Bulihan River Labangan River Bagbag River Pampanga River Malalam River Class Class A Class A Class C Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet C Date 2/7/18 7/20/18 2/7/18 7/18/18 2/7/18 7/18/18 2/7/18 7/18/18 2/7/18 7/18/18 Time 1830H 1718H 1735H 1820H 1620H 1720H 1515H 1622H 1155H 1400H Depth, cm 25 - 200 180 213.33 53.5 200 44 1.7 241 - - - Width, m 5 Overflowed >100 93.3 >100m 63.1 >100 106.1 26.67 32.0 - - - Flowrate, m/s 0 (stagnant) 0.512 0.049 0.404 0.068 - - - Color (TCU) 5 44 5 21 10 20 10 28 42 93 50 75 - TSS, mg/L 21 36 31 27 38 68 37 200 86 38 50 80 ≤25 ≤50 Temperature, °C 26 27.3 29.8 25.4 28.6 28.4 30.2 28.2 28.9 27.8 26-30 25-31 - -- pH 6.7 6.97 7.26 7.30 7.09 7.49 7.3 7.57 7.2 7.11 6.5-8.5 6.5-9.0 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 DO, mg/L 1.6 3.0 11 10 6.1 3.5 7.9 8.0 4.2 10.6 5 (min) 5 ≥7.5 ≥5 BOD, mg/L 10 35 9 12 8 24 9 23 49 30 3 (max) 7 ≤2 ≤5 Fecal Coliform, 240 330,000 34 14,000 35,000 24,000 2,300 2,100 17,000 35,000 1.1 200 - - MPN/100mL Total Coliform, 240 3,500,000 240 17,000 35,000 35,000 13,000 17,000 92,000 35,000 - - - MPN/100mL ≤1,000 Conductivity, uS/cm 510 394 3,139 351 4,190 382 322 314 2,037 682 - - - - Cl, mg/L 69 41 1,623 22 1,205 14 41 13 220 100 250 350 - - Nitrate as N, mg/L 0.109 0.145 0.655 0.147 0.391 0.144 0.207 0.181 0.0686 0.197 7 7 <10 <10 Phosphate as P, mg/L 0.238 0.427 0.0723 0.323 0.123 0.209 0.0938 0.464 2.88 0.925 0.163b 0.163 b - - Cu, mg/L 0.0228 0.0160 0.0361 0.0174 0.0257 0.0164 0.0441 0.0210 <0.005 0.00670 0.02 0.02 - - As, mg/L 0.0018 <0.0009 0.003 <0.0009 <0.0009 <0.0009 0.0018 <0.0009 0.004 <0.0009 0.01 0.02 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 Cd, mg/L 0.0041 <0.002 0.0041 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 0.0039 <0.002 <0.002 0.003 0.005 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 Cr, mg/L <0.002 <0.03 <0.002 <0.03 <0.002 <0.03 <0.002 <0.03 0.004 <0.03 0.01 0.01 ≤0.05 ≤0.05 Pb, mg/L 0.0530 0.0177 0.0327 0.0114 0.017 <0.006 0.0282 <0.006 <0.006 0.0088 0.01 0.05 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 Hg, mg/L <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.001 0.002 ≤0.0005 ≤0.0005 CN, mg/L 0.0289 0.027 0.0243 <0.001 0.0368 <0.001 0.0399 <0.001 0.0619 <0.001 0.07 0.1 Not detectable Not detectable O&G, mg/L 1.6 1.17 1.1 1.2 <0.5 1.63 1.1 1.56 19.7 1.47 1 2 - - Organophosphate, <0.01 <0.2 <0.01 <0.2 <0.01 <0.2 <0.01 <0.2 <0.01 <0.2 0.001 0.003 - - ug/L Phenol, mg/L 0.03 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 <0.001 0.05 - - Surfactant, mg/L 0.0443 0.0722 0.0407 0.115 0.0492 0.179 0.07 0.0901 0.0679 0.31 0.2 1.5 - -

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

Reference Values a SW-6 SW-7 SW-8 SW-9 SW-10 DENR AO 2016-08 Japan Standards Parameters Masaluso River Sto Niño Creek Calutcut Creek Abacan River Paranam Tributary Class A Class C Class A Class C Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Date 2/7/18 7/18/18 2/7/18 7/18/18 2/7/18 7/18/18 2/6/18 7/17/18 2/6/18 7/17/18 Time 1300H 1428H 0925H 1127H 0830H 1000H 1715H 1655H 1630H 1545H Depth, cm 100 150 45 63 10 30 20.67 43 7.5 45 - - - Width, m 10 13.7 7.33 23.8 4.63 11.0 8.3 11.9 3 7.3 - - - Flowrate, m/s - 0.144 - 0.175 - 1.667 - 3.497 - 0.778 - - - Color (TCU) 33 33 20 33 14 10 10 125 10 20 50 75 - TSS, mg/L 27 100 21 52 17 296 13.5 1,900 32 24 50 80 ≤25 ≤50 Temperature, °C 28.8 25.0 28.3 26.5 26.0 25.8 29.7 29.9 29.6 29.5 26-30 25-31 - -- pH 6.87 7.22 6.76 7.21 6.95 4.7 6.48 7.13 6.53 6.86 6.5-8.5 6.5-9.0 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 DO, mg/L 1.04 9.93 1.55 3.01 3.8 14.07 3.93 15.24 2.18 10.19 5 (min) 5 ≥7.5 ≥5 BOD, mg/L 21 24 154 32 25 28 9 29 271 25 3 (max) 7 ≤2 ≤5 Fecal Coliform, MPN/100mL 17,000 160,000 2,400,000 1,300,000 1,600,000 920,000 920 3,500,000 3,400,000 24,000 1.1 200 - - Total Coliform, MPN/100mL 17,000 160,000 2,400,000 3,500,000 1,600,000 1,600,000 2400 3,500,000 17,000,000 160,000 - - ≤1,000 - Conductivity, uS/cm 877 342 654 279 677 158 500 236 436 937 - - - - Cl, mg/L 110 21 43 20 48 13 34 15.8 87 3.4 250 350 - - Nitrate as N, mg/L 0.0594 0.106 0.0605 0.158 0.0763 0.155 0.171 0.168 0.61 0.30 7 7 <10 <10 Phosphate as P, mg/L 1.79 0.948 1.52 0.862 2.62 0.862 0.998 2.16 1.04 <0.008 0.163b 0.163 b - - Cu, mg/L <0.005 0.0111 <0.005 0.005 <0.005 0.0150 0.0267 0.0520 0.0416 0.008 0.02 0.02 - - As, mg/L 0.0031 <0.0009 0.0045 <0.0009 0.0031 <0.0009 0.0029 <0.0009 0.002 <0.0009 0.01 0.02 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 Cd, mg/L <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 0.0062 <0.002 0.0041 0.0041 0.0101 <0.002 0.0034 0.003 0.005 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 Cr, mg/L <0.002 <0.03 <0.002 <0.03 <0.002 <0.03 <0.002 <0.03 <0.002 <0.03 0.01 0.01 ≤0.05 ≤0.05 Pb, mg/L 0.0157 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 0.0241 0.0455 0.0137 0.0247 0.01 0.05 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 Hg, mg/L <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.0001 <0.0001 0.0001 0.001 0.002 ≤0.0005 ≤0.0005 Not Not CN, mg/L 0.0714 <0.001 0.0521 <0.001 0.0516 <0.001 0.0274 <0.001 0.0269 <0.001 0.07 0.1 detectable detectable O&G, mg/L 2.19 1.7 1.34 1.47 1.65 1.25 3.2 1.7 1.7 1.2 1 2 - - Organophosphate, ug/L <0.01 <0.2 <0.01 <0.2 <0.01 <0.2 <0.01 <0.2 <0.01 <0.2 0.01 0.003 - - Phenol, mg/L 0.03 <0.01 0.05 <0.01 0.03 <0.01 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.01 <0.001 0.05 - - Surfactant, mg/L 0.0282 0.0845 1.05 0.182 0.067 0.193 0.0827 0.15 1.07 0.212 0.2 1.5 - -

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

a Reference Values Japan Standards SW-11 SW-12 SW-13 SW-14 SW-15 DENR AO 2016-08 Parameters Quitanguil River Sapang Balen Sacobia River Bamban River Cutcut River Trib. Class A Class C Class A Class C Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Date 2/6/18 7/17/18 2/6/18 7/17/18 2/6/18 7/17/18 2/6/18 7/17/18 2/6/18 6/30/18 Time 1530H 1510H 1445H 1406H 1230H 1130H 1120H 1040H 0945H 0755H Depth, cm 20 45 16.67 55 19.33 134 18.33 70 17.5 33 - - - Width, m 4.67 5.5 5.33 10.1 7.97 99.7 8.5 24.7 1.88 2.8 - - - Flowrate, m/s 1 2.057 1.185 1.6 1.21 - - - Color (TCU) 10 49 20 100 <5 5 10 71 <5 67 50 75 - TSS, mg/L 3.0 173 33.0 1800 93.0 394 5.0 556 1,100 20 50 80 ≤25 ≤50 Temperature, °C 29.1 30.5 31.7 29.6 30.2 26.1 31.2 26.2 26.2 19.8 26-30 25-31 - -- pH 5.99 7.25 6.75 7.56 6.17 7.98 7.13 7.49 6.95 7.03 6.5-8.5 6.5-9.0 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 DO, mg/L 9.17 17.52 8.76 14.58 15.98 17.36 11.22 19.14 11.13 6.27 5 (min) 5 ≥7.5 ≥5 BOD, mg/L 12 26 10 35 28 30 12 26 144 28 3 (max) 7 ≤2 ≤5 Fecal Coliform, MPN/100mL <1.8 24,000 350 240,000 7,900 70,000 24,000 49,000 920 2,400 1.1 200 - - Total Coliform, <1.8 35,000 920 240,000 24,000 70,000 24,000 240,000 920 16,000 - - - MPN/100mL ≤1,000 Conductivity, uS/cm 340 248 884 270 1,398 843 387 271 220 241 - - - - Cl, mg/L 13 13 160 23 47 24 2.9 30 531 4.9 250 350 - - Nitrate as N, mg/L 0.162 0.136 0.163 0.153 0.0738 0.233 0.065 0.194 0.137 0.145 7 7 <10 <10 Phosphate as P, mg/L 0.081 0.811 0.516 1.62 0.853 0.835 0.235 0.931 3.72 0.0642 0.163b 0.163 b - - Cu, mg/L 0.0234 0.0293 0.0343 0.0647 0.0109 0.0217 <0.005 0.0343 0.0158 <0.005 0.02 0.02 - - As, mg/L 0.0022 <0.0009 <0.0009 <0.0009 0.0044 <0.0009 0.0034 <0.0009 0.0053 <0.0009 0.01 0.02 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 Cd, mg/L <0.002 0.0048 <0.002 0.0114 0.0041 0.0104 0.00840 0.0062 <0.002 <0.002 0.003 0.005 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 Cr, mg/L <0.002 <0.03 <0.002 <0.03 <0.002 <0.03 0.0021 <0.03 0.0025 0.0072 0.01 0.01 ≤0.05 ≤0.05 Pb, mg/L 0.0327 0.0102 <0.006 0.0317 <0.006 0.0459 <0.006 0.0307 <0.006 0.0765 0.01 0.05 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 Hg, mg/L <0.0001 0.0002 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.0002 <0.0001 -0.0001 <0.0001 -0.00014 0.001 0.002 ≤0.0005 ≤0.0005 CN, mg/L 0.0261 <0.001 0.0389 <0.001 0.0328 <0.001 0.00962 <0.001 0.0564 0.042 0.07 0.1 Not Not detectable detectable O&G, mg/L <0.5 3.23 1.1 5 0.816 2.55 1.44 5.31 <0.5 1.56 1 2 - - Organophosphate, ug/L <0.01 <0.2 <0.01 <0.2 <0.01 <0.2 <0.01 <0.2 <0.01 <0.2 0.001 0.003 - - Phenol, mg/L 0.01 <0.01 0.02 0.060 0.02 <0.01 0.03 0.02 0.05 <0.01 <0.001 0.05 - - Surfactant, mg/L <0.007 0.299 0.0999 0.182 0.189 0.354 0.227 0.521 0.835 0.555 0.2 1.5 - -

a Reference values are maximum allowable limits unless specified as range or minimum (min). b The reference values under the column of PO4-P are conversions (0.3261) of the 0.5 mg/L and 5 mg/L PO4 values in DAO 2016-08 * Environmental Quality Standards for conservation of the Living Environment, Rivers, Class C ** Environmental Quality Standards for conservation of the Living Environment, Lakes, Class B

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

2) Results by Parameter Colour 218. True colour measured from fifteen (15) sampling sites ranged from 5 TCU, measured at SW-13 (Sacobia River) to 125 TCU, measured at SW-9 (Abacan River). Measurements taken at SW-5 (Malalam River), SW-9 (Abacan River) and SW-12 (Sapang Balen River) did not conform to the 75 TCU DENR Standard for Class C waters, while SW-14 (Bamban River) did not conform to the 50 TCU DENR Standard for Class A water (Figure 3.38).

DENR Class A maximum (50 TCU) DENR Class C maximum (75 TCU) Figure 3.38 Results of Color Measurement of Surface Water Samples

Total Suspended Solids 219. Concentrations of Total Suspended Solids ranged from 20 mg/L, measured at SW-15 (Bamban River) to 1,900 mg/L measured at SW-9 (Abacan River). The only stations conformant to DENR and Japan Standards for TSS were SW-1 (Bulihan River), SW-2 (Labangan River), SW- 5 (Malalam River), SW-10 (Paranum Creek Tributary) and SW-15 (Bamban River) for Class C waters (Figure 3.39).

DENR Class A maximum (50 mg/L) Japan Class A maximum (25 TCU) DENR Class C maximum (80 TCU) Japan Class C maximum (50 TCU)

Figure 3.39 Results of Total Suspended Solids Measurement of Surface Water Samples

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

Temperature 220. Temperatures of all stations ranged from 19.8 to 30.5°C. Temperature levels at all stations were within the DENR Standards, except at SW-15 (Cutcut River), which fell below the lower limit (25°C) set by by DENR for Class C water (Figure 3.40).

DENR Class A maximum (30 °C) DENR Class C maximum, (31 °C) DENR Class A mimimum (26 °C) DENR Class C minimum, (25 °C)

Figure 3.40 Results of Temperature Measurement of Surface Water Samples pH Level 221. The pH measured at all stations ranged from 4.7 to 7.98. Except at SW-8 (Calutcut River), the pH values of all stations are within the allowable limit range of DENR and Japan standards of 6.5 – 8.5 and 6.5-9.0 respectively, for Class C waters (Figure 3.41).

DENR and Japan Class A maximum (8.5) DENR Class C maximum (9.5) DENR and Japan Class A mimimum (6.5) DENR Class C minimum, (6.5) Figure 3.41 Results of pH Measurement of Surface Water Samples

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

Dissolved Oxygen 222. Dissolved Oxygen concentrations ranged from 3.01 mg/L to 26.40 mg/L. Dissolved Oxygen concentrations in all stations were above the DENR and Japan Standards except for SW-1 (Bulihan River), SW-3 (Bagbag River) and SW-7 (Sto. Niño River) (Figure 3.42).

DENR Class A & C and Japan Class C minimum (5.0 mg/L) Japan Class A minimum, (7.5 mg/L) Figure 3.42 Results of Dissolved Oxygen Measurement of Surface Water Samples

Biochemical Oxygen Demand 223. BOD concentrations ranged from 12 mg/L, measured at SW-2 (Labangan River) to 35 mg/L, measured at SW-1 (Bulihan River) and SW-12 (Sapang Balen River). All of the stations are non-conforming to the DENR and Japan Standards for Class A and Class C waters (Figure 3.43).

DENR Class A maximum (2 mg/L) Japan Class A maximum (2 mg/L) DENR Class C maximum(7 mg/L) Japan Class C maximum (5 mg/L)

Figure 3.43 Results of Biochemical Oxygen Demand Measurement of Surface Water Samples Fecal Coliform 224. Fecal coliform counts ranged from 2,100 MPN/100 mL to 3.5x106 MPN/100 mL. None of the stations conformed to the DENR Standards for Class A and Class C waters (Figure 3.44).

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

D DENR Class A maximum (1.1 MPN/100 ml) DENR Class C maximum (200 MPN/100 ml)

Figure 3.44 Results of Fecal Coliform by Surface Water Samples

Total Coliform 225. Total coliform ranged from 16,000 MPN/100 mL, measured at SW-15 (Cutcut River) to 3.5x106 MPN/100 mL measured at SW-7 (Sto. Niño Creek) and SW-9 (Abacan River). Total coliform at SW-14 (Bamban River) was not conformant to the Japan standard for Class A water (Figure 3.45).

D Japan Class A maximum (1000 MPN/100 ml)

Figure 3.45 Results of Total Coliform by Surface Water Samples

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

Conductivity 226. Conductivity measurements ranged from 158.3 µS, measured at SW-8 (calutcut River) to 936 µS/cm, measured at SW-10 (Paranum Creek Tributary), as shown in Figure 3.46.

Figure 3.46 Results of Conductivity Measurement of Surface Water Samples

Chloride 227. Chloride concentrations ranged from 3.45 mg/L, measured at SW-10 (Paranum Creek Tributary) to 100 mg/L, measured at SW-5(Malalam River). Chloride concentrations at all stations were within DENR standards for Class A and Class C waters (Figure 3.47).

D DENR Class A maximum (250 mg/L) DENR Class C maximum (350 mg/L)

Figure 3.47 Results of Chloride Measurement of Surface Water Samples

Nitrate

228. Nitrate (NO3-N) concentrations ranged from 0.106 mg/L, measured at SW-6 (Masaluso River) to 0.297 mg/L, measured at SW-10 (Paranum Creek Tributary) which were within DENR Class C guideline of not more than 7 mg/L and Japan standard of more than 10 mg/L (Figure 3.48).

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

D DENR Class A & C maximum (7 mg/L) Japan Class A & C (< 10 mg/L)

Figure 3.48 Results of Nitrate Measurement of Surface Water Samples

Phosphate

229. Phosphate (PO4-P) concentrations ranged from <0.008 mg/L, measured at SW-10 (Paranum Creek Tributary) to 2.16 mg/L. Only SW-10 and SW-15 (Cutcut River) conformed to the DENR Class C guideline of not greater than 0.163 mg/L (Figure 3.49).

D DENR Class A & C maximum (0.163 mg/L)

Figure 3.49 Results of Phosphate Measurement of Surface Water Samples

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

Organophosphates 230. Organophosphates were below detectable limits for all stations (Figure 3.50).

Minimum Detection limit: Feb 2018 - 0.00001 mg/L Jun- July 2018 - 0.0002 mg/L

D DENR Class A maximum (0.001 ug/L) DENR Class C maximum 0.003 mg/L)

Figure 3.50 Results of Organophosphates Measurement of Surface Water Samples

Copper 231. Copper concentrations ranged from <0.005 mg/L, measured at SW-15 (Cutcut River) to 0.0647 mg/L, measured at SW-12 (Sapang Balen River). The DENR standards for Classes A and C waters were exceeded at stations SW-4 (Pampanga River), SW-9 (Abacan River), SW-11 (Quitangil River), SW-12 (Sapang Balen River) and SW-14 (Bamban River)(Figure 3.51).

Minimum Detection limit: 0.005 mg/L

D DENR Class A & C maximum (0.02 mg/L)

Figure 3.51 Results of Copper Measurement of Surface Water Samples

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

Arsenic 232. The concentration of Arsenic observed from the fifteen (15) surface water sampling stations at <0.0009 mg/L, were all in conformance with the DENR guideline and Japan standard (Figure 3.52).

Minimum Detection Limit: 0.009 mg/L

DENR Class A and Japan Class A &C maximum (0.01 mg/L) DENR Class C maximum (0.02 mg/L)

Figure 3.52 Results of Arsenic Measurement of Surface Water Samples

Cadmium 233. Four (4) stations sampled for Cadmium content were non-conformant with the DENR Class C guideline of 0.005 mg/L, while station SW-14 (Bamban River) was non-conformant with the DENR Class A guideline of 0.003 mg/L. Three (3) stations sampled were non-conformant to Japan Standard for Class C guideline of 0.01 mg/L. The lowest reading was <0.002 mg/L while the highest reading of 0.0114 mg/L was measured at SW-12 (Sapang Balen River) (Figure 3.53).

Minimum Detection limit: 0.002 mg/L

DENR Class A maximum (0.003 mg/L) Japan ClassA & C maximum (0.01 mg/L) DENR Class C maximum (0.005 mg/L)

Figure 3.53 Results of Cadmium Measurement of Surface Water Samples

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

Chromium Hexavalent 234. Chromium hexavalent concentrations in all sampling stations were below the minimum detection limit of <0.03 mg/Lm except for station SW-15 (Cutcut River) which measured at 0.0072 mg/L. All of the fifteen (15) surface water sampling stations studied were in conformance with both DENR guideline and Japan standard for chromium hexavalent (Figure 3.54).

Minimum Detection limit: Feb 2018 - 0.002 mg/L Jun- July 2018 - 0.003 mg/L

D DENR Class A & C maximum (0.01 mg/L) Japan ClassA & C maximum (0.05 mg/L)

Figure 3.54 Results of Chromium Measurement of Surface Water Samples

Lead 235. Lead concentrations measured at fourteen (14) surface water sampling stations were in conformance with the 0.05 mg/L values for DENR guideline for Class C, except at SW-15 (Cutcut River), while station SW-14 (Bamban River) was non-conformant to the DENR guideline for Class A water.

236. Lead concentrations at SW-3 (Bagbag River), SW-4 (Pampanga River), SW-6 (Masaluso River), SW-7 (Sto. Niño Creek) and SW-8 (Calutcut River) were below detectable limits. Lead concentration at SW-5 (Malalam River) was conformant, while the remaining stations were non- conformant to the Japan Standards for Class A and Class C waters (Figure 3.55).

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

Minimum Detection limit: 0.006 mg/L

DENR Class A and Japan Class A &C maximum (0.01 mg/L) DENR Class C maximum (0.05 mg/L)

Figure 3.55 Results of Lead Measurement of Surface Water Samples

Mercury 237. Mercury concentrations ranged from < 0.0001 to 0.0002 mg/L, which are below the DENR and Japan standards , both for Class A and Class C waters. (Figure 3.56).

Minimum Detection limit: 0.001 mg/L

DENR Class A maximum (0.001 mg/L) Japan Class A & C maximum (0.0005 mg/L) DENR Class C maximum (0.002 mg/L)

Figure 3.56 Results of Mercury Measurement of Surface Water Samples

Cyanide 238. All stations sampled for Cyanide content determination passed the DENR guideline for Class C, with non-detectable amounts in all except SW-1 (Bulihan River) and SW-15 (Cutcut River). At 0.027 mg/L and 0.042 mg/L, respectively, Cyanide concentrations at SW-1 and SW-15 did not conform with the Japan Standard of Not Detectable (Figure 3.57).

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

Minimum Detection limit: 0.001 mg/L

DENR Class A maximum (0.001 mg/L) Japan Class A & C (not detectable) DENR Class C maximum (0.002 mg/L)

Figure 3.57 Results of Cyanide Measurement of Surface Water Samples

Oil and Grease 239. The concentration of O&G in all fourteen (14) stations ranged from 1.17 mg/L (SW-1, Bulihan River) to 5.3 mg/L (SW-14, Bamban River). Levels of O&G in Quitangil River (SW-11), Sapang Balen River (SW-12) and Sacobia River (SW-13) were non-compliant with the DENR guideline for Class C water of 2 mg/L, while Bamban River (SW-14) was non-compliant with DENR guideline for Class A water of 1 mg/L (Figure 3.58).

DENR Class A maximum (1 mg/L) DENR Class C maximum, (2 mg/L)

Figure 3.58 Results of Oil and Grease Measurement of Surface Water Samples

Phenols 240. Concentrations of phenols at all stations sampled conformed with the DENR standard of 0.05 mg/L for Class C waters except for SW-12 (Sapang Balen River), while concentration at SW-

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

14 (Bamban River) failed to conform to the DENR standard of <0.001 mg/L for Class A water (Figure 3.59).

Minimum Detection limit: 0.01 mg/L

DENR Class A maximum (<0.001 mg/L) DENR Class C maximum (0.05 mg/L)

Figure 3.59 Results of Phenols Measurement of Surface Water Samples

Surfactants 241. Concentration of MBAS in all stations ranged from 0.0722 mg/L to 0.555 mg/L, which were conformant with the DENR standard of 1.5 mg/L for Class C waters, while concentration of MBAS at SW-14 (Bamban River) failed to conform with DENR standard of 0.2 mg/L for Class A water (Figure 3.60).

DENR Class A maximum (0.2 mg/L) DENR Class C maximum (1.5 mg/L)

Figure 3.60 Results of Surfactants Measurement of Surface Water Samples

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT

3.3 AIR QUALITY

Ambient Air Quality

242. Ambient Air Quality is defined by RA 8749 as the general amount of pollution present in a broad area and refers to the atmosphere’s average purity as distinguished from discharge measurements taken at the source of pollution. In order to monitor the ambient air quality of the country, EMB regional monitoring stations routinely take measurements of criteria air pollutants, namely: Total Suspended Particulates (TSP), Particulate Matter less than 10 microns (PM10), (PM2.5), Lead (Pb), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Ozone (O3) and Carbon Monoxide (CO).

3.3.1.1 Field Survey

243. The ambient air quality monitoring was conducted on June 29 - July 9, 2018, as detailed in Table 3.27 and Figure 3.61, to measure the 24-hour ambient concentrations of TSP, PM10, PM2.5, Pb, SO2, NO2 and 1-hour ambient concentrations of O3 and CO at nine (9) pre-established sampling stations along the MCRP alignment. The monitoring was conducted in accordance to the standard methods of the DENR as prescribed in its AO No. 2000-81, the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the Philippine Clean Act of 1999 and the Presidential Decree No. 984 (National Pollution Control Decree of 1976), as amended by NPCC MC No. 1980-002.

244. The collected samples were brought to Mach Union Water Laboratory, Inc., a DENR recognized laboratory in Las Piñas City and to EMB Central Office Laboratory for analysis.

245. Temperature, wind direction and other relevant parameters which describe the weather condition in the area were also recorded at each station during sampling.

Table 3.27 Date and Time of Air Quality Sampling Per Station Sampling Date/Time ampling Station Description Coordinates 24-Hour 1-Hour Residential area approx. 90m northeast of La July 8-9, 2018 July 9, 2018 AAQ1 Malolos Station Consolacion University Catmon Campus, 14°51’13.15” N; – 2159H-2159H 1104H-1204H approx. 35 m south of old PNR Malolos Station 120°48’50.91” E Within Bonifacio Park, approx. 50m west of St. Calumpit July 7-8, 2018 July 09, 2018 AAQ2 John the Baptist Church, approx. 90m west of 14°54’57.72” N; Station 2040H-2040H 1232H-1232H St. John the Baptist Catholic School 120°46’05.10” E Residential area abut 25 m northeast of Brgy. 14°56'46.86"N, July 6-7, 2018 July 7, 2018 AAQ3 Apalit Station San Vicente Brgy. Hall, approx. 100m east of 120°44'52.44"E 1835H-1835H 0930H-1030H Sampaga Integrated School Brgy. Santo Niño residential area approx. 8 m San Fernando 15°01'36.00"N, July 5-6, 2018 July 7, 2018 AAQ4 southwest of PNR San Fernando Station, Station 120°41'12.00"E 1528H-1528H 1050H-1150H approx. 45 m northeast of governor’s residence Brgy. Pulungbulu residential area, approx. Angeles 15°08'09.00"N, July 4-5, 2018 July 4, 2018 AAQ5 100m south of La Pieta chapel and Station 120°35'51.00"E 1100H - 1100H 1055H-1155H crematorium Mabalacat/ 15°10'26.00"N, July 3-4, 2018 July 2, 2018 AAQ6 Brgy Lakandula residential area Clark Station 120°34'57.00"E 0820H - 0820H 0930H-1030H Approx. 250m northwest of Catudtud Elementary School, 10m south of Brgy. 15°14'18.12"N, July 1-2, 2018 June 29, 2018 AAQ7 Depot Site Dolores Barangay Hall and 30m southwest of 120°34'5.95"E 0120H-0120H 1100H-1200H covered gym Brgy. San Basketball court at Dapdap resettlement site, 15°16'32.13"N, July 2-3, 2018 July 2, 2018 AAQ8 Roque, approx. 10m south of Barangay Hall and 120°31'3.48"E 0340H-0340H 1012H-1112H Bamban Barangay Day Care center Rural residential area approx. 200 m from the June 29-30, 2018 June 29, 2018 AAQ9 NCC Station planned PNR NCC Station at Brgy. Aranguren, 15°20’56.42” N; 1125H - 1125H 1115H-1215H Tarlac 120°31’39.42” E

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Figure 3.61 Air Quality Sampling Station Map

3.3.1.2 Criteria for Assessment of Ambient Air Quality

246. The results of ambient air quality monitoring for MCRP were compared to the standard levels of the DENR set forth in the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, DENR Administrative Order No. 2013-13 and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) Standards (PM2.5 Guideline Value) which adopted the relevant standards and guidelines of the World Bank (WB) and the World Health Organization (WHO) as presented in Table 3.28. It must be noted that for Pb, the DENR and WHO have no relevant standard for 24-hour averaging time. Likewise, for NO2 and O3, the IFC standards are for 1-hour and 8-hour means, respectively. WHO has replaced TSP in favor of PM10 and PM2.5 for determining the exposure-response relationship of particulate matter and health effects.

Table 3.28 Relevant Guideline Values for Ambient Air Quality Averaging DENR Standards WHO Ambient Air Quality Parameter Time (µg/Ncm) (1) Guidelines (2) TSP 24 Hours 230 - PM10 24 Hours 150 50 µg/ m3 PM2.5 24 Hours 50 (3) 25 µg/ m3 Lead (Pb) 24 Hours 1.5 (3 mos.); 1.0 (annual) 0.5 μg/m3 (annual)(4) Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 24 Hours 180 20 µg/ m3 Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 24 Hours 150 200 μg/m3 (1-hour mean) Ozone (O3) 1 Hour 140 100 µg/ m3 (8-hour mean) Carbon monoxide (CO) 1 Hour 35,000 30 mg/m3 (4) Sources: (1) National Ambient Air Quality Guideline for Criteria Pollutants of the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999

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(2) IFC General EHS Guidelines: Environmental Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality, Table 1.1.1: WHO Ambient Air Quality Guidelines, April 30, 2007 (3) DENR Administrative Order No. 2013-13 (4) WHO Air Quality Guidelines for Europe (2000)

3.3.1.3 Results and Analysis

Table 3.29 Weather Conditions during Wet and Dry Seasons Sampling Stations AAQ4- AAQ1- AAQ2- AAQ3- AAQ5- AAQ6- AAQ7- AAQ8- AAQ9 - Parameter Unit San Malolos Calumpit Apalit Angeles Mabalacat Dolores Bamban NCC Fernando Station Station Station Station Station Station Station Station Station

Prevailing Wind Dry NE N NNE/ENE N N NW N NNW ENE/WNW Direction Wet SSW SSW SSW S WSW SSW NNE S SE/NNW

Highest Wind Dry 4.02 3.58 3.58 3.13 4.02 3.13 3.58 6.26 1.79 Speed, m/s Wet 4.47 4.47 4.02 5.81 3.58 4.02 4.47 4.02 3.13

Ave. Wind Dry 2.90 2.41 2.52 2.20 2.66 1.81 2.57 4.97 0.77 Speed, m/s Wet 2.32 2.93 2.66 2.43 1.97 1.29 1.72 1.90 2.32

Calm Winds, Dry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 m/s Wet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dry 24.8 27.3 27.0 27.0 26.7 26.0 25.5 24.3 25.2 Ave. Temp, °C Wet 28.1 26.8 26.9 27.4 27.2 26.8 27.2 27.5 27.3

Ave. Barometric Dry 29.85 29.85 29.86 29.89 29.91 29.94 29.92 29.93 29.89 Pressure, inHg Wet 29.73 29.66 29.69 29.74 29.78 29.81 29.79 29.79 29.75

Ave. Relative Dry 83 70 70 76 71 66 72 72 65 Humidity, % Wet 79 81 82 79 83 83 80 81 79

247. As shown in Table 3.29, during the wet season, there is a general shift in the prevailing winds, which come from the southerly direction, while during the dry season, they mostly come from the northerly direction. Higher wind speeds were recorded at most stations, except at station AAQ8 (Bamban)., while the range of average wind speeds recorded was narrower than during the dry season. There is a notable decrease in wind speed recorded at station AAQ8. Average temperature recorded were higher than in dry season (except at stations AAQ2 and AAQ3). Relative humidity was higher at all stations except at station AAQ1, while barometric pressure was lower at all stations, compared to during dry season.

248. Most stations have lower levels of TSP and PM10 during the wet season, while PM2.5 increased in all stations. There is a marked increased in Pb, NO2 and SO2 concentrations, with few exceptions. All parameters were conformant to the DENR standards and WHO guidelines for ambient air quality, except for some stations for PM10 and PM2.5. Ozone was not detected in all stations, same as during the dry season.

249. Meteorological conditions may affect the amount of suspended particulates in a given area. Higher relative humidity during the wet season may cause particles of larger diameter to combine, become heavier, and settle out. On the other hand, the observed warmer temperatures and lower ambient pressures may induce upward-moving air that entrains smaller, lightweight particulates like PM2.5, and keep them suspended for a longer period of time. Higher maximum winds also result to more suspended particulates, and transport them to farther areas.

250. Increase in humidity in the atmosphere, along with cloud cover, reduces the amount of solar radiation reaching the earth’s surface, and may cause slower degradation of chemical

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pollutants like NO2 and SO2, increasing their concentrations. Higher humidity may also induce thermal inversion, keeping chemical pollutants at low elevations.

251. Table 3.30 summarizes the results of ambient air quality monitoring for MCRP during dry and wet seasons. Discussions of the results by sampling stations and per parameter follow.

Table 3.30 Ambient Air Quality Results during Wet and Dry Seasons Sampling Stations Standards AAQ4- AAQ1- AAQ2- AAQ3- AAQ5- AAQ6- AAQ7- AAQ8- AAQ9 - WHO Para- San DENR Unit Malolos Calumpit Apalit Angeles Mabalacat Dolores Bamban NCC AAQ meter Fernando Standard Station Station Station Station Station Station Station Station Guide- Station lines1 TSP, Dry 55.58 54.69 77.15 119.65 181.63 95.93 111.36 18.52 81.85 230 - ug/m3 Wet 74.95 34.50 104.40 100.53 93.12 58.30 91.57 30.14 97.94 PM10, Dry 42.21 26.86 48.87 70.51 88.34 45.79 91.49 16.07 44.35 150 50 ug/m3 Wet 36.68 25.71 69.70 59.00 60.80 49.76 7.35 29.24 46.54 PM2.5, Dry 18.31 15.65 22.05 30.45 22.83 17.81 21.3 11.94 10.62 50 25 ug/m3 Wet 12.25 24.15 60.79 45.34 54.00 47.15 69.61 22.73 48.06 SO2, Dry 4.42 130.19 134.93 ND ND ND ND ND ND 180 20 ug/m3 Wet 1.28 4.51 6.27 15.43 11.15 7.65 3.04 14.46 1.83 NO2, Dry 7.55 16.18 14.19 5.08 1.6 3.66 4.25 3.79 5.67 150 - ug/m3 Wet 41.33 35.61 41.22 32.52 17.44 62.45 59.41 64.39 26.16 Pb, Dry ND ND ND ND 0.0004 0.0043 0.0002 ND ND - - ug/m3 Wet 0.0037 0.0084 0.0252 0.0125 0.0092 ND 0.0080 ND 0.0048 CO, Dry 1.14 1.14 ND ND ND ND 10.29 ND ND 35,000 30,000(2) ug/m3 Wet ND ND 2.29 1.14 1.14 ND ND 1.14 ND O3, Dry ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 140 - ug/m3 Wet ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Note: ND - less than method detection limit (MDL) Colored boxes indicate parameters exceeded the standards Sources: Ambient Air Monitoring, GEOSPHERE Technologies 2018; 1As stated in Guideline Values of IFC General EHS Guidelines: Environmental Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality, Table 1.1.1: WHO Ambient Air Quality Guidelines, April 30, 2007 2WHO Air Quality Guidelines for Europe (2000)

(1) Results by Sampling Stations

252. The results of monitoring for each station are briefly described below.

Station AAQ1 (Malolos Station) 253. During testing, the prevailing winds were coming from the south-southwest direction, with average wind speed at 2.32 m/s, lower than during dry season. The average temperature was 28.1 °C, while the barometric pressure was 29.73 inHg and relative humidity at 79%. See Error! R eference source not found..

254. There was an increase in measured concentration levels of TSP, Pb and NO2, while levels of PM10, PM2.5 and SO2 decreased. All parameters measured were below the DENR Standards and the WHO AAQ Guideline Values. The concentrations of ground-level ozone and CO were not detected.

Station AAQ2 (Calumpit Station) 255. During testing, the prevailing winds were coming from the south-southwest, with average wind speed at 2.93 m/s, slightly higher than during the dry season. The average temperature was 26.8 °C, while the barometric pressure was 29.66 inHg and relative humidity at 81%.

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256. There was an increase in the measured concentrations of PM2.5, NO2 and Pb, while there was a decrease in measured concentrations of TSP, PM10 and SO2. The concentration levels of all parameters measured in station AAQ2 were below the DENR Standards and the WHO AAQ Guideline Values. The concentrations of ground-level ozone and CO were not detected.

Station AAQ3 (Apalit Station) 257. During testing, the prevailing winds were coming from the south-southwest direction, with average wind speed at 2.66 m/s, slightly higher than during the dry season. The average temperature was 26.9°C, while the barometric pressure was 29.69 inHg and relative humidity at 82%.

258. In station AAQ3, concentration levels of all parameters increased except for SO2. The concentration levels of all parameters measured in station AAQ3 were below the DENR Standards except for PM2.5 while all parameters were within the WHO AAQ Guideline Values except for PM10 and PM2.5. The concentration of ground-level ozone was not detected.

259. The high concentrations for PM10 and PM2.5 may be attributed to passing vehicles at a nearby access road. Further, lower ambient pressure develops upward moving air in an area, which may cause higher concentration of entrained particulates. Heavier particulates may overcome this upward lift and eventually settle, but the smaller, lighter fractions may remain suspended for longer periods of time.

Station AAQ4 (San Fernando Station) 260. During testing, the prevailing winds were coming from the south, with average wind speed at 2.43 m/s, slightly higher than during dry season. The average temperature was 27.4 °C, while the barometric pressure was 29.74 inHg and relative humidity at 79%.

261. The concentration levels of all parameters measured in station AAQ4 increased except for TSP and PM10. All parameters were below the DENR Standards while all parameters were within the WHO AAQ Guideline Values except for PM10 and PM2.5. The concentration of ground-level ozone was not detected.

262. As in station AAQ3, the exceedances of PM10 and PM2.5 may be attributed to the weather condition in the area during wet season, where lower pressure coupled with warmer termperatures tend to develop upward-moving air causing suspension of small-diameter particulates for a longer period of time. Dust also gets transported farther at areas of low pressure, and nearby open spaces may become notable sources of particulates.

Station AAQ5 (Angeles Station) 263. During testing, the prevailing winds were coming from the west-southwest direction, with average wind speed at 1.97 m/s, lower than during the dry season. The average temperature was 27.2 °C, while the barometric pressure was 29.78 inHg and relative humidity at 83%.

264. The concentration levels of all parameters increased except for TSP and PM10. All parameters measured in station AAQ5 were below the DENR Standards while all parameters were within the WHO AAQ Guideline Values except for PM10 and PM2.5. The concentration of ground- level ozone was not detected.

265. Exceedances for PM10 and PM2.5 may be attributed to combination of presence of dust sources and the weather condition in the area. Upward-moving air due to warmer temperature and lower ambient pressure may cause dust from nearby open spaces and generated by nearby passing vehicles to get entrained and suspended for a longer period of time and to be transported within a wider area.

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Station AAQ6 (Mabalacat Station)

266. During testing, the prevailing winds were coming from the south-southwest direction, with average wind speed at 1.29 m/s, lower than during the dry season. The average temperature was 26.8 °C, while the barometric pressure was 29.81 inHg and relative humidity at 83%.

267. The concentration levels of all parameters increased except for TSP and PM10. The concentration levels of TSP, PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NO2 measured in station AAQ6 were below the DENR Standards while all parameters were within the WHO AAQ Guideline Values except for PM2.5. The concentrations of ground-level ozone, Pb and CO were not detected.

268. Exceedance of PM2.5 may be attributed to combination of presence of dust sources and the weather condition in the area. The station is located near a main road and open spaces, which are potential sources of dust. As in other stations, low ambient pressure may be a significant factor in causing more amounts of smaller, lighter dust particles to be suspended in longer periods of time.

Station AAQ7 (Depot Site) 269. During testing, the prevailing winds were coming from the north-northeast direction, with average wind speed at 1.72 m/s, lower than during dry season. The average temperature was 27.2 °C, while the barometric pressure was 29.79 inHg and relative humidity at 80%.

270. The concentration levels of all parameters increased except for TSP and PM10. The concentration levels of all parameters measured in station AAQ7 were below the DENR Standards and the WHO AAQ Guideline Values except for PM2.5. The concentrations of ground-level ozone and CO were not detected.

271. Exceedance of PM2.5 may be attributed to combination of presence of dust sources and the weather condition in the area. The station is located near expressway and open spaces. As in other stations, low ambient pressure may be a significant factor in causing more amounts of smaller, lighter dust particles to be suspended in longer periods of time.

Station AAQ8 (Brgy. San Roque, Bamban) 272. During testing, the prevailing winds were coming from the south, with average wind speed at 1.90 m/s, lower than during dry season. The average temperature was 27.5°C, while the barometric pressure was 29.79 inHg and relative humidity at 81%.

273. The concentration levels of all parameters increased in station AAQ8. The concentration levels of TSP, PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and CO measured in station AAQ8 were below the DENR Standards and the WHO AAQ Guideline Values. The concentration of ground-level ozone and Pb was not detected.

Station AAQ9 (NCC) 274. During testing, the prevailing winds were coming from the southeast and north-northwest directions, with average wind speed at 2.32 m/s, higher than during dry season. The average temperature was 27.3 °C, while the barometric pressure was 29.75 inHg and relative humidity at 79%.

275. The concentration levels of all parameters increased in station AAQ8. The concentration levels of TSP, PM10, PM2.5, Pb, SO2 and NO2 measured in station AAQ9 were below the DENR Standards, except PM2.5 which exceeded the WHO AAQ Guideline Value. The concentrations of ground-level ozone and CO were not detected.

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276. Exceedance of PM2.5 may be attributed to combination of presence of dust sources and the weather condition in the area. The station is located near a dirt access road frequented by trucks carrying construction materials to NCC.

(2) Results by Parameters

277. A brief comparison, pertaining to the results across the sampling stations and against relevant DENR standards and WHO guideline values, was made.

Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) 278. Figure 3.62 shows the graphical presentation of the concentration levels of TSP in nine (9) sampling stations. As shown, concentration levels of TSP has not exceeded the DENR Standard of 230 µg/m3 in all Stations. The highest concentration level was recorded in AAQ3 (Apalit Station) at 104.40 µg/m3. The lowest concentration was recorded in station AAQ8 (Bamban Station) at 30.14 µg/m3. WHO has no 24-hour guideline value for TSP.

279. It was noted that most stations (AAQ2, AAQ4, AAQ5, AAQ6 and AAQ7) have lower TSP concentrations than during dry season. the highest decrease was noted at AAQ5 (Angeles Station).

280. Higher relative humidity may contribute to lowering of TSP concentrations by inducing agglomeration of large-diameter particulates, making them heavier so they settle faster.

Figure 3.62 Concentration Levels of TSP (µg/m3) at Nine (9) Sampling Stations

Particulate Matter up to 10 microns (PM10)

281. Figure 3.63 shows the graphical presentation of the concentration levels of PM10 in nine (9) sampling stations. As shown below, all stations were below the DENR Standard value. The 3 highest concentration level for PM10 was recorded in AAQ3 at 69.70 µg/m , while the lowest 3 concentration of PM10 was recorded in station AAQ7 at 7.35 µg/m . Concentration level of PM10 exceeded the WHO AAQ Guideline Value at stations AAQ3, AAQ4 and AAQ5.

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282. It was noted that the PM10 concentrations were lower than in dry season, except at Station AAQ3, AAQ6, AAQ8 and AAQ9. The highest increase was observed in station AAQ3, while the lowest decrease was observed in station AAQ7.

3 Figure 3.63 Concentration Levels of PM10 (µg/m ) at Nine (9) Sampling Stations

Particulate Matter up to 2.5 microns (PM2.5)

283. Figure 3.64 shows the graphical presentation of the concentration levels of PM10 in nine (9) sampling stations. As shown below, all stations were below the DENR Standard value except 3 3 for AAQ3 (60.79 µg/m ) and AAQ5 (54.00 µg/m ). The highest concentration level for PM2.5 was 3 recorded in AAQ3 at 60.79 µg/m , while the lowest concentration of PM2.5 was recorded in station 3 AAQ1 at 12.25 µg/m . Concentration level of PM2.5 exceeded the WHO AAQ Guideline Value at stations AAQ3, AAQ4, AAQ5 and AAQ6.

284. Except at station AAQ1, PM2.5 concentrations increased in all stations. The highest increase was observed in AAQ7 (Dolores Station), near the expressway. Meteorological factors may contribute to the observed increase in concentrations, since warmer temperatures and lower ambient pressures induce upward-moving air, entraining and suspending the light, small-diameter particles for longer periods of time.

3 Figure 3.64 Concentration Levels of PM2.5 (µg/m ) at Nine (9) Sampling Stations

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Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

285. Figure 3.65 shows the graphical presentation of the concentration levels of SO2 in nine (9) sampling stations. As shown, concentration levels of SO2 in all sampling stations were within the DENR Standard and WHO AAQ Guideline Values. The highest concentration was recorded in station AAQ4 at 15.43 µg/m3, while the lowest concentration was measured in AAQ1 at 1.28 µg/m3.

286. Compared to dry season, sulfur dioxide concentrations increased in all stations except at Stations AAQ1, AAQ2 and AAQ3. The rest of the stations where sulfur dioxide was not detected during during dry season has low, detectable concentrations of sulfur dioxide during wet season. It may be because sulfur dioxide degrades slower in less exposure to sunlight (i.e., cloudy days), more commonly occuring during wet season. The drastic lowering of SO2 in stations AAQ2 and AAQ3 may be attributed to disappearance of sources near the sampling stations.

3 Figure 3.65 Concentration Levels of SO2 (µg/m ) at Nine (9) Sampling Stations

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

287. Figure 3.66 shows the graphical presentation of the concentration levels of NO2 in nine (9) sampling stations. As shown, concentration levels of NO2 in all sampling stations were within the DENR Standard. The highest concentration was recorded in station AAQ8 at 64.39 µg/m3 while the lowest concentration was recorded in station AAQ5 at 17.44 µg/m3. WHO has no 24- hour guideline value for NO2.

288. Compared to dry season, nitrogen dioxide concentrations increased in all stations, the highest occurring at Station AAQ8 (Bamban). As with sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide may degrade slower under low-sunlight conditions (i.e., cloudy days), more common during wet season. Other factor may include natural synthesis by more frequent lightning, in addition to human activities nearby.

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3 Figure 3.66 Concentration Levels of NO2 (µg/m ) at Nine (9) Sampling Stations

Lead (Pb) 289. Figure 3.67 shows the graphical presentation of the concentration levels of Pb in nine (9) sampling stations. The highest Pb concentration was recorded in AAQ3 while the station with the lowest reading is Station AAQ8. Both the DENR and WHO have no 24-hour standard for Pb. Increase in Pb concentrations may be attributed to anthropogenic sources nearby sampling stations.

Figure 3.67 Concentration Levels of Pb (µg/m3) at Nine (9) Sampling Stations

Carbon Monoxide (CO) 290. Figure 3.68 shows the graphical presentation of the concentration levels of CO in nine (9) sampling stations. CO was not detected in six stations; however, minute readings were detected at stations AAQ3, AAQ4, AAQ5 and AAQ8.

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Figure 3.68 Concentration Levels of CO (µg/m3) at Eight (8) Sampling Stations

Ozone (O3) 291. As during the dry season, ozone is not detectable in all stations during the wet season monitoring.

Noise

3.3.2.1 Ambient Noise Level

292. Increase in population density and increase in road netwoks are two conditions that go along with development and urbanization. Noise levels will also reflect the general conditions of urban areas. Generally, higher noise levels are expected in urban areas as compared to rural areas.

3.3.2.2 Field Survey

293. Noise levels for the proposed MCRP were measured at fifteen (15) monitoring stations during morning (5:00 AM to 9:00 AM), daytime (9:00 AM to 6:00 PM), evening (6:00 to 10:00 PM) and nighttime (10:00 PM to 5:00AM) using an Extech® Model No. SDL600 and Extech® Model No. SL355. Noise levels were recorded manually and the median of the seven highest noise level readings was determined and compared with the NPCC standards for noise.

294. On the other hand, for noise levels recorded at 1-second interval for a period of one-hour, the equivalent energy level (LAeq) was computed using the formula below.

��⁄ ��⁄ ��⁄ �� = × { + + ⋯ + ⁄ } �ℎ ℎ: �� = � � 295. The computed LAeq was then compared = with the guidelines for community noise of the WHO.

296. Table 3.31 describes the location of the noise sampling stations and their categories according to applied standards.

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Table 3.31 Description of Noise Sampling Stations Station NPCC WHO Station Description ID Area Class Category1 Residential area approx. 90m northeast of La Malolos Station N01 Consolacion University Catmon Campus, AA* RIE – 14°51’13.15” N; 120°48’50.91” E approx. 35m south of old PNR Malolos Station Within Bonifacio Park, approx. 50m west of St. Calumpit Station N02 John the Baptist Church, approx. 90m west of AA RIE

14°54’57.72” N; 120°46’05.10” E St. John the Baptist Catholic School Residential area about 25m northeast of Brgy. Apalit Station N03 San Vicente Brgy. Hall, approx. 100m east of AA RIE 14°56'46.86"N, 120°44'52.44"E Sampaga Integrated School Old PNR Santo Tomas Station Residential area approx. 200m southeast of the N04 A RIE 15°00’14.88” N; 120°42’31.47” E old PNR Santo Tomas Station Brgy. Santo Niño residential area approx. 8m San Fernando Station N05 southwest of PNR San Fernando Station, A RIE 15°01'36.00"N, 120°41'12.00"E approx. 45m northeast of governor’s residence Residential area approx. 90m northeast of St. Brgy.Quebiawan Station N06 Scholastica’s Academy of Pampanga, Inc.; AA RIE 15°03’20.95” N; 120°39’54.58” E approx. 70m southeast of St.Vincent of Quebiawan Integrated School New Barrio Rd. - Sindalan Brgy. Sindalan residential area, approx. 30m N07 Memorial Park A RIE south of the cemetery entrance 15° 05'18.16"N, 120°38'28.60"E Angeles Station (Near La Pieta Brgy. Pulungbulu residential area approx. 100m N08 Memorial Cemetery) AA** RIE south of La Pieta chapel and crematorium 15° 8'9.00"N, 120°35'51.00"E Brgy. Claro M. Recto residential area, approx. Angeles old PNR Station N09 50m south of Agapito del Rosario basketball A RIE

15°08’41.51” N; 120°35’28.12” E court Residential area approx. 30m north of Iglesia ni Brgy. Santa Teresita N10 Kristo church, 10m south of UCCP-Angeles AA RIE

15°08’58.31” N; 120°35’20.47” E church Mabalacat Station N11 Brgy Lakandula residential area A RIE 15°10'26.00"N, 120°34'57.00"E Brgy. San Francisco residential area, approx. Mabalacat Municipal Cemetery N12 80m east of Subic-Clark-Tarlac Expressway A RIE

15°12’50.88” N; 120°34’25.78” E (SCTEx) Approx. 250m northwest of Catudtud Elementary Depot Site (Brgy. Dolores) N13 School, 10m south of Brgy. Dolores Barangay A** RIE 15°14'18.12"N, 120°34'5.95"E Hall and 30m southwest of covered gym Basketball court at Dapdap resettlement site, Brgy. San Roque, Bamban N14 approx. 10m south of Barangay Hall and AA RIE 15°16'32.13"N, 120°31'3.48"E Barangay Day Care center NCC Entrance Rural residential area approx. 200m from the N15 A RIE 15°20’56.42” N; 120°31’39.42” E planned PNR NCC Station Notes: *Area directly fronting or facing wider than four-lane road wherein NPCC MC 1980-002 Standards for Noise in General Areas plus +10 dBA correction factor will be applied. **Areas directly fronting or facing a four-lane road wherein NPCC MC 1980-002 Standards for Noise in General Areas plus +5 dBA correction factor will be applied. 1RIE – Residential; Institutional; Educational

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Figure 3.69 Ambient Noise Levels Monitoring Stations along Proposed MCRP Alignment

3.3.2.3 Applied standard

297. The measured noise levels were compared to the Environmental Quality Standards for Noise in General Areas (Ambient [Noise] Quality and Emission Standards for Noise of NPCC Memorandum Circular No. 1980-002) and the Guidelines for Community Noise of WHO, 1999. The details of the criteria used in this study are presented in Chapter 2 (2.6.5.1 Noise Standard) of the main EIS Report.

3.3.2.4 Results and Analysis

298. The results of noise level monitoring during wet season which was conducted in accordance to the requirements of NPCC MC No. 1980-002 were above the standard values of the Environmental Quality Standards for Noise in General Areas of NPCC, similar to values obtained during the dry season monitoring. The lowest noise level measured at 49.0 dBA was obtained in Station N05 (PNR San Fernando) during nighttime, while the highest noise level measured at 91.1 dBA was obtained in Station N07 (New Barrio Road – Sindalan Memorial Park) during evening. This was a wider range compared to the dry season, which ranged 54.6 dBa to 81 dBA only. The summary of results of the noise level monitoring conducted at MCRP alignment is shown in Table 3.32.

299. Moreover, the results of noise level monitoring, which was conducted in accordance to the Guidelines for Community Noise of WHO, showed that the ambient noise levels measured in all stations were above the WHO guideline values. The lowest 1-Hour LAeq measured at 49.3 dBA was obtained in Station N05 (PNR San Fernando) during nighttime, while the highest 1-Hour LAeq measured at 91.9 dBA was obtained in Station N12 (Mabalacat Municipal Cemetery) during nighttime. The noise levels measured during daytime period range from 57.5 dBA (N05 - PNR San

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Francisco) to 86.3 dBA (N04 – Old PNR Santo Tomas Station). During nighttime, noise levels range from 49.3 dBA (N05 - PNR San Fernando) to 91.9 dBA (N12 - Mabalacat Municipal Cemetery). The noise levels obtained were characteristic of urban areas near roads or streets and with relatively dense population.

300. The most frequently observed sources of noise were vehicles passing near the monitoring station, followed by voices of people nearby. The summary of results of the noise level monitoring conducted in compliance with the WHO Guideline was shown in Table 3.33. Brief discussion of noise levels as compared to NPCC standards and WHO guideline values were also made per monitoring station and per monitoring period.

301. A brief discussion of the results of noise level monitoring in each station during morning, daytime, evening and nighttime for NPCC standards and during daytime and nighttime for WHO guideline values is presented below.

1) Results by Monitoring Station N01 – Malolos 302. Station N01 was located approximately 90 meters northeast of La Consolacion University – Catmon Campus and was therefore categorized as Class AA area according to NPCC classification. Moreover, it is adjacent to McArthur Highway, thereby increasing its acceptable maximum noise levels by 10 dBA. Noise levels measured in all monitoring periods were higher than maximum noise levels set for its classification, which are 60 dBA for daytime, 55dBA for morning and evening, and 50 dBA for nighttime.

303. Station N01 was categorized under Residential, Institutional and Educational areas based on WHO guidelines. Noise levels measured during daytime and nighttime sampling were higher than the 1-hour LAeq noise levels set by WHO for its category, which are 55 dBA and 45 dBA, respectively.

304. During monitoring, sources of noise include people talking nearby; chirping of birds, light vehicles passing near station, and dogs barking nearby.

N02 – Calumpit 305. Station N02 was located within Bonifacio Park, approximately 50 meters west of St. John the Baptist Church and approximately 90 meters west of St. John the Baptist Catholic School and was therefore categorized as an AA Class area according to NPCC classification. Noise levels measured in all monitoring periods were higher than maximum noise levels set for its classification, which are 50 dBA for daytime, 45 dBA for morning and evening, and 40 dBA for nighttime.

306. Station N02 was categorized under Residential, Institutional and Educational areas based on WHO guidelines. Noise levels measured during daytime and nighttime sampling were higher than the 1-hour LAeq noise levels set by WHO for its category, which are 55 dBA and 45 dBA, respectively.

307. Sources of noise during monitoring include light vehicles and tricycles passing nearby, chirping of nocturnal insects and barking of dogs.

N03 – Apalit 308. Station N03 was located in a residential area close to Brgy. San Vicente Brgy. Hall. Furthermore, it is located approximately 100 meters east of Sampaguita Integrated School and was thus categorized as an AA Class area according to NPCC classification Noise levels measured in

Supplementary Survey Report THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT all monitoring periods were higher than maximum noise levels set for its classification, which are 50 dBA for daytime, 45 dBA for morning and evening, and 40 dBA for nighttime.

309. Station N03 was categorized under Residential, Institutional and Educational areas based on WHO guidelines. Noise levels measured during daytime and nighttime sampling were higher than the 1-hour LAeq noise levels set by WHO for its category, which are 55 dBA and 45 dBA, respectively.

310. Sources of noise during monitoring include light vehicles and tricycles passing nearby, and people talking.

N04 – Old PNR Santo Tomas 311. Station N04 was located in a residential area and was therefore categorized as an A Class area according to NPCC classification. Noise levels measured in all monitoring periods were higher than maximum noise levels set for its classification, which are 55 dBA for daytime, 50 dBA for morning and evening, and 45 dBA for nighttime.

312. Station N04 was categorized under Residential, Institutional and Educational areas based on WHO guidelines. Noise levels measured during daytime and nighttime sampling were higher than the 1-hour LAeq noise levels set by WHO for its category, which are 55 dBA and 45 dBA, respectively.

313. Source of noise include vehicles, trucks and cars passing nearby, barking of dogs and chirping of insects.

N05 – San Fernando 314. Station N05 was located in a residential area at Brgy. Santo Niño, and thus was categorized as an A Class area according to NPCC classification. Noise levels measured in all monitoring periods were higher than maximum noise levels set for its classification, which are 55 dBA for daytime, 50 dBA for morning and evening, and 45 dBA for nighttime.

315. Station N05 was categorized under Residential, Institutional and Educational areas based on WHO guidelines. Noise levels measured during daytime and nighttime sampling were higher than the 1-hour LAeq noise levels set by WHO for its category, which are 55 dBA and 45 dBA, respectively.

316. Sources of noise for this station include chirping of birds and insects, vehicles and motorcycles passing nearby, barking of dogs, squealing of pigs, bleating goats, voices of children playing nearby, croaking of geckos, and squeaking of bats.

N06 – Brgy Quebiawan 317. Station N06 was located within 90 meters of St. Scholastica’s Academy of Pampanga, Inc, and thus was categorized as an AA Class area according to NPCC classification. Noise levels measured in all monitoring periods were higher than maximum noise levels set for its classification, which are 50 dBA for daytime, 45 dBA for morning and evening, and 40 dBA for nighttime.

318. Station N06 was categorized under Residential, Institutional and Educational areas based on WHO guidelines. Noise levels measured during daytime and nighttime sampling were higher than the 1-hour LAeq noise levels set by WHO for its category, which are 55 dBA and 45 dBA, respectively.

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319. In this station, sources of noise include people talking, motorcycles passing nearby, barking of dogs, meowing of cats and chirping of nocturnal insects.

N07 – Sindalan Memorial Park 320. Station N07 was located in a residential area at Brgy. Sindalan, and was therefore categorized as an A Class area according to NPCC classification. Noise levels measured in all monitoring periods were higher than maximum noise levels set for its classification, which are 55 dBA for daytime, 50 dBA for morning and evening, and 45 dBA for nighttime.

321. Station N07 was categorized under Residential, Institutional and Educational areas based on WHO guidelines. Noise levels measured during daytime and nighttime sampling were higher than the 1-hour LAeq noise levels set by WHO for its category, which are 55 dBA and 45 dBA, respectively.

322. Sources of noise in this station are tricycles, trucks and cars passing nearby; dogs barking, chirping insects and crowing rooster.

N08 – Angeles Station (near La Pieta Memorial Cemetery) 323. Station N08 was located in a residential area at Brgy Pulungbulu adjacent to La Pieta chapel and crematorium, and thus was categorized as an AA Class area according to NPCC classification. Noise levels measured in all monitoring periods were higher than maximum noise levels set for its classification, which are 55 dBA for daytime, 50 dBA for morning and evening, and 45 dBA for nighttime.

324. Station N08 was categorized under Residential, Institutional and Educational areas based on WHO guidelines. Noise levels measured during daytime and nighttime sampling were higher than the 1-hour LAeq noise levels set by WHO for its category, which are 55 dBA and 45 dBA, respectively.

325. In this station, sources of noise include vehicles passing nearby access road, metal cutting activity nearby, chirping of birds and cicadas, people talking, and dogs barking.

N09 – Angeles Old PNR 326. Station N09 was located in a residential area at Brgy. Claro M. Recto, and thus was categorized as an A Class area according to NPCC classification. Noise levels measured in all monitoring periods were higher than maximum noise levels set for its classification, which are 55 dBA for daytime, 50 dBA for morning and evening, and 45 dBA for nighttime.

327. Station N09 was categorized under Residential, Institutional and Educational areas based on WHO guidelines. Noise levels measured during daytime and nighttime sampling were higher than the 1-hour LAeq noise levels set by WHO for its category, which are 55 dBA and 45 dBA, respectively.

328. Source of noise include tricycles, garbage truck and cars passing nearby, people talking nearby, radio blaring, car horns beeping, engine of idling jeepney, car horns blaring, people playing basketball, croaking gecko and barking of dogs.

N10 – Brgy. Santa Teresita 329. Station N10 was located in a residential area, and thus was categorized as an AA Class area according to NPCC classification. Noise levels measured in all monitoring periods were higher than maximum noise levels set for its classification, which are 50 dBA for daytime, 45 dBA for morning and evening, and 40 dBA for nighttime.

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330. Station N10 was categorized under Residential, Institutional and Educational areas based on WHO guidelines. Noise levels measured during daytime and nighttime sampling were higher than the 1-hour LAeq noise levels set by WHO for its category, which are 55 dBA and 45 dBA, respectively.

331. Noise sources in this station include delivery trucks, tricycles passing nearby, loud motorcycle engines, people talking nearby, barking dogs, chirping birds and insects, vendor megaphone blaring.

N11 - Mabalacat 332. Station N11 was located in a residential area at Brgy.Lakandula and was therefore categorized as an A Class area according to NPCC classification. Noise levels measured in all monitoring periods were higher than maximum noise levels set for its classification, which are 55 dBA for daytime, 50 dBA for morning and evening, and 45 dBA for nighttime.

333. Station N11 was categorized under Residential, Institutional and Educational areas based on WHO guidelines. Noise levels measured during daytime and nighttime sampling were higher than the 1-hour LAeq noise levels set by WHO for its category, which are 55 dBA and 45 dBA, respectively.

334. Noise sources in this station include people talking nearby, dogs barking and chirping of birds and nocturnal insects.

N12 – Mabalacat Municipal Cemetery 335. Station N12 was located in a residential area at Brgy. San Francisco, and thus was categorized as an A Class area according to NPCC classification. Noise levels measured in all monitoring periods were higher than maximum noise levels set for its classification, which are 55 dBA for daytime, 50 dBA for morning and evening, and 45 dBA for nighttime.

336. Station N12 was categorized under Residential, Institutional and Educational areas based on WHO guidelines. Noise levels measured during daytime and nighttime sampling were higher than the 1-hour LAeq noise levels set by WHO for its category, which are 55 dBA and 45 dBA, respectively.

337. Noise sources in this station include people talking singing karaoke and shouting nearby, vehicles passing nearby, aircraft passing overhead, dogs barking, chickens cackling, and motorcycle horns blaring.

N13 – Depot Site (Brgy. Dolores) 338. Station N13 was located in a residential area in Barangay Dolores and was therefore categorized as an A Class area according to NPCC classification. Moreover, it is adjacent to SCTEx, thereby increasing its acceptable maximum noise levels by 5 dBA Noise levels measured in all monitoring periods were higher than maximum noise levels set for its classification, which are 60 dBA for daytime, 55 dBA for morning and evening, and 50 dBA for nighttime.

339. Station N13 was categorized under Residential, Institutional and Educational areas based on WHO guidelines. Noise levels measured during daytime and nighttime sampling were higher than the 1-hour LAeq noise levels set by WHO for its category, which are 55 dBA and 45 dBA, respectively.

340. Sources of noise include vehicles passing nearby access road and expressway, chirping of birds and insects, and people playing basketball.

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N14 – Brgy. San Roque, Bamban 341. Station N14 was located in the basketball court of Dapdap resettlement site and adjacent to Brgy. Dapdap Day Care Center, and thus was categorized as an AA Class area according to NPCC classification. Noise levels measured in all monitoring periods were higher than maximum noise levels set for its classification, which are 50 dBA for daytime, 45 dBA for morning and evening, and 40 dBA for nighttime.

342. Station N14 was categorized under Residential, Institutional and Educational areas based on WHO guidelines. Noise levels measured during daytime and nighttime sampling were higher than the 1-hour LAeq noise levels set by WHO for its category, which are 55 dBA and 45 dBA, respectively.

343. Noise sources at station N14 include people talking nearby, barking of dogs, children playing basketball; welding, grinding and steel cutting operations nearby, bat sounds and chirping insects, sounds from television nearby, croaking of frogs and motorcycles passing neaby road.

N15 – NCC Entrance 344. Station N15 was located in a rural residential area and thus was categorized as an A Class area according to NPCC classification. Noise levels measured in all monitoring periods were higher than maximum noise levels set for its classification, which are 55 dBA for daytime, 50 dBA for morning and evening, and 45 dBA for nighttime.

345. Station N15 was categorized under Residential, Institutional and Educational areas based on WHO guidelines. Noise levels measured during daytime and nighttime sampling were higher than the 1-hour LAeq noise levels set by WHO for its category, which are 55 dBA and 45 dBA, respectively.

346. Figure 3.70 to Figure 3.73 present the noise levels according to NPCC area classification together with the applicable standards for every monitoring period, while Figure 3.74 and Figure 3.75 show the daytime and nighttime noise levels for the ambient noise stations classified according to WHO category compared with the applicable standard per category.

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Table 3.32 Summary of Results of Noise Level Monitoring for MCRP as Compared with NPCC Standards (Dry and Wet Seasons)

Station Dry Season Wet Season DENR Standard Number Date Time Noise Levels Date Time Noise Levels Area Class Period Noise Level Jan 28, 2018 0710H 64.5 July 9, 2018 0613H 67.7 Morning 55 dBA Jan 28, 2018 1321H 74.7 July 9, 2018 1515H 61.5 Daytime 60 dBA N01 AA* Jan 27, 2018 1900H 68.6 July 9, 2018 1957H 60.0 Evening 55 dBA Jan 27-28, 2018 2300H 64.3 July 9, 2018 0025H 66.1 Nighttime 50 dBA Jan 29, 2018 0704H 77.7 July 8, 2018 0751H 69.9 Morning 45 dBA Jan 29, 2018 1305H 73.1 July 8,2018 1546H 73.9 Daytime 50 dBA N02 AA Jan 29, 2018 1905H 76.8 July 8, 2018 1842H 74.4 Evening 45 dBA Jan 28-29, 2018 2304H 74.2 July 8, 2018 0430H 63.1 Nighttime 40 dBA Jan 31, 2018 0658H 70.1 July 7, 2018 0848H 66.8 Morning 45 dBA Jan 30, 2018 1259H 72.7 July 7, 2018 1155H 61.7 Daytime 50 dBA N03 AA Jan 30, 2018 1858H 68.4 July 6, 2018 2025H 65.7 Evening 45 dBA Jan 30-31, 2018 2259H 57.2 July 6, 2018 2336H 74.1 Nighttime 40 dBA Mar 2, 2018 0729H 66.8 July 6, 2018 0837H 72.8 Morning 50 dBA Mar 3, 2018 1645H 68.9 July 6, 2018 1200H 73.4 Daytime 55 dBA N04 A Mar 3, 2018 1801H 69.5 July 5, 2018 1930H 73.0 Evening 50 dBA Mar 6, 2018 2222H 64.4 July 5, 2018 2210H 73.6 Nighttime 45 dBA Feb 1, 2018 0654H 56.8 July 5, 2018 0520H 55.1 Morning 50 dBA Jan 31, 2018 1255H 64.1 July 5, 2018 1615H 58.0 Daytime 55 dBA N05 A Jan 31, 2018 1854H 57.7 July 5, 2018 2130H 54.0 Evening 50 dBA Jan 31-Feb 1, 2018 2304H 57.5 July 5, 2018 2330H 49.0 Nighttime 45 dBA Mar 3, 2018 0456H 68.9 July 3, 2018 0852H 73.2 Morning 45 dBA Mar 2, 2018 0956H 81.0 July 3, 2018 1655H 65.5 Daytime 50 dBA N06 AA Mar 6, 2018 2003H 69.0 July 3, 2018 2000H 68.9 Evening 45 dBA Mar 6-7, 2018 2344H 55.7 July 4, 2018 0322H 53.5 Nighttime 40 dBA Mar 3, 2018 0630H 69.4 July 13,2018 0750H 73.7 Morning 50 dBA Mar 2, 2018 1139H 64.7 July 12, 2018 1110H 80.9 Daytime 55 dBA N07 A Mar 2, 2018 2040H 70.7 July 12, 2018 1940H 91.1 Evening 50 dBA Mar 2, 2018 2234H 77.6 July 13, 2018 0050H 74.2 Nighttime 45 dBA Feb 2, 2018 0656H 64.8 July 5, 2018 0830H 63.8 Morning 50 dBA Feb 2, 20188 0957H 67.2 July 4, 2018 1600H 77.0 Daytime 55 dBA N08 AA** Feb 1, 2018 1857H 66.6 July 4, 2018 2040H 63.1 Evening 50 dBA Feb 1, 2018 2156H 64.8 July 5, 2018 0327H 66.3 Nighttime 45 dBA Mar 3, 2018 0747H 67.20 July 12, 2018 0620H 65.50 Morning 50 dBA Mar 2, 2018 1335H 62.70 July 12, 2018 1300H 69.80 Daytime 55 dBA N09 A Mar 2, 2018 1755H 79.40 July 12,2018 2055H 68.40 Evening 50 dBA Mar 6-7, 2018 2324H 72.40 July 12,2018 2220H 75.30 Nighttime 45 dBA Mar 7, 2018 0740H 64.90 July 12,2018 0745H 79.80 Morning 45 dBA Mar 2, 2018 1554H 73.60 July 12,2018 1505H 76.90 Daytime 50 dBA N10 AA Mar 2, 2018 1929H 79.40 July 17, 2018 1848H 75.40 Evening 45 dBA Mar 6, 2018 2210H 64.10 July 12, 2018 2320H 76.90 Nighttime 40 dBA Feb 3, 2018 0655H 60.90 July 4, 2018 0521H 58.00 Morning 50 dBA Feb 3, 2018 1224H 69.40 July 3, 2018 1634H 71.40 Daytime 55 dBA N11 A Feb 3, 2018 1844H 75.70 July 3, 2018 1911H 69.30 Evening 50 dBA Feb 3, 2018 0105H 65.70 July 4, 2018 0137H 52.60 Nighttime 45 dBA Mar 7, 2018 0559H 68.20 July 19,2018 0746H 69.90 Morning 50 dBA Mar 3, 2018 1103H 74.40 July 19,2018 0900H 80.60 Daytime 55 dBA N12 A Mar 6, 2018 1754H 71.50 July 17,2018 2135H 66.70 Evening 50 dBA Mar 7, 2018 0350H 62.90 July 17, 2018 2200H 58.90 Nighttime 45 dBA Feb 5, 2018 0604H 71.0 July 1, 2018 0526H 66.9 Morning 55 dBA Feb 4, 2018 1304H 79.0 July 1, 2018 1633H 72.0 Daytime 60 dBA N13 A** Feb 4, 2018 1855H 67.8 July 1, 2018 1920H 62.6 Evening 55 dBA Feb 4-5, 2018 2254H 63.1 July 1, 2018 0136H 60.1 Nighttime 50 dBA

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Station Dry Season Wet Season DENR Standard Number Date Time Noise Levels Date Time Noise Levels Area Class Period Noise Level Feb 6, 2018 0701H 67.8 July 2, 2018 0500H 60.2 Morning 45 dBA Feb 5, 2018 1300H 67.7 July 2, 2018 1530H 59.5 Daytime 50 dBA N14 AA Feb 5, 2018 1900H 62.3 July 2, 2018 2015H 57.6 Evening 45 dBA Feb 5, 2018 2300H 60.3 July 2, 2018 0356H 62.0 Nighttime 40 dBA Feb 7, 2018 0700H 62.4 June 30, 2018 0730H 60.1 Morning 50 dBA Feb 6, 2018 1402H 59.9 June 29, 2018 1550H 64.7 Daytime 55 dBA N15 A Feb 6, 2018 1913H 64.0 June 29, 2018 2057H 54.2 Evening 50 dBA Feb 6-7, 2018 2302H 54.6 June 30, 2018 0413H 54.4 Nighttime 45 dBA Notes: *Area directly fronting or facing wider than four-lane road wherein NPCC MC 1980-002 Standards for Noise in General Areas plus +10 dBA correction factor were applied **Areas directly fronting or facing a four-lane road wherein NPCC MC 1980-002 Standards for Noise in General Areas plus +5 dBA correction factor were applied.

Table 3.33 Summary of Results of Noise Level Monitoring in Compliance with the WHO Guidelines (Dry and Wet Seasons)

Dry Season Wet Season WHO Guidelines Station Noise Noise Noise Area Number Date Time Levels, Date Time Levels, Period Levels, Class dBA dBA dBA Jan 28, 2018 1326H-1426H 63.4 July 9, 2018 1515H-1615H 64.2 Daytime 55 N01 RIE Jan 27-28, 2018 2306H-0006H 59.4 July 9, 2018 0025H-0125H 61.4 Nighttime 45 Jan 29, 2018 1310H-1410H 61.1 July 8, 2018 1546H-1646H 69.7 Daytime 55 N02 RIE Jan 28-29, 2018 2310H-0010H 65.8 July 8, 2018 0430H-0530H 63.0 Nighttime 45 Jan 30, 2018 1304H-1404H 67.3 July 7, 2018 1155H-1255H 79.1 Daytime 55 N03 RIE Jan 30-31, 2018 2304H-0004H 63 July 6-7, 2018 2336H-2436H 67.3 Nighttime 45 Mar 3, 2018 1650H-1750H 66.2 July 6, 2018 1200H-1300H 86.3 Daytime 55 N04 RIE Mar 6, 2018 2228H-2328H 60.1 July 5, 2018 2210H-2310H 69.6 Nighttime 45 Jan 31, 2018 1300H-1400H 60.2 July 6, 2018 1615H-1715H 57.5 Daytime 55 N05 RIE Jan 31-Feb 1, 2018 2310H-0010H 60.9 July 5-6, 2018 2330H-2430H 49.3 Nighttime 45 Mar 2, 2018 1001H-1101H 70.3 July 3, 2018 1655H-1755H 75.4 Daytime 55 N06 RIE Mar 6-7, 2018 2349H-0049H 51.9 July 4, 2018 0322H-0422H 69.7 Nighttime 45 Mar 2, 2018 1145H-1245H 61.8 July 12, 2018 1110H-1210H 80.2 Daytime 55 N07 RIE Mar 2, 2018 2240H-2340H 65.3 July 13, 2018 0050H-0150H 70.2 Nighttime 45 Feb 2, 20188 1002H-1102H 65.7 July 4, 20188 1600H-1700H 72.5 Daytime 55 N08 RIE Feb 1, 2018 2202H-2302H 62.5 July 5, 2018 0327H-0427H 59.8 Nighttime 45 Mar 2, 2018 1340H-1440H 59.9 July 12, 2018 1300H-1400H 67.6 Daytime 55 N09 RIE Mar 6-7, 2018 2330H-0030H 64.4 July 12, 2018 2220H-2320H 71.5 Nighttime 45 Mar 2, 2018 1600H-1700H 66.9 July 12, 2018 1505H-1605H 74.9 Daytime 55 N10 RIE Mar 6, 2018 2215H-2315H 65.5 July 12, 2018 2320H-2320H 66.5 Nighttime 45 Feb 3, 2018 1230H-1330H 62.9 July 3, 2018 1634H-1734H 63.7 Daytime 55 N11 RIE Feb 3, 2018 0110H-0210H 51.4 July 4, 2018 0137H-0237H 62.0 Nighttime 45 Mar 3, 2018 1108H-1208H 61.5 July 19, 2018 0900H-1000H 81.4 Daytime 55 N12 RIE Mar 7, 2018 0355H-0455H 61.2 July 17-18, 2018 2320H-2420H 91.9 Nighttime 45 Feb 4, 2018 1310H-1410H 64.2 July 1, 2018 1633H-1733H 63.8 Daytime 55 N13 RIE Feb 4-5, 2018 2300H-0000H 63.6 July 1, 2018 0136H-0236H 57.3 Nighttime 45 Feb 5, 2018 1306H-1406H 64 July 2, 2018 1530H-1630H 58.3 Daytime 55 N14 RIE Feb 5, 2018 2306H-0006H 62.3 July 2, 2018 0356H-0456H 57.4 Nighttime 45 Feb 6, 2018 1408H-1508H 55.1 June 30, 2018 1550H-1650H 59.3 Daytime 55 N15 RIE Feb 6-7, 2018 2308H-0008H 48.2 June 30, 2018 0413H-0513H 56.7 Nighttime 45

Notes: RIE – Residential; Institutional; Educational

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2) Results by Monitoring Period a) For NPCC MC 1980-002 Compliance Noise Levels During Morning 347. As shown in Figure 3.70, during the wet season, noise levels in all stations exceeded the NPCC standards during the morning period. The highest noise level of 79.8 dBA was measured at station N10 – Brgy. Santa Teresita while the lowest noise level of 55.1 dBA was measured at station N05 – San Fernando Station. The morning period covers the time between 5:00 AM to 9:00 AM.

348. Compared to dry season, there was an increase in noise levels at stations N01, N04, N06, N07, N10 and N12. The highest increase was measured in N10 - Brgy. Teresita, while the highest decrease was measured in N02 – Calumpit.

55 50 45

Figure 3.70 Morning Ambient Noise Levels According to NPCC Classification

Noise Levels During Daytime 349. As shown in Figure 3.71, noise levels in all stations exceeded the NPCC standards during the daytime period. The highest noise level of 80.9 dBA was measured at station N07 – Sindalan Memorial Park while the lowest noise level of 58.0 dBA was measured at station N05 – San Fernando Station. The morning period covers the time between 9:00 AM to 6:00 PM.

350. Compared to dry season, there was a decrease in noise levels at stations N01, N03, N05, N06, N13 and N14, while there was an increase in the remaining stations. The highest decrease was measured in N06 – Brgy. Quebiawan, while the highest increase was measured in N07 – Sindalan Memorial Park.

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60 55 50

Figure 3.71 Daytime Ambient Noise Levels According to NPCC Classification

Noise Levels During Evening 351. As shown in Figure 3.72, noise levels in all stations exceeded the NPCC standards during the evening period. The highest noise level of 91.1 dBA was measured at station N07 – Sindalan Memorial Park while the lowest noise level of 54.0 dBA was measured at station N05 – San Fernando Station. The evening period covers the time between 6:00 PM to 10:00 PM.

352. Compared to dry season, there was an increase in noise levels at stations N04 and N07, while there was a decrease in the remaining stations. The highest decrease was measured in N09 – Angeles Old PNR Station, while the highest increase was measured in N07 – Sindalan Memorial Park.

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55 50 45

Figure 3.72 Evening Ambient Noise Levels According to NPCC Classification

Noise Levels During Nighttime 353. As shown in Figure 3.73, noise levels in all stations exceeded the NPCC standards during the nighttime period. The highest noise level of 76.9 dBA was measured at station N10 – Brgy. Santa Teresita while the lowest noise level of 49.0 dBA was measured at station N05– San Fernando Station. The nighttime period covers the time between 10:00 PM to 5:00 AM.

354. Compared to dry season, there was an increase in noise levels at stations N01, N03, N04, N08, N09, N10 and N14, while there was a decrease in the remaining stations. The highest decrease was measured in N11 – Mabalacat Station, while the highest increase was measured in N03 – Apalit Station.

50 45 40

Figure 3.73 Nighttime Ambient Noise Levels According to NPCC Classification

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Noise Levels During Daytime 355. As shown in Figure 3.74, the daytime noise levels in all stations exceeded the WHO guideline values of 55 dBA for the Residential, Institutional and Educational Category. The highest noise level of 86.3 dBA was measured at station N04 – Old PNR Santo Tomas Station while the lowest noise level of 57.5 dBA was measured at station N05 – San Fernando Station. The daytime period as set by WHO covers the time between 7:00 AM to 10:00 PM.

356. Noise levels during wet season are higher than during the dry season for all seasons, except for stations N05, N13 and N14.

Figure 3.74 Daytime Ambient Noise Levels According to WHO Classification

Noise Levels During Nighttime 357. As shown in Figure 3.75, the nighttime noise levels in all stations exceeded the WHO guideline value of 45 dBA for the Residential, Institutional and Educational Category. The highest noise level of 91.1 dBA was measured at station N12 – Mabalacat Municipal Cemetery while the lowest noise level of 49.3 dBA was measured at station N05 – San Fernando Station. The nighttime period as set by WHO covers the time between 10:00 PM to 7:00 AM.

358. Noise levels during wet season are higher than during the dry season for all seasons, except for stations N02, N05, N08, N13 and N14.

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Figure 3.75 Nighttime Ambient Noise Levels According to WHO Classification

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4. REFERENCES Biodiversity Management Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources Biota Environmental Sciences and Trudgen, M.E. (2002). Hope Downs Rail Corridor, Port Hedland to Weeli Wolli Creek – Vegetation and Flora Survey. Unpublished report prepared for Hope Downs Management Services, February 2002. Bird Life International, Conservation International 2014, http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/ mapsearch DENR Administrative Order No. (2007-01). The National List of Threatened Philippine Plants and their Categories’. Philippine Plant Conservation Committee (PPCC) PAWB, DENR. DENR Administrative Order No. 2007-01 (11). The Updated National List of Threatened Philippine Plants and their Categories’. Philippine Plant Conservation Committee (PPCC) PAWB, DENR. Freshwater Quality Standards, DENR Administrative Order 2016-08 Guideline Values for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring, WHO Air Quality Guidelines for Europe, 2000 Guideline Values for Ambient Air Quality, DENR Administrative Order No. 2013-13 Guideline Values for Ambient Air Quality, IFC General EHS Guidelines: Environmental Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality, Table 1.1.1: WHO Ambient Air Quality Guidelines, April 30, 2007 Guideline Values for Ambient Air Quality, National Ambient Air Quality Guideline for Criteria Pollutants of the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 Guideline Values for Ambient Air Quality, WHO air quality guidelines for Europe, 2000 Guidelines for Community Noise, World Health Organization (WHO), 1999 Long and Giri (2011) Assessment of Philippine Mangrove Forest Cover. GIS Applications and Mapping. Published at Sensors. Retrieved at December 11, 2017. Maximum Allowable Noise Level, NPCC Memorandum Circular No. 002, May 12, 1980 Merrill, E.D. 1923-1926. An Enumeration of Philippine Flowering Plants. Vol. I-IV. Bureau of Printing, Manila, Philippines. Noise Guidelines, REI – Residential, Institutional, Educational; IC – Industrial, Commercial, World Health Organization PSC (n.d.) Public Service Commission. Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53707-7854 Rojo, J.C. 1998. Revised Lexicon of Philippine Trees, Forest Product Research and Develoment Institute, Department of Science and Technology, College, Laguna Rojo, J.C. 2001. Revised Lexicon of Philippine Trees, Forest Product Research and Develoment Institute, Department of Science and Technology, College, Laguna The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015-3. . Downloaded on 23 September 2017 The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-1. . Downloaded on 30 July 2017

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Inventory Listings Terrestrial Flora and Fauna Survey (Wet Season) THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT (MCRP)

Table 1: List of all plant species documented at MCRP alignment during the wet season flora survey

No. Scientific Name FAMILY Common Name 1 Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. AIZOACEAE Marigoso 2 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC. AMARANTHACEAE Bunga-Bunga 3 Amaranthus spinosus L. AMARANTHACEAE Kulitis 4 *Mangifera indica L. ANACARDIACEAE Mangga 5 Semecarpus cuneiformis Blanco ANACARDIACEAE Ligas 6 *Anacardium occidentale L. ANACARDIACEAE Kasoy 7 Buchanania arborescens (Blume) Blume ANACARDIACEAE Balinghasai 8 *Annona reticulata L. ANNONACEAE Anonas 9 *Annona squamosa L. ANNONACEAE Atis 10 Cananga odorata (Lamk.) Hook. f. & Thoms. ANNONACEAE Ilang-Ilang 11 Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Poir. APOCYNACEAE Pandakaki 12 Syngonium podophyllum Schott ARACEAE Kamay kastila 13 Xanthosoma violaceum Schott ARACEAE Yautia 14 Rhapidophora pinnata (L.) Schott ARACEAE Tibatib 15 Ageratum conyzoides L. ASTERACEAE Bulak manok 16 Tridax procumbens Linn. ASTERACEAE Dagad 17 Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. ASTERACEAE 18 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. ASTERACEAE Tintatintahan 19 Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. ASTERACEAE Hagonoy 20 Blumea lacera (Burn.f.) DC. ASTERACEAE Damong-Mabaho 21 Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) B.L. Rob. ASTERACEAE Uuko 22 *Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. BIGNONIACEAE African Tulip 23 Cordia dichotoma G. Forster BORAGINACEAE Anonang 24 Trema orientalis (L.) Blume CANNABACEAE Anabiong 25 Cleome rutidosperma DC. CLEOMACEAE Tamil-malaya 26 Terminalia catappa L. COMBRETACEAE Talisai 27 Commelina diffusa Burm.f. COMMELINACEAE Alikbangon 28 Commelina benghalenis L. COMMELINACEAE Alikbangon babae 29 Murdania nudiflora (L.) Brenan COMMELINACEAE Alikbangon lalaki 30 Ipomoea triloba L. CONVULVULACEAE Aurorang-gubat 31 Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. CONVULVULACEAE Kamoteng baging 32 Merremia vitifolia (Burm. f.) Hall. f. CONVULVULACEAE Kalalaknit 33 Zehneria indica (Lour.) Keraudren CUCURBITACEAE Melon Daga 34 Momordica conchinchinensis CUCURBITACEAE Ampalayang ligaw 35 Cyperus rotundus L. CYPERACEAE Busikad 36 Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. EUPHORBIACEAE Binunga 37 Mallotus philippensis (Lamk) Muell.-Arg. EUPHORBIACEAE Banato 38 Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw. Ex Blume) Reichb. f. & Zoll. EUPHORBIACEAE Alim 39 *Tamarindus indica L. FABACEAE Sampaloc 40 Bauhinia malabarica Roxb FABACEAE Alibangbang 41 * Cassia fistula L. FABACEAE Golden Shower 42 Cynometra ramiflora L. FABACEAE Balitbitan 43 *Delonix regia (Boj. ex Hook.) Raf. FABACEAE Fire tree 44 *Acacia mangium Willd. FABACEAE Mangium 45 *Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb) Benth. FABACEAE Kamachile 46 Pterocarpus indicus Willd. forma indicus FABACEAE Smooth Narra 47 Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit FABACEAE Ipil-Ipil 48 *Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. FABACEAE Rain tree 49 *Mimosa pudica L. FABACEAE Makahiya 50 *Centrosema pubescens Benth. FABACEAE Dilang Butiki 51 Abrus precatorius L. FABACEAE 52 Mucuna pruriens name Linn. FABACEAE Anipay 53 Callicarpa formosana Rolfe LAMIACEAE Tambabasi 54 *Gmelina arborea Roxb. LAMIACEAE Gmelina Terrestrial Flora and Fauna Survey (Wet Season) THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT (MCRP)

No. Scientific Name FAMILY Common Name 55 Vitex parviflora Juss. LAMIACEAE Molave 56 Premna odorata Blanco LAMIACEAE Alagau 57 Hyptis capitata Jacq. LAMIACEAE Botonesan 58 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.)C.B. Rob. LAURACEAE Sablot 59 *Persea gratissima Gaertn. LAURACEAE Avocado 60 Leea aculeata Blume ex Spreng. LEEACEAE Amamali 61 Leea philippinensis Merr. LEEACEAE Kaliantan 62 Pterospermum diversifolium Blume MALVACEAE Bayok 63 *Sida acuta Burm. f. MALVACEAE Walis-walisan 64 *Sida javensis Cav. MALVACEAE Igat-Igat 65 *Sida rhombifolia L. MALVACEAE Takling baka 66 *Urena lobata L. MALVACEAE Kulot-Kulotan 67 Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum (A. Juss.) Miq MELIACEAE Igyo 68 Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. f.) Merr. MELIACEAE Santol 69 *Swietenia mahogany (L.) Jacq. MELIACEAE Small Leaf Mahogany 70 Artocarpus altilis (Park.) Fosb. MORACEAE Rimas 71 Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr. MORACEAE Antipolo 72 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. MORACEAE Nangka 73 Artocarpus ovatus Blanco MORACEAE Anubing 74 Ficus ulmifolia Lamk MORACEAE Is-Is 75 Ficus variegata Blume MORACEAE Tangisang Bayawak 76 Streblus asper Lour MORACEAE Kalios 77 Ficus septica Burm. f. MORACEAE Hauili 78 Ficus pseudopalma Blanco MORACEAE Niog-niogan 79 Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. MORACEAE Pakiling 80 Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr MORACEAE Tibig 81 *Muntigia calabura L. MUNTIGIACEAE Datiles 82 Musa acuminata Colla MUSACEAE Sagingan 83 *Psidium guajava L. MYRTACEAE Bayabas 84 *Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels MYRTACEAE Duhat 85 Eucalyptus deglupta Blume MYRTACEAE Bagras 86 Chionanthus ramiflorus Roxb. OLEACEAE Oliba 87 *Averrhoa bilimbi L. OXALIDACEAE Kamias 88 *Passiflora foetida L. PASSIFLORACEAE Karrungut 89 Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn. PHYLLANTHACEAE Binayuyu 90 Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd. PHYLLANTHACEAE Sampa-sampalukan 91 Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume PHYLLANTHACEAE 92 Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) PHYLLANTHACEAE Matang hipon 93 Piper betle L. PIPERACEAE Ikmo 94 Paspalum conjugatum POACEAE Carabao grass 95 Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. POACEAE Cogon 96 Chloris virgata Sw. POACEAE Lady's finger 97 Themeda arundinacea (Roxb.) Ridl. POACEAE Tanglar 98 Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees POACEAE Palay-maya 99 Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) W. Clayton POACEAE Agingay 100 Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. POACEAE Bayakibok 101 *Bambusa blumeana J.A.& J.H. Schultes POACEAE Kawayan tinik 102 Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. POACEAE Byuko 103 Portulaca olaracea L. PORTULACACEAE Gulasiman 104 Nauclea orientalis (L.) LP. RUBIACEAE Bangkal 105 Morinda citrifolia L. RUBIACEAE Bangkoro 106 Borreria ocymoides (Burm. f.) DC. RUBIACEAE Landrina 107 Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. RUTACEAE Lukban 108 Micromelum minutum (J.G. Forster) Wight & Arn. RUTACEAE Tulibas Tilos 109 Flacourtia rukam Zoll & Moritzi SALICACEAE Bitongol 110 *Manilkara sapota (L.) Royer. SAPOTACEAE Chico 111 *Chrysophyllum cainito L. SAPOTACEAE Caimito Terrestrial Flora and Fauna Survey (Wet Season) THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT (MCRP)

No. Scientific Name FAMILY Common Name 112 Solanum ferox L. SOLANACEAE Talong gubat 113 Physalis angulata L. SOLANACEAE Putok-putukan 114 Pipturus arborescens (Link) C.B. Rob. URTICACEAE Dalunot 115 Lantana camara L. VERBENACEAE Coronitas 116 Stachytarpeta jamacencis VERBENACEAE Kandikandilaan 117 Tetrastigma harmandii Planch. VITACEAE Ayo 118 Cayratia trifolia (L.) Quis. VITACEAE Alangingi 119 Pollia secundiflora (Blume) Bakh.f. COMMELINACEAE Salibangon 120 Murdania nudiflora (L.) Brenan COMMELINACEAE Alikbangon lalaki 121 Commelina benghalenis L. COMMELINACEAE Alikbangon 122 Vernonia cinerea ASTERACEAE Agas moro 123 Tithonia diversifolia Asa Gray ASTERACEAE Wild sunflower 124 Caesalpinia latisiliquum (Cav.) Hattink FABACEAE Kamot kabag 125 Nauclea orientalis (L.) L. RUBIACEAE Bangkal 126 *Azadirachta indica A. Juss. MELIACEAE Neem Tree 127 Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth FABACEAE Akleng parang 128 Paspalidium flavidum POACEAE Paspalidium 129 Diospyros philippinensis EBENACEAE Kamagong 130 Cyperus esculentus CYPERACEAE Yellow nutsedge 131 Penissetum purpureum POACEAE Napier 132 Sorghum halepense POACEAE Johnson grass 133 Gliricidia sepium FABACEAE Kakwate Terrestrial Flora and Fauna Survey (Wet Season) THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT (MCRP)

Table 2: List of species of birds documented during the wet season monitoring of the proposed MCRP

Feeding Conservation Transects Family Scientific Name Common Name Endemicity Guilds Status 1 2 3 4 5 Acanthizidae Gerygone sulphurea Golden-bellied Flyeater Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 4 8 Accipitridae Haliastur indus Brahminy kite Carnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 1 Accipiter virgatus Besra Carnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 1 Alcedinidae Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Kingfiher Carnivore Least Concern Endemic 2 5 2 Todiramphus chloris White-collared Kingfisher Carnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 1 1 Apodidae Collocalia esculenta Glossy Swiftlet Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 4 2 15 4 Collocalia troglodytes Pygmy swiftlet Insectivore Least Concern Endemic 4 4 4 Ardeidae Ardea purpurea Purple Heron Carnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 2 1 25 Egretta garzetta Little Egret Carnivore Least Concern Resident-Migrant 1 2 1 11 Ixobrychus cinnamomeus Cinnamon Bittern Carnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 1 2 3 Ixobrychus sinensis Yellow Bittern Carnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 2 8 3 Egretta intermedia Intermediate egret Carnivore Least Concern Resident-Migrant 4 Nycticorax nycticorax Black Crowned Night Heron Carnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 6 46 Ardea alba Great Egret Carnivore Least Concern Resident-Migrant 1 Bubulcus coromandus Cattle Egret Omnivore Least Concern Resident-Migrant 1 Dupetor flavicollis Black Bittern Carnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 2 Egretta sacra Eastern Reef-Egret Carnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 2 Artamidae Artamus leucorynchus White-breasted Wood-swallow Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 3 16 Campephagidae Lalage nigra Pied triller Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 2 Cisticolidae Cisticola juncidis Zitting Cisticola Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 4 7 Cisticola exilis Bright-capped Cisticola Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 3 Columbidae Spilopelia chinensis Spotted Dove Frugivore Least Concern Native/Resident 4 7 Geopelia striata Zebra Dove Omnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 5 10 2 9 Phapitreron leucotis White-eared Brown Dove Frugivore Least Concern Endemic 1 11 Chalcophaps indica Common Emerald Dove Frugivore Least Concern Native/Resident 7 Macropygia tenuirostris Brown cuckoo-dove Frugivore Least Concern Native/Resident 1 1 Corvidae Corvus macrorhynchos Large-billed Crow Omnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 2 1 Cuculidae Centropus viridis Philippine Coucal Insectivore Least Concern Endemic 1 4 9 Cacomantis sepulcralis Brush cuckoo Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 4 1 1 Cacomantis merulinus Plaintive Cuckoo Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 1 Centropus bengalensis Lesser Coucal Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 3 Dicaeidae Dicaeum australe Red-keeled flowerpecker Frugivore Least Concern Endemic 2 Dicaeum pygmaeum Pygmy flowerpecker Frugivore Least Concern Endemic 2 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna Survey (Wet Season) THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT (MCRP)

Feeding Conservation Transects Family Scientific Name Common Name Endemicity Guilds Status 1 2 3 4 5 Estrildidae Lonchura punctulata Scaly-breasted Munia Granivore Least Concern Native/Resident 7 4 22 5 24 Lonchura atricapilla Chestnut Munia Granivore Least Concern Native/Resident 12 9 40 Hirundinidae Hirundo tahitica Pacific Swallow Insectivore Least Concern Resident-Migrant 3 4 8 Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Insectivore Least Concern Resident-Migrant 2 3 6 Laniidae Lanius cristatus Brown Shrike Carnivore Least Concern Resident-Migrant 2 3 Lanius schach Long-tailed Shrike Carnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 7 5 8 4 2 Laridae Sterna hirundo Common Tern Carnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 11 Locustellidae Megalurus palustris Striated Grassbird Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 2 10 15 7 Megalurus timoriensis Tawny Grassbird Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 1 9 4 Psilopogon Megalaimidae Coppersmith Barbet Frugivore Least Concern Native/Resident 2 1 haemacephala Meropidae Merops philippinus Blue-tailed Bee-eater Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 2 3 3 5 Monarchidae Hypothymis azurea Black-naped monarch Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 2 Motacillidae Anthus richardi Richard's Pipit Omnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 1 Muscicapidae Copsychus mindanensis Oriental Magpie-Robin Insectivore Least Concern Endemic 3 Saxicola caprata Pied Bushchat Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 3 2 Nectariniidae Cinnyris jugularis Olive-backed Sunbird Omnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 3 4 Oriolidae Oriolus chinensis Black-naped Oriole Omnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 3 Passeridae Passer montanus Eurasian Tree sparrow Omnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 26 15 9 44 Phasianidae Gallus gallus Jungle fowl Omnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 1 Picidae Picoides maculatus Philippine pygmy woodpecker Insectivore Least Concern Endemic 2 Podicipedidae Tachybaptus ruficollis Little Grebe Insectivore Least Concern Native/Resident 5 Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow-vented Bulbul Omnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 7 8 16 5 15 Hypsipetes philippinus Philippine bulbul Insectivore Least Concern Endemic 9 Rallidae Gallirallus philippensis Buff-banded rail Omnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 3 Amaurornis phoenicurus White-breasted Waterhen Omnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 1 2 Gallinula chloropus Common Moorhen Omnivore Least Concern Resident-Migrant 2 Gallirallus torquatus Barred rail Omnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 5 Porzana cinerea White-browed Crake Omnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 2 Rallina eurizonoides Slaty-legged Crake Omnivore Least Concern Native/Resident 2 Rhipiduridae Rhipidura nigritorquis Pied Fantail Carnivore Least Concern Endemic 2 3 2 9 4 Zosteropidae Zosterops meyeni Lowland White-eye Omnivore Least Concern Endemic 4 Total Number of Individuals 92 154 194 101 248 Total Number of Species 24 26 35 14 28

Terrestrial Flora and Fauna Survey (Wet Season) THE MALOLOS CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT (MCRP)

Table 3: List of species of mammals documented during the wet season monitoring of the proposed MCRP

Transects Family Scientific Name Common Name Conservation Status Endemicity Feeding Guild 1 2 3 4 5 Muridae Rattus exulans Polynesian Rat Least Concern Introduced Omnivore 2 Rattus tanezumi Oriental house rat Least Concern Introduced Omnivore 3 Pteropodidae Cynopterus brachyotis Short-nosed Fruit Bat Least Concern Native/Resident Frugivore 23 16 45 10 21 Macroglossus minimus Long-tongued Nectar Bat Least Concern Native/Resident Frugivore 1 1 Soricidae Suncus murinus Asian House Shrew Least Concern Native/Resident Carnivore 1 Vespertolionidae Scotophilus kuhlii Lesser Asiatic yellow bat Least Concern Native/Resident Insectivore 1 Total Number of Individuals 27 20 46 10 21 Total Number of Species 4 3 1 1 1

Table 4: List of species of herpetofauna documented during the wet season monitoring of the proposed MCRP

Feeding Transect Family Scientific Name Common Name Conservation Status Endemicity Total Guild 1 2 3 4 5 Bufonidae Rhinella marina Cane toad Least Concern Introduced Carnivore 26 20 10 4 2 62 Microhylidae Kaloula pulchra Asiatic painted frog Least Concern Introduced Insectivore 1 7 50 - - 58 Fejervarya vittigera Common pond frog; Luzon wart frog Least Concern Native/ Resident Carnivore 2 5 - - - 7 Dicroglossidae Limnonectes woodworthi Woodworth's fanged frog Least Concern Endemic Insectivore - - 6 - - 6 Occidozyga laevis Puddle frog Least Concern Native/ Resident Insectivore - - 5 - - 5 Ceratobatrachidae Platymantis dorsalis Dumeril's forest litter frog Least Concern Endemic Insectivore - - 19 - - 19 Ceratobatrachidae Platymantis mimulus Diminutive forest litter frog Least Concern Endemic Insectivore - - 3 - - 3 Ranidae Hylarana erythraea Green pond frog Least Concern Introduced Insectivore - - - - 1 1 Gekko gecko Tokay gecko Data Deficient Native/ Resident Insectivore - 2 2 - - 4 Gekkonidae Hemidactylus frenatus House gecko Least Concern Native/ Resident Insectivore - 3 - - - 3 Total Number of Individuals 29 37 95 4 3 168 Total Number of Species 3 3 7 1 2 10 Total Number of Families 3 4 6 1 2 7

Annex 2 Results of Laboratory

Analyses

Annex 3 Photo-documentation of

Monitoring Activities Ambient Air Quality Sampling Malolos-Clark Railway Project (MCRP) Wet Season

Sampling Photos Station

Malolos Station

Calumpit Station

Apalit Station

San Fernando Station

Ambient Air Quality Sampling Malolos-Clark Railway Project (MCRP) Wet Season

Angeles Station

Mabalacat Station

Dolores Station

Bamban Station

Ambient Air Quality Sampling Malolos-Clark Railway Project (MCRP) Wet Season

NCC Station

Ground Water Quality Sampling Malolos-Clark Railway Project (MCRP) Wet Season

Angeles Calumpit Dug well

Calumpit Bamban Spring

Apalit Capas Surface Water Quality Sampling Malolos-Clark Railway Project (MCRP) Wet Season

Bulihan River

Labagan River

Bagbag River Surface Water Quality Sampling Malolos-Clark Railway Project (MCRP) Wet Season

Pampanga River Paranum Creek

Quitangil River Sapang Balen River

Sacobia River

Cutcut RIver