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Trade Castles and Forts of West Africa

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Trade Castles and Forts of West Africa Trade Castles and Forts of West Africa http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.CH.DOCUMENT.sip200007 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Trade Castles and Forts of West Africa Author/Creator Lawrence, A.W. Date 1964 Resource type Books Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Volta-Tano Watershed, Ghana, Elmina Source Smithsonian Institution Libraries, NA497 .A35L4 Rights By kind permission of The Seven Pillars of Wisdom Trust. Description A.W. Lawrence uses an archaeological perspective to mark the changes underwent by European trade forts and the European and African communities that lived within them from 1482, the completion of Elmina Castle, to ‘colonial rule’. Although 32 of the 43 edifices of Afro-European cultural encounters covered in this book are located along the shores of Ghana, Lawrence also examines trade forts from Mauretania to Benin including Arguin, Goree Island, Bunce Island, Assinie, and Whydah. The 495 pages contain about 40 drawings, 70 pictures, and 45 building plans. Format extent 495 pages (length/size) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.CH.DOCUMENT.sip200007 http://www.aluka.org wg' wg' 'pp Smithsonian Institution Libraries Gift of GORDON D. GIBSON TRADE CASTLES AND FORTS OF WEST AFRICA LAWRENCE Trade Castles Forts [WVest Africa STANFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Stanford, California 1964 of A. W STANFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS STANFORD, CALIFORNIA @ 1963 BY A.W. LAWRENCE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NO. 64-23408 PRINTED AND BOUND IN GREAT BRITAIN CONTENTS Map and List of Principal Fortified Stations 14, 15 Preface 17 Acknowledgements 21 PART ONE INTRODUCTORY i The Place of the Fort System in History 25 2 The Setting of the Times 30 3 Organization and Personnel 46 4 Life at the Forts 57 5 Relations between Fort and Town 66 6 Types of Building 70 7 Materials and Structure 90 8 Early Draughtsmen 96 PART TWO ELMINA CASTLE: THE PORTUGUESE AND, LATER, DUTCH HEADQUARTERS i The Early Portuguese Period (1482-I55o/8o) 103 2 The Later Portuguese Period (I55o/8o-I637) I16 3 The Dutch Period (x637-I872) 131 4 The Components of the Present Castle '73 PART THREE OTHER HEADQUARTERS I Cape Coast Castle: the English Headquarters i83 2 Christiansborg: the Danish Headquarters '99 3 Princestown" Gross-Friedrichsburg" the Brandenburger Headquarters 218 CONTENTS PART FOUR EARLY FORTS I Axim: Fort St Anthony 229 2 Mouri: Fort Nassau 242 3 Cormantin: Fort Amsterdam 245 4 Gambia: James Fort 250 5 Butre: Fort Batenstein 262 6 Shama: Fort St Sebastian 274 PART FIVE FORTS OF ABOUT 1700 I Akwida: Fort Dorothea 283 2 Commenda: the English fort 288 3 Dixcove Fort 292 4 Apam: Fort Patience 333 5 Sekondi: Fort Orange 337 6 Beraku: Fort Good Hope 341 PART SIX FORTS OF THE LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY I Anomabu: the Second Fort 349 2 Beyin: Fort Apollonia 356 3 Keta: Fort Prinsensten 361 Bibliography Abbreviations 369 Sources quoted in Part One 371 Sources for Buildings of Known Plan or Appearance 375 Index 383 AUU ed 3A 2004 I1 USTRATIONS LIBR4{0&PLATES (following p. 192) I !2 3a b 4a b 5a b 6 7a b 8a b 9a b I0 iia b 12 13a b '4 '5 16 I7a b 18 '9 2oa b ARGUIN FORT, 1709 (by a Brandenburger officer?) ELMINA: FORT ST JAGO. South-west bastion seen from tower Entrance Ravelin seen from tower North side KETA: DANISH LODGE, 1777 (by a Danish sailor) PRAMPRAM: FORT VERNON Upper plan, Jan. 1756 (after Watson) Section, 1756 (by Watson) ADMIRAL DE RUYTER IN ELMINA CASTLE, 1665 (by deWitt) ELMINA, Jan.-Feb. i637 (by Post) West wall of town, 1665 (Eugen copy) ELMINA CASTLE, Aug. 1637 (by Propheet) 1640-4 (Vingboon copy) Feb. 1640 (by Wis van Vlieland) ELMINA CASTLE AND FORT ST JAGO, ?164o-4 (Vingboon copy) 1665 (Eugen copy) 1668 (after a Dutch sailor?) 1724-5 (by Molster) 1682 (after Barbot) ELMINA CASTLE, 1704 (after a Dutch officer?) 1704 (after a Dutch officer?) from the air, 1948, looking east looking north looking south South corner South corner Polygonal tower and colonnade Gateway between the ditches Ornament over main gateway Ornament over main gateway ELMINA CASTLE. 2ia b 22a b C 23a b 24a b 25 26a b 27a b 28 29 3oa b 31a b 32a b 33a b 34a b 35a b 36a b 37 38 39 4oa b 41a b 42a Iron railing of balcony Front of chapel, 95I Chimney of Governor's kitchen Front of chapel, 1957 Top of north tower and roof of chapel Stair on west bastion CAPE COAST CASTLE, 1682 (after Greenhill) from the air, 1948, looking east west Bell gable Bell gable CAPE COAST CASTLE. Sea gate and north-east block KEYS OF CHRISTIANSBORG, 1693 CHRISTIANSBORG, 1682 (after Barbot) PLATES Defences of the bridge Wall between the ditches Coat of arms Basin for watering ships Cistern in Riverside Yard Main gateway from within Great Court, looking to main gateway Pediment in Great Court Doorways in Great Court Great Court looking to south corner South corner of Great Court Doorway at south corner of Great Court Wooden door Iron door Entrance of rectangular block and passage Inner Court West bastion and colonnade; Fort St Jago background Junction of colonnade and polygonal tower Entrance of Inner Court Passage to Inner Court Chapel seen from Inner Court Interior of chapel Room off south-west of Inner Court North corner of Inner Court, above below to in 42b 43 44 45 46 47a b 48a b 49a b 5oa b 51a b 52 53a b 54 55a b 56a b 57 58a b 59a b 6oa b 6I 62a b 63a b 64 65 PLATES CHRISTIANSBORG, 1704 (after a Dutch officer?) c. 1750 (after a Danish officer?) c. 1750 (after a Danish officer?) 1847 (by Svedstrup) 1847 (by Svedstrup) South side Southern part of east side Chapel porch Apex of north-west bastion Outer cistern Doorways on west side of court Inscription on south-west bastion PRINCESTOWN: GROSS-FRIEDRICHSBURG- Carved emblem 1688 (after a Brandenburger officer?) 1709 (after a Dutch officer) 1708 (after a Brandenburger officer?) South bastion South corner of court Tower room from south-east building Tower and north bastion Shore magazine and south bastion Looking north from south bastion Interior of south-west building MOURI: FORT NASSAU, 1629 (by Propheet) 1704 (after a Dutch officer?) AXIM: FORT ST ANTHONY, 1679 (after Barbot) 1709 (after a Dutch officer?) 1786 (by Fisscher?) East side North side South side AXIM: FORT ST ANTHONY North-east bastion Outwork and south-east bastion South balcony Seaward building and gateway to service yard GAMBIA: JAMES ISLAND from south-west, 1726 (by Smith) GAMBIA: JAMES FORT The Governor's room, from south PLATES 66a CORMANTIN: FORT AMSTERDAM, 1704 (after a Dutch officer?) b from north-east 67a CORMANTIN: FORT AMSTERDAM. Entrance b Stairs and main building 68a BUTRE: FORT BATENSTEIN, 1709 (after a Dutch officer?) b CORMANTIN: FORT AMSTERDAM, 1682 (after Barbot) 69a BUTRE: FORT BATENSTEIN Southside b Entrance 70 Entrance 71 North side of court 72a SHAMA: FORT ST SEBASTIAN, 1709 (after a Dutch officer?) b 1786(byFisscher?) 73a from south-west b West gateway 74a North-west bastion b West side 75a West side b South-west tower and inner gateway 76a Stair b Back of inner gateway 77a AKWIDA: FORT DOROTHEA, 1709 (after a Dutch officer?) b SHAMA: FORT ST SEBASTIAN. North-east corner 78 COMMENDA: ENGLISH FORT Inner building: south side and north bastions 79a 1727 (after Smith) b Viaduct between inner and outer buildings 80 DIXCOVE FORT from the air, 1948, looking north-west 8Ia 1709 (after a Dutch officer?) 8ib North-east and north intermediate bastions 82a North-east bastion b Iron door of slave-prison 83a Entrance 'Area' behind south curtain 84 Entrance 85 Spur 86a Inner gateway and modern tower b Cornice of spur PLATES 87a APAM: FORT PATIENCE, 1704 (after a Dutch officer?) b from the air, 1949, looking north-east 88a SEKONDI: FORT ORANGE, 1709 (after a Dutch officer?) b BERAKU: FORT GOOD HOPE, C. 1710-50 (after a Dutch officer?) 89 North-east corner 9oa North-west bastion b West side 91 ANOMABUFORTWestsidewithmaingateway92a South-east corner of court b South side 93a from north-east b North-east corner of court 94a South-east bastion and small gateway b North-west corner before restoration, 1953 95a BEYIN, FORT APOLLONIA. Court from entrance b South corner from entrance 96a South-east side with entrance b KETA: FORT PRINSENSTEN Ornament above gateway ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES IN THE TEXT I ANOMABU FORT Plan of fortifications as designed in 1754 (exterior after Watson, 1756) 71 2 NINGO: FORT FREDENSBORG. Plan of slits for small-arm fire, 1956 (after C.
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