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Natural and Anthropogenic Particulate-Bound Aliphatic And Natural and anthropogenic particulate-bound aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface waters of the Gulf of Gabes (Tunisia, southern Mediterranean Sea) Rania Fourati, Marc Tedetti, Catherine Guigue, Madeleine Goutx, Hatem Zaghden, Sami Sayadi, Boubaker Elleuch To cite this version: Rania Fourati, Marc Tedetti, Catherine Guigue, Madeleine Goutx, Hatem Zaghden, et al.. Natural and anthropogenic particulate-bound aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface waters of the Gulf of Gabes (Tunisia, southern Mediterranean Sea). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Springer Verlag, 2018, 25 (3), pp.2476-2494. 10.1007/s11356-017-0641-7. hal-01799490 HAL Id: hal-01799490 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01799490 Submitted on 27 Feb 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. ! !" # !" # $% &' ( $) % $% $ 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer- Verlag GmbH Germany. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self- archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Environ Sci Pollut Res (2018) 25:2476 –2494 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0641-7 RESEARCH ARTICLE Natural and anthropogenic particulate-bound aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface waters of the Gulf of Gabès (Tunisia, southern Mediterranean Sea) Rania Fourati 1 & Marc Tedetti 2 & Catherine Guigue 2 & Madeleine Goutx 2 & Hatem Zaghden 3 & Sami Sayadi 3 & Boubaker Elleuch 1 Received: 27 July 2017 /Accepted: 30 October 2017 /Published online: 10 November 2017 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017 Abstract Particulate-bound aliphatic and polycyclic aro- characteristic of uncombusted oil-derived products, and matic hydrocarbons (AHs and PAHs) were investigated in the presence of high molecular weight compounds, typical the surface waters of the Gulf of Gabès (Tunisia, southern of combustion residues. Rainfall events induced an in- Mediterranean Sea). Samples were collected off the Sfax crease in PAH concentrations by a factor 1.5 –23.5. The and Gabès-Ghannouch coasts. Concentrations in total re- particle-water partition coefficients (K oc ) suggest that the solved n-alkanes ranged from 0.03 to 3.2 μg L −1, and partitioning of PAHs between the particulate and dis- concentrations in total parents + alkylated PAHs ranged solved phases is driven by hydrophobicity and organic from bdl to 108.6 ng L −1. The highest concentrations were matter composition. recorded in the southern Sfax. AHs were mainly of bio- genic origin with odd n-alkane predominance, although an anthropogenic contribution was also detected. The PAH Keywords Hydrocarbons . Coastal waters . Particles . molecular patterns revealed a mixed origin with the pres- Organic matter . Partition coefficient . Gulf of Gabès . ence of low molecular weight and alkylated compounds, Mediterranean Sea Submitted to Environmental Science and Pollution Research as a full- length research article Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0641-7 ) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Marc Tedetti Sami Sayadi [email protected] [email protected] Boubaker Elleuch Rania Fourati [email protected] [email protected] Catherine Guigue 1 Laboratoire d ’Ingénierie de l ’Environnement et d ’Ecotechnologie, [email protected] ENIS, Université de Sfax, BP 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia 2 Aix-Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM Madeleine Goutx 110, 13288 Marseille, France [email protected] 3 Laboratoire des Bioprocédés Environnementaux, Centre de Hatem Zaghden Biotechnologie de Sfax, Route de Sidi Mansour km 6, PO Box 1177, [email protected] 3018 Sfax, Tunisia Author's personal copy Environ Sci Pollut Res (2018) 25:2476 –2494 2477 Introduction Gueddari 2016 ). However, in recent years, the Gulf of Gabès has been strongly affected by anthropogenic activity Aliphatic (AHs) and polycyclic aromatic (PAHs) hydrocar- with various inputs from coastal urban centres, fishing and bons are among the most investigated hydrocarbon classes commercial harbours, phosphate processing plants and other in the marine environment. AHs are known to have both bio- industries, municipal landfills, wastewater treatment plants genic and anthropogenic sources. They can be derived from (WWTPs) and olive oil waste storage ponds (Alaya-Ltifi bacteria, viruses, fungi, zooplankton and phytoplankton, as and Selmi 2014 ; Aloulou et al. 2012 ; Azri et al. 2002 ; Drira well as higher plant waxes (Cripps 1989 ; Rielley et al. 1991 ; et al. 2016 ). So far, studies dealing with hydrocarbons in the Volkman et al. 1992 ), but also from unburned petroleum/oil Gulf of Gabès have mainly focused on surficial sediments (Bouloubassi and Saliot 1993; Readman et al. 2002; Wang (Aloulou et al. 2010 ; Amorri et al. 2011 ; Louati et al. 2001 ; et al. 1997 ). Although PAHs may have biogenic sources Zaghden et al. 2005 , 2007 , 2014 , 2017 ). (Chen et al. 1998; Wilcke et al. 2002), they are generally In this work, we characterized, for the first time, the hydro- considered to originate exclusively from anthropogenic activ- carbon (AHs and PAHs) content in the particulate phase of ities. They are issued from unburned petroleum or oil-derived surface waters of the Gulf of Gabès, in the Sfax and Gabès- products (petrogenic PAHs) or from the incomplete combus- Ghannouch coastal areas. In a companion paper, we reported tion of fossil fuels and biomass (pyrogenic PAHs) (Hylland the spatial distribution and sources of dissolved AHs and 2006 ; Neff 2002 ; Wang et al. 1999 ). PAHs (Fourati et al. 2017 ). As for dissolved hydrocarbons, Petrogenic PAHs are mainly composed of low molecular here we took into consideration several biogeochemical pa- weight (LMW) two-to-three-ring compounds and their rameters (nutrients, organic matter (OM), chlorophyll) to bet- alkylated homologues. They enter marine waters mostly at ter understand the dynamics of particulate AHs and PAHs. the dissolved state through different processes, such as air- Our specific objectives are (1) to assess the spatial distribution water gas exchanges, oil spills and sea-based activities and identify the potential origins and sources of particulate- (Castro-Jiménez et al. 2012 ; Tornero and Hanke 2016 ; bound AHs and PAHs, (2) to quantify the partitioning between Tsapakis et al. 2006 ). Pyrogenic PAHs include high molecular particulate and dissolved PAHs through K oc measurements weight (HMW) four-to-six-ring compounds. They enter ma- and attempt to understand factors that control this partitioning rine waters mostly associated with soot and black carbon par- and (3) to determine the effect of rainfall events on the distri- ticles via dry and wet atmospheric depositions, rivers and run- bution of particulate hydrocarbons in this semi-arid, highly offs (Liu et al. 2012 ; Shrestha et al. 2010; Tsapakis et al. anthropogenized environment. 2006 ). Sorption on biogenic (mainly LMW compounds) or atmospheric (mainly HMW compounds) particles and the subsequent downward settling is now recognized as being a Materials and methods major process in the removing of PAH from surface marine waters (Adhikari et al. 2015 ; Baker et al. 1991 ; Bouloubassi Study area et al. 2006 ). Particulate-bound hydrocarbons may be thus deposited to The study was conducted in coastal areas of the Gulf of Gabès sediment through vertical sinking (Dachs et al. 2002 ; Duran (southeast of Tunisia), i.e. the northern and southern coasts of and Cravo-Laureau 2016 ), transferred from sediment to water Sfax city, Mahrès delegation, Kerkennah Islands and Gabès- column via sediment resuspension events (Eggleton and Ghannouch area (Fig. 1). Sfax (34° 43 ′ N, 10° 46 ′ E) repre- Thomas 2004 ; Ko et al. 2003 ), transferred to dissolved water sents the second largest city in Tunisia in terms of population phase from desorption processes (Baker et al. 1991), may and economic activity. The Sfax northern coast, which ex- undergo photodegradation and biodegradation (Dachs et al. tends from the commercial harbour to Ezzit wadi and beyond 1999 ; Shang et al. 2015 ) or may enter marine food web (Fig. 1), was recently restored thanks to the Taparura project, through ingestion of particles by filter feeders (Akkanen which aimed to remediate the
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