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The Geology and Prospectivity of the 1994 Airborne Orbost Survey Area

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The Geology and Prospectivity of the 1994 Airborne Orbost Survey Area VIMP Report 1 The Geology and Prospectivity of the 1994 Airborne Orbost Survey Area by R. Buckley M.D. Bush, P.J. O'Shea, M. Whitehead & A.H.M. VandenBerg August 1994 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . 3 GEOLOGICAL HISTORY ..................................................................................... 5 Lachlan Fold Belt ...................................................................................... 5 Early Carboniferous to Mid Cretaceous ................................................... 7 Mid Cretaceous to the present day ........................................................... 8 SUMMARY OF ROCK UNITS ............................................................................. 9 Ordovician to Early Silurian .......................................................... .......... 9 Middle Silurian ........................................................................................... 9 Late Silurian ................................................................................................ 9 Early Devonian ........................................................................................... 9 Late Devonian ............................................................................................. 10 Tertiary ....................................................................................................... 10 GEOPHYSICAL INTERPRETATION ................................................................... 11 MINERALISATION .............................................................................................. 14 History of mining ..................................................................................... 14 Styles of mineralisation .............................................................................. 14 Alluvial gold ............................................................................................... 14 Reef gold ..................................................................................................... 14 Epithermal gold ............................................................................................ 15 Porphyry copper ................................................................................... .. ..... 15 Skarn mineralisation .................................................................................. 16 Stratabound base metal mineralisation .................................................... 16 Syngenetic base metal mineralisation ....................................................... 17 Epigenetic vein mineralisation .................................................................. 17 Non metallic deposits ................................................................................ 17 SUMMARY OF EXPLORATION .......................................................................... 23 ECONOMIC POTENTIAL AND PROSPECTIVITY .......................................... 35 REFERENCES . 37 Appendix 1 Location of Expired Exploration Licences _. _. _. -51-73 FIGURES Figure 1 Orbost Exploration Licence Tender Areas . _. 4 Figure 2 Total Magnetic Intensity Image with North-East Sun Angle Insert Figure 3 Orbost 1994 Airborne Survey Area - Geology, Mineral Deposits & Tenure __ _____ ___........ ___________ ___ _____ ___ _._. Insert TABLES Table 1 Gold Production _______ ____ __ _..._ _. ________________ _____ __ __..._________ ._ _____ ___ _____ ___ ___ ___ __. 15 Table 2 Orbost Initiative Area - Mineral Occurrences.. 19-21 Table 3 Orbost Initiative Area - Exploration Licence Summary. ._ __ __ __ _____ __ ___ __. 33-34 INTRODUCTION his report represents part of a data package prepared to coincide with a call for tenders for exploration licences in the Orbost area of eastern Victoria. The closing date for tenders is 29 TAugust 1994. The location of the tender areas is shown in Figure 1. This, and subsequent data packages are intended to provide summary information to explorers submitting tenders for areas released as a result of flying magnetic/radiometric geophysical surveys over the North West and Eastern Highlands Initiative Areas. This report presents a brief overview of the geology, mineralisation, exploration history and geophysics of the 1994 airborne Orbost survey area, and should be read in conjunction with the other elements of the data package. Activity in expired exploration licences is summarised in Table 3, while the locations of expired exploration licences are given in Appendix 1. Details of mineral occurrences are summarised in Table 2 and their positions shown in Figure 3. The economic potential and prospectivity of the area is briefly described. A reference list directs the redder to more detailed descriptions of the geology and mineralisation of the area. 3 ORBOST EXPLORATION LICENCE TENDER AREAS GEOLOGICAL HISTORY Summary The Orbost survey area during the Palaeozoic lay in the Lachlan Fold Belt, a region with a complex history of marine and subaerial sedimentation and volcanism interrupted by several major contractional deformations and periods of granite intrusion. The final Lachlan event was mild folding of molasse-type redbeds in the Carboniferous, after which there was prolonged erosion, resulting in a landscape of low relief by late Mesozoic times. The breakup of Gondwana in the Cretaceous caused uplift of several thousand metres over most of the region. This uplift, combined with subsidence to the south, created the Gippsland Basin. Since then, the history onshore has been mainly one of erosion and deposition of thin fluvial sediments, with an episode of basalt eruption during the Early Tertiary. Lachlan Fold Belt Deep marine Ordovician to Early Silurian sedimentation (500-430 Ma): Pinnak Sandstone, Bendoc Group, Yalmy Group The rock record of southeastern Australia began in the Early Ordovician (about 500 million years ago) with deposition of extensive submarine fan systems that stretched across most of Victoria and southeastern New South Wales. In the Orbost region, these rocks are represented by the Pinnak Sandstone in the east (VandenBerg et al., 597) and the Hotham Group in the west (Cas & VandenBerg, 2771). These consist of sandstones and mudstones deposited by turbidity currents into the deep marine environment along the eastern margin of the Australian Craton. Turbidity currents were less common in some Areas which accumulated occasional thin cherts. The detritus that makes up the turbidites was mainly derived from a continental source to the west which was composed of sediments, granites, and some metamorphic rocks. In the Late Ordovician, East Gippsland continued to be in a deep marine environment, but for some reason turbidite input was largely blocked, so that the main depositional process was quiet accumulation of silt and mud on a deep anoxic seafloor (Bendoc Group). The Bendoc Group (VandenBerg et al., 597) consists of a lowest unit of thin-bedded chert, siltstone and cross-bedded sandstone (Sunlight Creek Formation) followed by the Warbisco Shale, which is dominated by black, very siliceous siltstone, with silica probably largely derived from radiolarians. It contains abundant graptolites and records a long time span, 20-25 million years, of very quiet pelagic and hemipelagic sedimentation. Both these units are now recognized over the whole of eastern Victoria and southeastern New South Wales. The change from Warbisco Shale to overlying Akuna Mudstone (VandenBerg et al., 597) is marked by a change in colour and lithology to green mudstone with a higher clay and detrital sand content, indicating a return to more aerated conditions and continent-derived clastics. The overlying Yalmy Group (VandenBerg et al., 597) shows a variety of turbidite fan facies, ranging from upper to middle and perhaps outer fan, although the silty Unit 2 may reflect a sea level high rather than an outer fan setting, and Unit 3 may be the result of a sea-level low. North of the Orbost survey area, some limestone turbidites occur in the Suggan Buggan area and possible carbonate material occurs in the Seldom Seen Conglomerate. These indicate the presence of a carbonate source, probably in very shallow water. The position of the Silurian shoreline is not known but must have been well outside the Orbost region. Middle Silurian Benambran (Quidongan) Deformation (430-425 Ma) The Quidongan phase of the Benambran Deformation appears to have been the main episode of cratonisation in much of eastern Victoria, with the Early Silurian apparently playing a minor role (VandenBerg et al., 597; Orth et al.,12047). From the Middle Silurian onwards, the rock substrate behaves in a much more brittle fashion than before, and faults play a large part in the geological history. During this event, the Ordovician rocks especially were tightly folded along folds trending northeast in the central and eastern parts of the Orbost survey area, and east-west in the western part. High heat flow and upwelling of granite magma altered the deeply buried sediments in the east in a regime of low pressure metamorphism (Kuark Metamorphic Complex; VandenBerg et al., 597). Cordierite and other metamorphic minerals grew as the rocks were folded, and a strong schistosity was imprinted in many of the metamorphic rocks. Granite magma slowly moved towards the surface and began to metamorphose local country rock. To the north of the Orbost survey area, compression from the northwest created a series of stacked thrust sheets in which folds are broad and open (VandenBerg et al., 597). Most of the thrusting occurred on a buried decollement zone, above which the thrust
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