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Contributions of the Jesuits to Human Rights in Mexico: a Case Study of Center Miguel Agustin Pro Juarez

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Contributions of the Jesuits to Human Rights in Mexico: a Case Study of Center Miguel Agustin Pro Juarez LMU/LLS Theses and Dissertations Spring 2016 Contributions of the Jesuits to Human Rights in Mexico: A Case Study of Center Miguel Agustin Pro Juarez Luis Arriaga Valenzuela Loyola Marymount University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/etd Part of the Latina/o Studies Commons, Law Commons, and the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Arriaga Valenzuela, Luis, "Contributions of the Jesuits to Human Rights in Mexico: A Case Study of Center Miguel Agustin Pro Juarez" (2016). LMU/LLS Theses and Dissertations. 483. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/etd/483 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in LMU/LLS Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LOYOLA MARYMOUNT UNIVERSITY Contributions of the Jesuits to Human Rights in Mexico: A Case Study of Center Miguel Agustin Pro Juarez by Luis Arriaga Valenzuela A dissertation presented to the Faculty of the School of Education, Loyola Marymount University, In partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Education 2016 Contributions of the Jesuits to Human Rights in Mexico: A Case Study of Center Miguel Agustin Pro Juarez Copyright © 2016 by Luis Arriaga Valenzuela ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The City of Los Angeles, sometimes referred to as “The City of Angels,” gives honor to its name. During my travels here, many angels have crossed my path. This dissertation was made possible by the support of all those who accompanied me during this adventure. To Dr. Antonia Darder, Ph.D. my supervisor, for your skillful guidance in support of this project and for infecting me with your way of being an activist scholar who advocates for human rights. Thank you for helping to form me into a critical, proactive and consistent thinker. My special thanks are given to Dean Shane Martin and Rebecca Herr Stephenson who comprised my Doctoral Committee and were always attentive to the progress of my work. Thank you for your continual stimulation and your methodological orientation. To Liz Bradley Helmick, Esq. for her friendship and great affection. From the deepest part of my heart, thank you for sharing your experience as an attorney, for opening the doors to your home, for the time you dedicated in furtherance of my work. Thank you for dedicating yourself not only to my academic endeavors, but also for finding time for recreation and entertainment to help me recharge my energy on this most challenging road. To my colleague professors, to the staff and students of Loyola Law School, my workplace, for always supporting me in this endeavor. I give special recognition to Vlasta Levo, Cesare Romano, Barbara Lu Baltazar, Jun Melchor, Mell Banez, Matthew Riojas, Beth Leitner, Alicia Mejia, and Dan Selmi. I so value your friendship. Thanks also to the Library Staff, who always facilitated my access to books and documents which enhanced the authorities cited in this thesis. iii To the LMU Jesuit Community for teaching me the value of entrusting my life to an academic life pursuant to Jesuit principles. A special debt of gratitude is owed to Richard Robin, Jose Badenes, Allan Deck, Dorian Llywelyn, Marc Reeves, Paul Vu and Sean Dempsey. I am especially grateful to Joe La Brie, for his suggestions and assistance in obtaining a position at Loyola Law School. To my colleagues at Center Prodh, who facilitated the access to numerous and diverse documents, for agreeing to be interviewed, and for being such an inspiration to the work of dedicating one’s self to the defense of human rights. I also appreciate all the Center Prodh former directors, who agreed to be interviewed. Thank you all for your time and for your significant contributions. Without them, I would not have been able to obtain many of the facts referred to in this study. I thank all those who directly and/or indirectly were involved in the writing of this dissertation. I give many thanks to my family, especially my Mom, Hilda, my Dad, Luis, who sacrificed to make my law school education possible. They listened with interest, while I told them about the progress of my research. I thank my sisters, Ana Maria and Adriana and nephews, Emilio, Santiago, Maximo, and Patricio for their loving support. And, I thank the Jesuits of the New York, California, and Mexico Provinces for facilitating my post-graduate studies at Fordham and Loyola Marymount Universities. Finally, I thank the long list of my close friends for their patience, encouragement, and understanding and for always being interested my work. iv DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to the woman who helped make me the man I am: my mother, Hilda. The lessons of life you taught me, my dear mother, I carry deep in my Heart. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEGMENTS ........................................................................................................ iii DEDICATION .........................................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................x ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ xi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND METHOD .......................................................1 Background of Study .................................................................................................................1 Statement of the Problem ...........................................................................................................1 The Question of Human Rights .................................................................................................4 Human Rights Education ...........................................................................................................5 Research Questions ....................................................................................................................6 Purpose of the Study ..................................................................................................................6 Significance ................................................................................................................................7 Link with Social Justice .............................................................................................................9 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................................11 Social Apostolate of the Society of Jesus ....................................................................11 Critical Educational Principles ....................................................................................15 Methodology ............................................................................................................................17 Site Description: Center Prodh ................................................................................................18 Limitations ...............................................................................................................................19 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................19 Neutrality .....................................................................................................................20 Organization of the Study ........................................................................................................21 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON HUMAN RIGHTS ......................22 A Brief History of Human Rights ............................................................................................24 The Holocaust ..............................................................................................................24 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ...............................................................26 The Cold War ...............................................................................................................26 Human Rights Issues in Latin America .......................................................................27 The Concept of Human Rights ................................................................................................28 Characteristics of Human Rights .................................................................................30 Violation of Human Rights ......................................................................................................33 The State and Its Obligations ...................................................................................................35 Legal Framework on Human Rights ........................................................................................42 The Political Constitution of the United Mexican States .............................................44 The Mexican Economy and Human Rights Conflicts .................................................46 Development of Human Rights in Mexico ..................................................................49 Catholic and Jesuit Approach to Human Rights ......................................................................51 Indigenous
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