CFA INSTITUTE THE STATE OF FINTECH IN 2017
Sviatoslav Rosov, PhD, CFA FINTECH – WHAT IS IT?
• Introduction of software into bricks-and-mortar business models. Can use experiences in other industry to predict future?
• Software typically enables:
• Accelerated industry development cycles Increased responsiveness to consumers.
• Greater efficiency in serving consumers Fewer employees?
• Free services New business models?
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FINTECH – WHAT IS IT?
• Three conceptual pillars:
• Decentralisation • Disintermediation • Automation
• Three technological pillars:
• Marketplace Lending • Robo-advisors • Blockchain
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WHY DECENTRALISATION?
• Decentralisation allows removal of single points of failure:
• No need for centralised record keeping (e.g. depositories) • No need for centralised decision making (e.g. bank lending) • More resilient to security attacks?
• Fintech that decentralises:
• Blockchain - can decentralise any activity. • P2P lending – decentralises capital marketplace?
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WHY DISINTERMEDIATION?
• No need for intermediaries to match forces of supply and demand.
• Removes the cost of the intermediary ecosystem lower costs for consumers or higher profits for producers?
• Fintech that disintermediates:
• P2P lending – brings savers and borrowers into direct contact. • Blockchain – removes the need for CCPs, Brokers, Custodians, Clearing Houses and CSDs. • Robo-advisors – no need for human financial advisors?
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WHY AUTOMATION?
• Can remove the need for human labour, or free up human capital for more productive tasks.
• More efficient at serving large numbers of consumers.
• Fintech that automates:
• Robo-advice – more efficient way of providing simple diversified portfolios. • Smart contracts – execute automatically once pre-specified conditions are met.
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STATE OF FINTECH
Let‟s get an update on the three fintech areas:
1. P2P lending
2. Blockchain
3. Robo-advisors
7 STATE OF PEER TO PEER LENDING
• In an ideal world, P2P removes the need for intermediaries (i.e. banks) to introduce borrowers and lenders.
• Like an uber for personal/business credit.
• Removes the cost of the intermediary ecosystem:
• Lower costs for consumers or higher profits for producers?
8 LENDINGCLUB EXAMPLE
9 STATE OF PEER TO PEER LENDING
• New entrants typically not interested in selling directly to investors (exceptions – 1G firms like Lending Club and Prosper Marketplace).
• Increasingly looking like ordinary banking/ asset management.
• Many source institutional funding to make loans: • P2Ps apply for bank loans arguing they are serving a near-prime customer base the banks don‟t serve.
• Some P2Ps are applying for banking licences (e.g. Zopa). Why?
10 P2P – WHAT NEXT?
• Not enough retail lenders to sustain the growth rates demanded by VC investment. Need „deposits‟ to fund loan books.
• Adopting banking/ asset management techniques to survive/ grow: • Bundled products (look like collective investment schemes!) • Provision funds (look like deposit insurance) • Redemption (look like deposits)
• Graham Wellesley, founder of Wellesley & Co. says “P2P is a little bit of a red herring”, the business is more like an “…old-fashioned building society”.
11 P2P – WHAT NEXT?
• Let‟s look at one example – Ratesetter, one of the larger UK P2Ps. Offers investment „products‟ that look like CIS.
• Regulators: “If they look like banks why aren‟t they regulated like banks?”
12 P2P – WHAT NEXT?
After early enthusiasm driven by UK Treasury, the FCA has been casting a more critical eye at the industry:
• Innovative Finance ISA (tax-free investment vehicle) has been delayed for a second year.
• FCA consulting on tougher rules after finding “inadequate disclosures about risk and loan performance”.
• Firms “testing the boundaries” of what crowdfunding regulations allow.
13 P2P – SIDE NOTE
In many ways, P2P in China is unrelated to rest of world:
• Scale - up to 75% of global P2P market (USD 100 billion). 20% of consumer credit.
• Late-starter advantage with consumers moving from cash & no investment opportunities to online payments & P2P + savings culture.
• P2P are funded by individual investors, not institutional.
• To-date has been almost unregulated. Recent significant scams have led to a looming regulatory wipe-out for majority of P2P firms.
14 STATE OF BLOCKCHAIN
• 2 years ago, Bitcoin‟s design-issues caused industry to pivot towards alternatives based on underlying blockchain tech:
• “Bitcoin bad, blockchain good”
• The industry‟s version of Bitcoin is the permissioned blockchain. Advantages:
• Faster • Scalable • Conforms to regulation
15 PERMISSIONED BLOCKCHAINS
• ASX was early frontrunner of blockchain commercialisation - no news recently.
• DTCC efforts now seem to be more significant (in size and scope):
• Trade Information Warehouse – cleared & bilateral credit derivatives ($11 trillion) post-trade to move to blockchain. • Large firms will have their own peer nodes. • Smaller users can access via DTCC node. • Future Government node for complete transparency?
16 BLOCKCHAIN – CHALLENGES
• Blockchain benefits proportional to network effects – the more users the higher the benefits.
• Past attempts to cooperate on sharing databases failed.
• What will overcome cultural and competitive differences this time?
• Disadvantages of private/permissioned blockchains:
• Similar to difference between intranet (better for corporates) and intranet (bigger impact).
17 BLOCKCHAIN – NOT THE ONLY SOLUTION
• SWIFT is working on its Global Payments Innovation project.
• Not using blockchain.
• SWIFT says blockchain is not ready and not necessary to significantly improve cross-border transactions.
• One of the biggest original Blockchain „consortiums‟ R3 now is „Blockchain-inspired‟ consortium (i.e. does not use a blockchain).
18 BLOCKCHAIN – BACK TO BITCOIN?
• Overall, commercialisation is much slower than the hype promised. Recently another change of mood can be detected:
• “Blockchain is boring, let‟s look at Bitcoin again!”
• In part driven by large BTC price appreciation. Due to … • Japan – legalization + Bic Camera adoption. • India – Modi demonetization/ pending legal recognition? • China – PBOC crackdown on KYC/AML on Bitcoin exchanges has limited ability for miners to „cash out‟ of BTC – correction coming?
19 STATE OF ROBO ADVISORS
• The UK Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) estimates 2/3 of retail financial products are purchased without advice.
• Advice gap created by a ban on commission payments by producers to advisors selling funds (2012).
• Retail clients don‟t want to pay EUR 100s per hour for financial advice, advisors don‟t want low-asset clients either!
• To solve advice gap, FCA is pinning its hope on robo-advisors. Will it work?
20 ROBO ADVISORS – WHAT‟S NEXT?
• CFA Institute - 2016 Fintech Survey.
21 STATE OF ROBO ADVISORS
• For independent robos, fees typically do not cover customer acquisition costs.
• To solve this problem:
• Robos are aiming to attract older/wealthier clients that are even more costly to acquire, but proportionally more profitable.
• Others are working with/ selling out to incumbent managers with large client lists.
22 STATE OF ROBO ADVISORS
• Wealthfront AUM $3 billion vs. Blackrock AUM $5 trillion.
Chart source: US Census Bureau, TabbFORUM (TABB Group)
23 ROBO ADVISORS – WHAT‟S NEXT?
• ETF industry sees robos as promising distribution channel. Why?
• Robo-advisors sell finite number of products (typically ETF portfolios), not „investment advice‟ in the broader sense.
• The underlying demand is for the latter.
• Future of robo advice – hybrid human/robo „lifestyle planning‟?
• Betterment – the largest US robo has recently introduced the option of „premium‟ service – a human financial advisor.
24 ROBO ADVISORS – WHAT‟S NEXT?
• Inevitably, basic financial advice (i.e. ETF diversification) will be given away for free.
• What can you charge for? Lifestyle financial planning:
• Identifying goals and what is necessary to achieve them. • Identifying psychological biases and how to overcome them. • Considering personal circumstances. • ‟What if‟ scenario planning.
• Asset managers are actually „life coaches‟?
25 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE – SIDE NOTE
• In last 18 months, deep learning/ neural networks/ machine learning have made dramatic progress.
• Impressive results in certain fields – driving/ object recognition/ game playing.
• Essentially, machine learning is very complex pattern recognition/ data fitting. Will it find the „secret factors‟ determining returns?
• Machine learning can only learn what is in the data – cannot cope with „black swans‟: • This is the main impediment to driverless cars.
26 HAS FINTECH DELIVERED?
• Most interesting fintech likely to be:
1. Payments technology • Apple Pay/ Android Pay/ Open banking API regulations
2. Blockchain • Will anyone care if markets/ settlement move to blockchain?
3. Robo-advice • How will it change incumbent business models? Will artificial intelligence deliver?
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CHALLENGES FOR FINTECH
• Fintech is usually pitched as addressing „millennial‟ & „tech-savvy‟ market. • But millennials have relatively little wealth… • Why bother? To influence early adopters…
• Start-up business model – growth now, profit later – risky. • VC funds „disruption‟, not „improvement‟. • Most fintechs will „exit‟ via sale to incumbents?
28 CHALLENGES FOR FINTECH
• As a result, we will likely see reinvention/ reform of existing institutions rather than wholesale displacement:
• More efficient banking. • Cheaper asset management. • More efficient payments.
• We may also see increases in financial inclusion?
29 FINTECH – IN THE WRONG PLACE?
• Fintech may not be life-changing for developed world.
• The „West‟ is already „overbanked‟ and any gains likely to be marginal.
• Developing world may see the biggest impact – low-hanging fruit of financial inclusion potentially enormous.
• Similar to countries bypassing telephone lines and going straight to 3G/4G mobile networks.
30 FINTECH – IN THE WRONG PLACE?
• Great use case is blockchain-based land registries. Why?
• Consider: • Haiti reconstruction impeded by endless land ownership claims and counterclaims. • Land registry records held in paper form, some destroyed in earthquake. • Even before earthquake, most land owned „informally‟.
• Blockchain land registry schemes underway in Sweden, Ukraine, and Georgia.
31 ROLE FOR REGULATORS
• CFA Institute advocates in support of new technologies but not at expense of:
• Market fairness/ market integrity/ investor protections
• Need to ensure new businesses that look like old business model but on a smartphone do not fall through regulatory cracks.
. Need to manage the entry of retail players mega-brands like Amazon/ Alibaba/ Facebook into financial services.
. Need to ensure regulations are technologically-agnostic.
32 www.cfainstitute.org