GCSE AQA Geography Paper 1: Living with the Physical Environment.

UK PHYSICAL LANDSCAPES AND COASTAL LANDSCAPES IN THE UK

How to use: Test yourself by covering the answers found in the right hand column and then quizzing yourself. It is also great to use in pairs or teams to test each other. For an additional challenge, cover the questions in the left hand column and try to work out what the question is. C = Core (Grades 1-4) CH = Challenge (Grades 5-7) CH+ = Challenge + (Grades 8-9)

1. UK LANDSCAPES What is relief? the highest and lowest elevation points in an area

What do upland and lowland areas mean? an area of land lying above sea level/ an area where the land is at,

C near, or below the level of the sea and where there are not usually mountains or large hills.

3 examples of upland areas in the UK Southern Uplands, Pennines, Cambrian Mountain

H 3 examples of lowland areas in the UK North and South Downs, the Cotswolds, the Chilterns C 3 rivers in the UK River Thames, River Severn, River Clyde 2. WAVES What 3 factors affect the size of the wave? (1) Fetch (2) Strength of wind

(3) Time C What is the fetch? the distance over which the wind has blown What is the ? When the wave breaks up the What is the backwash? When the wave rolls back into the sea List 3 characteristics of destructive waves (1) Erode the beach (2) Backwash is greater than swash (3) Steep, high waves

CH List 3 characteristics of constructive waves (1) Shallow waves (2) Swash is greater than backwash (3) Build up beach

What is the crest and trough of the wave? Crest= top Trough=bottom What slows waves down? What does this lead Frictional drag= wave breaks

CH+ to? 3. WEATHERING AND MASS MOVEMENT What is weathering? Weathering is the breakdown of rocks caused by different elements of the natural world What is mechanical weathering? Weathering processes that cause physical disintegration or break up of exposed rock without any change in the chemical composition of the rock

C What is chemical weathering? The decomposition (or rotting) of rock caused by a chemical change within that rock What is mass movement? The downward movement of material under the force of gravity Types of mass movement: What are rockfalls? Fragments of rock break away from the face often due to freeze- thaw weathering Types of mass movement: What are landslides? Blocks of rock slide downhill 2 examples of mechanical weathering? (1) Freeze Thaw (2) Exfoliation

CH Examples of mechanical weathering: What Is Happens anywhere the temperature fluctuates around freezing point. freeze thaw weathering? Repeated expansion and contraction causes rock fragments to break away as scree. What is biological weathering? Trees put down roots through joints or cracks in the rock in order to find moisture. Includes the effect of animals and plants on the

landscape.

CH What is scree? Loose rock fragments as a result of weathering Types of mass movement: What are mudslides? Saturated soil after heavy rain and weak rock flows down a slope. Increases with little vegetation Mechanical weathering: What is salt weathering? (1) Salt in sea water evaporates and leaves crystals (2) In cracks these salt crystals expand (3) Putting pressure on the rock and causing it to break off Which rock is prone to chemical weathering? limestone Types of mass movement: What are slumps? involves a whole segment of the cliff moving down-slope along a

CH+ saturated shear-plane. They can occur after periods of heavy rain, when the water saturates overlying rock, making it heavy and liable to slide. Undercutting of a steep slope by river or sea erosion weakens the rock above, also making a slump likely. 4. EROSIONAL PROCESSES AND Erosional processes: What is hydraulic action? Air may become trapped in joints and cracks on a cliff face. When a wave breaks, the trapped air is compressed which weakens the cliff and causes erosion. Erosional processes: What is abrasion? Bits of rock and in waves grind down cliff surfaces like sandpaper. Erosional processes: What is attrition? Waves smash rocks and on the into each other, and they break and become smoother.

C Erosional processes: what is solution? Acids contained in sea water will dissolve some types of rock such as chalk or limestone. What is the main way coasts transport sediment? What is a ? A feature of the landscape that has been formed by processes of erosion, transportation, deposition What is a ? A narrow piece of land that juts out to sea What is a ? A crescent shaped indentation in the coastline found between two What factors influence coastal landforms? (1) Resistance of rock (2) Structure of rock- the way rocks are folded or tilted What are the characteristics of a headland? (1) Near vertical cliff face (2) Hard rock (3) Caves forming in its sides (4) Stacks and stumps What are the characteristics of a bay? (1) Soft rock (2) Low energy constructive waves (3) Two headlands mark the edges of the bay How are headlands and bays formed? (1) - rocks are aligned at right angles to the

CH (2) Differential erosion- hard rock becomes eroded slower than soft rock to leave a headland and a bay What is a wave-cut platform? An area of bedrock visible at the base of some cliffs What are the characteristics of caves? (1) Several metres high at the entrance and taper back a long way (2) A blow hole may form in the roof What are the characteristics of a sea arch? (1) Unsupported top of the arch (2) Wave cut notches at the base What are the characteristics of sea stacks? (1) Detached blocks or pillars of rock (2) Pinnacle shaped (3) Wave cut notches at the base CH C CH+ What What form? sand do How profile? beach is a What the are What ? sandy of characteristics the are What happen? will deposition When spits? are What dunes? sand are What beaches? are What is drift? longshore What is deposition? What form? sea doesa How wave isHow a platforms? are What cliffs? of characteristics the are What faults? are What are the characteristics of sand dunes? sand of characteristics are the

the characteristics of wave cut cut wave of characteristics the

characteristics of beaches? pebble of characteristics - cut platform formed? platform cut

5.

DEPOSITIONAL PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS AND PROCESSES DEPOSITIONAL

weaknesses of formlines can rocksand Cracks in sea the to beach the of back from the gradient the shows A Large heaps drift longshore and wave processes by produced deposition by formed are that shingle and pebbles sand, Areas of load= Deposited were they transporting. load the leave behind and waves drop When long, narrow finger of sand or shingle jutting out to seato out shingle jutting or sand fingerof narrow long, 6) 5) 4) 3) 2) 1) (5) (4) (3) (2) (1) (5) (4) (3) (2) (1) (2) (1) (3) (2) (1) (3) (2) (1) (3) (2) (1) (4) (3) (2) (1) (2) (1) (3) (2) (1)

Further weathering and erosion erosion and weathering Further below above/erosion Weather an to form through break headland the of sides both Caves from cave. froma to notch the widens abrasion Further Abrasion time. face cliff over the in widens cracks action Hydraulic T wave a forming sea the towards rubble the carries The backwash collapse. to cliff the size causing in increases The notch notch. wave a forming cliff the of base the attacks The sea Freeze pools Rock Barnacles places some in Deep cracks abrasion to due Smooth 3 of angle an at sea the to Slopes down base the at fallen rock base the at notch wave cut 15m) to Crests (up e.g.driftwood Obstacle wind Onshore beach flat Large, energy environments High waves Destructive Steep Gentle waves Sheltered waves Constructive flat and Shallow spits by Protection bays Sheltered prevai the by isswash determined The the of angle angle right a at beach the down material backwash anglean and at beach the up material transports The swash zig a in shore the along isMaterial transported Gentle slope on windward side windward slope on Gentle slope (30 Steep slip he process repeats and the cliff continues to retreat. to continues cliff the and repeats he process arch.

of sand that form on the dry backshore of a sandy beach sandy a of backshore dry the formon that sand of -

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thaw w thaw sediment

causes the cave to grow to form a notch notch forma to grow to cave the causes

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ling wind ling - cut cut

CH+ CH C CH+ CH What are the characteristics of bars? of characteristics the are What a of formation that conditions 2 the are What dunes do How berm? is a What formed? bar isHow a bar? a is What formed? spit isHow a spits? of characteristics the are What What is the name of the ? What is the rock isrock the What cove? the of isname the What spit? a of Example landforms: Depositional arch? the of isname the What landforms: Erosional platform? wave cut is the What landforms: Erosional stack? the of isname the What landforms: Erosional characteristics? the are What cliffs? Erosional type? isrock the What headland? the of isname the What landforms: Erosional arch? the of isname the What landforms: Erosional beach? pebble a of Example landforms: Depositional dunes? sand of Example landforms: Depositional beach? sandy a of Example landforms: Depositional bay? the of isname the What landforms: Erosional to UK the in sectioncoastline of a example of An type? How is How type? it identify its major landforms and deposition and landforms its major identify

landforms: What is the name of the the of isname the What landforms:

change inland? change

formed?

lead to a a to lead name of the name the of

6. CASE STUDY: SWANAGE CASE STUDY:

Change in coastline shape or at the mouth of an an of mouth the at or shape coastline in Change backshore the formed in has that beach a terrace on a drift longshore By it behind a with other the to bay a of side one from stretches that shingle or sand of A ridge (hard rock) and erode the Wealden clays and greensands and clays Wealden the erode and rock) (hard limestone Portland the in weakness of Line the through Waves break coast the to parallel run ridges that coastline Concordant cove Lulwolth Sandbanks Door Durdle Shale and Dolomite type: Rock Kimmeridge flint and fellchalk 1896, in originally Harry, Old 45mhigh Sandstone, Bradstock, Burton limestone Portland Head, Durlston Door Durdle WestBay Bay Studland Sandbanks Bay Studland UK , of SW (1) (5) (4) (3) (2) (1) (4) (3) (2) (1) (3) (2)

Bay bar Bay Mature slacks Dune Grey dunes dunes yellowdunes Fore and dunes Embryo marshes Salt end Hooked Large pebbles 4km long Offshore barrier barrier Offshore bar Submerged

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more vegetation more

depressions in the sand were ponds may form may ponds were sand the in depressions layers, of differing rock types are folded into into folded are types rock of differing layers,

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form around deposited obstacles deposited form around

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marram grass helps to stabilise the the stabilise to helps grass marram

(soft rock) (soft

7. What is the difference between soft and hard Soft engineering options are often less expensive than hard engineering? engineering options. They are usually more long-term and sustainable,

with less impact on the environment. C Hard engineering options tend to be expensive, short-term options. They may also have a high impact on the landscape or environment and be unsustainable What are the costs and benefits of a sea wall? Benefits Protects the base of cliffs, land and buildings against erosion. Can prevent coastal flooding in some areas.

C Costs Expensive to build. Curved sea walls reflect the energy of the waves back to the sea. This means that the waves remain powerful. Over time the wall may begin to erode. The cost of maintenance is high. What are the costs and benefits of rock Benefits armour? Absorb the energy of waves.

C Allows the build up of a beach. Costs Can be expensive to obtain and transport the boulders. What are the costs and benefits of gabions? Benefits Use of smaller rocks gives greater flexibility in design Less easy to erode

Can use local beach material to reduce visual impacts Costs CH Unnatural appearance Unpleasant if mesh breaks - risk of injury Shorter lifespan than other techniques Ongoing maintenance costs What are the costs and benefits of ? Benefits Prevents the movement of beach material along the coast by longshore drift. Allows the build up of a beach. Beaches are a natural defence against

CH erosion and an attraction for tourists. Costs Can be seen as unattractive. Costly to build and maintain What are the costs and benefits of beach Benefits nourishment? Low environmental impact, if local material is used, it maintains the natural appearance and recreational value of the beach. Locally used, can be as economically attractive as construction cost

C can be minimal. Costs Potentially short lifespan Ongoing maintenance cost Physical and ecological impacts of acquiring the sand fill What is beach reprofiling? Re-shaping the cross-sectional profile of a beach to ensure it offers

maximum protective gradient and width against destructive wave action.

CH CH CH+ CH+ CH CH C C C CH+ + What are the positive outcomes? positive the are What managed? been coastline the has How coastline? the managing of charge is in Who issues? the are Why like? is it what and located Regis Where is Lyme UK the in coastal a example of An realignment? is coastal What retreat: managed of Example benefits? and costs the are What retreat? is managed What regeneration? dune of benefits costs the and are What 8.

CASE STUDY: LYME REGIS DORSET. REGIS LYME MANAGEMENT COASTAL CASE STUDY:

management scheme management

Lyme Regis, Dorset Lyme Regis, coastline a of position new engineered Creating an econ and (social buildings of loss for compensated be to willpeople need Costs low. is cost and environment) forthe marshes (important salt and defence) natural (a of beaches development encourages the Benefits sea Allowing the collapse to Still vulnerable Expensive Time consuming Costs energy wave storm and absorb and coastline our protect which systems these protect helps to Benefits ------omic) and farmland will be lost (environmental and economic). and (environmental be lost will farmland and omic)

Lies within the World Heritage Site known as the Jurassic Jurassic asthe Site known Heritage World the within Lies England. of Coast South fisherman. and owners benefiting protected is better now Harbour winters stormy recent survived have New defences Sea numbers visitor raised have New beaches (2013 stabilisation. cliff provide to drainage and piling nailing Extensive (2005 France. from imported e wave absorb to shinglebeach and sand wide of Creation (2005 beach. new the retain helps and energy wave Absorbs seathe front. of eastern end the and Cobb The at armour rock of Extension Lim (1995) River the of mouth promenade walland New sea environmentalists and fisherman as such stakeholders different between Reduce conflict protection coastal term Provide long aimsIt to: 1990’s early the in Imp Lyme Environmental Regis times many breached been have Seawalls damaged or destroyed havebeen properties Many west south the from waves powerful to due very rapidly eroding Coastline is on Town is built destination. tourist Popular Coast

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