DOCSLIB.ORG

Norfolk Island Environment Strategy 2018–2023

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Norfolk Island Environment Strategy 2018–2023 Norfolk Island Environment Strategy 2018–2023 Norf’k Ailen Riigenl Kaunsl Enwairanment Straeteji De wieh wi luk aut fe auwas said The way we look after our place Version November 2018 Date Approved Resolution Number This page is intentionally blank. Executive Summary To ensure a sustainable environment for future generations, the Norfolk Island Environment Strategy has been developed for the Norfolk Island Community. This Plan complements the strategic plans under the Integrated Planning and Reporting Framework for Norfolk Island, to meet the operational target to develop an Environment Strategy, and to provide a monitoring and reporting framework for State of the Environment Reporting required under the NSW Local Government Act 1993 (NSW) (NI). Extensive reviews of existing plans, strategies, guidelines and statutory documents, in conjunction with stakeholder and community consultation were undertaken in the development of this Strategy. There was a high level of community response to the consultation, with over 200 community members engaged through a survey, workshops and community information pop-ups. A majority of people in the community indicated they were highly committed to preserving a healthy environment on Norfolk Island and identified that it was very important that the island is an environmentally sustainable community. During consultation it was evident that all environmental themes were important to the community, however, the key themes included waste management, water quality, population and biosecurity. The actions of this Environment Strategy draw on the aspirations of the community and provide Council with tangible actions to implement in Council’s operational planning. Resourcing is a key limitation in implementing the Environment Strategy. One of the most common issues raised in submissions received when the draft Environment Strategy was placed on public display was that Council needs qualified environmental staff, particularly for essential works in the reserves and for the management of pests and weeds. Limitations apply not only to resourcing Council’s small environment section, but also to Council’s ability to access external grant funding. To address this resourcing issue, the Strategy actions focus on collaboration and community participation wherever possible. The Environment Strategy is a living document and can be updated as new actions are developed, or actions within the Strategy are achieved. The Environment Strategy actions have been prioritised, including detailing the timeframe in which each action should commence. Norfolk Island Environment Strategy 2018-2023 iii Table of Contents List of Figures .................................................................................................................................. v List of Tables ................................................................................................................................... v 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 The environment of Norfolk Island ..................................................................................... 7 2 Resourcing and implementing the Environment Strategy ............................................................. 9 3 Why the Environment Strategy was developed ........................................................................... 10 3.1 Integrated Planning and Reporting Framework ............................................................... 10 3.2 Community Strategic Plan 2016–2026 .............................................................................. 11 3.3 State of the Environment Reporting ................................................................................. 11 3.4 Progress reporting on the Environment Strategy ............................................................. 12 3.5 Legislative framework ....................................................................................................... 12 4 Consultation and public display .................................................................................................... 14 4.1 How we did the initial community consultation ............................................................... 14 4.2 What the community said ................................................................................................. 14 4.3 Stakeholder consultation .................................................................................................. 15 4.4 Public display of the draft Environment Strategy ............................................................. 16 5 Objective 1: Use and Manage our Resources Wisely ................................................................... 17 5.1 Tactic 1.1 Develop a clean energy future.......................................................................... 18 5.2 Tactic 1.2 Protect and enhance our water quality ............................................................ 20 5.3 Tactic 1.3 Reduce, reuse and recover waste and end disposal of waste into the sea ...... 27 5.4 Tactic 1.4 Plan for additional pressures on water resources, transport, utilities and telecommunications infrastructure .............................................................................................. 31 5.5 Tactic 1.5 Create a food secure community ..................................................................... 40 5.6 Tactic 1.6 Create a water secure future ............................................................................ 46 5.7 Tactic 1.7 Keep our waters around Norfolk Island sustainable for the enjoyment of future generations ........................................................................................................................ 49 6 Objective 2: Preserve a Healthy Environment .............................................................................. 57 6.1 Tactic 2.1 Retain open spaces and low density development .......................................... 58 6.2 Tactic 2.2 Recognise growth of the population is linked to the long-term environmental sustainability of the Norfolk Island community ............................................................................ 68 6.3 Tactic 2.3 Protect and preserve environmentally sensitive areas and those of high conservation value, through improved land management and pest control practices ............... 71 6.4 Tactic 2.4 Support threatened species and minimise the presence of invasive species .. 74 6.5 Tactic 2.5 Ensure a healthy diverse marine ecosystem .................................................... 77 6.6 Tactic 2.6 Protect and preserve vegetation communities and habitat ............................. 79 6.7 Additional Tactics to Achieve Objective 1 and 2 ............................................................... 82 Norfolk Island Environment Strategy 2018-2023 iv 7 State of the Environment Reporting Framework ......................................................................... 86 7.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 86 7.2 State of the Environment Reporting Structure ................................................................. 86 7.3 Theme 1: Energy, transport utilities and resources .......................................................... 88 7.4 Theme 2: Waste ................................................................................................................ 88 7.5 Theme 3: Sustainable food supply from the land and sea................................................ 89 7.6 Theme 4: Clean water in our tanks and marine areas ...................................................... 89 7.7 Theme 5: Population, planning and retaining open landscapes ....................................... 91 7.8 Theme 6: Biodiversity ....................................................................................................... 93 8 References .................................................................................................................................... 95 9 Appendix A – Summary of all actions listed in order of priority ................................................. 101 9.1 Priority 1 Actions ............................................................................................................. 101 9.2 Priority 2 Actions ............................................................................................................. 104 9.3 Priority 3 Actions ............................................................................................................. 106 List of Figures Figure 1: Norfolk Island Group ................................................................................................................ 8 Figure 2: The Integrated Planning and Reporting Framework for Norfolk Island ................................ 10 Figure 3: Waterways and groundwater bores ...................................................................................... 22 Figure 4: Administration of Norfolk Island, 2010 estimate of future aggregate (crushed rock) requirements on Norfolk Island ............................................................................................................ 35 Figure 5: Norfolk Island Marine Reserve zones .................................................................................... 51 Figure 6: National Park and Reserves ..................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • World-Making Through Mapping Large-Scale Marine Protected Areas and the Transformation of Global Oceans
    36 World-making through mapping Large-scale marine protected areas and the transformation of global oceans Lisa M. Campbell, Noella J. Gray, Sarah Bess Jones Zigler, Leslie Acton, and Rebecca Gruby World-making through mapping: large-scale marine protected areas and the transformation of global oceans Ocean conservation is a global concern and marine protected areas (MPAs) are prominent on the ocean conservation agenda (Campbell et al. 2016). Although terrestrial protected areas (PAs) date to the late 1800s, MPAs have a more recent history. From fewer than 500 MPAs prior to 1985 (Kelleher 1999), MPAs number around 18,000 in 2020, covering almost 8 percent of global oceans and 18 percent of oceans within the 200-mi exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of coastal states (as of April 13, 2021, https://www.protectedplanet.net/marine, Protected Areas Coverage in 2021). In this chapter, we theorize MPA expansion as a world-making project through which global oceans are transformed. World-making concerns the relationship between “represent- ing” and “being in” the world (Goodman 1978; Hollinshead, Ateljevic, and Ali 2009; Escobar 2018) and can occur at a variety of social and geographic scales; it is additionally meaningful for our analysis given the global scale of ocean transformation (see also, Zalik, Chapter 35 in this volume). Transformation can take many forms, including materially when MPAs restrict or eliminate resource use. From a critical resource geography perspective, this represents an “unmaking” of resources with value in extraction (e.g., as fish, oil, or other commodities) and a “remaking” of resources with value in non-extraction (e.g., as carbon sinks, recreation oppor- tunity, or political capital).
    [Show full text]
  • Regulation Impact Statement
    1 CONTENTS 1. PROBLEM DEFINITION 3 1.1 Background to the problem 3 1.2 The problem 6 2 WHY GOVERNMENT ACTION IS NEEDED 7 3. POLICY OPTIONS FOR MANAGING AUSTRALIAN MARINE PARKS 8 3.1 Policy options 8 3.2 Comparison of policy options 12 4. BENEFITS AND COSTS OF THE POLICY OPTIONS 13 4.1 The four goals for establishing the marine parks 18 4.2 Social and economic outcomes (costs) 22 4.3 Compliance/regulatory costs 31 5. PROCESS USED TO DEVELOP MARINE PARKS POLICY OPTIONS 33 5.1 Option 1 33 5.2 Option 2 39 6 PREFERRED POLICY OPTION 40 7 IMPLEMENTATION AND REVIEW 41 7.1 Reviewing management arrangements 41 7.2 Involvement of stakeholders and partner agencies in the implementation and review of management plans 41 7.3 Next steps 42 APPENDIX A: DETAILED INFORMATION ABOUT THE PROCESSES USED TO DEVELOP THE POLICY OPTIONS 45 Processes informing Option 1 45 Processes informing Option 2 48 APPENDIX B: EXAMPLES OF CONSERVATION FEATURES AND SOCIO- ECONOMIC VALUES IN AUSTRALIAN MARINE PARKS 50 APPENDIX C: STATISTICS FOR AUSTRALIAN MARINE PARKS AND NETWORKS UNDER OPTIONS 1 AND 2—AREA AND NUMBER OF CONSERVATION FEATURES INCLUDED IN ZONES THAT OFFER A HIGH LEVEL OF PROTECTION, COMMERCIAL FISHERY DISPLACEMENT AND ACCESS FOR RECREATIONAL FISHERS 65 2 1. PROBLEM DEFINITION 1.1 Background to the problem According to Australia’s 2016 State of the environment report, Australia’s marine environment is generally in good condition, but is subject to a wide range of pressures.1 Several pressures that, in the past, have had substantial impacts on the marine environment (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • In Marine Protected Areas Authors
    Title: Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD) in marine protected areas Authors: Renee Albrecht1,2, Carly N. Cook3, Olive Andrews4,5, Kelsey E. Roberts6,3, Martin F. J. Taylor7, Michael B. Mascia1, Rachel E. Golden Kroner1 Affiliations: 1 –Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 600, Arlington, VA 22202, USA 2 –Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California - Santa Barbara, 2400 Bren Hall, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA 3 –School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800 Australia 4 –Whaleology, 37 Hekerua Road, Oneroa, Auckland, New Zealand 5 –Conservation International, University of Auckland Building 302, Room 331, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand 6 –School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, 145 Endeavor Hall Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA 7 –World Wildlife Fund-Australia, 4/340 Adelaide Street, Brisbane QLD 4179, Australia 1 Highlights ● Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD) affects MPAs ● We documented patterns, trends, and causes of enacted and proposed PADDD in MPAs ● Widespread downgrading in Australia authorized commercial and recreation fishing ● Downgrades to the Coral Sea Marine Park constitute the largest PA downgrade to date ● Science and policy responses are required to safeguard MPAs in the long term Abstract Marine protected areas (MPAs) are foundational to global marine biodiversity conservation efforts. Recently, countries have rapidly scaled up their MPA networks to meet targets established by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). While MPA networks are intended to permanently safeguard marine ecosystems, evidence points to widespread legal changes that temper, reduce, or eliminate protected areas, known as protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD).
    [Show full text]
  • Dear Minister Frydenberg, It Has Come to My Attention That the Proposed
    Dear Minister Frydenberg, It has come to my attention that the proposed rezoning of Marine parks plans to drastically reduce the Area of Marine protection as well as reduce the kind of protection available in changed zonings. My company, Diversion Dive Travel, is specialised in Marine Tourism for scuba divers around the world. I’ve observed reefs globally for over 30 years. The Australian Reefs always stand out for their natural diversity and beauty and for the best practice management. With the science based recommendation in 2012 the current system of marine Parks was introduced which offers the Australian reefs a fighting chance to tackle the problems of rising sea temperatures, water acidity and coral bleaching. The current proposal to cut the Marine Parks in size and protection is the last thing our reefs need. I’m not writing for sentimental reasons. As a member of the Dive Industry Association of Australia I fully support our submission (attached). We are talking about a critical decision which will affect the bottom line of every business in the great tourism industry in Australia. Given the overwhelming scientific evidence that Marine park protection of the best chance for the future of our reefs, I can only hope that your government will be able to prioritise reef health! Kind regards Dirk Werner-Lutrop DIVERSION DIVE TRAVEL Freecall 1800 607 913 direct + 61 (0)7 40 390 200 Email [email protected] Skype dirk-diversion Like us FaceBook Website www.diversiondivetravel.com.au Mail PO Box 191, Redlynch QLD 4870 AUSTRALIA Please note our booking terms DIAA – Dive Industry Association of Australia 10 Belgrave Street – Manly 2095 Phone: 0425 234 786 Email: [email protected] To whom it may concern My name is Richard Nicholls and I am the current president of the DIAA (Dive Association of Australia) The DIAA represents the recreational dive industry including but not limited to , Retail dive shops, resorts, charter vessels, equipment manufacturers and suppliers, training agencies, diving instructors.
    [Show full text]
  • Director of National Parks State of the Parks Report
    Director of National Parks State of the Parks Report Director of National Parks Annual Report 2010–11 Supplementary Information Managing the Australian Government’s protected areas i Director of National Parks | Annual Report 2010–11 © Director of National Parks 2011 ISSN 1443-1238 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process, re-used or redistributed without prior written permission from the Director of National Parks. Any permitted reproduction must acknowledge the source of any such material reproduced and include a copy of the original copyright notice. Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction and copyright should be addressed to: The Director of National Parks, GPO Box 787, Canberra ACT 2601. Director of National Parks Australian business number: 13 051 694 963 Credits Front cover Maps – Environmental Resources Information Network Umbrella tree flower – Australian National Botanic Gardens Designer – Papercut Kakadu escarpment – Ian Oswald-Jacobs Editor – Ethos CRS Uunguu Indigenous Protected Area – Peter Morris Indexer – Barry Howarth Land crab – Parks Australia Kookaburra – June Andersen Printed by New Millennium Print on Australian paper made from sustainable plantation timber Map data sources Indigenous Protected Areas (Declared), Collaborative Australian Protected Areas Database – CAPAD 2008: © Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, 2011. Localities, State and Territory Borders: © Commonwealth of Australia, Geoscience Australia. Caveat: All data are presumed to be correct as received from data providers. No responsibility is taken by the Commonwealth for errors or omissions. The Commonwealth does not accept responsibility in respect to any information or advice given in relation to, or as a consequence of anything contained herein.
    [Show full text]
  • Revised Phd Thesis Manuscript
    TRACKING GLOBAL FISHERIES FROM SPACE: PATTERNS, PROBLEMS, AND PROTECTED AREAS by Kristina Boerder Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia August 2018 © Copyright by Kristina Boerder, 2018 “If there is magic on this planet, it is contained in water.” Loren Eisele This thesis is dedicated to all the teachers in my life, past, present, and future, who help me discover the wonders around me. First and foremost, my parents and my family. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................. VIII LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................................. IX ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................................ XII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED............................................................................................................... XIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................. XVI CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1 State of global fisheries .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Norfolk Island Region Threatened Species Recovery Plan
    NORFOLK ISLAND Norfolk Island Region CouncilThreatened of Heads of Australian Species Botanic GardensRecovery Plan November 2008 Prepared by: Director of National Parks Made under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 ISBN: 978-0-646-53763-4 © Commonwealth of Australia 2010 This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in unaltered form only (retaining this notice) for your personal, non-commercial use or use within your organisation. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to Commonwealth Copyright Administration, Attorney General’s Department, Robert Garran Offices, National Circuit, Barton ACT 2600 or posted at: ag.gov.au/cca Note: This recovery plan sets out the actions necessary to stop the decline of, and support the recovery of, listed threatened species. The Australian Government is committed to acting in accordance with the plan and to implementing the plan as it applies to Commonwealth areas. The plan has been developed with the involvement and cooperation of a broad range of stakeholders, but individual stakeholders have not necessarily committed to undertaking specific actions. The attainment of objectives and the provision of funds is subject to budgetary and other constraints affecting the parties involved. Proposed actions may be subject to modification over the life of the plan due to changes in knowledge. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct, the Commonwealth does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Legal Framework for Protected Areas: Australia
    Legal Framework for Protected Areas: Australia Ben Boer* Stefan Gruber** Information concerning the legal instruments discussed in this case study is current as of 6 May 2010 * Professor Emeritus, Australian Centre for Climate and Environmental Law, Faculty of Law, University of Sydney. ** PhD candidate, Australian Centre for Climate and Environmental Law, Faculty of Law, University of Sydney; legal practitioner, Chamber of Lawyers Frankfurt am Main, Germany. The authors are grateful for the comments of Dr Graeme Worboys and Professor Rob Fowler on this case study. 1 Australia Abstract The Australian continent, together with its islands and marine areas, manifests high levels of biodiversity. It has a comprehensive and globally recognized legislative and policy regime for terrestrial and marine protected areas. Despite this generally innovative scheme, Australia continues to suffer from significant loss of its biodiversity. This case study sets out the Australian legislative framework, policy and principles of protected areas legislation and management at the federal level. It focuses primarily on the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Commonwealth) and the regulations made thereunder. Attention is also given to the new concept of connectivity conservation and its implementation in Australia. The pertinent aspects of the 2009 review of the Act, and especially its recommendations on protected areas, are canvassed. The case study also briefly deals with the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act 1975 (Commonwealth) and the Commonwealth legislation concerning the Antarctic. The various forms of terrestrial and marine protected areas and their legal frameworks are outlined, along with their establishment, planning, management and enforcement regimes. IUCN-EPLP No.
    [Show full text]
  • D18 1294700 2018-2600 Our Marine Parks Draft Grant Opportunity
    Fisheries Assistance and User Engagement Package – Our Marine Parks Round One Grant Opportunity Guidelines Opening date: 14 February 2019 Closing date and time: 2.00PM AEDT on 12 March 2019 Commonwealth policy Department of the Environment and Energy entity: Administering entity Community Grants Hub Enquiries: If you have any questions, contact Community Grants Hub Phone: 1800 020 283 Email: [email protected] Questions should be sent no later than 5/03/2019 Date guidelines released: 14/2/2019 Type of grant opportunity: Targeted competitive Contents 1. Our Marine Parks Round One Grant Opportunity processes ................................................ 4 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 5 2. About the Fisheries Assistance and User Engagement Package ......................................... 5 2.1 About the Our Marine Parks Grant Round One opportunity ............................................ 6 3. Grant amount and grant period ................................................................................................. 7 3.1 Grants available ............................................................................................................... 7 3.2 Project period ................................................................................................................... 7 4. Eligibility criteria ........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Te-Dft Mp-2017
    © Director of National Parks 2017 This document may be cited as: Director of National Parks 2017, Draft Temperate East Commonwealth Marine Reserves Network Management Plan 2017, Director of National Parks, Canberra. ISBN: This management plan is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Director of National Parks. Requests and enquires concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the: Manager Temperate East Marine Parks Network 203 Channel Highway Hobart TAS 7050 Photography credit Front cover Australasian gannets (Alan Danks) DRAFT Temperate East Commonwealth Marine Reserves Network Management Plan 2017 1 FOREWORD Australia is surrounded by magnificent oceans and a marine environment that is the envy of the world. Our oceans are distinctive and diverse, home to marine life found nowhere else. Our oceans support people’s livelihoods and the Australian lifestyle. They provide places for people to watch wildlife, dive and snorkel, go boating and fish. Importantly, they create jobs in industries like fishing and tourism, and are a source of food and energy. Establishing marine parks is recognised as one of the best ways to conserve and protect marine species and habitats. In 2012, the Australian Government established 40 new marine parks around the country (formally called Commonwealth marine reserves). This was a significant achievement, expanding the total coverage of Australia’s National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas to 3.3 million km2—some 36 per cent of our oceans. Individual marine parks have been carefully located to include representative examples of Australia’s marine habitats and features.
    [Show full text]
  • Norfolk Island Environment Strategy 2018–2023
    Norfolk Island Environment Strategy 2018–2023 Norf’k Ailen Riigenl Kaunsl Enwairanment Straeteji De wieh wi luk aut fe auwas said The way we look after our place Version V1 Date Approved 21 November 2018 Resolution Number 2018/188 This page is intentionally blank. Executive Summary To ensure a sustainable environment for future generations, the Norfolk Island Environment Strategy has been developed for the Norfolk Island Community. This Plan complements the strategic plans under the Integrated Planning and Reporting Framework for Norfolk Island, to meet the operational target to develop an Environment Strategy, and to provide a monitoring and reporting framework for State of the Environment Reporting required under the NSW Local Government Act 1993 (NSW) (NI). Extensive reviews of existing plans, strategies, guidelines and statutory documents, in conjunction with stakeholder and community consultation were undertaken in the development of this Strategy. There was a high level of community response to the consultation, with over 200 community members engaged through a survey, workshops and community information pop-ups. A majority of people in the community indicated they were highly committed to preserving a healthy environment on Norfolk Island and identified that it was very important that the island is an environmentally sustainable community. During consultation it was evident that all environmental themes were important to the community, however, the key themes included waste management, water quality, population and biosecurity. The actions of this Environment Strategy draw on the aspirations of the community and provide Council with tangible actions to implement in Council’s operational planning. Resourcing is a key limitation in implementing the Environment Strategy.
    [Show full text]
  • The State of Australia's Birds 2010 Islands and Birds
    The State of Australia’s Birds 2010 Islands and Birds Compiled by Julie Kirkwood and James O’Connor Supplement to Wingspan, vol. 20, no. 4, December 2010 Australia’s islands: Biodiversity arks or rat-traps for future Dodos? Table of contents The State of Australia’s Birds reports are overviews of the status of Australia’s birds, the Table 1: EPBC Act list of extinct Australian bird taxa Australia’s islands range in size from Tasmania (64,519 km2) Above: King threats they face and the conservation actions taken. This eighth annual report focuses on and Melville Island (5,765 km2) to islets of just a few square metres. Penguins and Australia’s islands: Biodiversity arks or Common name Scientific names Island taxon Elephant Seals rat-traps for future Dodos? 2 the status of birds on Australia’s islands. Islands occur within all of Australia’s jurisdictions, but predominate in Tasman Starling Aplornis fusca Y share the beach This report features articles on a small number of Australia’s precious islands, but it is Western Australia, Queensland and Tasmania (Table 2): White-throated Pigeon (Lord Howe Island) Columba vitiensis godmanae Y on remote Monitoring birds on Australia’s islands 4 only a snapshot of the situation, as more than 8,300 islands occur within Australia’s jurisdiction. Red-fronted Parakeet (Macquarie Island) Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae erythrotis Y sub-Antarctic Indeed, only a small number of these islands are ever visited regularly by people who record Table 2: Australian islands by jurisdiction (Does not include Australian Antarctic Territory). Island laboratories: Biogoegraphy, Tasman Parakeet (Lord Howe Island) Cyanoramphus cookii subflavescens Y Macquarie Island.
    [Show full text]