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Effect of Plant Resistance in Castor on Endolarval Parasitoid Snellenius Maculipennis (Szepligate) of Castor Semilooper Achaea Janata L

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Effect of Plant Resistance in Castor on Endolarval Parasitoid Snellenius Maculipennis (Szepligate) of Castor Semilooper Achaea Janata L Available online at www.ijpab.com Chakkani Priya et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (5): 243-256 (2018) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.6950 ISSN: 2320 – 7051 Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (5): 243-256 (2018) Research Article Effect of Plant Resistance in Castor on Endolarval Parasitoid Snellenius maculipennis (Szepligate) of Castor Semilooper Achaea janata L. K. Chakkani Priya*, K. V. Hari Prasad, N. C. Venkateswarlu and V. Umamahesh Agricultural entomology, Acharya N.G Ranga Agricultural University, Lam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] Received: 16.06.2018 | Revised: 20.07.2018 | Accepted: 27.07.2018 ABSTRACT A study on correlation between biological parameters of S. maculipennis with biophysical (epicuticular wax content) and biochemical (total free amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates and phenols) constituents of castor genotypes revealed that wax content was significantly negatively correlated with per cent parasitisation (-0.445*); total free amino acids were significantly negatively correlated with per cent parasitisation (-0.702**) and egg and larval period (- 0.546**); the proteins were significantly positively correlated with per cent parasitisation (0.938**); carbohydrates were significantly positively correlated with per cent parasitisation (0.957**) and significantly negatively correlated with adult longevity (-0.622**) and phenols were significantly negatively correlated with per cent parasitisation (-0.759**) and egg and larval period (-0.486*). Key words: Snellenius maculipennis, Achaea janata, Genotypes, Correlation, Parasitisation. INTRODUCTION which India, China, Brazil, USSR, Thailand, Castor, Ricinus communis L. is one of the most Ethiopia and Philippines are major castor important commercial, non-edible oilseed crop growing accounts for majority of the world's in Euphorbiaceae family. The genus, "Ricinus" production (http://www.commoditiescontrol. is derived from Latin word meaning "dog tick" com). because of it's seed resemblance to the India is the world's single largest common pest of dog. It is reported to have producer of castor seed accounting for more originated in the tropical belt of both India and than 85% followed by China with about 7% Africa. Castor is cultivated around the world and Brazil with about 5% of world castor seed because of the commercial importance of its output. There has been a consistent increase in oil. Historically, Brazil, China and India have output primarily on account of rise in levels in been the key producing countries meeting India. In recent years, however, Brazil and global requirements. It is cultivated in 30 China have experienced stagnation in Castor different countries on commercial scale, of crop (http://www.commoditiescontrol.com). Cite this article: Chakkani Priya, K., Hari Prasad, K.V., Venkateswarlu, N.C. and Umamahesh, V., Effect of Plant Resistance in Castor on Endolarval Parasitoid Snellenius maculipennis (Szepligate) of Castor Semilooper Achaea janata L., Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6(5): 243-256 (2018). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.6950 Copyright © Sept.-Oct., 2018; IJPAB 243 Chakkani Priya et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (5): 243-256 (2018) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 India is the world's single largest producer of Achaea janata (Linnaeus); castor shoot and castor seed accounting for more than 85% capsule borer, Dichocrocis punctiferalis followed by China with about 7% and Brazil (Guenee); hairy caterpillar, Euproctisfraterna with about 5% of world castor seed (Moore); tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura output. There has been a consistent increase in (Fabricius) and sucking pests, such as output primarily on account of rise in levels in leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula India. In recent years, however, Brazil and (Ishida); white fly, Trialeurodes ricini (Misra); China have experienced stagnation in Castor thrips, Retithrips syriacus (Mayet) and mites, crop (http://www.commoditiescontrol.com). Tetranychus telarius (Linnaeus)19. Castor oil and its derivatives, besides Castor semilooper A. janata is a major being used in medicine, are also used in a wide defoliator and under severe infestations, range of sectors including agriculture, textile completely devour the green foliage, leaving industry, paper industry, plastic engineering, only the veins and enforce the farmers to re- rubber and pharmaceuticals4. sow the crop. It causes yield reduction to the Castor oil is also used in many veterinary extent of 20 to 23%9. medicines, as an emollient, soothing medium Castor semilooper, A. janata is when dropped into the eyes of animals after regulated by hymenopteran endolarval removal of foreign bodies. In eri silk- parasitoid Snellenius (=Microplitis) producing areas, castor leaves are fed to eri maculipennis (Szepligate) (Hymenoptera: worms. After extraction of oil, castor cake is Braconidae) which is cosmopolitan in valued as manure. It contains 6.4% N, 2.5% distribution8. Under field conditions, it is phosphoric acid and 1% K and some capable of parasitizing up to 77.31% of micronutrients. Castor is also valued for its semilooper population29. The early instars of anti-termite properties. Consequently, there A. janata were attacked by the parasitoid and has been a steady increase in the demand for parasitized larvae did not feed and died later castor oil and its products in the world market on40. owing to their renewable nature, Indiscriminate use of pesticides leads biodegradability and eco-friendliness4. to development of resistance in insects to Castor (Ricinuscommunis L.) is insecticides, toxic effect on natural enemies, cultivated around the world because of the pest resurgence and pesticide residues on food commercial importance of its oil. India is and adverse effect on human beings and the world’s largest producer of castor seed and causes environmental pollution23. These meets most of the global demand for castor oil. negative externalities, though cannot be It contributes about eight lakh tonnes of castor eliminated altogether, their intensity can be seed and three lakh tonnes of castor oil and minimized through development, sharing 65% and 51% respectively in the dissemination and promotion of alternative world total production. Gujarat, Rajasthan and technologies such as integrated pest Andhra Pradesh are the major castor growing management as well as good agronomic states in India. In Andhra Pradesh, castor practices rather relaying solely on chemical occupied about 0.33 lakh ha area in 2016-17 pesticides. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and production was estimated about 0.16 lakh means a careful consideration of all available tonnes against 0.51 lakh ha area and 0.29 lakh pest control techniques and subsequent tonnes production in 2015- integration of appropriate measures that 16(https://www.indiastat.com). discourage the development of pest Both biotic and abiotic stresses are the populations by keeping pesticides and other major constraints for decline in castor interventions to levels that are economically production. Insect pests are the major biotic justified and reduce or minimize risks to factors in lowering of castor yield. The most human health and the environment. important insect pests are castor semilooper, Copyright © Sept.-Oct., 2018; IJPAB 244 Chakkani Priya et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (5): 243-256 (2018) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 One of the important components of integrated RH during 2017-18. Adults of A. janata were pest management is the use of natural enemies collected from college farm and Regional as biocontrol agents. This has many Agricultural Research Station, Tirupati and advantages over the traditional method of released into oviposition cages (32 cm × 30 cm chemical control34. With regard to parasitoids × 30 cm) for mating and were provided with as biocontrol agents, they assume immense 20% honey solution mixed with vitamin - E importance as they account for 87% tablets in cotton swabs. The petioles of castor suppression of insect pest in nature in leaves were kept in conical flasks by placing comparison to 12% by predators and 1% by the cut end of petioles dipped in water pathogens20. containing 10% sugar solution, these leaves Host plant resistance along with acted as substrate for oviposition and old natural enemies and cultural practices is a leaves were replaced with fresh leaves as and central component of any pest management when required. After one or two days of strategy. Resistance in the form of plant exposure, leaves having eggs of A. janata were defence is a physiochemical characteristic of shifted to another separate plastic troughs of plant, which influence the behaviour, biology, 25 cm diameter and 10 cm height where the survival and reproduction of insects38. eggs were allowed to hatch. Fresh leaves were The characteristics of plant structure provided adlib to the newly hatched larvae and and texture can affect herbivores, natural the rearing troughs were cleaned regularly to enemies of herbivores, and their interaction. keep a healthy stock culture. These effects may be genetically variable Pupae formed from the stock culture among plants and induced in individual plants were collected and kept in separate oviposition by herbivore attack, and are mediated by cages for adult emergence for further rearing primary plant attributes (i.e., nutritional quality as described above. The first instars were used and physical structure) and defense-related for all the experiments in the present products (i.e., secondary
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