Democracy Under Siege
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FREEDOM IN THE WORLD 2021 March 2021 Democracy under Siege By Sarah Repucci and Amy Slipowitz uthoritarian actors grew bolder during 2020 as major Of the 195 independent countries assessed by Freedom in the A democracies turned inward, contributing to the 15th World, 73 experienced aggregate score declines and just 28 consecutive year of decline in global freedom. Over the past made gains, the widest margin of its kind during the 15-year year, oppressive and often violent authoritarian forces tipped period of decline. There are now 54 Not Free countries, the international order in their favor time and again, exploiting accounting for 38 percent of the world’s population, the both the advantages of nondemocratic systems and the highest share since the decline began. weaknesses in ailing democracies. In a variety of environments, flickers of hope were extinguished, contributing to a new global status quo in which acts of repression went unpunished and democracy’s advocates were increasingly isolated. A GROWING DEMOCRACY GAP: 15 YEARS OF DECLINE A Growing Democracy Gap: 15 Years of Decline Countries with aggregate score declines in Freedom in the World have outnumbered those with gains every Countries with aggregate score declines in Freedom in the World have year for the past 15 years. outnumbered those with gains every year for the past 15 years. DEMOCRACY GAP 2020 NUMBER OF COUNTRIES THAT IMPROVED -45 MINUS NUMBER OF COUNTRIES THAT DECLINED 2017 2009 2016 2014 2015 -36 2019 -33 -31 2008 -29 -29 2012 -27 2018 2011 2007 -22 2010 -20 2013 -18 -16 -17 -15 -14 2005 2006 +31 -3 28 34 34 33 37 36 35 37 38 40 43 43 43 49 52 50 56 54 54 59 59 60 63 62 64 67 67 68 72 71 73 83 NUMBER OF COUNTRIES NUMBER OF COUNTRIES THAT IMPROVED THAT DECLINED For past editions of Freedom in the World and more information on the report methodology, visit freedomhouse.org. This infographic is from the Freedom in the World 2021 report by freedomhouse.org FreedomHouse.org ! FREEDOM IN THE WORLD 2021 Democracy under Siege Key Global Findings: • The malign influence of the regime in China, the world’s most populous dictatorship, was especially profound in 2020. Its efforts featured increased meddling in the domestic political discourse of foreign democracies and transnational extensions of rights abuses common in mainland China. Meanwhile, the Chinese regime has gained clout in multilateral institutions such as the UN Human Rights Council, pushing a vision of so-called noninterference that allows abuses of democratic principles and human rights standards to go unpunished while the formation of autocratic alliances is promoted. • As authoritarians generally enjoy impunity for their abuses and seize new opportunities to consolidate power or crush dissent, promising democratic movements have faced major setbacks as a result. In Belarus, massive prodemocracy protests met with brutal crackdowns by a government that largely disregarded international criticism. The armed conflict in Ethiopia’s Tigray Region dashed hopes for the tentative political opening in that country since 2018. • India’s status changed from Free to Partly Free, meaning less than 20 percent of the world’s people now live in a Free country—the smallest proportion since 1995. Indians’ political rights and civil liberties have been eroding since Narendra Modi became prime minister in 2014. His Hindu nationalist government has presided over increased pressure on human rights organizations, rising intimidation of academics and journalists, and a spate of bigoted attacks—including lynchings— aimed at Muslims. UNITED STATES IN DECLINE Over the past 10 years, the United States' aggregate Freedom in the World score has declined by 11 points, placing it among the 25 countries that have suffered the largest declines in this period. 94 2010 The decline was driven by several factors, including: ! Political corruption and conflicts of interest ! Lack of transparency in government ! Punitive immigration and asylum policies 83 !!-point decline 2020 Note: The US received a score of 94 in the 2011 edition of Freedom in the World, covering the events of 2010. It received a score of 83 in the 2021 edition, covering 2020. All scores are on a scale of 0 to 100. # @!FreedomHouse #FreedomInTheWorld Freedom House THE PANDEMIC’S IMPACT ON GLOBAL DEMOCRACY Many governments withheld or distorted crucial information, imposed excessive or abusive lockdown rules, or used COVID-19 as cover to consolidate power and suppress dissent. Some of these developments could have an impact on democracy that outlasts the pandemic itself. ALGERIA The government used curbs on freedom of assembly to suppress a protest movement, leaving the rules in place even after other HUNGARY pandemic-related restrictions eased. Prime Minister Viktor Orbán exploited the pandemic to amass emergency powers and deter independent reporting and criticism. EL SALVADOR The government used police and military troops to enforce a harsh lockdown and forcibly confine thousands of people for alleged violations of movement restrictions. PHILIPPINES The administration of President Rodrigo Duterte employed a new ban on spreading “false information” to punish online criticism of its pandemic response. The map highlights countries that suffered score declines related to the pandemic in Freedom in the World 2021. • COVID-19 has exacerbated the global decline in freedom. The outbreak exposed weaknesses across all the pillars of democracy, from elections and the rule of law to egregiously disproportionate restrictions on freedoms of assembly and movement. Ultimately, the changes precipitated by the pandemic left many societies—with varied regime types, income levels, and demographics—in worse political condition; with more pronounced racial, ethnic, and gender inequalities; and vulnerable to long-term effects. • In the United States, outgoing president Donald Trump’s shocking attempts to turn his election loss—culminating in his incitement of rioters who stormed the Capitol as Congress met to confirm the results in January 2021—further damaged the United States’ credibility abroad and underscored the menace of political polarization and extremism in the country. Yet key institutions held firm, and the country escaped the worst. The Biden administration, the new Congress, and American civil society must work hard to fortify American democracy by strengthening and expanding political rights and civil liberties for all. • Despite the many losses for freedom recorded by Freedom in the World during 2020, people around the globe remained committed to fighting for their rights, and democracy continued to demonstrate its remarkable resilience. A number of countries held successful elections, independent courts provided checks on executive overreach, journalists in even the most repressive environments investigated government transgressions, and activists persisted in calling out undemocratic practices. FreedomHouse.org $ FREEDOM IN THE WORLD 2021 Democracy under Siege Countries in the Spotlight The following countries—and one territory—featured important developments in 2020 that affected their democratic trajectory, and deserve special scrutiny in 2021. Armenia: Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan’s North Macedonia: The recently reelected reformist government is in political jeopardy as government of Prime Minister Zoran Zaev has the country grapples with the fallout from the war reversed years of democratic backsliding, but the with Azerbaijan. country continues to be denied a chance to join the European Union. Côte d’Ivoire: President Alassane Ouattara defied constitutional term limits and secured election Peru: The dubious impeachment of one president to a third term in a process marred by candidate was quickly followed by the resignation of his disqualifications, an opposition boycott, and replacement, highlighting deep political dysfunction widespread political violence. that has disrupted anticorruption efforts. El Salvador: President Nayib Bukele has used Sri Lanka: A pandemic-related delay in elections security forces to strongarm the parliament and allowed President Gotabaya Rajapaksa to rule without enforce brutal pandemic-related restrictions a legislature for five months, and once elected, the on movement. new parliament approved constitutional amendments to expand the president’s authority. Ethiopia: The initially reformist government responded to political and ethnic unrest with mass arrests and a military offensive in the Tigray Region, leading to widespread and egregious human rights violations. Worst of the Worst Of the 54 countries designated as Not Free, Hong Kong: Beijing’s imposition of a draconian the following 12 have the worst aggregate scores National Security Law in 2020 has resulted in arrests for political rights and civil liberties. of prodemocracy activists, increased self-censorship, and a weakening of due process safeguards. Country Aggregate Score Jordan: Authorities disbanded a major teachers’ Syria " union and enforced excessive restrictions on Eritrea # assembly during the pandemic, suppressing dissent South Sudan # and harming the quality of parliamentary elections. Turkmenistan # Malawi: A flawed 2019 election was annulled by North Korea $ the Constitutional Court, the rerun election was better managed, and the resulting government made Equatorial Guinea % progress in fighting corruption. Saudi Arabia & Somalia & Tajikistan ' Central African Republic ( China ( Libya ( % @!FreedomHouse #FreedomInTheWorld Freedom House Freedom in the World 2021 Status Changes India