Index

A Antarctica 12 anthropology 25 abyssal 61 apocalyptic 108, 109 accelerator spectrometry radiocarbon Apollos group 175 method 269 archaeological 26 acid rain 16, 220, 265 –, record 72, 465 acidification 220 –, research 73 acquisition 203 archaeology 25, 71 activity architecture 72 –, of 14C 297 30–33 –, of 39Ar 291 Argentine Pampas 33 adaptation 439 art 76 adaptivity 426 artifact 73 aerial photographic survey 309, 313, 317 asteroid 18, 145, 175, 225, 233, 254, 303, 479 aerolito 347 –, 1997 XF11 461, 505–508, 517 aerosol 127, 220 –, 1997 XR2 517 affective thinking 377 –, 1999 AN10 508 age distribution 4 –, 2000 SG344 509, 510, 517 agent-specific approach 410 –, 2002 MN 510 agriculture 18 –, 2002 NT7 510 Agro Pontino 431 –, 2003 DW10 517 air –, 2003 QQ47 516 –, blast 15–17, 212, 213, 216, 422, 429, 451, 455 –, 2004 AS1 511, 513, 515, 517 –, burst 32, 46, 145, 150, 423 –, 2004 FU162 517 –, temperature 282 –, 2004 MN4 515–517 Akkadian Empire 34 –, 2004 VD17 517 Alaska 248, 251–253 –, belt 176 Aleutians 251 –, deflection 170 Alice Springs 31 –, diameter 235 Allende 336 –, impact 155, 233–235, 369, 471, 523 all-risk coverage 472 –, impact hazard 145 Alps 431 –, Mathilde 253 299 alternative energy source 442 –, observation program 531 altruistic community 365 astrology 74, 75 American National Academy of Sciences 160, 501 204 Amors asteroid group 175 astronomy 76, 160, 521 Amsterdam 473 astrophysical Anfinogenov spindle 323 –, observation 190 Aniene 431 –, process 408 annual growth indices 106 Atens asteroid group 175 Antarctic ozone hole 234, 235 Atlantic 247, 473 534 Index

atmosphere 13, 54, 219, 225, 235, 277 Calcutta 473 atmospheric caldera 126 –, anomaly 346 California 253 –, impact 280 Cambrian 145 –, pollution 403 30 –, radiation 281 Canada 253 –, temperature 238 Cando 336 AU (see Astronomical Unit) Canterbury 449 Australia 10, 12, 31 carbon isotope study 17 automated survey 206 Carthage 72 Cassini-Huygens mission 461 B cataclysmic –, eruption 126 backscattering 196 –, event 46 Baker nuclear test 217 Catalina 206 Baku 331 –, sky survey 147 Baltic Sea 267–269 catalyst 234 Bangladesh 473, 527 Catania 432 Barringer catastrophe 427, 454, 465 –, Crater 14, 18, 211 catastrophic event 225 –, 14 cauldron 332–334 Barrington 335 celestial object 71 basaltic 9 CFC (see chloro-fluoro carbon) Bavarian Crater Field 36 Chaco Canyon 73 Bayes’ theorem 385 Cheko Lake 305, 307, 309 Bayesian decision analysis 385 chemical perturbation 227 Bellinghausen Sea 38 Chernobyl 401, 405 Belluno 429 Chesapeake 12 Bethlehem Star 76 –, structure 12 Bhopal 401 Chi Chi earthquake 528 Bible 78 Chicxulub 3, 4, 7, 9, 15, 19, 214, 216, 218, 259, 335, biblical quotes 109 473 biodiversity 439 –, crater 175, 450 biological extinction, indirect effects of 221 –, impact 450 biosphere 13, 17 –, impactor 212 Black Death 490 Chiemgau 36 150, 158, 228, 291, 323 Chile 248, 251 Bolivia 36 China 105, 528 Bologna 435 chloride 231, 232 bomb 8 chlorine 227, 231–233 boundary 265, 383 chloro-fluoro carbon 232 bounded rationality 369 292, 294, 295, 298 6, 8, 11 chondritic material 298 bright night phenomenon 309, 311, 331 cinema 79, 80 bromide 231 city 496 bromine 227, 233 civil bronze age 95, 272 –, complex system 428 bulk density 190, 191 –, society 419, 424 Burckle Crater 61, 62 civilization-killing impact 156 burial 17 climate 265, 403 –, change 124, 125 C –, system 280 climatic effect 277, 280 CAI (see -asteroid impact) Club of Rome 495 Index 535 coastal city 456 –, mechanics 7 Coconino sandstone 10 –, rate 5 9, 10 Cretaceous 145, 225, 419, 450 cognitive psychology 369 Cretaceous-Tertiary collapse 427 –, boundary 3, 9, 11, 12, 15, 59, 151, 259, 265, collision 203 296, 383 –, possibility computation 203 –, extinction 212, 219 Colombia 499 –, impact 19, 151, 225, 282, 324 comet 145, 175, 225, 479, 303 –, event 218 –, -asteroid impact 123, 136, 138, 399, 400, critical nucleus 345 408, 411, 413, 437–440, 444 crust 4 –, -asteroid impact hazard 399, 408 crystalline rock 7 –, -asteroid impact hazard threat 136 C-type asteroid 299 –, -asteroid impact hazard scale event 438 cultic activity 266 –, debris 105 Cumbre Vieja volcano 133, 134 –, disruption 193 –, fragmentation 193 D –, impact 54 –, -planet collision 450 damage 421 –, Shoemaker-Levy 9 150, 459 –, potential assessment 474 Comet Nucleus Sounding Experiment by debris 248, 282 Radiowave Transmission 198 decision making 375 cometary –, process 369 –, impact 335 mission 149, 160, 198, 530 –, nuclei 195, 198 deep-sea core 12 –, showers 5 deep-water wave height 457 comet-planet collision 450 deflection 154, 155, 208 Committee on Space Research 527, 529–531 dendrochronology 111 Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space density 190 525 Department of Energy 159 communication 358, 499 destruction 150 –, channel 426, 427 destructive impact event 3 comparative threat evaluation 405 devastation 212 complex system 424, 426 –, local 212 complexity 424, 434 –, regional 212 compression wave 251 developing country 527 computer simulation 458 diamond 9 condensation nuclei 230 diaplectic glass 9 CONSERT (see Comet Nucleus Sounding diffusive resonance 177, 181 Experiment by Radiowave Transmission) disaster cooperation 358 –, management 154, 161 coordination 358 –, mitigation 410, 531 Coquimbo 260 –, plan 464 corrupted air 112 –, planning 449, 454, 461 cosmic –, prevention 499 –, hazard 454 –, priority 414 –, impact 25, 453 –, simulation 454–456 cosmogenic tsunami 260 –, vector 356 COSPAR (see Committee on Space Research) Disaster Management Research Center 364 counterfactual 362 disruption 194 country social system 427 disturbance event 265 crater 6–8, 95, 150, 213, 268, 269, 281 Doctors Without Borders 400 –, field 32 Don Quijote 209 cratering 265 Dow Jones Industrial Average 486 536 Index

dust 112, 127, 151, 220, 283, 403 entry phase 320 –, loading 219 environmental dynamic hazard risk assessment 391 –, damage 16 dynamical –, downturn 105, 111 –, origin of near- object 176 –, effect of impact 498 –, system 426 –, perturbation 17 dynasty 105 –, process 405 –, stress 277 E –, threat 203 epicenter 260, 291 early Eros 149 –, detection 203 erosion 248 –, historic culture 72 eruption 107, 125, 129 –, life 13 ESA (see European Space Agency) –, warning 497 escape velocity 226 Earth 226, 227, 419 Estonia 29, 265–267 –, -colliding orbit 209 ethnographic 73 –, -crosser 175 Euphrates River 35, 91, 97 –, -crossing orbit 175 Eurasian plate 90 –, environment variable 411 European Near Object Search Project 497 –, radius 205 European Space Agency 148, 198, 208, 463 –, science 18 evolution 179, 225 27, 450 explosion 303, 332, 473 earthquake 135, 151, 214, 252, 265, 401, 406, 458, –, -generated tsunami 253 474, 483 –, time 316 –, magnitude 260 explosive volcanism 406 ecliptic comet 179 extinction 3, 18, 265 ecological footprint 437 –, event 3 economic 420 –, -level event 527 –, consequence 479 extra-terrestrial impact 254 economy 278, 481, 491 eyewitness 314 education 499 Egypt 72 F ejecta 8, 16, 151, 213, 333, 422 –, blanket 215 FAO (see Food and Agriculture Organization) –, deposition 215 fauna 14, 17 –, plume 216 Federal Emergency Management Agency 155 –, rain back 218 feeling 374 –, time of arrival 216 feldspar 9, 10 ejection 7, 304 Fennoscandia 27 –, angle 230 financial disaster 490 El Chichon 18 fire 473 El Hierro 134 fireball 151, 213, 216, 226, 227, 346, 423, 429 El Niño Southern Oscillation 125 –, phase 320 ELE (see extinction-level event) firestorm 151 electro-magnetic pulse 423, 429 flash flood 529 Eltanin 38 flexibility 426 emergent order 424 flood 473 emotion 374 –, comet impact 58, 60 EMP (see electro-magnetic pulse) –, mythology 47 engineering –, myth 48, 60 –, design 465 flora 17 –, technique 456 Food and Agriculture Organization 400 ENSO (see El Niño Southern Oscillation) food security 441 Index 537 forest good governance 444 –, devastation 310–312 Gosses Bluff 10 –, fire 286 Gran Canaria 132 forewarning 393 Gran Chaco 43–46 Foschini granitic rock 10 –, hypersonic flow 321 graphite 9 –, model 323 Graphite Peak 12 fossil gravitational force 231 –, fuel 439 gravity survey 100 –, record 225 GRD (see globally relevant disaster) free energy 345 great flood 46 frequency 347 –, myth 46–48 fresh water resource 439 Great Kanto Earthquake 135 Fucino 431 Great Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake 456, 465 Fuerteventura 132 Greece 72 fused glass 9 greenhouse effect 265 Greenland GISP2 ice core 127, 135 G GRIP ice core 116 gross domestic product 135, 485 gabbroic anorthosite 229 growth reduction 106 GDP (see gross domestic product) Guatemala City 483 Gee-Gee (see global geophysical event) Gelasian stage 25 H geochemical data 292 geographical location 458 hailstone 343 geologic halide ion 231 –, process 7, 18 Halifax 473 –, record 3 –, harbour 253 geology 7 Halley’s Comet 298 geophysical Halley-type comet 179, 184 –, anomaly 4, 11 halogen 227, 230, 231 –, cycle 401 Han 105 –, process 408 Hawaii 40, 130 geophysics 11 mission 198, 530 GGE (see global geophysical event) hazard 399, 452, 525 335 –, level 392 Gilgamesh 50 –, risk assessment 383, 386, 392 Giordano Bruno Crater 449 –, warning system 466 glass –, research 161 –, melt 33 heat 282 –, particle 8 –, flow 335 global Heaven’s Gate cult 82 –, consequence 218 Henbury 31 –, cooling 150 –, crater field 31 –, ecological disaster 265 Hidalgo mission 209 –, environmental crisis 145 high-frequency gee-gee 134 –, environmental downturn 105, 112–114 high-pressure polymorphism 9 –, geophysical event 123, 124 Hiiumaa Island 269 –, seismic network 257 historical record 108, 347, 439 –, warming 527 history 115 Global Tsunami DataBase 249, 455 Hollywood 83 globally Holocene 25, 26, 34, 38, 57, 89, 265, 266 –, averaged ozone concentration 242 Honolulu 473 –, relevant disaster 355–357, 360, 361 horoscope 76 538 Index

HTC (see Halley-type comet) –, melting 8 human –, physical effect of 211 –, civilization 18 –, plume 213 –, culture 265 –, possibility 206, 207, 509 –, - interaction 265 –, probability 206 –, population 471 –, process 12, 254 –, society 83, 265 –, record 3, 27 humanitarian assistance 414 –, risk 379, 479 humanity 18, 439 –, risk communication 495 hurricane 401 –, risk communicaton management 505 –, Katrina 482, 485, 492 –, scale 497 –, Mitch 482 –, statistics 331 hydrocarbon deposit 19 –, structure 4–8, 18 hydrochemical 344 –, velocity 147, 226, 229 hydrodynamics 254 Indian Ocean 247 hydroelectric plant 491 Indonesia 125 hydrogen oxide 232 infall angle 335 hydrometeor 343 information 481, 500 hydrosphere 13 –, flow 481 hypervelocity impact 3 infrastructure 458 injection 236, 280 I –, from fire 282 –, of asteroidal and cometary material 281 IAU (see International Astronomical Union) –, of climatically active gas 220 ice –, of dust 281 –, block 343 –, of nitrogen oxide 284 –, conglomeration 341 –, of sulfur dioxide 283 –, core 107, 116, 243, 291, 292 –, of water 283 –, core Greenland GISP2 127, 135 inside Earth’s orbit 175 –, core GRIP 116 –, object 175 –, fall 344–346 –, population 175 –, meteor 343 in-situ measurement 530 ICG-ITSU (see International Co-ordination Group insurance 469 for the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific) –, coverage 469, 472 ICSU (see International Council for Science) –, industry 475 IEO (see inside Earth’s orbit) Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission ignimbrite 127 257 Ilumetsa crater 29 international image 76 –, cooperation 170 immediacy 379 –, development study 437, 440 impact 153, 155, 156, 175, 203, 225, 227, 233, 280, –, disaster measure 399 336, 420–423, 437 –, humanitarian assistance system 444 –, cost of 475 –, response 501 –, crater 89, 312, 266 International Astronomical Union 168, 169, –, damage 472 522–525, 529–531 –, ejecta 17 International Coordination Group for the –, event 18, 19 Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific 257 –, frequency 124, 233, 320 International Council for Science 83, 500, 525 –, glass melt 32 International Foundation 459 –, hazard 145, 146, 156, 163, 164, 211, 419, 524 International Tsunami Information Center 257 –, -induced ozone depletion hypothesis 243 Internet 82 –, kinetic energy 256 inundation of salt water 248 –, -melt rock 8 IOC (see Intergovernmental Oceanographic –, -melt sheet 8 Commission) Index 539 iodide 231 L IP (see impact possibility) Iran 90 lahar 253 Iraq 35, 89–92 Lake Cheko 307 meteorite 30, 335 Lake Chiemsee 37 isotopic Lake Kaali 266 –, analysis 304 land impact 419 –, characteristic 344 landslide 401, 529 –, composition 292, 295, 296, 304 Large Synoptic Survey Telescope 148, 167 –, dating system 4 Lazio 432 –, investigation 295 –, region 431 –, method 295 L-chondrite 13 –, shift 295 level of damage 421 Italy 36, 420, 421 life 225 ITIC (see International Tsunami Information Lincoln Laboratory Near Earth Asteroid Center) Research 147, 154, 159, 206, 511, 513 Iturralde 36 –, survey 165 LINEAR (see Lincoln Laboratory Near Earth J Asteroid Research) LISA (see low input sustainable agriculture) Jalisco 257 literature 76, 77 Japan 490, 528 Lituya Bay 252 –, Sea 252 Livermore 159 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency 530 local 17 JAXA (see Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) lofting 220 –, Hayabusa mission 198 –, of water 229 Jet Propulsion Laboratory 459 LOI (see loss on ignition) 149, 450, 459 LONEOS (see Lowell Observatory Near-Earth Object Search) K long-period comet 179 long-term 530 Kaali 29, 265–268, 270 Los Alamos 159 –, crater field 265 loss on ignition 270 –, event 273 low input sustainable agriculture 443 –, meteorite 29, 266 Lowell Observatory Near Earth Object Search –, meteorite crater field 267 147, 206, 459 –, meteorite impact 265 LSST (see Large Synoptic Survey Telescope) –, meteorite impact, age 268 lunar record 13 –, meteorite impact, effects of 271 Kamchatka 248, 251, 253, 259 M Kärdla 265 Karikioselkä impact 27 Madagascar 61 Kilauea 130 Mahuika 39 kimberlite 305, 306, 334, 405 Main Belt 204 kinetic –, asteroid 206 –, deflection 208 Manicouagan 8, 9, 16 –, energy 211, 213, 332, 333 man-made disaster 401 Kobe 483 marker horizons 105 –, earthquake 528 149 Kohala volcano 134 –, -crossing orbit 178 Kõivasoo bog 266, 269 marshland 91, 92 Krakatau (Krakatoa) 18, 253, 258, 331, 356 Martinique 253 Kulikovsky paleovolcanic complex 307 mass 190 K-T (see Cretacious-Tertiary) –, extinction 17, 265 540 Index

–, extinction event 157 Moho isohypse 335 –, movement 129 MOID (see minimum orbital intersection Massachussetts Institue of Technology Lincoln distance) Laboratory 459 monitoring 530 Mathilde 253 asteroid 299 Mono Lake 253 Matuyama-Brunhes boundary 34 monolith 191 Mauna Loa 130 6, 449, 450 Maya 72 Morphology 6 Medicine 75 mortality event 439 Mediterranean Sea 247 motion resonance 177 megacryometeor 341–343, 346, 348, 349 Mount Pele 253 megalithic structure 72 Mount St. Helens 126, 129, 356 mega-tsunami 455 Mount Wilson Observatory 291 –, formation 129 MPC (see Center) –, risk 133 multi-ring form 7 melt lithology 8 myth 39–42 melting 9 mythology 26, 39, 40, 73, 110, 115 Mennonite Central Committee 400 Mesolithic period 272 N Mesopotamia 72, 91, 93, 95 Mesopotamian basin 90 narrowest ring event 105 mesosphere 230 NASA (see National Aeronautics and Space metamorphism 7–9 Administration) Meteor Crater 211–214, 475, 476 Nasdaq 485 Meteoric Water Line 344 National Aeronautics and Space Administration meteorite 145, 150, 472 148, 154, 155, 459, 460, 474 –, fall 347 –, Institute for Advanced Concepts 463 –, impact 265 –, Near Earth Asteroid Tracking 147, 206, 497 –, 89 –, Science Definition Team 166 –, utilization 266 National Research Council 160 meteoritic natural –, debris 332 –, disaster 341 –, fragment 331 –, hazard 161, 247, 341, 369, 378, 383, 384, 454 –, material 9 –, hazard warning system 461 226, 452 –, oscillation 279 –, impact 472 NEA (see near Earth asteroid) meteorological tsunami 253 near Earth asteroid 147–151, 163, 165, 167, 168, methane 334 176, 184, 204, 207, 208 –, outburst 296 –, impact 150, 153, 154, 158, 160 microspherule 29, 35, 269, 270 –, research 160 microtektite 33 –, size frequency distribution 184 Middle East 34 near Earth comet 178 middle ocean ridge 251 near Earth object 84, 124, 164, 175, 178, 182, 189, migration 437 204, 355, 357, 360, 383, 385, 419, 471, 479, 521 military 157, 159 –, collision 385 Mindoro 257 –, diameter 480 minimum orbital intersection distance 204, 205 –, dynamics 180 511–513, 522, 523 –, hazard 175, 385, 386, 397, 521 miss distance 505, 506 –, impact 209, 525 Mistastin 10 –, impact hazard 525, 527 mitigation 154, 391, 454 –, impact risk 497 –, strategy 189 –, level 1 386, 395 MMB (see Matuyama-Brunhes boundary) –, level 2 388 Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale 214 –, level 2 impact 395 Index 541

–, level 3 389 nuclear –, level 3 impact 395 –, weapon 155, 286 –, level 4 396 –, winter 287 –, level 4 impact 390 nucleation 345 –, orbital distribution 175, 181 numerical –, physical property of 189 –, algorithm 254 –, population 175, 181 –, simulation 198 –, size 480 –, space 176, 179 O –, survey 163, 204, 205 –, Technical Review Team 524 ocean floor 4 Near Earth Object Confirmation Page 512, 513, –, impact 391 515 oceanic impact 38, 217, 247, 254 Near Earth Object Information Center 155 ocean-island volcano 129 Near Earth Object Program 460 –, collapse 130, 131 Near Earth Object Research Program 527 OECD Global Science Forum 525 Near Earth Object Science Definition Team Office for Outer Space Affairs 529 185 Office of Space Science and Applications 529, 531 near infrared 196 official response model 358 NEAR Shoemaker mission 149, 160 Okushiri 252 nearly isotropic comet 179, 183 ontology 386 –, population 183 OOSA (see Office for Outer Space Affairs) nearly Earth-crossing orbit 175 OPEC (see Organization of the Petroleum near-miss 158 Exporting Countries) NEAT (see National Aeronatics and Space operational tsunami warning 257 Administration Near Earth Asteroid oral Tracking) –, history 73 NEO (see near Earth object) –, tradition 26, 39–41, 73 Neolithic 272 orbit Neotethys Ocean 90 –, determination 203, 205, 206 Net Investment Position 489 –, Earth-colliding 209 Netherlands 473 –, Earth-crossing 175 Neugrund 265 –, Mars-crossing 178 New Mexico 73 orbital New Orleans 473 –, distance 147 New York 475 –, distribution 182 New York City 485 –, eccentricity 176 New York Stock Exchange 485 organization 359 New Zealand 39 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting news media 157, 158 Countries 489 NIC (see nearly isotropic comet) organizational risk 411 Nicaragua 257 oscillation 248 Niigata City 528 OSSA (see Office of Space Science and Applications) nitric acid 151 outburst 336 nitric oxide 227, 228, 231, 235, 236, 238, 240, 241, Ovid 61 284, 286 Oxfam 400 –, production 228 ozone 241 nitrogen oxide 231, 232, 281 –, column 243 noctilucent cloud 309 –, concentration 240 non-equilibrium 424 –, depletion 225, 230, 232–235, 240 North American Craton 5 –, depletion catalyst 234 northern hemisphere polar region 236 –, depletion frequency 233 Norway 253 –, hole 232 Nova Scotia 253 –, layer 287, 403 542 Index

P pollen 270, 271 –, analysis 268 Pacific Ocean 38, 247 –, DNA 243 Padana Valley 430 –, influx 271 painting 76 Polynesia 40 paleoclimatic record 287 Popigai 9, 12 paleoenvironmental record 26 –, structure 12 paleotsunami 259, 260 popular culture 71, 74 Palermo 432 population 175, 442, 471, 472 –, Scale 511, 514, 524 –, decentralization of 442 Pampas 33 porosity 191, 192 panic 363, 364 post-impact sediment 4 Pan-STARRS (see Panoramic Survey Telescope post-petroleum transition 440 and Rapid Response System) post-traumatic response 362 Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid potential mitigation 395 Response System 147, 167 potentially hazardous object 147 Papua New Guinea 252, 257 power law 5, 233 paragenesis 9 PR (see Purgatorio Ratio) partial fragmentation 194 precession frequency 176 peat 291, 292, 304 predictability 392 –, bog 29, 269, 293 prediction 454, 456, 523 –, column 292, 294, 296 prehistoric society 73 –, sample 292, 296 preparation 359, 362, 363 Pelisoo 267 –, and response issue 357 –, mire 269 preparedness strategy 391 perception 156, 379 principle of insurance 470, 471 perihelia 147 priority 521 perihelion distance 204 probability 378 periodic impact 5 –, distribution 182 periodicity 5 –, neglect 377 permafrost 332 projectile 422 Permanent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic property insurance 469, 473 Aperture Radar 137 Protezione Civile 434 Permian-Triassic boundary 12, 265 PS (see Palermo Scale) perturbation 280, 426 PS InSAR (see Permanent Scatterer Interfero- PGE (see platinum group element) metric Synthetic Aperture Radar) Philippines 257 psychological process 380 PHO (see potentially hazardous object) psychometric paradigm 371 Piila 267 public 377 –, bog 271 –, attitude 379 Pitkasoo 267 –, awareness 83 –, mire 269 –, education 84 plague 112 –, perception 377 planar microstructure 11 –, perception of impact hazard 377 planning 359 –, policy issue 169 –, model 360 –, safety 401 platinum group element 292, 293, 295, 297, 298 –, support 414 Pleistocene 25, 27 Purgatorio Ratio 517, 518 Pliocene 25 pyroclastic flow 253 plume-forming impact 320, 321 Podkamennaya Tunguska 291 Q –, River 303 polarization 196 quantitative modeling of near Earth object policy 469 population 180 Index 543 quartz 9–11 probe 198 Quaternary 25–27, 33, 34 rubble pile 191, 192 –, record 26 Russian Academy of Sciences 316

R S radiocarbon 269, 291 Saaremaa 266–268, 272 –, dating 30 –, Island 269 radonic storm 306 salt rare earth element 293–295 –, condensation nucleus 230 reconstruction 454 –, particle 229–231 recovery 359 San Diego 485 recreancy 363 San Francisco 483 recurrence interval 260 Sancho 209 Red Crescent 400, 414 Santorini 253 Red Cross 400, 414 satellite imagery 89, 95 REE (see rare earth element) Saudi Arabia 30 regional stress 439 scale 437 regolitic layer 197 science 83, 157, 160 religion 75, 157, 159 –, fiction 78 remote sensing 497 Science Definition Team 166, 460 Renaissance 76 SDT (see Science Definition Team) resilience 439, 457 sea resilient infrastructure 444 –, level change 130 resonance 176, 177 –, -salt 229, 234 –, diffusive 177, 181 –, -salt particle 231 ν –, 6 181 –, -surface temperature 131 –, 3:1 181 –, -water 231 response 362, 363 secondary hazard 403, 405 –, strategy 410 security measure 402 Richter Scale 125, 214 sedimentary rock 7 Ries Crater 15, 25 segregation 427 rim diameter 4 seismic Rio Cuarto 32 –, activity 17 risk –, record 309 –, analysis model 392 –, shaking 213, 214 –, as feeling 374, 376 –, wave 312, 422 –, assessment 161, 410 seismogram 319 –, communication 161 seismotectonic tsunami 251 –, definition 384 self-organization 426 –, estimate 208 September 11th 2001 475 –, evaluation 203 shape 192 –, information 376 11 –, management 407, 444 shock –, mapping 454 –, fused glass 9 –, model 440 –, compression 8 –, of impact 189 –, -metamorphic effect 7, 8 –, perception 369, 374 –, metamorphism 7, 8 –, perception, psychometric study of 371 –, pressure 4, 7 –, reduction 203 –, wave 7, 17, 212, 216, 226, 227, 229, 285, 322, –, society 413 332 Ritter Island 134 Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet 136, 450, 479 rock art 72 shooting star 145 Rome 72, 105, 431, 435 Siberia 32, 148, 291, 303, 335, 479 544 Index

Sicily 429, 431, 433 Stony Tunguska River 331 siderophile 9 strain rate 7 Sikhote Alin 27, 335, 336 stratigraphic siliceous microspherule 269 –, date 4 simulation model 457 –, record 12 Sirente 36 stratosphere 233, 283 size structural –, class 386 –, failure 129 –, distribution 4, 175, 233 –, trough 90 –, -frequency distribution 5 structure 192 –, -frequency relationship 148 subduction zone 251 slide-generated tsunami 252 sublimation 231 slope failure 253 submarine small meteorite impact 341, 346 –, earthquake 251 social –, landslide 252, 260 –, amplification of risk 373 Sudbury Igneous Complex 9 –, dimension 399 sulfuric acid 232 –, effect 265 sulfate 151 –, perspective 399 sulfur –, science 355 –, dioxide 283 –, structure 420 –, oxide 16 –, system 433, 434 Sumatra 125 –, vulnerability 399, 400, 410 Sunda Strait 253 societal super-eruption 127 –, development 277 –, threat 128 –, impact 157 supersonic blasting 332 –, implication 437 surface –, response 163 –, free energy 345 –, vulnerability 279 –, impact 286 society 157, 265, 285 –, property 195, 196 Socorro 459 Surusoo 267 soil sample 304 sustainable development 441 solar radiation 283 Switzerland 490 Soloviev-Imamura Scale 249, 250 Sydney Basin 12 song 78 soot deposition 295 T sound wave 216 space 437 taiga 303 –, mission 198 Taiwan 528, 529 Space Technology and Disaster Management Tambora System 529 –, blast 134 Spaceguard 147, 154, 471 –, eruption 356 –, Survey 153, 159, 163, 164, 167, 459, 461, 462, Tampa Bay 473 497, 519 TCB (see Tunguska cosmic body) –, Survey Report 163 TE (see ) 147, 206, 459 technocratic authority 399 Spain 346 technological hazard 161, 378 spatial distribution 4 tectonic spherule 291, 304 –, fault line 335 Spitzer Space Telescope 131 –, outburst 305, 336 SST (see Spitzer Space Telescope) –, stability 309 statistical frequency 271 tectosilicate 11 9 32, 33 Stonehenge 72 telegraph pole 332 Index 545 television 79, 80 –, damage 458 Tempel 1 mission 149 –, generation 131 temperature anomaly 107 –, geological trace of 259 Tenochtitlan 72 –, geographical distribution of 249 tephra 127 –, height 261 Terni 431 –, intensity 250 terrestrial –, occurrence 250 –, cratering rate 5 –, risk map 455 –, dust 295 –, source 251 –, impact 437 –, temporal distribution of 249 –, impact structure 6, 7, 11, 18 –, warning system 257, 261, 455 –, planet 3 tsunamigenic potential 254 –, record 5 Tunguska 14, 18, 19, 32, 148, 151, 211, 213, 259, 261, Tertiary 419 265, 271, 291, 294, 296, 304, 309, 310, 331–334, textural 344 336, 451, 475, 479 therapeutic community 365 –, -class impact 481 thermal –, cosmic body 291, 292, 295, 297, 298, –, emission 422 303–306, 310, 314 –, infra-red 98 –, cosmic body material 292 –, pulse 218 –, cosmic body remnant 291 –, radiation 213 –, cosmic body trajectory 317 thermohaline circulation 288 –, epicentre 317 Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere-Electro- –, event 285, 291, 303–306, 310, 320 dynamics General Circulation Model 235, 240 –, explosion 312, 318 Third United Nations Conference on the –, explosion time 316 Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer –, impact 455 Space 527 –, impactor 291 three-body resonance 177 –, meteorite 303 Tiber 431 turbidity 291 tide gauge TWS (see tsunami warning system) –, network 258 –, record 259 U Tigris 35, 91, 97 time 437 Umm al Binni 35, 89, 95 TIME-GCM (see Thermosphere-Ionosphere- –, lake 89 Mesosphere-Electrodynamics General –, structure 94, 96–100 Circulation Model) UN (see United Nations) Toba 18, 126, 127 UN-COPUOS (see United Nations Committee Tofino 259 On the Peaceful Use of Outer Space) 168, 403, 509, 515, 516, 524 underwater earthquake 247 total risk 384 UNEP (see United Nations Environment Program) transform fault 251 UNESCO (see United Nations Educational, transportation network 481 Scientific and Cultural Organization) tree UNHCR (see United Nations High Commis- –, -fall pattern 332, 333 sioner for Refugees) –, -growth 112 UNISPACE III (see Third United Nations –, -ring 105, 107, 291 Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful –, -ring chronology 105 Uses of Outer Space) Triassic-Jurassic boundary 265 United Nations 525, 529–531 tropopause 229, 236 –, Committee On the Peaceful Use of Outer troposphere 281, 283 Space 525 TS (see Torino Scale) –, Educational, Scientific and Cultural tsunami 57, 131, 137, 150, 151, 217, 247–250, 265, 391, Organization 257 401, 437, 455, 456, 458, 463, 465, 473, 480, 485, 492 –, Environment Program 400 546 Index

–, High Commissioner for Refugees 400 W –, Office for Outer Space Affairs 160 United States of America 253 Wabar 30, 335 –, Air Force 159 –, impact 30 unofficial response model 359 warning system 454, 459, 462 urbanization 437 water 227, 229 –, current 248 V –, diversion 91 –, injection 55 VA (see virtual asteroid) –, vapor 231, 233, 235, 236, 241 Vanavara 331 wave vaporization 227 –, height 256 vegetation 14, 16, 283 –, train 131 VEI (see Volcanic Explosivity Index) wildfire 15, 16, 219, 265 velocity 247 World Disasters Report 400 Veneto 430 world trade 361 –, region 429 World Trade Center 475, 476 Venice 4 29 World Wide Web 82 VI (see virtual impactor) Vicenza 429 X video 79 virtual X-ray 371 –, asteroid 206, 207 –, astronomy 531 –, impactor 206, 207 –, diffractometry 37, 271 volcanic –, -acid signal 107 Y –, crater 334 –, eruption 253, 336, 401 Yellowstone 126 –, landslide 129 –, caldera 126 –, super-eruption 123, 125 Yokohama 135 –, tsunami 253 Younger Dryas 60 –, winter 127 Yucatán 175, 212 Volcanic Explosivity Index 125, 126, 128, 134 –, Peninsula 450 volcanism 334 volcano 107 Z –, instability 129 vulnerability 401, 440 Zagros Mountains 90 –, analysis 394 Zanitsa Pipe 334, 336