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Japan's Nuclear Emergency

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Japan’s Challenges Towards Recovery March, 2012 Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Table of Contents A. Japan Faces an Unprecedented Challenge (Enormous Earthquake, Tsunamis and Nuclear Accident) 1. Damage 2. Rescue Efforts and Foreign Assistance 3. Nuclear Power Stations B. Key Challenges 1. Cool Down of the Reactors 2. Contain the Spread of Radioactive Substances 3. Rigorous and Intensive Monitoring 4. Ensure the Safety of Food, Products and Decontamination C . Impact on Japanese Economy 1. Reconstruction and Recovery 2. Estimated Economic Damage of the Earthquake and Plan for Reconstruction 3. Electricity and Energy Policy 4. Steps in Policy Measures for Reconstruction D . Information sharing 1. Speedy Dissemination of Accurate Information 2. Press Release by International Organizations 1 A. Japan Faces an Unprecedented Challenge (Enormous Earthquake, Tsunamis and Nuclear Accident) 1. Damage 2. Rescue Efforts and Foreign Assistance 3. Nuclear Power Stations 2 Great Support of the International Community Japan deeply appreciates the assistance offered from people all over the world. - 163 countries and regions - 43 international organizations US Navy/US Pacific Command (Operation Tomodachi) - [Rescue teams] From 27 countries, regions and international organizations (As of March 1st) Ministry of Defense 3 Japan Faces an Unprecedented Challenge (Enormous Earthquake, Tsunamis and Nuclear Accident) Tsunamis 14 meters or higher Earthquakes: M - 9.0 quake (March 11) KYODO NEWS M - 7 class 6 times M - 6 class 96 times M - 5 class 588 times (As of February 8th) TOKYO■ Fukushima Dai-ichi Casualties : over 25,000 ・Dead ： over 15,850 ・Missing ： over 3,250 ・Injured over 6,000 (As of February 24th) 2 2. Rescue Efforts and Foreign Assistance Ministry of Defense KYODO NEWS Ministry of Defense Ministry of Defense 3 3. Nuclear Power Stations Nuclear Reactors near Epicenter of the Earthquake 4 Nuclear Power Stations with 14 Units automatic cold shut down shut down Onagawa Unit 1 524 MW, 1984- Unit 2 825 MW, 1995- Unit 3 825 MW, 2002- Fukushima Dai-ichi Unit 1 460 MW, 1971- Unit 2 784 MW, 1974- Unit 3 784 MW, 1976- Unit 4※ 784 MW, 1978- Unit 5 784 MW, 1978- Periodical inspection Unit 6 1,100 MW, 1979- Fukushima Dai-ni Unit 1 1,100 MW, 1982- Unit 2 1,100 MW, 1984- Unit 3 1,100 MW, 1985- Unit 4 1,100 MW, 1987- Tokai Dai-ni Unit 1 1,100 MW, 1978- ※ Reactor Unit 4 had been defueled for maintenance. 4 3. Nuclear Power Stations Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station Before the Earthquake and Tsunamis After the Earthquake and Tsunamis TEPCO Air Photo Service Inc (Myoko, Niigata Japan) 5 3. Nuclear Power Stations Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station Cause of the Damage Huge Tsunami Grid Line 46 Meter 46 Meter ① Loss of off-site power due to the earthquake Reactor Building GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy About About Turbine 40M 20M Building Tsunami (estimated 14m) Diesel Generator Breakwater 5.4 ~5.7m ② Diesel generator inoperable Elevation: due to the tsunami about 10m Seawater level All motor operated pumps including ECCS became inoperable Seawater Pump 6 3. Nuclear Power Stations Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station Fukushima Fukushima Dai-ichi NPS Dai-ichi NPS Fukushima Fukushima Dai-ni NPS Dai-ni NPS Evacuation-Prepared Area has been lifted on Sep 30th. 20 km radius of the plant → Restricted Area Area where accumulated annual dose may reach 20 mSv → Deliberate Evacuation Area 7 INES Rating on the Events in Fukushima Dai-ichi NPS The Rating of the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) on Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station (NPS), in temporary assessed as Level 7. Chernobyl [5.2 million TBq] 7 Major Accident Fukushima Dai-ichi [0.37~0.63 million TBq] 6 Serious Accident 5 Accident with Wide Consequences Three Miles Island 4 Accident with Local Consequences 3 Serious Incident 2 Incident *Level 7 : more than several tens of thousands TBq131I 1 Anomaly *Level 6 : thousands to tens of thousands TBq131I 0 No Safety Significance *Level 5 : hundreds to thousands TBq131I 8 B. Key Challenges 1. Cool Down of the Reactors 2. Contain the Spread of Radioactive Substances 3. Rigorous and Intensive Monitoring 4. Ensure the Safety of Food, Products, and Decontamination 9 1.Cool Down the Reactors Cold Shutdown Condition Achieved.(Completion of Step2) Cold shutdown condition has been achieved (declared on December 16th) through the installation of circulating cooling systems for the reactors. Revision of the evacuation zones is to be carried out on the completion of Step 2. Steady and Sustainable Circulating Cooling System ● Leak of highly radioactive water is prevented. ● Multiple safety measures have been introduced against troubles or accidents. Installation of cover Reactor RPV Bottom Temperature : less than 100 degrees. Turbine Spent Fuel Pool No.1 : 24.1 ℃ Building Heat Exchanger No.2 : 44.4℃* RPV No.3 : 52.7 ℃ As of February 27th PCV Highly Radioactive Water The radiation exposure at the site: 0.1mSv / year （Below the target of 1 mSv / year.) As of December 16th Clean Water *The trend of the temperature rise in the pressure container vessel of Unit 2 was caused by meter failure. Water Purifying 10 1.Cool Down the Reactors Other Nuclear Power Stations in the Tohoku Area Onagawa (3 Units) All units (Units 1-3) were immediately Onagawa shut down automatically, then safely went into cold Fukushima Dai-ichi shutdown. Fukushima Dai-ni Tohoku Electric Power Co., Inc Tokai Dai-ni Fukushima Dai-ni (4 Units) Tokai Dai-ni (1 Unit) All units (Units 1-4) The unit was were immediately immediately shut shut down down automatically, automatically, then then safely went to safely went to cold cold shut down. shut down. The Japan Atomic Power Company TEPCO 11 2. Contain the Spread of Radioactive Substances Installing reactor cover TEPCO TEPCO 12 2. Contain the Spread of Radioactive Substances （Removal of rubbles from reactors） TEPCO began working on the rubbles removal at top of the buildings of reactor No.3, and No.4. Most of rubbles around 4 reactors have been removed by now and stored in the special containers. Removal will be completed by late summer 2012 allowing TEPCO to begin removal of spent fuel rods from the pools around 2014 . Reactor No.3 Reactor No.4 Remote-operation room A video camera at the end Spraying synthetic materials A wrecking vehicle A video camera Optical cables Wrecking by special large equipment s A remote- controlled crane Communication Station 13 2. Contain the Spread of Radioactive Substances Silt fences, steel plates, and sandbags with radioactive-substance absorption material have been installed to contain the spread of radioactive water. The Japanese Government and TEPCO carefully monitor seawater. ：Monitoring Locations by TEPCO ：Monitoring Locations by MEXT (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) (As of May 7th) 30km 20km Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 15km Silt fences (Installed on 4/14) Steel plate (Installed on 4/15) Sandbags (Installed on 4/17) Sandbags containing Zeolite (Installed on 4/16) Steel sheet pile (Under Planning) 14 2. Contain the Spread of Radioactive Substances Experts are making the utmost efforts to prevent dispersing radioactive substances contained in dust, debris and vapor. Spraying synthetic materials on the surface of the ground and debris to prevent radioactive substances dispersion TEPCO 15 3. Rigorous and Intensive Monitoring TEPCO monitors radioactivity levels every 10 minutes and releases the results immediately. Radioactivity levels rose on March 15th, but have since fallen and remain low. Monitoring posts and the readings at the Environmental Radioactivity Level Fukushima Dai-ichi NPS at the Fukushima Dai-ichi NPS (μSv/h) Measurement point: （μSv/h） Explosion in Unit2 Main Gate (1.0km from Unit2) Unit 1~6 12,000 or West Gate (1.1km from Unit2) White smoke Near West Gate from Unit3 21.0 μSv/h 4,000 Grayish smoke from Unit3 2,000 0 Main Gate 53.0 μSv/h （as of 10:00 April 25th, 2011） TEPCO 16 μSv/hour μSv/hour 10 15 20 25 10 15 20 25 0 5 0 5 3. andIntensiveMonitoringRigorous3. Fukushima 61km Iwaki 43km Atmospheric Atmospheric (μSv/h) (μSv/h) 30 30 25 25 Max 20 20 100km within Readings 15 15 10 10 radioactivity normal range of Green box indicates μSv/hour 10 15 20 25 0 5 MEXT, Min 5 5 0 0 Fukushima Prefectural Government Prefectural Fukushima Apr Apr Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar - May - May Apr Apr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar - - May May 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 15 1 14 15 16 17 18 20 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 31 19 21 30 15 15 13 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 14 21 23 15 (μSv/h) 30 25 Max. 20 Sendai 15 90km 10 Dai Fukushima 5 Min. 0 Apr Apr Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar - - May May - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 15 14 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 25 26 27 28 29 30 13 15 22 24 31 15 - 17 ichi μSv/hour 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.2 μSv/hour 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 Atmospheric 0.809 3. Rigorous and Intensive and Rigorous Intensive 3. Monitoring 580km Osaka 230km Tokyo Readings (μSv/h) (μSv/h) 0.40 0.40 Max. 0.30 Max. 0.30 in 0.20 0.20 Tokyo MEXT radioactivity normal range of Green box indicates μSv/hour 0.10 0.0 0.1 0.100.2 0.3 Min.
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