DOCSLIB.ORG

A Game-Oriented Perspective on Chivalry in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Bard College

Bard Digital Commons

Senior Projects Spring 2020

Spring 2020

Bard Undergraduate Senior Projects

The Game at the Green Chapel: A Game-Oriented Perspective on Chivalry in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

Joshua David Maldonado

Bard College, [email protected]

Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/senproj_s2020
Part of the Literature in English, British Isles Commons, and the Medieval Studies Commons

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License.

Recommended Citation

Maldonado, Joshua David, "The Game at the Green Chapel: A Game-Oriented Perspective on Chivalry in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" (2020). Senior Projects Spring 2020. 122.

https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/senproj_s2020/122

This Open Access work is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been provided to you by Bard College's Stevenson Library with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this work in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rightsholder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. For more information, please contact

[email protected].

1 Maldonado

The Game at the Green Chapel:
A Game-Oriented Perspective on Chivalry in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

2 Maldonado

For both of my grandparents, thanks to whom I exist as the person I am.
This project would also not be possible without…
My academic advisor, Maria Sachiko Cecire, who stuck with me through thick and thin. Your expectations for me, paired with your infinite patience, are what kept me going on this project.

My senior project colloquium professor, Marisa Libbon, whose vast knowledge of and passion for Middle English literature inspired me to take an interest in it. Thank you for having faith in me in the times I had very little.

My countless friends, who I have systematically regaled with the tale of Sir Gawain. For the hundreds of hours of study sessions, and the hundreds of hours of emotional support, thank you. You know who you are.

You, the reader, who fate has somehow brought to this page. You are the reason this exists.

3 Maldonado

Introduction - The Game Good Knights Once Played

It is the day of the new year in Camelot. The good King Arthur, his wife
Guinevere, and the Knights of the Round Table were merry with games and celebration. The warmth of this festivity was briefly and abruptly interrupted when a titanic, unknown figure, clad completely in green, canters up to the court. His horse is green to match, and so is the mammoth axe he wields in his hand. His other hand grasps a holly branch, as a symbol of peaceful intentions.
King Arthur asks this hulking Green Knight to speak of his intentions. After a bout of ominous silence, the figure speaks. He is not here to harm anyone. He is simply here to challenge someone to a game. Though Arthur is poised to accept this challenge, Sir Gawain of the knights speaks up. “Wolde ʒe, worþilych lorde… I haue frayned hit at yow fyrst, foldez hit to me”1 (350-358). Gawain proclaims himself as among the weakest of the knights, showing a performative modesty and asking to accept the Green Knight’s game for his own self-improvement.
Arthur grants Gawain’s wish, and the Green Knight accepts his challenger. The game, known as the beheading game henceforth, is simple: today, one will strike the other with the Green Knight’s axe. A year and a day later, the other shall return a blow. This exchange of blows is a simple game at a glance, but the Green Knight is actually putting into motion a one-year-long plan to test Gawain’s honor and integrity.

1 If you [Arthur] would graciously grant it… I request that this task [the Green Knight’s offer] be transferred to me.

4 Maldonado

This is the stage that is set in the early pages of Sir Gawain and the Green
Knight, a chivalric poem written in the late 14th century. Penned by an unknown author, it is one of the best-known Arthurian legends and is often studied today. The narrative follows Sir Gawain, a knight of Arthur’s round table, as he agrees to and participates in the beheading game offered by the mysterious Green Knight.
An Arthurian legend, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is primarily concerned with honor and knighthood. In addition, however, the poem has an undeniable preoccupation with games. From the initial “beheading game” offered by the Green Knight, to the “exchanges game” later offered by Bertilak, another identity of the Green Knight, to the very concept of knighthood itself, there always exists an air of challenge, sport, and determination to follow through as a good knight and player of games.
This project aims to look at Sir Gawain and the Green Knight as a text that uses games as a plot device to explore and explain the concepts of X and Y. Said project will assert that games themselves function as a unique and effective literary device that can inform what it means to be the perfect knight in the world of chivalric literature.
The first chapter of this work focuses on pointing out multiple ways in which games and play seep through the context of the story. A recurring theme in the poem, for example, is the notion of self-contradiction -- something that, in itself, contains two conflicting traits that logically would not be able to coexist. [Give a quick example of how this appears in SGKK that you address in Chapter 1] The second chapter sets its sights on the idea of perfect knighthood and whether such a thing exists. This problem, one that Sir Gawain and greater Arthurian legends are concerned with, is tackled by

5 Maldonado

comparisons to what it may mean to be a perfect player of games. The conclusion of this work will serve to offer additional avenues for research regarding games as literary devices, as well as an assessment of Arthurian literary importance in the era of modernity.
The rest of this introduction is dedicated to explaining important plot points to my thesis. In brief, I will propose what I mean by “game.” Then I will offer short descriptions of key game-related elements in the poem: the beheading game, the exchanges game, the meeting at the Green Chapel, and Gawain’s penance.
As this project will be about games and play, a formal definition of “game” is required going forward. There are many valid, working meanings of this idea, from video games to mind games. However, the definition that will be used henceforth will be that presented by philosopher and game theorist Bernard Suits:
To play a game is to engage in activity directed toward bringing about a specific state of affairs, using only means permitted by specific rules, where the means permitted by the rules are more limited in scope than they would be in the absence of the rules, and where the sole reason for accepting such limitation is to make possible such activity (Suits, 10).
Following these rules, a game can simply be defined as (1) an activity with a goal in mind, (2) in which the goal must be brought about while following specific rules, (3) in which the limitations of the rules define the way in which the goal is reached.
Using the above definition, the Green Knight’s beheading challenge can inarguably be defined as a game. The goal is to deal one blow to each other each. The

6 Maldonado

specific rules are that the blows must be a year apart. And, most importantly, that one year serves as a device for Gawain to think about the decisions he is making. Suits’ definition of what a game is will also be helpful going forward, as there are other games present in Gawain’s tale that also fall under this description. The exchanges game, for example, is one in which the honest knight must trade his winnings each day for someone else’s. Games like this are present throughout the poem, and I will define them as such based on these premises.
The beheading game is what the story revolves around. It gives Gawain a motivator not only to stand up and become part of the story, but as a game, also provides a mission with a clear goal: reach the Green Chapel at the designated time and accept a blow in turn from the Green Knight. Meanwhile the exchanges game, which takes place about halfway through the narrative, is another game that Gawain accepts and participates in. On his journey to complete the beheading game, he stumbles upon a grand stronghold in the woods headed by Bertilak, a dignified lord and hunter. Bertilak, as a kindly gesture, offers Gawain to stay at his home until the time comes for him to face the Green Knight. The lord offers a game of his own: every day, Bertilak will go out hunting. Gawain will stay within the walls of Bertilak’s estate during this time. At the end of each day, Gawain and Bertilak will exchange what they had gained that day with one another. Gawain is often given the game that Bertilak hunts, and Bertilak receives from Gawain kisses from Bertilak’s wife that Gawain received within the confines of the castle.

7 Maldonado

Gawain’s meeting at the Green Chapel serve as the climactic end to the tale, where Gawain completes the beheading game after a long year. The end of the game is met by a memorable encounter with Bertilak, the Green Knight. Having shown honor and integrity by following through on his promises and arriving on time to accept an axe strike, the Green Knight praises Gawain, and punishes him for wavering only with a nick on the neck. Beyond Bertilak’s punishment, however, Sir Gawain decides to undergo further penance for his cheating. Gawain wraps a green girdle, the very object that proves his cheating, around his arm as a reminder for not doing as well as he could have, and wears it for the rest of the story and implicitly beyond. This penance is a reflection of Gawain’s guilt and drive to improve as a knight and player of games.
The rest of this project delves into the many ways in which games, and the playing of games, help to explain concepts of chivalry and knighthood in Sir Gawain and

the Green Knight.

8 Maldonado

Chapter 1 - The Axe and the Holly Branch

Now that my introduction has set the stage, I would like to be able to discuss Sir
Gawain and the Green Knight in a more concentrated way. This chapter will address the self-contradictory nature of games in the poem. This chapter will also raise questions about deceit and duality, ending with an analysis of the games in Sir Gawain in this context. I will begin by addressing what I mean by “self-contradictory,” and I will continue to describe some examples of this in the text. These examples will range from characters being self-contradictory to the very environment of the poem itself being so.
Self-contradiction, which is a key term in this chapter and beyond, refers to a person, thing, event, or any one subject that seems to possess two conflicting traits at once. I argue that the very world of this poem is one that is full of self-contradictory characters, objects, goals, and environments. Questions involving self-contradiction raise themselves naturally throughout the story, almost begging to be explored. How can a game be so serious yet so playful? The many games present within the text are presented as jovial challenges and friendly contests, but also as fierce, life-altering or even life-ending tasks that serve to judge one’s character. How can the kind Bertilak and the life-threatening Green Knight be the same person? At one moment, a hulking figure threatens the life of one of King Arthur’s knights. The very next moment, the same person is inviting that same knight to a joyous feast as a friend. How can Gawain be the perfect knight as well as a fearful, regretful cheater? Sir Gawain’s perfectly adorned attire, along with the Green Knight’s own implication that Gawain is a “faultless prince,”

9 Maldonado

throws him in with the best. But Gawain himself disagrees with this, taking from his quest a token of shame and dishonor. How can Bertilak’s wife strive both for Gawain’s love and Gawain’s death? While trying to seduce Gawain, she knows that her success would cause his death. How can a girdle be both an all-powerful item and a worthless rag? The green girdle Lady Bertilak gives Gawain is perceived as valuable enough to breach his honor for, but is also a less-than-worthless sign of failure. How can a game be both won and lost? Bertilak considers Gawain to have played the beheading game honorably, but Gawain considers himself a cheater to be disqualified. These and more are examples of self-contradiction within the poem.
First and foremost in the field of self-contradiction, Gawain himself both wins and loses the beheading game. To conclude this game with the gift of a memento, Bertilak the Green Knight entrusts Sir Gawain with the green girdle that was stolen. “Þis a pure token,” he says, “Of þe chaunce of þe Grene Chapel at cheualrous knyʒtez”2 (SGGK 2397-2398). Gawain accepts this gift, which he goes on to wear at all times as a reminder of his own failure. Indeed, the girdle is a sign of failure. It is unequivocal proof that Gawain cheated in the hunting game, a mini-game crafted by Bertilak as part of the grander beheading game. If the girdle is a sign of Gawain’s having cheated, why does the Green Knight call it pure? Why does Bertilak call Gawain “the most faultless of princes to ever walk on foot”? The girdle’s self-contradiction is evident, as it is both something pure and representative of wrongdoing. This dual nature carries through to the end result of the beheading game: though Gawain does not forgive himself for

2 This pure sign will stand for the game at the Green Chapel good knights once played.

10 Maldonado

cheating, Bertilak readily and enthusiastically does. Gawain sees a game lost, and Bertilak sees a game admirably played. This is because Bertilak minds the attitude and intent behind the cheating, while Gawain does not. This difference in perspective is the difference between whether Gawain ultimately wins or loses the game. This same difference in perspective is also the agent that creates a situation that is two things at once: a win and a loss.
Indeed, Bertilak painly states his reasons for forgiveness: “Bot here yow lakked a lyttel, sir, and lewte yow wonted; / Bot þat watz for no wylyde weke, ne wowyng nauþer / Bot for ʒe lufed your lyf-- þe lasse I yow blame”3 (315). Bertilak recognizes that Sir Gawain only kept the girdle from him because he was afraid for his life. He did not conceal the girdle because he liked it, or because he wanted it, or because he coveted Bertilak’s wife. It was only because he believed that the girdle may have been able to protect him from a gruesome fate. It is reasonable that anyone else would have stolen the girdle for courtship or covetousness, because Bertilak’s wife is described as very objectively desirable: “He seʒ hir so glorious and gayly atyred, / So fautles of hir fetured and of so fyne hewes, / Wiʒt wallande joye warmed his hert”4 (SGGK 1759-1761). Because of Gawain’s more reasonable and understandable desire to survive the beheading game, Bertilak forgives Gawain.
Gawain treats himself with much less dignity. Rather than consider why he cheated, like the Green Knight does, he only considers that he cheated. He does not

3 You lapsed just a little; your loyalty flagged. / Since the cause was not courtship or covetousness, / But the love of your life, so much less do I blame. 4 When he gleaned her so gaily, so gloriously fine, / For her features were faultless and fair was her skin, / A gladness then grew in him, glowed in his heart.

11 Maldonado

accept Bertilak’s forgiveness, choosing to repent on his own by eternally wearing the girdle as a grim reminder of his own dishonesty. This difference in perspective, as I have previously mentioned, is the difference between a win and a loss for Gawain in the beheading game. And this difference is also precisely why Gawain both wins and loses: he is stuck not in between, but on two opposite ends of a spectrum. Bertilak, the orchestrator, the gamemaster, the one to claim ultimate judgement on Gawain’s life, believes that Gawain won the game. Gawain showed true honor in the way he played, even though he broke the rules. Gawain, both the player and the one being played, the recipient of the prize of being allowed to live, cannot accept that award without intense guilt at having cheated. Gawain’s guilt upon the belief of losing the game is further magnified when it is abruptly brought to light by the very judge of the game.
In asking the question “did Gawain win the game?” the question that is implicitly asked is one of perspective. Whose perspective is more valid: the gamemaster’s, or the player’s? It depends on where victory lies. If victory lies in an award, a trophy, a congratulatory speech, then Gawain won the game. If victory lies in emotion, confidence in one’s play style, and personal belief and gratification, then Gawain has clearly lost. I assert that Gawain has both won and lost the beheading game, a truly self-contradictory feat. As the player of someone else’s game, one cannot declare themselves the winner. Likewise, one cannot declare themselves the loser, as Gawain would like to. But as a gamemaster, to declare a player’s loss or victory based on a personal whim, forgiveness in Bertilak’s case, can also be viewed as folly.

12 Maldonado

This brings me to a troubling conclusion. In most games, the winner should be determined by the rules of the game and the conditions of victory being met within legality. There is no dispute as to who wins dice, checkers, cards and the like, unless there is cheating involved. But the beheading game has no clear rules or victory conditions beyond “find Bertilak to receive a blow at the Green Chapel in a year’s time.” No rules were explicitly stated outside of that, and thus, anything would be legal. Gawain fulfilled these conditions, and thus technically “won” the game. Once Gawain was tempted to give the Green Knight a visit earlier than promised, which would have broken the rules, but Bertilak convinced him against it.
The game Gawain technically cheated at was the exchanges game, not the beheading game. To bring it back into focus, the rules of this game were that Bertilak would go out hunting each day, and Gawain would stay at home and get what he could. At the end of the day, they would exchange every one of their spoils with each other. Gawain gained the spoils of a girdle during that game, and he hid it from the one he was playing with. That unequivocally counts as cheating. And, since the exchanges game is a game within the beheading game, then Gawain cheated at the beheading game.
But that logic can be seen as folly. Gawain could not have known that the exchanges game was a part of the beheading game. Is cheating really cheating if one does not know they are playing the game? This and many other questions arise from the beheading game, none of Gawain’s own fault. But they can be explained with self-contradiction: Gawain both cheated and did not cheat. The poet does a good job of making the reader question the morality of this-- not grey, but black and white. This is

13 Maldonado

the duality of self-contradiction. In the end, Gawain both won and lost the game. This is an intriguing self-contradiction stemming directly from the concept of games: one’s viewpoint could conflict with another’s, while both can end up being true at the same time. This further propagates the idea of self-contradiction in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, providing evidence that it is a preoccupation of both games and the tale itself.
It is worth mentioning that there is another player who bends the rules of the beheading game. Unlike Gawain, this person does not feel any remorse for things like deceit and trickery. The character I refer to is Bertilak, the Green Knight himself. In the initial challenge in Arthur’s court, he tricks Gawain into a one-year death contract by choosing not to reveal the fact that he can lift his own severed head off the ground and live. He disguises his own identity and feigns ignorance about Gawain and his quest. He sends his wife into Gawain’s bedroom for the sole purpose of tempting him. And, in the end, he even fakes two killing blows. For better or worse, the Green Knight is a great deceiver.
Trickery and deceit are both treated as implicitly destructive according to the norms of chivalry,. According to 11th century writer Ramon Llull, who wrote a book on chivalry that may have inspired the Pearl Poet, these destroy chivalry. “Showing favour to… truth… honesty… and other things similar to these pertain to the knight, for just as all nobility shall be recognized in God, so all that for which Chivalry receives honour on the part of those who are in its Order shall be compared to the knight” (Fallows 78). Llull rules that honesty should be held to a knight just as nobility is held to God. To be dishonest is to not be a knight. Bertilak, then, is not a knight by standard definition. As

Recommended publications
  • Procedure for Presentation of Trophies

    Procedure for Presentation of Trophies

    Ohio High School Athletic Association 4080 Roselea Place | Columbus, OH | 43214 Procedure for Presentation of Trophies In an effort to make the presentation of trophies and awards a ceremony that you and your players will remember for many years, we are asking for your assistance in the following procedure. l. After the first wave of enthusiasm wanes, please have your players take their places on the team bench. 2. A silver medal will be presented to each player, coach and one manager of the runner-up team. A gold medal will be presented to each player, coach and one manager of the winning team. As the name of each player is called, she will report to the awards table. The individual making the award will place the medal around the player's neck and shake her hand in congratulations. After players receive their awards, they will form a line until the team trophy presentation is made. The coach will be the last called, and at this time the captain or co-captains will be asked to come to the awards table for the presentation of the runner-up or championship trophy. Please remain in position until all awards have been given. 3. It is expected that good sportsmanship will prevail before, during and after. 4. It is required that participants from both schools remain on the floor for both awards ceremonies. Thank you for cooperating in this important part of our State Volleyball Tournaments. If additional awards are desired for assistant coaches, managers, etc., schools may contact the supplier directly.
  • 1 TROPHY REGULATIONS (NS 91-18), Revised (MY 06-26 & NS

    1 TROPHY REGULATIONS (NS 91-18), Revised (MY 06-26 & NS

    TROPHY REGULATIONS (NS 91-18), Revised (MY 06-26 & NS ‘06 ) 1. DEFINITIONS a. The term Challenge Trophy shall mean any trophy which may be awarded for permanent possession after winning the trophy three times, providing the trophy is replaced as detailed in these regulations. Individual trophy requirements will specify if the three wins must be with the same dog. The trophy is the property of the GRCA until retired. b. The term Perpetual Trophy shall mean any trophy which has been offered for permanent and/or continuous competition regardless of the number of times it has been awarded. This trophy shall remain the property of the GRCA. c. The term National Specialty Trophy shall mean any trophy which is awarded for competition or participation at the annual GRCA National Specialty. d. The term Year-End Trophy shall mean any trophy which is awarded for 12-month competition (January 1 through December 31) at AKC licensed or member events on the basis of standings on December 31 of the competition year. These trophies are awarded at the next GRCA National Specialty. e. The term Competition Year shall mean that calendar year (January 1 through December 31) in which wins toward Year-End trophies are accumulated. 2. RECIPIENT ELIGIBILITY a. National Specialty Trophies . The recipient of a National Specialty Trophy must be a GRCA member in good standing as of the first day of events at the National Specialty. b. Year-End Trophies. Recipients of Year-End trophies must be GRCA members in good standing as of January 1 of the competition years and, in addition, they must be a member in good standing as of the first day of events at the National Specialty.
  • Treasure Annu Al Report 2005/6

    Treasure Annu Al Report 2005/6

    TREASURE ANNUAL REPORT 2005/6 REPORT ANNUAL TREASURE TREASURE ANNUAL REPORT 2005/6 TREASURE ANNUAL REPORT 2005/6 Foreword 4 Introduction 6 Tables 7 List of contributors 10 Distribution maps of Treasure cases 14 Catalogue England 1. Artefacts A. Bronze Age 16 B. Iron Age 54 C. Roman 58 D. Early Medieval 72 E. Medieval 104 F. Post-Medieval 134 G. 18th–20th centuries and Undiagnostic 170 2. Coins A. Iron Age 184 B. Roman 188 C. Early Medieval 207 D. Medieval 209 E. Post-Medieval 215 Wales 220 Northern Ireland 231 References 232 Valuations 238 Index 243 Illustrations 269 Cover: Iron Age electrum torc (no. 82), c. 200–50 BC. Found in Newark, Nottinghamshire, by Mr M Richardson while metal-detecting in February 2005. CONTENTS 2 3 This is the eighth Annual Report to Parliament on I would also like to praise the contribution made Following a consultation by my Department we the operation of the Treasure Act 1996. Like its by the staff of the British Museum and the staff of transferred the administrative responsibilities for predecessors, it lists all the finds that were reported as the National Museum Wales. The Treasure process Treasure to the British Museum in March 2007. potential Treasure to the British Museum, the National requires input from their curators, conservators, The British Museum has recruited two full-time Museums & Galleries of Wales, and the Environment scientists and a central treasure registry, all of whom and one part-time post in order to deal with these and Heritage Service, Northern Ireland. This Report continue to achieve high standards of service despite additional responsibilities and both organisations contains details of 592 and 665 new cases reported an increased workload.
  • The American Legion Emblem Catalog, 1978

    The American Legion Emblem Catalog, 1978

    I uniform© UNIFORMS. Crease and stain resistant, year-round, 14-ounce nylon blend gabardine with Vi" gold stripe. Dry clean only. (COLOR NOTE: IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO MATCH COLOR EXACTLY EVEN USING THE SAME DYE. THERE IS ALWAYS A VARIATION BETWEEN BOLTS OF MATERIAL-MORE NOTICEABLE IN BLUE. ONLY A SPECIALLY ORDERED TAILOR-MADE UNIFORM CUT FROM THE SAME MATERIAL WILL GIVE AN EXACT MATCH.) When ordering all Uniform Jackets or Trousers, state Height, Chest & Waist measurements to insure proper fit. Special sizes not shown below, add $25.00 and allow 8 weeks for delivery. v A JACKET. Eisenhower style with elastic waist insert. Stock sizes 36-46 in Short, Regular, Long, and Stout (Portly). All other sizes add $25.00 and allow 8 weeks for delivery of these custom made garments.* No. 70201 $48.25 B TROUSERS. Unfinished bottoms. Sizes 29-46 from stock. All other sizes add $25.00 and allow 8 weeks for delivery of these custom made garments.* No. 70102 $27.45 * Extra large size jackets and trousers are not returnable. BRAID. Gold 'A" uniform braid. No. 70100 per yard $ .50 UNIFORM COAT. Full length, dress uniform blouse. Special order only with 8 weeks delivery. Write for prices and ordering instructions. UNIFORM MATERIAL. Sold by the running yard, 60 inches wide. Write for current price. C NEW!! HELMET LINER. For uniformed groups. White molded plastic. Chin strap. Inner straps adjust to head size. No. 70159 Each $ 8.00 Multiples of 1 0 $75.00 D WHITE COTTON PARADE GLOVES with a rubberized palm that eliminates "slipping" during parades and other ceremonies.
  • FREEMASONRY in CHESHIRE * Tlie History of the Provincial Grand

    FREEMASONRY in CHESHIRE * Tlie History of the Provincial Grand

    CONTENTS. PAG E is by evidence than which it will be difficult to discover much LEA D ER— that relates to an earlier period. Freemasonry in Cheshire ... ... ... •¦• ••• 5*17 We have seen that Col. F. Columbine was Provincial Grand A New Departure ... ... ... — _• •• — 54$ Boar d of Benevolence ... ... ... ••• ••• ••• 54| Master in 1725, and in Chapter I. will be found a letter addressed Impo rtant Masonic Gathering at Wigan ... ... ... •¦• 54a The Craft Abroad ... ... ... - ••• - 549 to the Grand Master of England, dated from the " Castle and The November Magazines ... ... ... ••• ••• 549 Falcon " Lod in Chester April Craft Masonry ... ... — — — ••• 549 ge , 15th , I727, and signed by H. M ASONIC N OTHS — Warburton as P.G.M., his Deputy (Samuel Smith, who was also The Sch ool Elections ... ... ••¦ ... ••• 553 Col. Columbine's Deputy) ,' and his Wardens (Roger Comber- Conserration of the Mai den Lod ge, No. 2875 ... ... ... 553 The Late Bro. Horatio Ward ... ... ... ... 553 bach and John Coleclough). How long Warburton remained in Reviews ... ... ... ... ... • •• ••• 554 office cannot, in the absence of any definite statement, be shown ; Craft Masonry ... ... ... ... ... ••• 554 Instruc tion ... ... ... ... ... •¦• •*• 555 but in 1742 Captain Robert Newton was P.G.M., and he was Royal Arch ... ... ... ... ... ... - 55*3 re-elected on St. John 's Day in winter in the following Science, Art , and the Drama ... ... ... ... ••• 557 year. Masonic and General Tidings ... ... ... ... ••• 55s Under Bro. Newton 's ausp ices Freemasonry does not appear to have greatly prospered. There were lodges at Congleton and Macclesfield but they FREEMASONRY IN CHESHIRE * , do not seem to have sent representatives to the Provincial Grand Lodge at Chester. The old " Castle and or at least of so Tlie history of the Provincial Grand Lodge, Falcon had been erased in 1739 and the " Spread Eagle " Lodge, much of it as is supported by minutes that are still extant , fills though still on the register, was, as Bro.
  • History of Freemasonry in New Jersey

    History of Freemasonry in New Jersey

    History of Freemasonry in New Jersey Commemorating the Two Hundredth Anniversary Of the Organization of the Grand Lodge of THE MOST ANCIENT AND HONORABLE SOCIETY OF FREE AND ACCEPTED MASONS for the State of New Jersey 1787-1987 Written And Prepared By The History Committee R.W. Edward Y. Smith, Jr., Grand Historian, Covenant No. 161 R.W. Earl G. Gieser, Past Junior Grand Deacon, Wilkins-Eureka No. 39 W. George J. Goss, Solomon's No. 46 R.W. Frank Z. Kovach, Past Grand Chaplain, Keystone No. 153 R.W. R. Stanford Lanterman, Past District Deputy Grand Master, Cincinnati No. 3 First Edition Index Contents Chapter Title Page I Antecedents 1682-1786 ···························· 1 II The Foundation Of The Grand Lodge 1786-1790 . .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ... 5 ITI The Formative Years 1791-1825 .............. 9 IV A Time Of Trouble 1826-1842 ................ 15 V A Renewal Of Purpose 1843-1866 ........... 19 VI The Years Of Stability 1867-1900 ........... 23 VII The Years Of Growth 1901-1930 . 29 VITI Depression And Resurgence 1931-1957 .... 35 IX The Present State Of Affairs 1958-1986 .. 39 Appendix Lodges Warranted In New Jersey Lodges Warranted Prior To 1786 . 46 Lodges Warranted 1787 To 1842 . 46 Lodges Warranted Following 1842 . 50 Appendix Famous New Jersey Freemasons . 67 Appendix Elective Officers Of The Grand Lodge Since Organization . 98 Lieut. Colonel David Brearley, Jr. circa 1776-1779 The Hon. David Brearley, Jr. circa 1786-1790 The First R. W Grand Master-1786-1790 Grand Lodge, F. & A. M. of New Jersey Whitehall Tavern, New Brunswick, N.J. circa 1786 l. #-~-~ .. ~- Whitehall Tavern, New Brunswick, N.J.
  • U.S. Rare Coins Prices Sprint Upward!

    U.S. Rare Coins Prices Sprint Upward!

    Volume 8 Issue 5 Liberty Coin Service’s Monthly Review of Precious Metals and Numismatics May 1, 2002 U.S. Rare Coins Prices Sprint Upward! Many Bargains Still Available—For Now! Gold Hits 26 Month Peak, May Keep Going! Although the price of gold hit a 26 Type Coins, Key-Date Coins, U.S. 2002 Year-To-Date month high last week, the most impor- Copper Coinage, Colonial issues, and Change In Value tant developments in the past month early 20th Century Coins. December 31,2001-April 30, 2002 were some major advances in U.S. rare In many instances, quoted prices were 10-20% higher than they were a month Precious Metals coin prices and an outlook for even more Gold +10.8% appreciation in the coming months. earlier. A surprising number of coins Platinum +9.8% For the past few years, I have advised traded hands at these levels! Silver -1.1% Allan and Tom both witnessed dealers Palladium -19.9% you that supplies of desirable collector coins on the market were thin. The only buying coins at prices higher than Numismatic Coins reason that prices have been fairly stag- Trends, which is supposedly a fairly up- 1937 Buffalo Nickel, PR-66 +40.4% nant is that tight-fisted collectors have to-date guide for retail selling prices! 1936 Walking Half, PR-65 +34.3% Expensive “trophy” coins, those that 1899 Morgan Dollar, MS-64 +33.8% been cautious and patient. They were 1936 Mercury Dime, PR-65 +13.7% willing to wait for another opportunity to sell for more than a few thousand dol- acquire nice coins at today’s low prices lars, had been in the doldrums for the US Dollar vs Foreign Currencies past year.
  • Catalogue of Endangered Latvian Archaeological Artefacts

    Catalogue of Endangered Latvian Archaeological Artefacts

    Version 1.0. Catalogue of Endangered Latvian Archaeological Artefacts • Latvian Academy of Culture • National History Museum of Latvia • State Inspection for Heritage Protection Riga, 2016 CATALOGUE OF ENDANGERED LATVIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ARTEFACTS | 2 Introduction: Latvian archaeological heritage reflects the many antiquities end up abroad. Despite national and cultures that have lived here - from the hunter gatherers international efforts, the illegal acquisition and sale of in the Stone Age to early state formations in 12th to the archaeological artefacts remains one of the most pressing 13th century, the Livonian State and subsequent problems of protecting and conserving cultural heritage. historical periods. A significant part of archaeological heritage are antiquities: objects created as a result of Purpose of the catalogue: intentional act of a human being – artefacts (for example, jewellery, weapons, tools, household objects, ceramic articles, This catalogue is designed to aid in the identification of coins in intact form or as fragments), which have been found in those Latvian archaeological artefacts, which are more the ground, above the ground or in water. Many artefacts frequently acquired illegally, illegally traded and exported found in the territory of Latvia were left there by outside the territory of Latvia. invaders such as the Vikings and Crusaders or could have been brought to Latvia through trade or migration. The catalogue is meant for Latvian and foreign traders, Written records about the inhabitants of the Baltic Sea buyers and collectors of cultural objects, law coast (possibly Latvian ancestors) and their social life enforcement agencies, museums and other and traditions have preserved from the Roman times. organizations working in the cultural sector, non-governmental organizations, universities and Latvian archaeological heritage has gained growing schools, individuals interested in history, as well as public interest since the late 18th century.
  • Information Brochure

    Information Brochure

    www.internationalwinechallenge.com 6 INFORMATION BROCHURE THE INTERNATIONAL WINE CHALLENGE 2016 contents and importantcontents dates International Wine Challenge 2016 Contents About the IWC 3 The judging process 4–5 Award qualification 6–7 Discovery tasting 8 Results and Awards Dinner 9 Promotional tools 10–11 Media coverage 12–13 How to enter 15 Tranche 1 Tranche 2 Entry opens: Entry opens: 24 August 2015 3 December 2015 Closing date for entries: Closing date for entries: Paper: 15 October 2015 Paper: 11 February 2016 Online: 29 October 2015 Online: 3 March 2016 Delivery deadline for samples: Delivery deadline for samples: IWC shipping deal: 16 October 2015 IWC shipping deal: 3 March 2016 Private courier: 2-6 November 2015 Private courier: 7–28 March 2016 Judging: Judging: 16-20 November 2015 11-22 April 2016 Medals announced: Medals announced: 1 December 2015 11 May 2016 Tranche 1 / Tranche 2 Trophy tasting: Awards Dinner: 25-26 April 2016 7 July 2016 Trophies announced: 16 May 2016 2 www.internationalwinechallenge.com about the IWC International Wine Challenge 2016 About the IWC MEDIA COVERAGE IN EXCESS OF The International Wine Challenge (IWC) was established in 1984 and has 1.2 now firmly positioned itself as one of the most respected blind wine-tasting competitions in the world. The IWC has grown tremendously over the past BILLION 30 years with wines entered from every corner of the globe. As such, we PEOPLE employ a vast number of international wine experts to judge the competition. WORLDWIDE The IWC is split into Tranche 1 and Tranche 2, which together form the IWC 2016 competition.
  • The Lady of the Lake and Chivalry in the Lancelot-Grail Cycle and Thomas Malory's Morte Darthur

    The Lady of the Lake and Chivalry in the Lancelot-Grail Cycle and Thomas Malory's Morte Darthur

    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2011 The Lady Of The Lake And Chivalry In The Lancelot-grail Cycle And Thomas Malory's Morte Darthur Amanda Marie Ewoldt University of Central Florida Part of the Literature in English, British Isles Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Ewoldt, Amanda Marie, "The Lady Of The Lake And Chivalry In The Lancelot-grail Cycle And Thomas Malory's Morte Darthur" (2011). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 1847. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/1847 THE LADY OF THE LAKE AND CHIVALRY IN THE LANCELOT-GRAIL CYCLE AND THOMAS MALORY’SMORTE DARTHUR by AMANDA MARIE EWOLDT B.A. University of Central Florida, 2008 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of English in the College of Arts and Humanities at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Fall Term 2011 © 2011 Amanda Ewoldt ii ABSTRACT This thesis examines the Lady of the Lake as an active chivalric player in the thirteenth century Lancelot-Grail Cycle (also known as the Prose Lancelot) and in Thomas Malory’s fifteenth-century Le Morte Darthur. To study the many codes of chivalry, particularly in regard to women, I use two popular chivalric handbooks from the Middle Ages: Ramon Lull’s Book of Knighthood and Chivalry, Geoffroi de Charny’sKnight’s Own Book of Chivalry.
  • Trophy Hunting by the Numbers

    Trophy Hunting by the Numbers

    Trophy Hunting by the Numbers THE UNITED STATES’ ROLE IN GLOBAL TROPHY HUNTING 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY We undertook a study to determine the impact of American trophy hunters on wildlife in other countries. To conduct this research, we examined wildlife trophy import trade data obtained from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Law Enforcement Management Information System (LEMIS). Between 2005 and 2014, more than 1.26 million wildlife trophies were imported to the U.S., with an average of more than 126,000 trophies every year. Most originated in Canada and South Africa, but other top countries of origin included Namibia, Mexico, Zimbabwe, New Zealand, Tanzania, Argentina, Zambia and Botswana. Trophies of more than 1,200 different kinds of animals were imported during the decade studied, including nearly 32,500 trophies of the Africa Big Five species: approximately 5,600 African lions, 4,600 African elephants, 4,500 African leopards, 330 southern white rhinos and 17,200 African buffalo. The top ten species imported during the decade were snow geese, mallards, Canada geese, American black bears, impalas, common wildebeests, greater kudus, gemsboks, springboks and bonteboks.2 The top five ports of entry for wildlife trophies during the decade were: New York, NY; Pembina, ND; Chicago, IL; Dallas/Fort Worth, TX; and Portal, ND.3 These ports provide an entry point for the trophies, which should interest local lawmakers concerned about trophy hunting. The African lion is listed as Vulnerable on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN Red List) and Endangered and Threatened under the U.S.
  • Trophy Shop Trophy Shop

    Trophy Shop Trophy Shop

    NATIONAL SPEECH & DEBATE ASSOCIATION NATIONAL SPEECH & DEBATE ASSOCIATION TROPHY SHOP TROPHY SHOP Working with the National Speech & Debate Association will allow you to access wholesale NATIONAL SPEECH & DEBATE ASSOCIATION FROM LOCAL TO NATIONAL, prices and lower your costs. Lowering your overall WE CAN DO IT ALL! cost means you can dedicate more funding to TROPHY SHOP the things that matter—your students! You can Speech and debate coaches can utilize the also benefit from our early invoicing system. National Speech & Debate Association’s Trophy Shop for their local and district Learn more at tournaments, team banquets, and school www.speechanddebate.org/trophyshop awards. We have thousands of trophies, medals, and plaques to choose from in the online store. Additionally, schools We are so thankful to the National Speech and coaches can create customized awards by working directly with our & Debate Association for building us the Trophy Shop Manager, Chad Wagner. most beautiful trophies we have ever had, matching and beating any price and saving us thousands of dollars! They provided impeccable customer service around the clock, infinite flexibility in customizing trophies, and innovation and creativity in all designs. Thank you!” ORDER TOURNAMENT TROPHIES, SCHOOL – Erik Fogel, Director of the New York City Urban Debate League AWARDS, PLAQUES, MEDALS, AND MORE FROM THE NATIONAL SPEECH & DEBATE CHAD WAGNER brings more than ASSOCIATION’S TROPHY SHOP! 10 years of engraving and awards experience to the National Speech & Debate Association. He has been producing awards for the Association since 2007. Every year, he produces awards for numerous tournaments and organizations throughout the country and creates more than 2,200 awards for the National Speech & Debate www.speechanddebate.org/trophyshop Tournament alone! GAVEL NATIONAL SPEECH & DEBATE ASSOCIATION SINGLE COLUMN TROPHY Genuine Walnut 10” Gavel.