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Broiler Production 9 FAO Good practices in ANIMAL PRODUCTION planning and management AND HEALTH PAPER of integrated commercial poultry production 159 in South Asia by R. Prabakaran Professor of Poultry Science Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Science University Tamil Nadu, India FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2003 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ISBN 92-5-105009-0 All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to the Chief, Publishing Management Service, Information Division, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to [email protected] © FAO 2003 Good Practices in Poultry Production in South Asia iii Table of Contents Table of Contents iii Foreword iv CHAPTER 1 POULTRY INDUSTRY IN SOUTH ASIA 1 CHATER 2 COMMERCIAL POULTRY PRODUCTION 7 CHAPTER 3 CHICKEN: BROILER PRODUCTION 9 CHAPTER 4 CHICKEN: LAYER PRODUCTION 25 CHAPTER 5 POULTRY FEED FORMULATION AND PREPARATION 37 CHAPTER 6 POULTRY DISEASES AND CONTROL 53 CHAPTER 7 INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT FOR POULTRY PRODUCTION 63 CHAPTER 8 RURAL POULTRY PRODUCTION 67 CHAPTER 9 JAPANESE QUAIL, TURKEY AND DUCK PRODUCTION 71 CHAPTER 10 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES 87 Good Practices in Poultry Production in South Asia iv Foreword Commercial poultry production in South Asia is barely 40 years old although poultry raising dates back to pre-historic times. Hybrid layer strains were introduced into the sub-continent in 1955 and followed by broiler strains in 1961. Modern commercial poultry rearing was demonstrated in government farms and by state agricultural universities which popularised modern poultry production in villages throughout India and elsewhere. As a result, there has been a significant growth in poultry production throughout the region. For example, in India the broiler population increased from 4 to 700 million birds between 1971 and 2000, respectively. The development of a system of partnerships between private investors, known as “integrators”, who provide credit and inputs to farmers who provide housing and labour has been a deciding factor in this growth of the Indian poultry industry. In 2002, FAO commissioned the Tamil Nadu University of Veterinary and Animal Science (TANUVAS) in India to document the South Asian experience in developing its expanding poultry sector. The result is this publication which provides a comprehensive review of all aspects of poultry production in South Asia. Topics covering both egg and broiler production are discussed in detail, as are sections on feeding and nutrition, housing, general husbandry and flock health. Institutional support, issues relating to rural poultry production, as well as some of the environmental and social consequences associated with poultry keeping are also dealt with in separate chapters. While the book concerns itself mainly with chickens there is a chapter that examines quail, turkey and duck production in the region. It is expected that this publication will serve as a practical guide providing valuable information to both experienced and novice poultry producers alike, as well as for students, researchers and those involved in development in general. Good Practices in Poultry Production in South Asia 1 Chapter 1 Poultry Industry in South Asia Poultry provides an immense supply of food for the world’s population. All over the globe, poultry meat and eggs are preferred to other kinds of animal food products for a variety of reasons. It is estimated that 25 percent of the world’s meat supply is derived from poultry, i.e. chicken, turkey, duck, geese, domesticated quail, etc. and the proportion is increasing steadily. The trend has been more noticeable in developing countries in recent years. Even though poultry meat and eggs are consumed in both developed and developing countries and this is not discouraged by the many religious taboos, the quantity of consumption has remained much lower in developing countries in comparison to developed countries. This could be partly due to eating habits as well as to the comparatively lower purchasing power of developing countries. South Asian countries (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and the Maldives) represent about 22 percent of the world population (Table 1.1). However, they contribute only about 5 percent of the total egg production of the world (Table 1.3) and even less in poultry meat production, with chicken slaughter in these countries amounting to only 2.7 percent (Table l.7) of the chickens slaughtered in the world. South Asian countries are located in the tropical region of the world and the prevailing macro-climatic conditions in these countries are not the most congenial for poultry production. Yet the growing need of the ever-increasing population in the region raises the demand for poultry products. For a long time, the bulk of this demand has been met by the native breeds of chicken and commercial poultry production with high yielding hybrid strains has only been introduced in the last 40 to 50 years. Most of the eggs and meat come from three different types of chickens taken from such stock. The first of these are indigenous chickens that have existed in these areas for centuries, most of them living as scavengers or reared in backyards in rural conditions. Their productivity level is very low but they possess genes that are well adapted to the tropical environment of their countries. Secondly, they have medium-level stocks, which consist mainly of pure breeds maintained by research stations and fancy breeders. These breeds are reasonably productive and are also comparatively more resistant to diseases than the hybrid chickens. Lastly, the third group of industrial stock, comprising hybrid strains, evolved out of three or four way crosses by breeder companies in developed countries. These grandparent stocks are imported into South Asian countries by franchise breeders. Commercial strains, which rank very high in performance through random sample testing in developed countries, do not repeat the same level of superior performance in tropical South Asian countries. The franchisers in these countries could, however, identify and locate the strains which are better suited to local conditions, from the list of different strains of layers and broilers developed in other countries. Present-day commercial strains made available by local franchisers in these countries now have matching performance levels compared to their contemporaries in developed nations with more optimal temperate climatic conditions. 2 Poultry Industry in South Asia India Commercial poultry production in India is barely 40 years old, although poultry raising dates back to prehistoric times. Even today, a substantial proportion of India’s poultry population comes from nondescript indigenous stock that contributes about 10-12 percent of the total poultry production in the country. The Indian poultry industry revolves mainly around chicken. It has developed rapidly from small-scale backyard breeding to highly specialized, intensive production. Compounded poultry feed is produced on a large scale and the country has almost all the known commercial strains of broilers and layers currently available. Consequently, poultry production is one of the fastest growing food production sectors in the country. Egg production in India has gone up from 2 881 million in 1961 to 36 500 million in 2000, while poultry meat production increased from 81 000 MT to 1 050 000 MT during the same period. The value of poultry products produced in the country has climbed steeply from Rs. 8 000 million in 1980 to Rs. 100 000 million in 2000; yet the Indian poultry industry is not totally in the hands of the organized sector. Furthermore, processed poultry meat constitutes only 5 percent of the total poultry meat consumption in the country. Pakistan The poultry industry in Pakistan has also evolved well. Commercial poultry farming started in Karachi in 1964 and this introductory and consolidation phase continued until 1976 with a boom-period between 1976 and 1986. Since then, the industry has regulated itself. The progress from traditional small backyard units to a semi-intensive system of 100-200 bird units and to more commercial large-scale units has been smooth and decisive. The total layer population projected for 2000 AD was 20 million and the broiler population 300 million. The layer industry is reportedly growing by 6 percent annually and the broiler industry by about 11 percent. The annual per capita consumption of poultry meat and eggs has been substantially higher than in India. Local demand for poultry meat and eggs is increasing steadily and the possibility of a surplus for the international market is accordingly less. The infrastructure facilities available to the industry are at present inadequate to avail itself of such opportunities. Bangladesh Bangladesh has a comparatively higher proportion of ducks than any other South Asian country (85 million chickens and 33 million ducks). The poultry industry of Bangladesh is still in its early stages of development, and most of the egg and poultry meat production comes from indigenous stock that depends on scavenging or on very little supplemental poultry feed. Only Government farms aided by international agencies or farms promoted by non-government organizations have most of the commercial stock available in the country. Poultry provides hard-cash income and creates employment opportunities for the rural farmers and landless women.
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